confidence in the support of the bishops at the discussion of Papal infallibility,523-4on Döllinger'sKirche und Kirchen,415on the infallibility of the Pope,496personal popularity of,497quarrel with Russia,493reform of excommunication laws,531treatment of Döllinger,411Vatican Council convened and prepared for by,492-511obstinacy in management of Vatican Council,532reforms of,402refusal of permission to Theiner to publish acts of Council of Trent,431and Vatican Council, Döllinger's estimate of,431veneration of, spell broken by protesting bishops,531Planck, Möhler's address to,378Plantagenet, house of, claims backed by Rome against house of Bruce,35Plantier, authority on Louis Philippe,402Platen, diaries of, description of Döllinger's early studies in,375Plato,Laws,22on class interests,69,71opinions of,71not without perverted notions of morality,18Republicof,270Plebeians, Roman, struggle with aristocracy,13,14Plotinus, ideal society of,270Plutarch, religious knowledge of,406Poland,105;Anjou as candidate for throne of,105;prospects of, after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew,144an exception to common law of dynastic States,274;and why,275;the consequence, the partition,275extinction of,283government of, and the Reformation,43partition of, awakening theory of nationality in Europe,275religious toleration in sixteenth century,103republic of, nature,49Socinians in, Beza's hostility to,146wrath in, at the Huguenot massacres,120Pole, Cardinal,Il Principebrought to notice of,214citedon political scruples,219Polish exiles, why always champions of national movements,286Protestants, strength and unity of,103revolution, causes united in,284Political corruption, Hamilton's paradox on,581disorders, distribution supersedes concentration of power as remedy against, under Solon,7equality at Athens,68forms, confusion with popular rights,238freedom inherently absent in France,237-40habits and ideas special to particular nations, varying in the national history,297intelligence, not culture, the test of a conquering race,242liberty in modern times the fruit of self-government,253life a sign of true patriotism,293opposition to Vatican Council, absence of,511power should be in proportion to public service,8observance of this principle at Athens,8principles, obligation of, essentials for understanding,458science, America's rank in, its exponents,578theory of nationality in contradiction with the historic notion,243thoughts on the Church,188Politics, attitude to, of the best Americans,578conscience in, expedient elasticity of,212-14contemporary, Döllinger's part in,400-403honesty in, approved by great men,219-23;not always expedient,219-21;opinions of Pope Clement,214;Machiavelli,212;Michelet,213;Molino,213;Sarpi,213;Soto,213laws of, rest on experience,391liberty highest end of,22,23,24Machiavellian, tribute to,219principles of, high teaching regarding, in Plato'sLawsand Aristotle'sPolities,22retribution in,220-23science of, impartial study, unknown in seventeenth century,43-46;impartial study originated by Grotius,46Politics and science, authority of, now re-established, extent of,453;discoveries and principles of, how generally judged,454Polygamy, attitude of reformers to,159,160Pontiac, price on head of,213Pope, the, and the court, Lamennais's distinction between,464-5intervention of, between state and sovereign,257Popes, the (Medicean), unofficial countenance of Machiavelli,214Popular rights, confusion of political forms with,238Population, masses of, not benefited by liberty of subject,94relief of, aim of modern democracy,95Porrette, Marguerite,558,568Portugal, lay representative of, on Vatican Council,507Postel,382Potomac, army of,579Praetorius,432Presbyterianism, democratic element in,81,82Döllinger's sketch of,336-7Prescott, W.,569Press, freedom of, in Netherlands Republic inaugurated reign of law,50Principles, false, place of, in social life of nations,272political, obligation of, essentials for understanding,458touchstone and watershed of,454Principles and interests, relative importance of,449Priscillian, fate of, Lea's view on,572Property, liberty and connection between,54Protagorascited,70Protestant authorities, use made of, by the Ultramontanes,451-2Church government, agitation for reform in Prussia,347establishment, its views on government,260Reformers,seeReformers"Protestant Theory, The, of Persecution,"150, &see254,255,576involved in Luther's teaching,164developed by Melanchthon,164et seq.carried to an extreme by the Anabaptists,172carried out by Calvin,178;and defended by Beza,183continued in Massachusetts,187characteristics of,168-70failure of,187Zwinglian varieties of,174et seq.Protestantism, aversion of, to freedom,240and the civil power,150,159,161,181decline of, in Northern Europe, Döllinger's description of,342-51Döllinger's survey of,302-303final acceptance by, of toleration,187friendly feeling of Döllinger towards,396-7growth of,325-52and the later mediæval sects, essential difference between,271never successful in France,595toleration as, cause and effect of its decline,255Protestants, the,see alsoHuguenotsandLutheransas cats' paws of France against Spain,105-16ordinance of Louis XIV. against, and their action,50position and apparent prospects of (1572),102English, unanimity amongst,189Polish, unity and strength among,103Provincial massacres of Huguenots,105Prussia, nationality shown in the opposition to Napoleon I.,281Prynne, on study of records,393Pufendorf, expositor of Grotius' doctrines,46Purgatory, release from (seeIndulgences), obtainable from the Pope, belief in,495Puritans in America, intolerance of,187Pusey, Dr., Döllinger's letters to,395-6in favour of Vatican Council,493Puygaillard, mission of, to ensure provincial massacres of Huguenots,118note,119Pythagoras, an advocate of government by aristocracy,21Quetelet,589Quicherat and other authorities on Joan of Arc,558Quinet, cause to which he attributes the breakdown of the French Revolution,595Radowitz, Döllinger's debt to,402potential liberality of,414Rambler, The,447Rambouillet, French Ambassador at Rome,136Ranke, Leopold von, calm indifference of historical deductions of,390estimate of Macaulay by,391old age of, friendship with Döllinger,396style of, admiration of Döllinger for,393citedon judgment of time,221;on Luther's conservatism,161;on Machiavelli's merits,228Rattazzi, impoverishing policy of,509Raumer, source of historical work of,386Rauscher, Cardinal, opponent of Papal infallibility,532,533,535,544Ravignan,400Raymundus, Döllinger's opinion of works of,382Raynaud, account of Machiavelli's death,215Rebellion punished by death by the Church in the Middle Ages,216-19Reformation, the, discredited by the Peasants' War,155Döllinger on,393-7early character of,153effect of, on governments,41,42,43Reformers, Protestant, attitude of, to polygamy,159,160common origin of their views on State policy,150-51intolerance of, exemplified,184Saxon and Swiss, reason of their political differences,173,177on the treatment of heresy,183views of, on Church and State,181writings of,150Regicide(see alsoAssassinationandMurder) urged by mediæval Church to remove tyrants,217-18Reid,593Reisach, Cardinal,seeMunich, Archbishop ofReligion in relation to the American government,584-5decay in belief of, among Greeks,8development of, attitude to, of Bossuet,591how it influences State policy,150principles of, non-sectarian study of, unknown in seventeenth century,45-46reconcilable to liberty, dispute on,467-9toleration in, early advocates of,52turned into engine of despotism after Reformation,44true, definition of,197differentiation of, from false, standards for,449Religions, multiplicity of, danger from, limited,250suppression of, due to danger from doctrine in pagan and mediæval times,251;only necessary when practice of, dangerous to State,251Religious crime, civil jurisdiction over, Beza's views,146disabilities, danger of, greater than multiplicity of religions,250in Ireland made an engine of political oppression,253intelligence and zeal, office of,460liberty, defined,151-2effect on, of State control,151-3incompatibility of, with unity frequent,252in Maryland,187and political emancipation, connection of, not accidental,292persecution and slavery,64toleration,seeTolerationRenan, Ernest, commendation by, of dishonesty in politics,225rank of, as writer in France,417Renouvier, Flint's agreement with,594-5Representation separability from taxation, origin of this principle in Middle Ages,39in America, restrictions on,579Representative assemblies, methods of strengthening,97government, earliest proclamation and enactment of,26not discussed in classical literature,25,26origin of, in Middle Ages,39Republic, French (the first), its title and what it signified,277Republic of 1848 (France), of what school the triumph,590Republican views of Zwingli and Calvin,42Republicanism of Athens,68primitive, germ of Parliamentary government,32true, defined,277Republics, government by, good opinion of Louis Philippe as to,56,90of Poland and Venice, contrast between,49Resistance, doctrine of,54law of, as manifested in the American Revolution,586Restoration, French(under Louis XVIII.), effects of, on Nationality,282the true, that of 1688.,580Rettberg,420Retz, Cardinal de, opposed to, yet ignorant of, Machiavelli's doctrines,218citedon political adaptability,219Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, an inconsistency,170;not approved by Innocent XI.,147;remarks on,266Revolution, identity of, and difference from, passive obedience,162one of the worst enemies of civil freedom,300its most powerful auxiliary, present day,276Protestantism favourable to,181American—not inspired by the belief of the Pilgrim Fathers,584-5nothing of, in common with the French,580spirit of,580,587supreme manifestation of the law of resistance,586of 1848, double debt to, of Nationality,287the French—abolition by, of traces of national history,278the (1789), causes leading up to,85,86,87change produced by, how effected,271;consequences,272characteristics peculiar to, roots far back in history,280denounced by Burke,219doctrines of, adversary of the old despotic policy,276essential difference between it and others,271injured by its religious policy,86ethnological character of,277,278nothing in it in common with the American revolution,580revival of a conquered race,241no constructive idea given rise to by it,241substance of its ideas,280theory of equality disastrous to liberty,88of 1688, "divine right of freeholders" established by,54principles of, anticipated,179statesmen of, represented as ancestors of modern liberty,53Revolutionary leaders of 1789, ideas of, contrary to idea of Nationality,281Revolutions, three phases of those subsequent to the Congress of Vienna,284-5Rhode Island, State of, rise of,187Richelieu, Cardinal, historical insight of,409method of dealing with Protestants, its effect,116on subjection of nation,48citedon historical deductions based on success,221Riehl, on abstract ideas and their power,585Rimini,559Rio,432;citedon Döllinger as a theologian,399Ritschl,389Robespierre, fate of,401terrorism of, causes of production of,262Robinsoncitedon progressive revelation,592Rochelle, La, siege of,113note,115,118Roman conquest of Europe and its consequences,277et seq.Romans, as makers of history,240persecution of Christians by, reasons for,196,198Rome,see alsoChurch, the conflicts with,461-91attitude at, towards Döllinger,410-14and the Church at variance,516-17popularity of Machiavelli in,214statesmen of, permeation of, with Greek ideas,16Court of, reformation demanded by Strossmayer,536religious power of, as the preservation of civilised Europe, Lea's view,568and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, its complicity (believed in),128,131;reception at, of the news of,132,134,135result of Vatican Council, scorn of opposition,544ties of English Catholics with, tightened by Wiseman,438Wiseman's Address at, criticised byThe Patrie,439;his reply and rebuttal of "covert insinuations" inThe Home and Foreign Review,439-40;reply of that publication,440;statement of facts concerning the Address,444Emperors of, above legal restraint,78,79pleasure of, force of law possessed by,31Empire of, creation of the Roman people, not by usurpation,77,78better services rendered by, to cause of liberty than by the Republic,15seat of, transferred from Rome to Constantinople,30heathen, persecution by, how justified,186Republic of, conversion into monarchy by Julius Cæsar,15influenced by precept and example,13,14ruined by its own vices,74Roscher, intercourse of, with Döllinger,403Rosmini,381;disciples of,314Döllinger's pupils sent to,381erudition of,400Rossi, De,431;Döllinger's guide in Rome,411on epistles of St. Ignatius,419friendship with Cardinal Reisach,501Rouen, clergy of, desirous of Huguenot extirpation,142