Chapter 12

FIG. 82. AMSONIASALICIFOLIA, showing Habit and Flower.

A. salicifolia(willow-leaved).*fl.light blue, in terminal corymbose cymes; corolla small, funnel-shaped, with a rounded tube; throat whitish, bearded. Summer.l.lanceolate, smooth, acute.h.1½ft. to 2½ft. North America, 1812. Habit less erect than the following species. See Fig. 82.A. Tabernæmontana(Tabernæmontanus).*fl.pale blue, in cymes; petals lanceolate, acute, slightly hairy on the outside; sepals also lanceolate, acute. Summer.l.ovate-lanceolate, acute, shortly stalked.h.1½ft. to 2½ft. North America, 1759. SYNS.A. latifolia,Tabernæmontana Amsonia.

A. Tabernæmontana(Tabernæmontanus).*fl.pale blue, in cymes; petals lanceolate, acute, slightly hairy on the outside; sepals also lanceolate, acute. Summer.l.ovate-lanceolate, acute, shortly stalked.h.1½ft. to 2½ft. North America, 1759. SYNS.A. latifolia,Tabernæmontana Amsonia.

AMYGDALUS(fromamysso, to lacerate; fissured channels in the stone of the fruit). Almond. ORD.Rosaceæ. TRIBEDrupaceæ. Well known, ornamental, deciduous spring flowering shrubs. Drupe clothed with velvety pubescence, with a fibrous dry rind, separating irregularly, having the stone of the fruit pitted or smooth. The larger-growing species are very excellent for shrubberies, or as specimen trees; being in blossom before most other trees, they make a fine appearance in early spring. The dwarfer kinds are also well fitted for small shrubberies or the fronts of large ones. For greenhouse culture they should be obtained in a small pyramidal shape; they are not, however, suited to a small house, as the plants, to bloom well and be effective, ought to be at least 2ft. or 3ft. high, and proportionately wide. Plenty of root room is essential. After potting, water thoroughly, and place the trees in an orchard house for a few weeks, when they may be removed to their permanent station. A temperature of about 50deg. or 55deg. is sufficient to hasten the flowering; a higher temperature is apt to frustrate the object in view. After flowering, gradually harden off the plants until about the end of May, when they may be plunged out of doors for the season. Repotting should be done as soon as the leaves fall. Increased by budding upon seedling plum-stocks in summer. The Almond is grown on the Continent for its fruit.See alsoPrunus.

A. argentea(silvery). A synonym ofA. orientalis.A. Besseriana(Besser's). A synonym ofA. nana.A. cochinchinensis(Cochin China).fl.white; racemes small, sub-terminal.fr.ovate, ventricose, acute at the apex. March.l.oval, quite entire.h.30ft. to 40ft. Cochin China, 1825. Greenhouse.

A. argentea(silvery). A synonym ofA. orientalis.

A. Besseriana(Besser's). A synonym ofA. nana.

A. cochinchinensis(Cochin China).fl.white; racemes small, sub-terminal.fr.ovate, ventricose, acute at the apex. March.l.oval, quite entire.h.30ft. to 40ft. Cochin China, 1825. Greenhouse.

FIG. 83. FLOWERINGBRANCHOFAMYGDALUSCOMMUNIS.

A. communis(common).* Common Almond.fl.white or rose coloured, solitary. March.fr.compressed, egg-shaped, tomentose.l.oblong lanceolate, serrulated.h.10ft. to 30ft. Barbary, 1548. See Fig. 83.A. c. amara(bitter).* Bitter Almond.fl.larger, white, but rose coloured at the base. April. Seeds bitter.A. c. dulcis(sweet). Sweet Almond.fl.red, earlier; fruit ovate, compressed, acuminated. Seeds sweet.l.of a greyish green colour.A. c. flore-pleno(double-blossomed).*fl.flesh colour, full double, rosy in the bud.l.oval-elliptic, acuminate.A. c. fragilis(brittle).fl.pale rose coloured, rising with the leaves; petals broader, deeply emarginate.l.shorter than those of the type.A. c. macrocarpa(large-fruited).*fl.whitish rose colour, large, rising before the leaves, with broadly obcordate undulated petals.fr.larger than that of the type, umbilicate at the base, but acuminated at the apex.l.broader than the type, acuminated. There are also numerous other varieties.A. incana(hoary).*fl.red, solitary. April. Drupe compressed, pubescent.l.obovate, serrated, clothed with white tomentum beneath.h.2ft. A handsome dwarf shrub. Caucasus, 1815.A. nana(dwarf).*fl.rose coloured, solitary. March.fr.of the same form as that ofA. communis, but much smaller.l.oblong-linear,attenuated at the base, serrated, quite glabrous.h.2ft. to 3ft. Tartary, 1683. SYN.A. Besseriana.A. orientalis(Oriental).fl.rose coloured. March.fr.mucronate.l.lanceolate, quite entire, almost permanent, clothed with silvery tomentum, as well as the branches.h.2ft. to 4ft. Levant, 1756. SYN.A. argentea.

A. communis(common).* Common Almond.fl.white or rose coloured, solitary. March.fr.compressed, egg-shaped, tomentose.l.oblong lanceolate, serrulated.h.10ft. to 30ft. Barbary, 1548. See Fig. 83.

A. c. amara(bitter).* Bitter Almond.fl.larger, white, but rose coloured at the base. April. Seeds bitter.

A. c. dulcis(sweet). Sweet Almond.fl.red, earlier; fruit ovate, compressed, acuminated. Seeds sweet.l.of a greyish green colour.

A. c. flore-pleno(double-blossomed).*fl.flesh colour, full double, rosy in the bud.l.oval-elliptic, acuminate.

A. c. fragilis(brittle).fl.pale rose coloured, rising with the leaves; petals broader, deeply emarginate.l.shorter than those of the type.

A. c. macrocarpa(large-fruited).*fl.whitish rose colour, large, rising before the leaves, with broadly obcordate undulated petals.fr.larger than that of the type, umbilicate at the base, but acuminated at the apex.l.broader than the type, acuminated. There are also numerous other varieties.

A. incana(hoary).*fl.red, solitary. April. Drupe compressed, pubescent.l.obovate, serrated, clothed with white tomentum beneath.h.2ft. A handsome dwarf shrub. Caucasus, 1815.

A. nana(dwarf).*fl.rose coloured, solitary. March.fr.of the same form as that ofA. communis, but much smaller.l.oblong-linear,attenuated at the base, serrated, quite glabrous.h.2ft. to 3ft. Tartary, 1683. SYN.A. Besseriana.

A. orientalis(Oriental).fl.rose coloured. March.fr.mucronate.l.lanceolate, quite entire, almost permanent, clothed with silvery tomentum, as well as the branches.h.2ft. to 4ft. Levant, 1756. SYN.A. argentea.

AMYLACEOUS.Starch-like.

AMYRIDACEÆ.SeeBurseraceæ.

AMYRIS(froma, intensive, andmyron, balm; the whole of the trees in this genus smell strongly of balm or myrrh). ORD.Burseraceæ.Ornamental stove evergreen trees, abounding in a resinous fluid. Flowers white, disposed in panicles. Leaves unequally pinnate. They thrive well in a mixture of loam and peat; and cuttings root freely in sand, under a hand glass with bottom heat, during the spring months.

A. balsamifera(balsam-bearing). Synonymous withA. toxifera.A. braziliensis(Brazilian).*fl.white; panicles axillary, shorter than the leaves. August.l.with one to three pairs of opposite leaflets; leaflets lanceolate, tapering to the base, rounded at the apex, mucronate, quite entire, veiny, shining above, discoloured beneath.h.20ft. Brazil, 1823.A. heptaphylla(seven-leaved).fl.whitish yellow; panicles branched, axillary, and terminal.l.with three to four pairs of alternate, simple leaflets, which are stalked, obliquely-lanceolate, acuminated, entire.h.16ft. India, 1823.A. Plumieri(Plumier's).* Gum Elemi Tree.fl.white; panicles branched, terminal. The fruit of this species is the shape and size of an olive, but red, having an odoriferous pulp within it.l.leaflets three to five, all stalked, somewhat serrated, ovate, acuminate, villous beneath.h.20ft. West Indies, 1820.A. toxifera(poison-bearing).*fl.white; racemes simple, about the length of the petioles.fr.the shape of a pear, and of a purple colour, hanging in bunches.l., leaflets five to seven, stalked, ovate, somewhat cordate, acuminated.h.50ft. West Indies, 1818. The wood, known as Rhodes Wood, bears a fine polish, and has a pleasant smell. SYN.A. balsamifera.

A. balsamifera(balsam-bearing). Synonymous withA. toxifera.

A. braziliensis(Brazilian).*fl.white; panicles axillary, shorter than the leaves. August.l.with one to three pairs of opposite leaflets; leaflets lanceolate, tapering to the base, rounded at the apex, mucronate, quite entire, veiny, shining above, discoloured beneath.h.20ft. Brazil, 1823.

A. heptaphylla(seven-leaved).fl.whitish yellow; panicles branched, axillary, and terminal.l.with three to four pairs of alternate, simple leaflets, which are stalked, obliquely-lanceolate, acuminated, entire.h.16ft. India, 1823.

A. Plumieri(Plumier's).* Gum Elemi Tree.fl.white; panicles branched, terminal. The fruit of this species is the shape and size of an olive, but red, having an odoriferous pulp within it.l.leaflets three to five, all stalked, somewhat serrated, ovate, acuminate, villous beneath.h.20ft. West Indies, 1820.

A. toxifera(poison-bearing).*fl.white; racemes simple, about the length of the petioles.fr.the shape of a pear, and of a purple colour, hanging in bunches.l., leaflets five to seven, stalked, ovate, somewhat cordate, acuminated.h.50ft. West Indies, 1818. The wood, known as Rhodes Wood, bears a fine polish, and has a pleasant smell. SYN.A. balsamifera.

ANACAMPSEROS(fromanakampto, to cause return, anderos, love). SYN.Rulingia. ORD.Portulacaceæ. Very dwarf greenhouse succulent herbs or sub-shrubs, natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers large, expanding only in the heat of the sun; petals five, very fugacious; sepals five, opposite, oblong, rather concrete at the base; pedicels one-flowered, short or elongated, disposed in racemes. Leaves ovate, fleshy. They grow freely in sandy loam, mixed with some lime rubbish; but little water is needed. Cuttings root freely if laid to dry a few days before planting. Leaves taken off close to the plants, and also left to dry for a short time before being planted, will take root. Seed, when obtainable, should be sown in the spring.

A. arachnoides(cobwebbed).*fl.white; petals lanceolate; racemes simple. July.l.ovate, acuminated, difformed, green, shining, cobwebbed.h.6in. to 9in. 1790.A. filamentosa(thready).fl.reddish, or deep rose coloured; petals oblong. August.l.ovate-globose, gibbous on both sides, and cobwebbed, rather rugged above.h.6in. to 1ft. 1795.A. intermedia(intermediate). Very likeA. filamentosa,but has broader and more numerous leaves.A. rubens(reddish).*fl.red; racemes simple. July.l.ovate, difformed, shining, dark green, somewhat reflexed at the apex.h.6in. to 9in. 1796.A. rufescens(rusty-coloured).fl.reddish, similarly disposed toA. varians. July.l.crowded, expanded and recurved, ovate, acute, thick, green, usually dark purple beneath.h.6in. 1818.A. Telephiastrum(Telephium-like). Synonymous withA. varians.A. varians(varying).*fl.reddish; racemes few-flowered, sub-panicled. July.l.ovate, difformed, glabrous.h.3in. 1813. SYN.A. Telephiastrum.

A. arachnoides(cobwebbed).*fl.white; petals lanceolate; racemes simple. July.l.ovate, acuminated, difformed, green, shining, cobwebbed.h.6in. to 9in. 1790.

A. filamentosa(thready).fl.reddish, or deep rose coloured; petals oblong. August.l.ovate-globose, gibbous on both sides, and cobwebbed, rather rugged above.h.6in. to 1ft. 1795.

A. intermedia(intermediate). Very likeA. filamentosa,but has broader and more numerous leaves.

A. rubens(reddish).*fl.red; racemes simple. July.l.ovate, difformed, shining, dark green, somewhat reflexed at the apex.h.6in. to 9in. 1796.

A. rufescens(rusty-coloured).fl.reddish, similarly disposed toA. varians. July.l.crowded, expanded and recurved, ovate, acute, thick, green, usually dark purple beneath.h.6in. 1818.

A. Telephiastrum(Telephium-like). Synonymous withA. varians.

A. varians(varying).*fl.reddish; racemes few-flowered, sub-panicled. July.l.ovate, difformed, glabrous.h.3in. 1813. SYN.A. Telephiastrum.

ANACAMPTIS.SeeOrchis.

ANACARDIACEÆ.A rather large order of trees or shrubs, with a resinous, milky juice. Flowers inconspicuous. Leaves generally dotless. Ovary containing a single ovule. This order contains, among other genera,Anacardium,Mangifera, andRhus.

ANACARDIUM(origin doubtful; probably fromana, like, andkardia, the heart; in reference to the form of the nut). ORD.Anacardiaceæ. An ornamental stove evergreen tree with entire, feather-nerved leaves and terminal panicles of flowers; nut reniform, umbilicated, seated laterally on a fleshy, wide, pear-shaped peduncle. It requires a light loamy soil. Ripened cuttings, with their leaves left on, root freely in sand under a hand glass, in heat.

A. occidentale(Western). Cashew Nut.fl.reddish, small, very sweet scented, succeeded by an edible pome-like fruit of a yellow or red colour.l.oval, cuneated, very blunt, somewhat emarginate, obovate-oblong, entire, smooth.h.16ft. West Indies, 1699.

ANADENIA.SeeGrevillea.

ANAGALLIS(fromanagelas, to laugh; removing despondency: meaning doubtful). Pimpernel. ORD.Primulaceæ. Annual or perennial trailers with angular stems, opposite or verticillate leaves, and solitary pedunculate flowers; corolla rotate or funnel-shaped, deeply five-cleft. All are very pretty and free flowering plants, of easy culture. The annuals are raised from seed sown in a sunny spot in spring; the perennials are increased by striking cuttings of the young shoots, or division, at any time, either under a hand glass or in a close frame. Keep in the shade until well established, and gradually harden off. Plant outside in light rich soil for summer flowering, and each year secure a stock in frames during the winter. They require, if left out of doors, a protection during the winter, exceptA. tenella.

A. fruticosa(shrubby).*fl.axillary, large, vermilion, with a dark throat. May to August.l.verticillate, four in each whorl.h.2ft. Morocco, 1803. A biennial.A. grandiflora(large-flowered).*fl.very variable, but intense blue and deep vermilion red are predominant. May to autumn.h.4in. Habit very compact and neat, and very floriferous. There are several varieties. Annual.A. indica(Indian).fl.deep blue, small. July.h.1ft. Nepaul, 1824. Annual; trailing.

A. fruticosa(shrubby).*fl.axillary, large, vermilion, with a dark throat. May to August.l.verticillate, four in each whorl.h.2ft. Morocco, 1803. A biennial.

A. grandiflora(large-flowered).*fl.very variable, but intense blue and deep vermilion red are predominant. May to autumn.h.4in. Habit very compact and neat, and very floriferous. There are several varieties. Annual.

A. indica(Indian).fl.deep blue, small. July.h.1ft. Nepaul, 1824. Annual; trailing.

FIG. 84. ANAGALLISLINIFOLIA, showing Habit and Flowers.

A. linifolia(flax-leaved).*fl.brilliant blue, large, about ½in. in diameter. July.l.opposite.h.9in. to 12in. Portugal, 1796. Perennial. There are many varieties, the best of which are the following. SYN.A. Monelli. See Fig. 84.A. l. Brewerii(Brewer's).*fl.red. June.h.9in. Known also asPhillipsii.A. l. Eugenie(Eugenie's).*fl.blue, margined with white.A. l. lilacina(lilac-flowered).fl.lilac. May.h.1ft.A. l. Napoleon III.(Napoleon's).*fl.crimson maroon, distinct and pretty.A. l. Parksii(Parks').fl.red, large.A. l. phœnicea(Phœnician).*fl.scarlet. May. Morocco, 1803.A. l. sanguinea(bloody).fl.bright ruby colour.A. l. Wilmoreana(Wilmore's).*fl.bright blue purple, with yellow eye.h.6in.A. Monelli(Monell's). A synonym ofA. linifolia.A. tenella(delicate).*fl.delicate pink, with deeper veins; corolla bell-shaped. Summer.l.roundish, very small, opposite. A beautiful little native bog trailer, and one of the prettiest in the whole genus. Requires a boggy and wet soil.A. Webbiana(Webb's).fl.blue; petals with their tops slightly denticulated. June to August.l.several, verticillate.h.4in. Portugal, 1828.

A. l. Brewerii(Brewer's).*fl.red. June.h.9in. Known also asPhillipsii.

A. l. Eugenie(Eugenie's).*fl.blue, margined with white.

A. l. lilacina(lilac-flowered).fl.lilac. May.h.1ft.

A. l. Napoleon III.(Napoleon's).*fl.crimson maroon, distinct and pretty.

A. l. Parksii(Parks').fl.red, large.

A. l. phœnicea(Phœnician).*fl.scarlet. May. Morocco, 1803.

A. l. sanguinea(bloody).fl.bright ruby colour.

A. l. Wilmoreana(Wilmore's).*fl.bright blue purple, with yellow eye.h.6in.

A. Monelli(Monell's). A synonym ofA. linifolia.

A. tenella(delicate).*fl.delicate pink, with deeper veins; corolla bell-shaped. Summer.l.roundish, very small, opposite. A beautiful little native bog trailer, and one of the prettiest in the whole genus. Requires a boggy and wet soil.

A. Webbiana(Webb's).fl.blue; petals with their tops slightly denticulated. June to August.l.several, verticillate.h.4in. Portugal, 1828.

ANAGYRIS(fromana, backwards, andgyros, a circle; the pods are curved backwards at their extremities). ORD.Leguminosæ. An ornamental greenhouse or half-hardy shrub, having the two stipules placed opposite the leaves. It thrives in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat in equal proportions. Young cuttings should be planted in July in a pot of sand, and placed under a hand glass.

A. fœtida(fœtid).fl.yellow, hairy, like those of the Laburnum; racemes short. May.l.trifoliate; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire.h.6ft. to 8ft. South Europe, 1750. This shrub is fœtid in every part when bruised.

ANALOGY.Resembling a thing in form but not in function; orvice versâ. Corresponding with a thing in many points, but differing in more, or in points of more importance.

ANANAS(fromnanas, the South American name for the Pine Apple). SYN.Ananassa. Pine Apple. ORD.Bromeliaceæ. Stove herbaceous perennials, having the berries collected with the bracts into a compound fruit. Leaves rigid; edges spiny. The variegated form is a useful plant for decorative purposes, and may be employed without the usual harmful consequences attending stove plants generally, but it must not be subjected to cold draughts. The soil should consist of two parts fibrous loam, one of peat, one of dung and leaf mould, and another of sand. Those propagated from suckers, which should be laid by a day or two and then inserted in a strong heat, have, as a rule, longer and lighter-coloured leaves. Offsets are often produced at the base of the fruit, and make stout plants, with high-coloured foliage. When the plants are potted in spring, plunge them in bottom heat, to hasten their growth; but this is not absolutely necessary. Should it be desired to fruit the variegated form, the plants may be submitted to the same process of culture as detailed underPine Apple(whichsee).

A. bracamorensis(Bracamora). Brazil, 1879.A. bracteata(bracted).fl.crimson. April.h.3ft. Brazil, 1820.A. lucida(shining).fl.pink. April.h.3ft. South America, 1820.A. macrodonta(large-toothed).*fl.reddish, tinted buff; spike elongate-ovoid, with imbricating dentate bracts.fr.conical, about 8in. long and 4in. wide, with conspicuous bracts, and highly perfumed.l.with conspicuous teeth. 1878. SYN.Bromelia undulata.A. Mordilona(Mordilona; native name).fr.large, with a fine aroma.l.distinguished in being without spines. Columbia, 1869.A. Porteana(Porter's).*l.armed on the margins with sharp spines, deep olive green, with a broad band of pale yellow running down the centre from base to apex. This species has a somewhat erect habit of growth. Philippines, 1866.A. sativa(cultivated). Pine Apple. For culture,seePine Apple.A. s. variegata(variegated).*l.rosulate, finely arched, 2ft. or 3ft. long, serrated on the edges; centre bright green, sometimes with a few lines of white, broadly margined with rich creamy-yellow, tinged with red towards the margins. A very elegant variegated plant for vases, &c.

A. bracamorensis(Bracamora). Brazil, 1879.

A. bracteata(bracted).fl.crimson. April.h.3ft. Brazil, 1820.

A. lucida(shining).fl.pink. April.h.3ft. South America, 1820.

A. macrodonta(large-toothed).*fl.reddish, tinted buff; spike elongate-ovoid, with imbricating dentate bracts.fr.conical, about 8in. long and 4in. wide, with conspicuous bracts, and highly perfumed.l.with conspicuous teeth. 1878. SYN.Bromelia undulata.

A. Mordilona(Mordilona; native name).fr.large, with a fine aroma.l.distinguished in being without spines. Columbia, 1869.

A. Porteana(Porter's).*l.armed on the margins with sharp spines, deep olive green, with a broad band of pale yellow running down the centre from base to apex. This species has a somewhat erect habit of growth. Philippines, 1866.

A. sativa(cultivated). Pine Apple. For culture,seePine Apple.

A. s. variegata(variegated).*l.rosulate, finely arched, 2ft. or 3ft. long, serrated on the edges; centre bright green, sometimes with a few lines of white, broadly margined with rich creamy-yellow, tinged with red towards the margins. A very elegant variegated plant for vases, &c.

ANANASSA.SeeAnanas.

ANANTHERIX(froma, without, andantherix, an awn; there are no horn-formed processes from the base of the leaflets of the corona, as inAsclepias, to which it is closely allied). ORD.Asclepiadeæ. A small genus of pretty, hardy herbs.A. viridisis of easy culture in an open situation, and light soil. Increased by division of the root; or by seeds, which ripen in abundance.

A. viridis(green).fl.purplish-green, large; corolla sub-campanulate, five-cleft; umbels proceeding from the stem, sub-panicled, few-flowered. August.l.opposite, sessile, obovate-oblong, pointed, smoothish.h.1ft. North America, 1812.

ANAPELTIS.Included underPolypodium.

ANARRHINUM(froma, without, andrhin, a snout; the corolla being without a spur, or furnished with a very short one). ORD.Scrophularineæ. Elegant little half-hardy biennials or perennials allied toAntirrhinum. Flowers small, drooping, in long spike-formed, twiggy, and interrupted racemes. Radical leaves usually in a rosette; stem and branch leaves palmate-parted, or toothed at the apex; superior ones quite entire. They are of easy culture in ordinary garden soil; seed may be sown outside in spring, or they can be increased by growing cuttings, but they require protection during severe weather.

A. bellidifolium(Daisy-leaved).*fl.white, or pale blue; racemes slender, elongated. June.l.radical ones spathulate or obovate-lanceolate, deeply toothed; branch leaves deeply three to seven-parted.h.2ft. South Europe, 1629.A. Duriminium(Douro). A synonym ofA. hirsutum.A. fruticosum(shrubby).fl.white, without a spur. July.l.lower ones mostly tridentate at the apex; superior ones oblong, quite entire.h.2ft. to 3ft. South Europe, 1826. Shrubby.A. hirsutum(hairy).fl.whitish, a little larger than those ofA. bellidifolium, of which it is, perhaps, only a downy variety.h.1ft. to 2ft. Portugal, 1818. SYN.A. Duriminium.

A. Duriminium(Douro). A synonym ofA. hirsutum.

A. fruticosum(shrubby).fl.white, without a spur. July.l.lower ones mostly tridentate at the apex; superior ones oblong, quite entire.h.2ft. to 3ft. South Europe, 1826. Shrubby.

A. hirsutum(hairy).fl.whitish, a little larger than those ofA. bellidifolium, of which it is, perhaps, only a downy variety.h.1ft. to 2ft. Portugal, 1818. SYN.A. Duriminium.

FIG.85. DRYFRUITINGPLANT OFANASTATICAHIEROCHUNTINA.

ANASTATICA(fromanastasis, resurrection; plant recovering its original form, however dry it may be, on immersion in water). ORD.Cruciferæ. A very curious and interesting little annual, the leaves of which fall off from the plant after flowering, the branches and branchlets then become dry, hard, and ligneous, and rise upwards and bend inwards at their points. This plant has the remarkable property of resuming vitality on being placed in water, after being kept in a dry state for many years. Seeds should be sown in heat, in the spring, and the plants afterwards potted off and plunged again in heat to hasten their growth,which cannot otherwise be fully developed with our precarious and sunless summers.

FIG. 86. ANASTATICAHIEROCHUNTINA.

A. Hierochuntina.Rose of Jericho.fl.small, white, sessile, disposed in spikes along the branches; petals obovate. July.fr., or silicle, ventricose, with the valves bearing each an appendage on the outer side at the end.l.obovate, with stellate hairs; lower ones entire, upper ones slightly toothed. Branches crowded lattice-wise into a globular form.h.6in. Syria, &c., 1597. Supposed by some commentators to be the "rolling thingbefore the whirlwind" mentioned by Isaiah. See Figs. 85 and 86.

ANASTOMOSE.Branching of one vein into another.

ANBURY.SeeAmbury.

ANCEPS.Two-edged; as the stem of an Iris.

ANCHIETEA(named in honour of P. Anchietea, a celebrated Brazilian writer on plants). SYNS.Lucinæa,Noisettia. ORD.Violarieæ. An ornamental, stove, evergreen climber. Petals five, very unequal, two upper ones smallest, two intermediate ones longer, lowest one largest, with a spur at the base. The species thrives in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Young cuttings root freely under a bell glass if planted in sand, and placed in a moderate heat.

A. pyrifolia(pear-leaved).fl.whitish, veined with red at the base, in axillary fascicles; lower petal obovate. July.l.alternate, stalked, stipulate, ovate, acute, crenated. Brazil, 1826.

ANCHOMANES(name of doubtful origin). ORD.Aroideæ. A remarkable and beautiful stove tuberous-rooted perennial aroid, allied toAmorphophallus, and requiring somewhat similar treatment. As soon as the leaves die down, the plants should be repotted in rich sandy loam and leaf mould, with ample drainage. They will need scarce any water or attention until growth commences the following spring, when they must have an abundance of water, and a moist atmosphere. Summer temperature, 60deg. to 85deg.; winter, 55deg. to 60deg. Propagated by seeds and offsets.

A. Hookeri(Hooker's).*fl., spathe pale purple, appearing before the leaf, much expanded; spadix whitish; scape prickly, shorter than the petiole. June.l., petiole slender, prickly, bearing on its summit the horizontal blade, about 3ft. in diameter; this is divided into three primary divisions, which are again cut up into several leaflets, the largest of these being toothed.h.3ft. Fernando Po, 1832. There is a variety with a paler coloured spathe. SYN.Caladium petiolatum.

ANCHOVY PEAR.SeeGrias cauliflora.

FIG. 87. ANCHUSACAPENSIS, showing Flower and Habit.

ANCHUSA(fromanchousa, paint for the skin; use of some species). ORD.Boraginaceæ. Very pretty hardy annuals, biennials, or perennials. Flowers in scorpoid racemes; corolla funnel-shaped; throat closed by erect, obtuse processes; nuts four, one-celled, inversely conical, with a contraction towards the point, fixed to the bottom of the calyx, perforated and concave at the base. Of easy culture, in ordinary soils, and preferring a sunny situation. Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in early spring in pots of sandy soil, when most of them will germinate in three or four weeks, some less. The honey-bee is very partial to this genus.

A. Agardhii(Agardh's).fl.purple, on short pedicels, distant, disposed in terminal racemes, which are generally conjugate. July.l.linear-lanceolate, tubercled, strigose.h.1ft. Siberia, 1820. Perennial. Rare.A. azurea(blue). Synonymous withA. italica.A. Barrelieri(Barrelier's).fl.blue, with a white tube and yellow throat; racemes conjugate, panicled, bracteate. May.l.oblong-lanceolate, denticulated, hispid.h.1ft. to 2ft. South Europe, 1820. Perennial. SYNS.Buglossum Barrelieri,Myosotis obtusum.A. capensis(Cape).*fl.blue; racemes terminal, panicled. July.l.linear lanceolate, hispid. Stem simple, hairy.h.1½ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1800. Requires greenhouse protection in winter. Biennial. See Fig. 87.

A. azurea(blue). Synonymous withA. italica.

A. Barrelieri(Barrelier's).fl.blue, with a white tube and yellow throat; racemes conjugate, panicled, bracteate. May.l.oblong-lanceolate, denticulated, hispid.h.1ft. to 2ft. South Europe, 1820. Perennial. SYNS.Buglossum Barrelieri,Myosotis obtusum.

A. capensis(Cape).*fl.blue; racemes terminal, panicled. July.l.linear lanceolate, hispid. Stem simple, hairy.h.1½ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1800. Requires greenhouse protection in winter. Biennial. See Fig. 87.

FIG. 88. INFLORESCENCEOFANCHUSAITALICA.

A. italica(Italian).fl.bright blue or purple, in panicled racemes. Summer.l.lanceolate, entire, shining; radical ones sometimes 2ft. long.h.3ft. to 4ft. Caucasus, &c., 1810. One of the best. SYNS.A. azurea,A. paniculata. See Fig. 88.A. latifolia(broad-leaved). Synonymous withNonnea rosea.A. myosotidiflora(Myosotideum-flowered).fl.fine blue; throat yellow; raceme terminal, panicled, bractless. July.l.large, radical ones on long petioles, reniformly cordate; those of the stem sessile, ovate, hairy.h.1ft. Siberia, 1825. A pretty plant. SYN.Myosotis macrophylla.A. officinalis(officinal).fl.blue or purple, sessile, imbricate; spikes joined by pairs, terminal. June to October.l.lanceolate, hispid; radical ones tufted.h.1ft. to 2ft. Britain, naturalised here and there.A. o. incarnatais a variety with flesh coloured flowers.A. paniculata(panicled). Synonymous withA. italica.A. sempervirens(evergreen).fl.rich blue, in short axillary spikes, generally leafy at the base. May.l.broadly ovate, lower ones upon long stalks. Stem erect.h.1½ft. to 2ft. Perennial; here and there naturalised in Britain. See Fig. 89.A. tinctoria(dyers'). Alkanet.fl.deep blue; tube blood-colour; racemes usually twin, terminal, many-flowered. June.l.oblong, hispid.h.6in. South Europe, 1596. A diffuse perennial.

A. latifolia(broad-leaved). Synonymous withNonnea rosea.

A. myosotidiflora(Myosotideum-flowered).fl.fine blue; throat yellow; raceme terminal, panicled, bractless. July.l.large, radical ones on long petioles, reniformly cordate; those of the stem sessile, ovate, hairy.h.1ft. Siberia, 1825. A pretty plant. SYN.Myosotis macrophylla.

A. officinalis(officinal).fl.blue or purple, sessile, imbricate; spikes joined by pairs, terminal. June to October.l.lanceolate, hispid; radical ones tufted.h.1ft. to 2ft. Britain, naturalised here and there.

A. o. incarnatais a variety with flesh coloured flowers.

A. paniculata(panicled). Synonymous withA. italica.

A. sempervirens(evergreen).fl.rich blue, in short axillary spikes, generally leafy at the base. May.l.broadly ovate, lower ones upon long stalks. Stem erect.h.1½ft. to 2ft. Perennial; here and there naturalised in Britain. See Fig. 89.

A. tinctoria(dyers'). Alkanet.fl.deep blue; tube blood-colour; racemes usually twin, terminal, many-flowered. June.l.oblong, hispid.h.6in. South Europe, 1596. A diffuse perennial.

ANCYCLOGYNE.A synonym ofSanchezia(whichsee).

ANDERSONIA(in honour of Messrs. Anderson, surgeons, great promoters of botany). ORD.Epacridaceæ. Elegant and delicate little greenhouse shrubs. Flowers terminal, solitary, or spicate; corolla sub-campanulate, hypocrateriform, five-lobed. The undermentioned, which is the only species yet introduced, grows freely in a sandy peat with perfect drainage, which latter is most essential. Cuttings from the tips of young shoots may be made in autumn, winter, or spring, and planted in sand in a gentle heat, with a bell glass placed over them.

A. sprengelioides(Sprengelia-like).*fl.pink, furnished with two small bracteas, spicate. March.l.spreading, bases curved inwards, so as to resemble a hood, ending in a flat point.h.1ft. to 3ft. New Holland, 1803. Evergreen squarrose shrub. SYN.Sprengelia Andersoni.

ANDIRA(its Brazilian name). ORD.Leguminosæ. Large ornamental stove evergreen trees, nearly allied toGeoffroya(whichseefor cultivation). Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles. Pod drupaceous. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate.

A. inermis(unarmed).fl.purple, on short pedicels; panicles terminal.l.impari-pinnate; leaflets thirteen to fifteen, ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous on both surfaces.h.20ft. to 30ft. Jamaica, 1773. Known as the Cabbage Tree.A. racemosa(branchy).fl.purple, in panicled racemes.l.impari-pinnate; leaflets thirteen, ovate-oblong, acuminated, glabrous on both surfaces.h.20ft. to 60ft. Brazil, 1818.

A. racemosa(branchy).fl.purple, in panicled racemes.l.impari-pinnate; leaflets thirteen, ovate-oblong, acuminated, glabrous on both surfaces.h.20ft. to 60ft. Brazil, 1818.

FIG. 89. ANCHUSASEMPERVIRENS.

ANDROCYMBIUM(fromaner, a man, andcymbos, a cavity; the stamens are enclosed in a hollow formed by the folding of the limb of the petals). ORD.Liliaceæ. A peculiar greenhouse bulbous plant, requiring a light sandy soil, dry atmosphere, no shade, and a season of rest; during the latter period, scarcely any water is required. Propagated by seeds and offsets.

A. punctatum(dotted).fl.whitish, few, in a dense sessile umbel, surrounded by about four spreading lanceolate, acuminate leaves, which are 5in. to 6in. long, ½in. to ¾in. broad above the base, channelled down the centre from base to tip. South Africa, 1874.

ANDRŒCIUM.The male organ of the flower.

ANDROGYNOUS.Producing male and female flowers on the same spike.

ANDROLEPIS(fromaner, a man, andlepis, a scale; referring to the scaly stamens). ORD.Bromeliaceæ. Stove evergreen epiphyte. For culture,seeÆchmea.

A. Skinneri(Skinner's).fl.white.h.1½ft. Guatemala, 1850. SYN.Billbergia Skinneri.

ANDROMEDA(named after the daughter of Cepheus, who was rescued from the sea monster by Perseus). ORD.Ericaceæ. A dwarf, hardy shrub, found in peaty bogs in the temperate and Arctic regions of the northern hemisphere. Sow seeds as soon as ripe in pots or pans, very thinly, in sandy peat soil, and place in a cool frame, giving plenty of air. Place the young plants out in spring. Layers, pegged carefully down during September, will generally take twelve months to make sufficient roots to allowof their being separated, and thus become independent plants. For other species often included under this genus in catalogues,seeCassandra,Cassiope,Leucothoë,Lyonia,Oxydendrum,Pieris, andZenobia.

A. polifolia(Polium-leaved). Wild Rosemary.fl.pinky white, drooping, sometimes tipped with red; corolla ovate, furnished with ovate, rather leafy imbricated bracteas, terminal, umbellate. June.l.linear-lanceolate, mucronulate, with the margins more or less revolute, quite entire, glaucous beneath, with an elevated rib, and reticulated veins.h.1ft. The numerous varieties of this very beautiful native shrub principally differ in the colouring of the flowers.

ANDROPOGON(fromaner, a man, andpogon, a beard; tufts of hair on flowers). ORD.Gramineæ. A large genus of grasses with polygamous flowers. The majority of species are of no horticultural value; several, however, are very ornamental subjects, and thrive well in a rich, deep soil. Easily propagated by seeds or by division of the roots. The South European kinds succeed in the open air if planted in a warm dry border.

A. citratum(Citrus-leaved). Synonymous withA. Schœnanthus.A. Schœnanthus.Lemon Grass.fl.in threes; spikes imbricate, conjugate, panicled. A handsome species, the leaves of which emit a very fragrant odour when bruised.h.2ft. India, 1786. Stove species. SYN.A. citratum.

A. citratum(Citrus-leaved). Synonymous withA. Schœnanthus.

A. Schœnanthus.Lemon Grass.fl.in threes; spikes imbricate, conjugate, panicled. A handsome species, the leaves of which emit a very fragrant odour when bruised.h.2ft. India, 1786. Stove species. SYN.A. citratum.

Other species worth growing arefurcatus,halepensis,muricatus,pubescens,scoparius,squarrosus, andstrictus.

ANDROSACE(fromaner, a man, andsakos, buckler; in reference to the resemblance of the anther to an ancient buckler). IncludingAretia. ORD.Primulaceæ. Dwarf annuals or perennials, entirely alpine, agreeing in most characters withPrimula, but having the tube of the corolla narrowed at the mouth. An airy, well-drained, and partially sunny position is essential in their culture. They thrive well between fissures of rocks or stones with a rich sandy peat soil. Drought and a sour soil are alike fatal, and both will be greatly obviated if small pieces of sandstone are mixed with the soil. The woolly species are best arranged beneath a jutting ledge of the rockery, which will afford them protection from the hottest sunshine, and from excessive wet in winter; additional comfort will be provided from the latter ill if a piece of glass is placed over them during the autumn and winter months. They can also be well grown, and make charming little specimens, in pots, with rich sandy soil and thorough drainage. Sprinkle sand among the small rosettes of leaves. They are increased by divisions, cuttings, or seed; the latter should be sown as early as possible, and raised in a frame.

A. alpina(alpine).fl.purplish rose; throat and tube yellow, solitary; peduncles about ½in. long. June.l.crowded, small, tongue-shaped, in small rosettes.h.2in. to 3in. Switzerland, 1775. This species requires a rather shady aspect, and to be planted almost perpendicularly in a soil composed of leaf mould, peat, fibrous loam, and sharp sand. SYN.A. glacialis.A. Aretia(Aretius'). Synonymous withA. helvetica.A. aretioides(Aretia-like). Synonymous withA. obtusifolia.A. argentea(silvery).*fl.white, sessile, very numerous. June.l.densely imbricated, lanceolate, oblong, covered with short hairs, forming very pretty silvery-grey rosettes.h.about 2in. Switzerland, 1826. This requires a well drained, sunny fissure. SYN.A. imbricata.A. carnea(flesh-coloured).*fl.pink or rose, with a yellow eye, three to seven, on hairy stalked umbels. July.l.awl-shaped, smooth, acuminated, not forming rosettes. Stem somewhat elongated.h.3in. or 4in. Switzerland, 1768. This forms charming little cushions if allowed to remain undisturbed; it is easily increased. SYNS.A. Lachenalii,A. puberula.A. c. eximia(select).* Larger and more robust than the typical species, and a more rapid grower. Forms compact tufts of dense rosettes, bearing heads of rosy-crimson yellow-eyed flowers, on stems 2in. or 3in. high. Auvergne Alps, 1871. It requires moist sunny ledges and fissures of rockwork in peat, loam, and sand.A. Chamæjasme(rock jasmine).*fl.blush, ultimately deep pink, with a yellow eye, umbellate. June.l.lanceolate, tapering to a point towards the base, in comparatively large, not dense, rosettes.h.about 2in. to 4in. Austria, &c., 1768. A very free flowering species, growing freely when established, ultimately forming large tufts. It thrives best in a deep, well drained and rich loam soil.A. ciliata(ciliated).fl.deep carmine red, on stems double as long as the leaves. June.l.lanceolate-oblong, smooth on both surfaces, with ciliated margins, imbricated.h.2in. to 3in., forming dense cushions. Pyrenees.A. coronopifolia(buckhorn-leaved).*fl.pure white, on slender pedicels, umbellate on peduncles, about 6in. high. April to June.l.lanceolate, distantly serrated, smooth, in flattish rosettes. Russia, 1755. This is a charming little biennial, well worthy of a place on the rockery. A colony of it is extremely pretty; it seeds freely, and a batch of young plants almost invariably takes the place of the old ones. SYN.A. septentrionalis.A. glacialis(glacial). Synonymous withA. alpina.A. helvetica(Swiss).*fl.white, nearly sessile, with a yellow eye, larger than the little rosettes of leaves on the stalk from which they spring. May.l.lanceolate, obtuse, closely imbricated, small, ciliated.h.1in., forming dense cushions. Switzerland, 1775. A rare little gem, requiring a partially shaded position, and very sandy soil. SYN.A. Aretia.A. imbricata(imbricated). Synonymous withA. argentea.A. Lachenalii(Lachenal's). Synonymous withA. carnea.A. lactea(milk-white).*fl.pure white, with yellow throat, large, on long graceful stalks, umbellate. June.l.linear, or nearly so, in rosettes, sometimes scattered on the elongated branches.h.about 4in. Austria, 1752. Very floriferous and strong growing. Should have an eastern or western aspect, and be propagated from seeds. SYN.A. pauciflora.

A. Aretia(Aretius'). Synonymous withA. helvetica.

A. aretioides(Aretia-like). Synonymous withA. obtusifolia.

A. argentea(silvery).*fl.white, sessile, very numerous. June.l.densely imbricated, lanceolate, oblong, covered with short hairs, forming very pretty silvery-grey rosettes.h.about 2in. Switzerland, 1826. This requires a well drained, sunny fissure. SYN.A. imbricata.

A. carnea(flesh-coloured).*fl.pink or rose, with a yellow eye, three to seven, on hairy stalked umbels. July.l.awl-shaped, smooth, acuminated, not forming rosettes. Stem somewhat elongated.h.3in. or 4in. Switzerland, 1768. This forms charming little cushions if allowed to remain undisturbed; it is easily increased. SYNS.A. Lachenalii,A. puberula.

A. c. eximia(select).* Larger and more robust than the typical species, and a more rapid grower. Forms compact tufts of dense rosettes, bearing heads of rosy-crimson yellow-eyed flowers, on stems 2in. or 3in. high. Auvergne Alps, 1871. It requires moist sunny ledges and fissures of rockwork in peat, loam, and sand.

A. Chamæjasme(rock jasmine).*fl.blush, ultimately deep pink, with a yellow eye, umbellate. June.l.lanceolate, tapering to a point towards the base, in comparatively large, not dense, rosettes.h.about 2in. to 4in. Austria, &c., 1768. A very free flowering species, growing freely when established, ultimately forming large tufts. It thrives best in a deep, well drained and rich loam soil.

A. ciliata(ciliated).fl.deep carmine red, on stems double as long as the leaves. June.l.lanceolate-oblong, smooth on both surfaces, with ciliated margins, imbricated.h.2in. to 3in., forming dense cushions. Pyrenees.

A. coronopifolia(buckhorn-leaved).*fl.pure white, on slender pedicels, umbellate on peduncles, about 6in. high. April to June.l.lanceolate, distantly serrated, smooth, in flattish rosettes. Russia, 1755. This is a charming little biennial, well worthy of a place on the rockery. A colony of it is extremely pretty; it seeds freely, and a batch of young plants almost invariably takes the place of the old ones. SYN.A. septentrionalis.

A. glacialis(glacial). Synonymous withA. alpina.

A. helvetica(Swiss).*fl.white, nearly sessile, with a yellow eye, larger than the little rosettes of leaves on the stalk from which they spring. May.l.lanceolate, obtuse, closely imbricated, small, ciliated.h.1in., forming dense cushions. Switzerland, 1775. A rare little gem, requiring a partially shaded position, and very sandy soil. SYN.A. Aretia.

A. imbricata(imbricated). Synonymous withA. argentea.

A. Lachenalii(Lachenal's). Synonymous withA. carnea.

A. lactea(milk-white).*fl.pure white, with yellow throat, large, on long graceful stalks, umbellate. June.l.linear, or nearly so, in rosettes, sometimes scattered on the elongated branches.h.about 4in. Austria, 1752. Very floriferous and strong growing. Should have an eastern or western aspect, and be propagated from seeds. SYN.A. pauciflora.

FIG. 90. ANDROSACELAGGERI.

A. Laggeri(Lagger's).*fl.pink, sessile; when approaching maturity the stem becomes elongated, and bears a tuft of stalked flowers. March.l.awl-shaped, sharply pointed, in tiny rosettes.h.3in. Pyrenees, &c., 1879. Very likeA. carnea, but more delicate, earlier, and more abundant flowering, with deeper green foliage. It suffers from exposure to the sun, and therefore requires a partially shady position. Should be propagated from seeds or cuttings, which latter strike freely. See Fig. 90.A. lanuginosa(woolly-leaved).*fl.delicate rose, with a small yellow eye, umbellate. June to October.l.nearly 1in. long, clothed with shiny silken hairs.h.6in. to 9in. Himalaya, 1842. A very beautiful species, with spreading or trailing shoots, easily multiplied by cuttings or layers. It requires a warm sunny spot on the rockery, with a sandy peat soil. When planted so that its shoots drape the face of a rocky ledge, it is one of the most charming plants possible to grow.A. obtusifolia (blunt-leaved).fl.white or rose, with yellow eye; umbels five or six-flowered. Spring.l.lanceolate or rather spathulate, in rather large rosettes. Stems downy.h.2in. to 6in. European Alps. A very pretty form, closely allied toA. Chamæjasme, and differing principally in its somewhat larger rosette of leaves and stronger growth. SYN.A. aretioides.A. pauciflora(few-flowered). Synonymous withA. lactea.A. penicillata(finely hairy). Synonymous withA. villosa.A. puberula(puberulous). Synonymous withA. carnea.A. pubescens(downy).fl.white, with a faint yellow eye, solitary, at the ends of the branchlets, very numerous. June.l.oblong-ovate, ciliated, in a crowded rosette. Stem with a small swelling close to the flower.h.2in. Alps, 1869. Treat likeA. Chamæjasme.A. pyrenaica(Pyrenean).fl.white, with yellowish eyes, on a scape about ¼in high. Summer.l.narrow-oblong, ciliated, recurved, keeled at the back.h.1in. Pyrenees. An exceedingly pretty and diminutive little alpine plant, grown, according to Mr. Robinson, "to great perfection in fissures between large rocks, with, however, deep rifts of sandy peat and loam in them. It will also grow on a level exposed spot, but in such a position should be surrounded by half-buried stones."A. sarmentosa(trailing).*fl.bright rose, with a white eye, in umbels of ten to twenty, on an erect scape. May and June.l.very silvery, forming dense rosettes, whence spring a number of runners, bearing at their extremities other tufts, which should be pegged down and covered with soil, when they will root freely. Himalayas, 1876. It requires rich sandy loam, a sunny position, and to be wedged between pieces of sandstone. Cover the rosettes during winter with a sheet of glass. See Fig. 91.A. septentrionalis(northern). Synonymous withA. coronopifolia.A. villosa(hairy).*fl.rose or blush, with a deeper coloured eye, and a honey-like perfume, umbellate. May.l.narrow, oblong, covered with soft white down, chiefly on the under surface, in compact tufts.h.2in. to 4in. Pyrenees, &c., 1790. When well grown, the flowers are produced in great abundance, almost covering the green cushions. Plant in a sunny fissure of the rockery, in sandy loam and leaf soil. SYN.A. penicillata.

A. lanuginosa(woolly-leaved).*fl.delicate rose, with a small yellow eye, umbellate. June to October.l.nearly 1in. long, clothed with shiny silken hairs.h.6in. to 9in. Himalaya, 1842. A very beautiful species, with spreading or trailing shoots, easily multiplied by cuttings or layers. It requires a warm sunny spot on the rockery, with a sandy peat soil. When planted so that its shoots drape the face of a rocky ledge, it is one of the most charming plants possible to grow.

A. obtusifolia (blunt-leaved).fl.white or rose, with yellow eye; umbels five or six-flowered. Spring.l.lanceolate or rather spathulate, in rather large rosettes. Stems downy.h.2in. to 6in. European Alps. A very pretty form, closely allied toA. Chamæjasme, and differing principally in its somewhat larger rosette of leaves and stronger growth. SYN.A. aretioides.

A. pauciflora(few-flowered). Synonymous withA. lactea.

A. penicillata(finely hairy). Synonymous withA. villosa.

A. puberula(puberulous). Synonymous withA. carnea.

A. pubescens(downy).fl.white, with a faint yellow eye, solitary, at the ends of the branchlets, very numerous. June.l.oblong-ovate, ciliated, in a crowded rosette. Stem with a small swelling close to the flower.h.2in. Alps, 1869. Treat likeA. Chamæjasme.

A. pyrenaica(Pyrenean).fl.white, with yellowish eyes, on a scape about ¼in high. Summer.l.narrow-oblong, ciliated, recurved, keeled at the back.h.1in. Pyrenees. An exceedingly pretty and diminutive little alpine plant, grown, according to Mr. Robinson, "to great perfection in fissures between large rocks, with, however, deep rifts of sandy peat and loam in them. It will also grow on a level exposed spot, but in such a position should be surrounded by half-buried stones."

A. sarmentosa(trailing).*fl.bright rose, with a white eye, in umbels of ten to twenty, on an erect scape. May and June.l.very silvery, forming dense rosettes, whence spring a number of runners, bearing at their extremities other tufts, which should be pegged down and covered with soil, when they will root freely. Himalayas, 1876. It requires rich sandy loam, a sunny position, and to be wedged between pieces of sandstone. Cover the rosettes during winter with a sheet of glass. See Fig. 91.

A. septentrionalis(northern). Synonymous withA. coronopifolia.

A. villosa(hairy).*fl.rose or blush, with a deeper coloured eye, and a honey-like perfume, umbellate. May.l.narrow, oblong, covered with soft white down, chiefly on the under surface, in compact tufts.h.2in. to 4in. Pyrenees, &c., 1790. When well grown, the flowers are produced in great abundance, almost covering the green cushions. Plant in a sunny fissure of the rockery, in sandy loam and leaf soil. SYN.A. penicillata.

FIG. 91. ANDROSACESARMENTOSA, showing Habit, and the two kinds of Leaves, &c.

A. Vitaliana(Vital's).*fl.rich yellow, comparatively large; tube inflated at the middle, almost nestling among the leaves. May to July.l.linear, acute, greyish. Stems numerous.h.1in. to 2in. Pyrenees, &c., 1787. When well grown, it produces flowers in abundance, and is the only species in cultivation having yellow flowers. A well-drained, sunny pocket is desirable, with a calcareous soil, covering the surface with nodules of sandstone. SYN.Gregoria Vitaliana.A. Wulfeniana(Wulfen's).*fl.rosy or crimson, large. Summer.l.oval, acuminated, in dense rosettes.h.2in. Styria. A very rare species in cultivation in this country.

A. Wulfeniana(Wulfen's).*fl.rosy or crimson, large. Summer.l.oval, acuminated, in dense rosettes.h.2in. Styria. A very rare species in cultivation in this country.

ANDROSÆMUM.SeeHypericum.

ANDROSTEPHIUM(fromaner, a man, andstephos, a crown; some of the stamens are barren and petaloid, forming a corona). ORD.Liliaceæ. A very pretty little hardy bulb, of dwarf habit, allied toBrodiæa. It requires a rich sandy loam, in a sunny position, and may be propagated by offsets and seeds; the latter should be sown as soon as ripe in a cold frame. Plant 6in. deep, when it will require no protection in winter.

A. violaceum(violet).fl.violet blue, about 1in. long, three to six in an umbel, on pedicels about their own length; tube infundibuliform, about as long as the spreading segments; corona half as long. Spring.l.four to six, very narrow.h.6in. Texas, 1874.

ANDRYALA(the meaning of this is unknown). ORD.Compositæ. These are pretty half-hardy evergreen herbaceous perennials, easily grown in ordinary well-drained garden soil. Increased by seeds and divisions in spring. Two species only are in cultivation.

A. lanata(woolly).*fl.-headsyellow, Hieracium-like. May.l.white, woolly, thick, oblong-ovate; radical ones stalked; upper ones sessile. Stems with a leaf at each joint.h.about 1ft. South Europe, 1732.A. mogadorensis(Mogador).fl.-headsbright yellow, as large as a half-crown; disk bright orange. April. Morocco, 1871. This species is rare in cultivation.

A. mogadorensis(Mogador).fl.-headsbright yellow, as large as a half-crown; disk bright orange. April. Morocco, 1871. This species is rare in cultivation.

ANEILEMA(froma, not, andeilema, involucre; in reference to the absence of the involucre). ORD.Commelynaceæ. Greenhouse and stove evergreen perennials, with generally a trailing habit. A genus resemblingCommelyna, from which it is distinguished by the inflorescence being sub-paniculate, and the peduncles entirely exserted from the bracts at the branching of the panicle. Flowers without any involucre. They thrive in a compost of loam, peat, leaf mould, and sand, well mixed. Increased by seeds and root divisions. There are a large number of species known to botanists.

A. biflora(two-flowered).*fl.blue; floral stalks two-flowered. July.l.lanceolate. Stem creeping; plant smooth. New Holland, 1820. Greenhouse species.A. sinicum(Chinese).fl.pale blue; racemes about seven-flowered, alternate, placed in a panicle form. May.l.ligulate, acuminate. Stems branched, diffuse.h.1ft. China, 1820. Greenhouse species.

A. biflora(two-flowered).*fl.blue; floral stalks two-flowered. July.l.lanceolate. Stem creeping; plant smooth. New Holland, 1820. Greenhouse species.

A. sinicum(Chinese).fl.pale blue; racemes about seven-flowered, alternate, placed in a panicle form. May.l.ligulate, acuminate. Stems branched, diffuse.h.1ft. China, 1820. Greenhouse species.

ANEMIA(fromaneimon, naked; in reference to the naked panicles of sporangia). IncludingAnemidictyon. ORD.Filices. A well-marked genus of stove and greenhouse ferns, chiefly confined to Tropical America. Capsules small, very abundant, forming a copiously-branched panicle, quite distinct from the leafy part of the frond. This genus of handsome dwarf-growing ferns is of easy culture, in a compost of fibrous peat, leaf soil, and sand. Several species are exceedingly pretty for fern cases. For general culture,seeFerns.

A. adiantifolia(maidenhair-leaved).*sti.12in. to 18in. long, firm, naked.fronds, barren portion shortly-stalked, 6in. to 9in. long, 4in. to 6in. broad, deltoid, bi-tripinnate; pinnæ close, lanceolate, the lowest the largest; ultimate divisions oblong or linear-cuneate, the outer toothed, with a firm texture; panicle 3in. to 4in. long, the peduncle 1in. to 3in. long. West Indies, 1793. A very handsome stove fern.A. ciliata(ciliated). Synonymous withA. hirsuta.A. collina(hill).sti.8in. to 12in. long, firm, erect, densely clothed with fine ferruginous hairs.fronds, barren portion sessile, 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, with about twelve sessile pinnæ on each side, which are 1in. to 1½in. long, and about ½in. broad, unequal-sided, obliquely-truncate below, blunt, sub-entire, with a sub-coriaceous texture; panicle 2in. to 3in. long, close, the peduncle 4in. to 6in. long. Brazil, 1829. Very rare stove species. SYN.A. hirta.A. deltoidea(deltoid-like). Synonymous withA. tomentosa.A. Dregeana(Drege's).*sti.8in. to 12in. long, firm, slightly villose.fronds, barren portion sub-sessile, 8in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, about equal in width in the lower half, with eight to twelve pinnæ on each side, which are 1in. to 1½in. long, ½in. to ¾in. broad, ovate-deltoid, unequal at the base, the upper side sub-cordate, the edge inciso-crenate; panicle 3in. to 4in. long, the lower branches elongated; peduncle same length. Natal. Stove species.A. flexuosa(wavy). Synonymous withA. tomentosa.A. hirsuta(hairy).sti.6in. to 12in. long, slender, naked.fronds, barren portion 2in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 3in. broad, sessile, oblong-deltoid, bipinnatifid; pinnæ in six to eight opposite pairs, 1in. to 1½in. long, ¼in. to ¾in. broad, varying from oblong, obtuse, sub-entire, truncate at the base on the lower side, to deeply pinnatifid with narrow divisions; panicle 1in. to 2in. long, close; peduncle 2in. to 6in. long, slender. Jamaica, 1704. Very handsome stove species. SYNS.A. repensandA. ciliata.A. hirta(hairy). Synonymous withA. collina.A. mandioccana(Mandioccan).*sti.6in. to 12in. long, deciduously villose.fronds, barren portion 1ft. or more long, 2in. to 4in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, the lower half about equal in width; pinnæ in twenty or more close pairs, the point narrowed, but scarcely acute; edge finely serrulate, the upper base parallel with the stem, the lower obliquely truncate; rachis and surfaces finely pilose; texture sub-coriaceous; panicle very compound, 3in. to 4in. long: peduncle longer. Brazil. A very beautiful and distinct stove species.A. Phyllitidis(Phyllitis-like).*sti.6in. to 18in. long, stramineous, naked, or fibrillose.fronds, barren portion sessile, 4in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 8in. broad, ovate-oblong, simply pinnate; pinnæ in four to twelve sessile pairs, the lowest the largest, ovate, 1in. to 6in. long, ½in. to 2in. broad, the apex acute, the edge crenulate, the base rounded or cuneate, or unequal, with a firm texture; panicle dense, 3in. to 9in. long, the branches short; peduncles the same length. Cuba, Mexico, &c. SYN.Anemidictyon Phyllitidis. Greenhouse species.A. P. lineata(lined).frondswith a yellowish-green central stripe down the pinnæ. South America, 1868.A. P. plumbea(leaden). Synonymous withA. P. tessellata.A. P. tessellata(tessellated). Pinnæ dark green, with bright green centre and leaden-grey border. Brazil, 1875. The forms of this species are numerous:fraxinifoliaandmacrophyllaare names often met with, but only show slight deviations. They all have a more hardy constitution than the other species, and grow well in the greenhouse. SYN.A. P. plumbea.A. repens(creeping). Synonymous withA. hirsuta.A. tomentosa(tomentose).*sti.6in. to 12in. long, strong, erect, clothed with ferruginous hairs.fronds, barren portion 6in. to 12in. long, half as broad, ovate-deltoid, bipinnatifid or bipinnate; lowest pinnæ the largest, the blunt lobes ½in. to ¾in. long, ¼in. broad, nearly entire; rachis and surfaces densely pilose, with a firm texture; panicle 4in. to 9in. long, loose; peduncle 1in. to 2in. long. Tropical America. Greenhouse species. SYNS.A. deltoidea,A. flexuosa,A. villosa.A. villosa(hairy). Synonymous withA. tomentosa.

A. ciliata(ciliated). Synonymous withA. hirsuta.

A. collina(hill).sti.8in. to 12in. long, firm, erect, densely clothed with fine ferruginous hairs.fronds, barren portion sessile, 6in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, with about twelve sessile pinnæ on each side, which are 1in. to 1½in. long, and about ½in. broad, unequal-sided, obliquely-truncate below, blunt, sub-entire, with a sub-coriaceous texture; panicle 2in. to 3in. long, close, the peduncle 4in. to 6in. long. Brazil, 1829. Very rare stove species. SYN.A. hirta.

A. deltoidea(deltoid-like). Synonymous withA. tomentosa.

A. Dregeana(Drege's).*sti.8in. to 12in. long, firm, slightly villose.fronds, barren portion sub-sessile, 8in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, about equal in width in the lower half, with eight to twelve pinnæ on each side, which are 1in. to 1½in. long, ½in. to ¾in. broad, ovate-deltoid, unequal at the base, the upper side sub-cordate, the edge inciso-crenate; panicle 3in. to 4in. long, the lower branches elongated; peduncle same length. Natal. Stove species.

A. flexuosa(wavy). Synonymous withA. tomentosa.

A. hirsuta(hairy).sti.6in. to 12in. long, slender, naked.fronds, barren portion 2in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 3in. broad, sessile, oblong-deltoid, bipinnatifid; pinnæ in six to eight opposite pairs, 1in. to 1½in. long, ¼in. to ¾in. broad, varying from oblong, obtuse, sub-entire, truncate at the base on the lower side, to deeply pinnatifid with narrow divisions; panicle 1in. to 2in. long, close; peduncle 2in. to 6in. long, slender. Jamaica, 1704. Very handsome stove species. SYNS.A. repensandA. ciliata.

A. hirta(hairy). Synonymous withA. collina.

A. mandioccana(Mandioccan).*sti.6in. to 12in. long, deciduously villose.fronds, barren portion 1ft. or more long, 2in. to 4in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, the lower half about equal in width; pinnæ in twenty or more close pairs, the point narrowed, but scarcely acute; edge finely serrulate, the upper base parallel with the stem, the lower obliquely truncate; rachis and surfaces finely pilose; texture sub-coriaceous; panicle very compound, 3in. to 4in. long: peduncle longer. Brazil. A very beautiful and distinct stove species.

A. Phyllitidis(Phyllitis-like).*sti.6in. to 18in. long, stramineous, naked, or fibrillose.fronds, barren portion sessile, 4in. to 12in. long, 2in. to 8in. broad, ovate-oblong, simply pinnate; pinnæ in four to twelve sessile pairs, the lowest the largest, ovate, 1in. to 6in. long, ½in. to 2in. broad, the apex acute, the edge crenulate, the base rounded or cuneate, or unequal, with a firm texture; panicle dense, 3in. to 9in. long, the branches short; peduncles the same length. Cuba, Mexico, &c. SYN.Anemidictyon Phyllitidis. Greenhouse species.

A. P. lineata(lined).frondswith a yellowish-green central stripe down the pinnæ. South America, 1868.

A. P. plumbea(leaden). Synonymous withA. P. tessellata.

A. P. tessellata(tessellated). Pinnæ dark green, with bright green centre and leaden-grey border. Brazil, 1875. The forms of this species are numerous:fraxinifoliaandmacrophyllaare names often met with, but only show slight deviations. They all have a more hardy constitution than the other species, and grow well in the greenhouse. SYN.A. P. plumbea.

A. repens(creeping). Synonymous withA. hirsuta.

A. tomentosa(tomentose).*sti.6in. to 12in. long, strong, erect, clothed with ferruginous hairs.fronds, barren portion 6in. to 12in. long, half as broad, ovate-deltoid, bipinnatifid or bipinnate; lowest pinnæ the largest, the blunt lobes ½in. to ¾in. long, ¼in. broad, nearly entire; rachis and surfaces densely pilose, with a firm texture; panicle 4in. to 9in. long, loose; peduncle 1in. to 2in. long. Tropical America. Greenhouse species. SYNS.A. deltoidea,A. flexuosa,A. villosa.

A. villosa(hairy). Synonymous withA. tomentosa.

ANEMIDICTYON.SeeAnemia.

ANEMONE(fromanemos, wind; the greater part of the species grow in elevated places, much exposed to the wind). Wind Flower. ORD.Ranunculaceæ. An extensive genus of very ornamental hardy perennials. The generic characters of Anemone proper are: Involucre of three cut leaflets, distant from the flower; calyx of five to twenty petal-like sepals; petals absent. Of sub-genus Hepatica: Involucre of three entire leaflets, just under the flowers; calyx of six to nine petal-like sepals; petals absent. For botanical purposes, they are both now included under the one generic name of Anemone; but in gardens the Hepaticas are frequently regarded as a distinct genus. They delight in a rich sandy loam, but most will thrive in ordinary garden soil. Some are suitable for borders, while others thrive best on the rockery, most of them preferring a damp and partially shady position. For the numerous varieties ofA. coronaria, both double and single flowered, the soil can hardly be too rich, and the position, though open, should be a sheltered one, and well drained. The tubers may be planted early in October, about 6in. apart, and 3in. deep, various colours being intermixed, when a splendid effect is produced in the following spring. After flowering, the tubers should be taken up—say in June—and spread out thinly, in a shady, airy situation, until they are dry, when they should be thoroughly cleaned, and, if necessary, divided, and finally stored away in a cool place, in pots or boxes of dry sand until the planting season. Anemones make admirable pot plants if placed in a compost of two parts turfy loam, and one of leaf mould or rotten hotbed or cow manure, with about a sixth part of sharp gritty sand; but, if so grown, they should be protected through severe weather, and brought into warmth as required. The herbaceous species are propagated by root divisions or root cuttings, or by seeds, in autumn or early spring; the seeds are better sown as soon as ripe in pans in a cold frame. Some, such asA. japonica, are freely increased by division; while others, such asA. narcissiflora, are very slow; and the tuberous rooted ones, by root division and seeds. The best and most rapid means of propagating the invaluable varieties ofA. coronaria, and also of obtaining new ones, is by seed. A careful selection of flowers, and skilful hybridising, will produce results commensurate with the trouble incurred. So soon as the seed ripen, they should be gathered and sown at once in a warm sheltered situation outside, or in pans under glass, covering lightly with sandy soil, and keeping moist. They are somewhat difficult to sow on account of a mass of cotton-like down which adheres closely to them; they should be thoroughly separated therefrom by rubbing them in dry sand. Of course, if the seed are sown at different times, plants will be produced which will flower at different periods, and a succession of bloom may be had from April to November—indeed, nearly all the year.

A. alba(white).fl.white; pedicel solitary; sepals five, obovate, very blunt. June.l.ternate or quinate; segments deeply toothed at top; those of the involucre stalked.h.6in. Siberia, 1820.A. alpina(alpine).*fl.variously coloured, sometimes white, white with the back purple, cream, yellowish or yellow with their backs paler; sepals six, spreading, elliptical, rarely ovate. May.l.sometimes smooth, sometimes clothed with long crowded silky hairs, biternate; segments pinnate and deeply serrated; involucre of the same form.h.6in. Middle Europe, 1658. Very handsome alpine. Plant on the rockery in rich deep soil, with a damp situation. SYN.Pulsatilla alpina.A. a. sulphurea(sulphur).*fl.beautiful soft yellow, 2in. to 2½in. across when expanded, but they are usually cup-shaped; sepals six, covered with a silky down outside; anthers of a rich golden colour. May and June.l.radical, stalked, drooping, more than 1ft. long; leaflets pinnatifid, deeply toothed. A very beautiful form, thriving in ordinary garden soil, and a rather moist situation. See Fig. 92.

A. alba(white).fl.white; pedicel solitary; sepals five, obovate, very blunt. June.l.ternate or quinate; segments deeply toothed at top; those of the involucre stalked.h.6in. Siberia, 1820.

A. alpina(alpine).*fl.variously coloured, sometimes white, white with the back purple, cream, yellowish or yellow with their backs paler; sepals six, spreading, elliptical, rarely ovate. May.l.sometimes smooth, sometimes clothed with long crowded silky hairs, biternate; segments pinnate and deeply serrated; involucre of the same form.h.6in. Middle Europe, 1658. Very handsome alpine. Plant on the rockery in rich deep soil, with a damp situation. SYN.Pulsatilla alpina.

A. a. sulphurea(sulphur).*fl.beautiful soft yellow, 2in. to 2½in. across when expanded, but they are usually cup-shaped; sepals six, covered with a silky down outside; anthers of a rich golden colour. May and June.l.radical, stalked, drooping, more than 1ft. long; leaflets pinnatifid, deeply toothed. A very beautiful form, thriving in ordinary garden soil, and a rather moist situation. See Fig. 92.

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