Chapter 13

FIG. 92. ANEMONEALPINASULPHUREA, showing Habit and Flower.

A. americana(American). A synonym ofA. Hepatica.A. angulosa(angled).*fl.fine sky blue, over 2in. across, with numerous black anthers surrounding a tuft of yellow styles; sepals eight to nine, elliptical, spreading. February.l.palmately five-lobed; lobes serrated.h.8in. to 12in. East Europe. A very fine species, twice the size ofA. Hepaticain all its parts; it is well suited for the border or rockery, enjoying a deep rich soil. SYN.Hepatica angulosa.A. apennina(Apennine).*fl.blue, 1½in. across; sepals ten to fourteen, oblong, obtuse, erect; pedicel one-flowered. March.l.binately pinnate; segments lanceolate, deeply-toothed, acute.h.6in. England (naturalised here and there), and Southern Europe. An exceedingly pretty plant, with soft-looking feathery foliage. It thrives best under the partial shade of trees, where the flowers retain their colour longer. Tuberous rooted.A. baldensis(Mount Baldo).*fl.white, clothed with adpressed hairs on the outside, and reddish tinged with blue; sepals eight to ten, oblong-oval; pedicels one-flowered. May.l.biternate; segments many-parted; lobes linear; involucral leaves multifid.h.6in. Switzerland, 1792.A. cœruleais probably identical with this species. Shady parts of the rockery. Rare. Tuberous rooted.A. blanda(fair).*fl.deep blue, nearly 2in. across; sepals nine to fourteen, narrow. Winter or early spring.l.triternate; segments deeply cut and acute; involucral leaves stalked, trifid, deeply cut.h.6in. Eastern Europe. A very handsome early flowering plant. It requires a rich, light, and well drained sandy loam, and a warm, sheltered position. It closely resemblesA. apennina, of which it is merely a form, with deeper blue flowers. Tuberous rooted.A. caroliniana(Carolina).fl.purple or whitish, pubescent on the outside, on a long one-flowered pedicel; sepals ten to twenty, oblong-linear. May.l.ternate, with three-parted, or cut acutely-toothed lobes; involucral leaves trifid, with cut lobes.h.9in. Carolina, 1824. A very slender and delicate plant. Shady parts of the rockery. Tuberous rooted.A. cernua(drooping).fl.somewhat drooping, dark purple; sepals six, spreading, elliptical-oblong. May.l.pinnate, villous underneath; segments pinnatifid; lobes cut, oblong; scapes, petioles, and peduncles clothed with downy hairs.h.6in. Japan, 1806. Rare.A. coronaria(garland).* Poppy Anemone.fl.very various in colouring, solitary; sepals six, oval, approximate. April to May.l.ternate; segments multifid; lobules linear, mucronated; involucral leaves sessile, multifid. South Europe, 1596. This isone of the species from which the majority of "florists' varieties" have originated, which can be purchased at such a cheap rate, either in named varieties, or in mixture, and are invaluable for spring flowering. It thrives best in a good loamy soil, and should be somewhat shaded from the mid-day sun. Tuberous rooted. See Fig. 93.

A. americana(American). A synonym ofA. Hepatica.

A. angulosa(angled).*fl.fine sky blue, over 2in. across, with numerous black anthers surrounding a tuft of yellow styles; sepals eight to nine, elliptical, spreading. February.l.palmately five-lobed; lobes serrated.h.8in. to 12in. East Europe. A very fine species, twice the size ofA. Hepaticain all its parts; it is well suited for the border or rockery, enjoying a deep rich soil. SYN.Hepatica angulosa.

A. apennina(Apennine).*fl.blue, 1½in. across; sepals ten to fourteen, oblong, obtuse, erect; pedicel one-flowered. March.l.binately pinnate; segments lanceolate, deeply-toothed, acute.h.6in. England (naturalised here and there), and Southern Europe. An exceedingly pretty plant, with soft-looking feathery foliage. It thrives best under the partial shade of trees, where the flowers retain their colour longer. Tuberous rooted.

A. baldensis(Mount Baldo).*fl.white, clothed with adpressed hairs on the outside, and reddish tinged with blue; sepals eight to ten, oblong-oval; pedicels one-flowered. May.l.biternate; segments many-parted; lobes linear; involucral leaves multifid.h.6in. Switzerland, 1792.A. cœruleais probably identical with this species. Shady parts of the rockery. Rare. Tuberous rooted.

A. blanda(fair).*fl.deep blue, nearly 2in. across; sepals nine to fourteen, narrow. Winter or early spring.l.triternate; segments deeply cut and acute; involucral leaves stalked, trifid, deeply cut.h.6in. Eastern Europe. A very handsome early flowering plant. It requires a rich, light, and well drained sandy loam, and a warm, sheltered position. It closely resemblesA. apennina, of which it is merely a form, with deeper blue flowers. Tuberous rooted.

A. caroliniana(Carolina).fl.purple or whitish, pubescent on the outside, on a long one-flowered pedicel; sepals ten to twenty, oblong-linear. May.l.ternate, with three-parted, or cut acutely-toothed lobes; involucral leaves trifid, with cut lobes.h.9in. Carolina, 1824. A very slender and delicate plant. Shady parts of the rockery. Tuberous rooted.

A. cernua(drooping).fl.somewhat drooping, dark purple; sepals six, spreading, elliptical-oblong. May.l.pinnate, villous underneath; segments pinnatifid; lobes cut, oblong; scapes, petioles, and peduncles clothed with downy hairs.h.6in. Japan, 1806. Rare.

A. coronaria(garland).* Poppy Anemone.fl.very various in colouring, solitary; sepals six, oval, approximate. April to May.l.ternate; segments multifid; lobules linear, mucronated; involucral leaves sessile, multifid. South Europe, 1596. This isone of the species from which the majority of "florists' varieties" have originated, which can be purchased at such a cheap rate, either in named varieties, or in mixture, and are invaluable for spring flowering. It thrives best in a good loamy soil, and should be somewhat shaded from the mid-day sun. Tuberous rooted. See Fig. 93.

FIG. 93. ANEMONECORONARIAFLORE-PLENO.

FIG. 94. ANEMONEFULGENS.

A. decapetala(ten-petaled).*fl.cream white or pale sulphur, about 1in. to 2in. across, erect; sepals eight to twelve, oblong, spreading. May to June.l.tripartite, and freely divided into numerous linear-acute segments, of a deep green colour.h.12in. to 18in. North-West America, &c. A pretty free-flowering species, suitable for naturalising in woods, &c. It is less ornamental than many others, but is very distinct.

FIG. 95. ANEMONEHEPATICA.

A. dichotoma(forked).*fl.white, with a tinge of red on the under side; sepals five, elliptical; pedicels many, usually bifid. May.l.three parted; lobes oblong, deeply-toothed at top; those of the involucrum sessile.h.1½ft. Siberia, North America, &c., 1768. Border, or for naturalising in woods. SYN.A. pennsylvanica.

FIG. 96. FLOWERANDLEAFOFANEMONEJAPONICA.

A. fulgens(shining).*fl.of a dazzling vermilion or scarlet, with a black central patch of stamens, about 2in. across; sepals obovate. May. Greece, South Europe, &c., 1865. A very beautiful variety, much more showy thanA. hortensis(of which it is generally regarded as a variety), and a universal favourite. In "Hardy Perennials," Mr. Wood says of this splendid species: "It may be grown in pots for conservatory or indoor decoration. It needs no forcing for such purposes; a cold frame will prove sufficient to bring the flowers out in winter. Borders or the moist parts of rockwork are suitable for it; but perhaps it is seen to greatest advantage in irregular masses in the half shade of trees in front of a shrubbery; and, after all, itis impossible to plant this flower wrong as regards effect. To grow it well, however, it must have a moist situation and good loam." See Fig. 94.A. Halleri(Haller's).*fl.purplish inside, large, erect; sepals six, oval-lanceolate. April.l.pinnate, very villous; segments three parted; lobes with lanceolate-linear, acuminated divisions.h.6in. Switzerland, 1816. A sunny border or the rockery. SYN.Pulsatilla Halleri.A. Hepatica(supposed remedy for liver diseases). Common Hepatica.fl.usually blue; sepals six to nine. February.l.cordate, three-lobed; lobes quite entire, ovate, acutish; petioles and scapes rather hairy.h.4in. to 6in. There are numerous varieties of this species. England, &c. SYN.Hepatica triloba. Varieties:albahas large pure white flowers;cœrulea(blue), the double form ofcœruleais scarce and very showy;rubraproduces reddish-pink flowers, and of which there is also a double variety, very bright and lasting;Barlowihas large sky-blue flowers. Besides these there are many others. They are all charming early spring-flowering plants, preferring rich light soil, and to remain undisturbed for years, when they form grand clumps, often producing seedlings where they stand. SYN.A. americana. See Fig. 95.A. Honorine Jobert(Honorine Jobert). Synonymous withA. japonica alba.A. hortensis(garden). Nearly approachesA. coronaria, the parent of a large number of garden forms.A. fulgensandA. stellataare by competent authorities placed as varieties.A. Hudsoniana(Hudson's). Synonymous withA. multifida.A. japonica(Japanese).*fl.rosy carmine, from 2in. to 2½in. across, on footstalks which spring from a whorl of three or four leaves; anthers golden yellow. Autumn.l.ternate, with unequally lobed, toothed segments.h.2ft. to 3ft. Japan, 1844. See Fig. 96.

A. Halleri(Haller's).*fl.purplish inside, large, erect; sepals six, oval-lanceolate. April.l.pinnate, very villous; segments three parted; lobes with lanceolate-linear, acuminated divisions.h.6in. Switzerland, 1816. A sunny border or the rockery. SYN.Pulsatilla Halleri.

A. Hepatica(supposed remedy for liver diseases). Common Hepatica.fl.usually blue; sepals six to nine. February.l.cordate, three-lobed; lobes quite entire, ovate, acutish; petioles and scapes rather hairy.h.4in. to 6in. There are numerous varieties of this species. England, &c. SYN.Hepatica triloba. Varieties:albahas large pure white flowers;cœrulea(blue), the double form ofcœruleais scarce and very showy;rubraproduces reddish-pink flowers, and of which there is also a double variety, very bright and lasting;Barlowihas large sky-blue flowers. Besides these there are many others. They are all charming early spring-flowering plants, preferring rich light soil, and to remain undisturbed for years, when they form grand clumps, often producing seedlings where they stand. SYN.A. americana. See Fig. 95.

A. Honorine Jobert(Honorine Jobert). Synonymous withA. japonica alba.

A. hortensis(garden). Nearly approachesA. coronaria, the parent of a large number of garden forms.A. fulgensandA. stellataare by competent authorities placed as varieties.

A. Hudsoniana(Hudson's). Synonymous withA. multifida.

A. japonica(Japanese).*fl.rosy carmine, from 2in. to 2½in. across, on footstalks which spring from a whorl of three or four leaves; anthers golden yellow. Autumn.l.ternate, with unequally lobed, toothed segments.h.2ft. to 3ft. Japan, 1844. See Fig. 96.

FIG. 97. ANEMONEJAPONICAALBA.

A. j. alba(white).* This is a splendid variety, with a profusion of large pure white flowers, which are produced from August to November. This white form is one of the handsomest of border flowers. The blooms are 2in. to 3in. across, with a centre of dense lemon coloured stamens. For cutting purposes the flowers are invaluable. It thrives best in deep soil. SYN.A. Honorine Jobert. See Fig. 97.A. j. elegans(elegant).* Very likeA. japonica, with broader leaves, and pale rose-coloured flowers, which are more than 3in. across. This is also calledroseaandhybrida. Japan.A. lancifolia(lance-leaved).fl.white; sepals five, ovate-acute; scapes one-flowered. May.l.all stalked, ternate; segments lanceolate, crenate-toothed.h.3in. Pennsylvania, 1823. Very rare. Rockery. Tuberous rooted.A. multifida(many-cleft).*fl.red, whitish yellow, or citron colour, small; sepals five to ten, elliptical, obtuse; peduncles three, one-flowered, one of which is naked and earlier, the other two longer, and bearing two-leaved multifid involucels on their middle. June.l.radical ones ternate; segments cuneated, three parted, multifid, with linear lobes; those of the involucrum multifid, on short petioles.h.6in. to 12in. North America. Border or rockery. SYN.A. Hudsoniana.

A. j. elegans(elegant).* Very likeA. japonica, with broader leaves, and pale rose-coloured flowers, which are more than 3in. across. This is also calledroseaandhybrida. Japan.

A. lancifolia(lance-leaved).fl.white; sepals five, ovate-acute; scapes one-flowered. May.l.all stalked, ternate; segments lanceolate, crenate-toothed.h.3in. Pennsylvania, 1823. Very rare. Rockery. Tuberous rooted.

A. multifida(many-cleft).*fl.red, whitish yellow, or citron colour, small; sepals five to ten, elliptical, obtuse; peduncles three, one-flowered, one of which is naked and earlier, the other two longer, and bearing two-leaved multifid involucels on their middle. June.l.radical ones ternate; segments cuneated, three parted, multifid, with linear lobes; those of the involucrum multifid, on short petioles.h.6in. to 12in. North America. Border or rockery. SYN.A. Hudsoniana.

FIG. 98. ANEMONENARCISSIFLORA, showing Habit and Flower.

A. narcissiflora(Narcissus-flowered).*fl.usually cream coloured, sometimes purplish on the outside; umbels generally many-flowered; pedicels in some instances twice or three times longer than the involucrum, and in others very short; sepals five or six, ovate or oval, blunt or acute. May.l.radical ones palmately three to five parted; lobes deeply toothed; lobules linear, acute; those of the involucrum three to five cleft.h.about 1ft. Europe, North America, 1773. An extremely variable and beautiful species. Rockery. See Fig. 98.A. nemorosa(grove).* Wood Anemone.fl.generally white; sepals six, elliptical; scapes one-flowered. March.l.ternate; segments trifid, deeply toothed, lanceolate, acute; involucral leaves stalked.h.6in. This species varies greatly in the colour of its flowers. It is a most beautiful little plant, frequent in our native woods, and suitable for planting in shaded shrubberies, &c. Tuberous rooted.A. n. cœrulea, (blue),* from the North-west States of America, is very near, if not identical with, the varietyRobinsoniana, of our native woods.A. n. flore-pleno(double-flowered).*fl.pure white, over 1in. across, solitary, double. This is an exceedingly pretty plant, and remains in beauty considerably longer than the type. It should be grown in large clumps, and in rich loam.A. n. Robinsoniana(Robinson's).*fl.bright azure blue, large, over 1½in. in diameter. A charming variety for the rockery or border, and one of the prettiest in the whole genus.A. n. rosea(rosy).* A very pretty form, with rose-coloured flowers, of which there is a double flowered sub-variety; there is also a double form of the type, namedbracteatafl.-pl., white flowers, surrounded with a large involucrum.A. obtusiloba(blunt-lobed-leaved).fl.cream coloured; sepals five, obovate; peduncles two to three, one-flowered, villous, naked, or the lateral ones are bracteate. June.l.three lobed cordate, and are, as well as petioles, very villous; segments broadly cuneated, and deeply crenate; involucral leaves trifid. Himalaya, 1843. This species requires a warm and sheltered position.A. palmata(palmate).*fl.golden yellow; sepals ten to twelve, oblong, obtuse; scape one, rarely two, flowered. May.l.cordate, sub-orbicular, bluntly three to five-lobed, toothed; involucral leaves trifid. South-west Europe, 1597. A white flowered variety, though scarce, is in cultivation, and is very pretty. True alpines, which should be grown on the rockery, where the soil is both rich and deep, with a somewhat damp situation. Tuberous rooted.A. patens(spreading).*fl.purplish, or rarely yellow, erect, spreading, in the involucre almost sessile; sepals five to six. June.l.pinnate, rising after the flowers; segments three parted; lobes toothed at the top. Northern Europe, &c., 1752.A. p. Nuttalliana(Nuttall's).*fl.purple, sometimes cream coloured, erect, villous on the outside; sepals five or six, erect, connivent. June.l.three parted; segments cuneate, trifid, cut; lobes linear-lanceolate, elongated; those of the involucre with linear lobes.h.1ft. North America, 1826. A pretty border plant.A. pavonina(peacock). Synonymous withA. stellata.A. pennsylvanica(Pennsylvanian). Synonymous withA. dichotoma.A. pratensis(meadow).*fl.dark purple, pendulous; sepals six, erect, reflexed at the top, acute. May.l.pinnate, many parted; lobes linear.h.6in. to 12in. Northern Europe, &c., 1731. Differs chiefly from the following species in having smaller flowers, sepals narrower and more acute, connivent at base, and reflexed at apex. SYN.Pulsatilla pratensis.A. Pulsatilla(common Pulsatilla).* Pasque Flower.fl.generally violet, sub-erect; sepals six, spreading, externally silky, very handsome. April.l.pinnate; segments many parted; lobes linear.h.6in. to 12in. England, &c. A singular and beautiful species, thriving best in a dry situation and well-drained soil ofa calcareous nature. It is a very pretty plant for a border or rockery; when well grown, it forms handsome tufts, and flowers very freely. See Fig. 99. SYN.Pulsatilla vulgaris. There are numerous varieties, the best of which are:A. P. dahurica(Dahurian).fl.erect; sepals oblong, very villous. Plant dwarf. Sunny border or rockery.

A. nemorosa(grove).* Wood Anemone.fl.generally white; sepals six, elliptical; scapes one-flowered. March.l.ternate; segments trifid, deeply toothed, lanceolate, acute; involucral leaves stalked.h.6in. This species varies greatly in the colour of its flowers. It is a most beautiful little plant, frequent in our native woods, and suitable for planting in shaded shrubberies, &c. Tuberous rooted.

A. n. cœrulea, (blue),* from the North-west States of America, is very near, if not identical with, the varietyRobinsoniana, of our native woods.

A. n. flore-pleno(double-flowered).*fl.pure white, over 1in. across, solitary, double. This is an exceedingly pretty plant, and remains in beauty considerably longer than the type. It should be grown in large clumps, and in rich loam.

A. n. Robinsoniana(Robinson's).*fl.bright azure blue, large, over 1½in. in diameter. A charming variety for the rockery or border, and one of the prettiest in the whole genus.

A. n. rosea(rosy).* A very pretty form, with rose-coloured flowers, of which there is a double flowered sub-variety; there is also a double form of the type, namedbracteatafl.-pl., white flowers, surrounded with a large involucrum.

A. obtusiloba(blunt-lobed-leaved).fl.cream coloured; sepals five, obovate; peduncles two to three, one-flowered, villous, naked, or the lateral ones are bracteate. June.l.three lobed cordate, and are, as well as petioles, very villous; segments broadly cuneated, and deeply crenate; involucral leaves trifid. Himalaya, 1843. This species requires a warm and sheltered position.

A. palmata(palmate).*fl.golden yellow; sepals ten to twelve, oblong, obtuse; scape one, rarely two, flowered. May.l.cordate, sub-orbicular, bluntly three to five-lobed, toothed; involucral leaves trifid. South-west Europe, 1597. A white flowered variety, though scarce, is in cultivation, and is very pretty. True alpines, which should be grown on the rockery, where the soil is both rich and deep, with a somewhat damp situation. Tuberous rooted.

A. patens(spreading).*fl.purplish, or rarely yellow, erect, spreading, in the involucre almost sessile; sepals five to six. June.l.pinnate, rising after the flowers; segments three parted; lobes toothed at the top. Northern Europe, &c., 1752.

A. p. Nuttalliana(Nuttall's).*fl.purple, sometimes cream coloured, erect, villous on the outside; sepals five or six, erect, connivent. June.l.three parted; segments cuneate, trifid, cut; lobes linear-lanceolate, elongated; those of the involucre with linear lobes.h.1ft. North America, 1826. A pretty border plant.

A. pavonina(peacock). Synonymous withA. stellata.

A. pennsylvanica(Pennsylvanian). Synonymous withA. dichotoma.

A. pratensis(meadow).*fl.dark purple, pendulous; sepals six, erect, reflexed at the top, acute. May.l.pinnate, many parted; lobes linear.h.6in. to 12in. Northern Europe, &c., 1731. Differs chiefly from the following species in having smaller flowers, sepals narrower and more acute, connivent at base, and reflexed at apex. SYN.Pulsatilla pratensis.

A. Pulsatilla(common Pulsatilla).* Pasque Flower.fl.generally violet, sub-erect; sepals six, spreading, externally silky, very handsome. April.l.pinnate; segments many parted; lobes linear.h.6in. to 12in. England, &c. A singular and beautiful species, thriving best in a dry situation and well-drained soil ofa calcareous nature. It is a very pretty plant for a border or rockery; when well grown, it forms handsome tufts, and flowers very freely. See Fig. 99. SYN.Pulsatilla vulgaris. There are numerous varieties, the best of which are:

A. P. dahurica(Dahurian).fl.erect; sepals oblong, very villous. Plant dwarf. Sunny border or rockery.

FIG. 99. ANEMONEPULSATILLA.

A. P. lilacina(lilac).fl.lilac.A. P. rubra(red).fl.erect; sepals blunter. Plant dwarfer.A. ranunculoides(Ranunculus-like).*fl.usually yellow (but in the Pyrenean variety purple), generally solitary, single or double; sepals five to six, elliptical. March.l.radical ones three to five parted; segments subtrifid, deeply toothed; those of the involucrum on short stalks three parted, deeply toothed.h.3in. Naturalised in English woods, but rarely. Tuberous rooted.

A. P. lilacina(lilac).fl.lilac.

A. P. rubra(red).fl.erect; sepals blunter. Plant dwarfer.

A. ranunculoides(Ranunculus-like).*fl.usually yellow (but in the Pyrenean variety purple), generally solitary, single or double; sepals five to six, elliptical. March.l.radical ones three to five parted; segments subtrifid, deeply toothed; those of the involucrum on short stalks three parted, deeply toothed.h.3in. Naturalised in English woods, but rarely. Tuberous rooted.

FIG. 100. ANEMONESTELLATA.

A. rivularis(river).*fl.white; anthers purple; sepals five, oval, smooth; pedicels three, one of which is naked. April.l.villous, as well as petioles, three parted; lobes cuneated, trifid; lobules cut, acutely toothed.h.1ft. to 2ft. North India, 1840. Should be grown on the banks of running water, or in a damp situation in the border.A. sibirica(Siberian).fl.white; sepals six, orbicular; scapes one-flowered. June.l.ternate; segments deeply toothed, ciliated, those of the involucrum on short stalks, ternate; segments lanceolate.h.6in. Siberia, 1804. Rockery; very rare.A. stellata(star-leaved).*fl.purple, or rose red, or whitish, solitary; sepals ten to twelve, oblong, bluntish. April.l.three parted; lobes cuneated, deeply-toothed; involucral leaves sessile, oblong.h.8in. to 10in. South Europe, 1599. A pretty and gay spring flowering plant. Tuberous rooted. SYN.A. pavonina. Double forms of this occur in cultivation. See Fig. 100.

A. sibirica(Siberian).fl.white; sepals six, orbicular; scapes one-flowered. June.l.ternate; segments deeply toothed, ciliated, those of the involucrum on short stalks, ternate; segments lanceolate.h.6in. Siberia, 1804. Rockery; very rare.

A. stellata(star-leaved).*fl.purple, or rose red, or whitish, solitary; sepals ten to twelve, oblong, bluntish. April.l.three parted; lobes cuneated, deeply-toothed; involucral leaves sessile, oblong.h.8in. to 10in. South Europe, 1599. A pretty and gay spring flowering plant. Tuberous rooted. SYN.A. pavonina. Double forms of this occur in cultivation. See Fig. 100.

FIG. 101. ANEMONESYLVESTRIS.

A. sylvestris(wood).* Snowdrop Windflower.fl.pure satin white, slightly drooping, 1½in. across when fully open, fragrant; sepals six, elliptical; pedicel solitary. April.l.ternate or quinate, hairy beneath; segments deeply toothed at top, those of the involucrum stalked.h.6in. to 18in. Europe, 1596. This distinct and showy species thrives best in a light vegetable soil in a rather shady and moist situation. The roots are creeping, and should be allowed plenty of room, so that they may ramble without check. See Fig. 101.

FIG. 102. ANEMONEVERNALIS.

A. trifolia(three-leaved).fl.white, erect; sepals five, elliptical, obtuse. April.l.all stalked, ternate; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, toothed.h.6in. France, 1597. This species comes close toA. nemorosa.A. vernalis(spring).*fl.whitish inside, violet and covered with silky down outside, erect, sub-sessile or on pedicels; sepals six, straight, elliptic-oblong. April.l.pinnate; segments cuneate-lanceolate, trifid; involucrum very villous.h.6in. Europe, 1816. A curious rather than a showy species; it makes a pretty pot plant, but must not, under any consideration, be allowed to want water. It can be plunged in sand or ashes in the open, and just as the flowers commence to expand, transfer to a cool frame. It thrives best in a peat and loam compost, to which small pieces of charcoal may be added. SYN.Pulsatilla vernalis. See Fig. 102.A. virginiana(Virginian).*fl.purplish green or pale purple, small; sepals five, elliptical, silky-pubescent on the outside; pedicels often rising in pairs from the involucel. May.l.ternate; segments trifid, acuminated, deeply toothed; those of the involucre and involucels stalked; peduncles three to four, much elongated, middle one naked, sometimes 1ft. high; lateral ones bearing two-leaved involucels.h.2ft. North America, 1722. Border or woodlands, and damp places.A. vitifolia(vine-leaved).fl.white, villous on the outside; anthers copper colour; sepals eight, oval, oblong; pedicels one-flowered. July.l.large, cordate, five-lobed, beneath as well as the stems clothed with white wool; lobes broadly ovate, cut, and crenate; those of the involucrum stalked, woolly underneath, smooth above, bluntly cordate, five-lobed.h.2ft. Upper Nepaul, 1829. This requires a warm sheltered position to stand the winter. Very nearA. japonica alba, and probably the progenitor of it.

A. vernalis(spring).*fl.whitish inside, violet and covered with silky down outside, erect, sub-sessile or on pedicels; sepals six, straight, elliptic-oblong. April.l.pinnate; segments cuneate-lanceolate, trifid; involucrum very villous.h.6in. Europe, 1816. A curious rather than a showy species; it makes a pretty pot plant, but must not, under any consideration, be allowed to want water. It can be plunged in sand or ashes in the open, and just as the flowers commence to expand, transfer to a cool frame. It thrives best in a peat and loam compost, to which small pieces of charcoal may be added. SYN.Pulsatilla vernalis. See Fig. 102.

A. virginiana(Virginian).*fl.purplish green or pale purple, small; sepals five, elliptical, silky-pubescent on the outside; pedicels often rising in pairs from the involucel. May.l.ternate; segments trifid, acuminated, deeply toothed; those of the involucre and involucels stalked; peduncles three to four, much elongated, middle one naked, sometimes 1ft. high; lateral ones bearing two-leaved involucels.h.2ft. North America, 1722. Border or woodlands, and damp places.

A. vitifolia(vine-leaved).fl.white, villous on the outside; anthers copper colour; sepals eight, oval, oblong; pedicels one-flowered. July.l.large, cordate, five-lobed, beneath as well as the stems clothed with white wool; lobes broadly ovate, cut, and crenate; those of the involucrum stalked, woolly underneath, smooth above, bluntly cordate, five-lobed.h.2ft. Upper Nepaul, 1829. This requires a warm sheltered position to stand the winter. Very nearA. japonica alba, and probably the progenitor of it.

ANEMONOPSIS(fromanemone, andopsis, resemblance; flowers like those of the Anemone). ORD.Ranunculaceæ. A handsome and remarkable hardy herbaceous perennial, not unlikeAnemone japonica, but smaller. It thrives in any light soil. Propagated by seeds and divisions of the root-stock in spring.

A. macrophylla(large-leaved).*fl.in loose racemes; sepals about nine, concave, the outer three purple, internally pale lilac; petals twelve, in many rows, one-third the length of the sepals, linear-oblong. July.l.large, biternate, coarsely toothed, glabrous.h.2ft. to 3ft. Japan, 1869.

ANEMOPÆGMA(fromanemos, the wind, andpaigma, sport). ORD.Bignoniaceæ. A handsome stove climbing shrub. For culture,seeBignonia.

A. racemosum(racemose).*fl.delicate buff coloured, in axillary racemes, large. September. Brazil, 1879. This beautiful and vigorous climber is, as yet, very rare in cultivation.

ANETHUM(fromano, upwards, andtheo, to run; in reference to its quick growth). ORD.Umbelliferæ. A genus of erect glabrous annuals. Flowers yellow; involucre and involucels wanting. Leaves decompound, with linear-setaceous lobes. This genus is of no ornamental value, its most important species being the garden Dill (A. graveolens), whichseefor culture.

ANGELICA(in reference to the supposed angelic medicinal virtues of some species). ORD.Umbelliferæ. Perennial or biennial herbs. Flowers white; umbels terminal; involucra wanting or of few leaves; involucels of many leaves. Leaves bipinnate. The common Angelica (A. Archangelica) is the only species that calls for mention. It is a native biennial, and was at one time in much request for confectionery, and as a herb of supposed great medicinal value. Seed should be sown in September or March in ordinary soil, and the young plants thinned out to about 18in. apart.

ANGELICA TREE.SeeAralia spinosa.

ANGELONIA(fromangelon, the local name ofA. salicariæfoliain South America). SYN.Schelveria. ORD.Scrophulariaceæ. Very pretty stove herbaceous perennials. Flowers axillary, racemose; corolla irregular, bilabiate; lower lip saccate at the base, trifid; upper one smaller, bifid. Leaves opposite. Stem and branches quadrangular. A mixture of light turfy loam, peat, leaf soil, and sand, is a good compost. Cuttings of young shoots in spring strike readily under a hand glass, or plunged in the propagating bed, giving plenty of air daily.

A. salicariæfolia(Willow-leaved).*fl.blue, hairy, axillary, solitary, pedicellate, disposed in terminal racemes. August.l.sessile, lanceolate, acute, serrated towards the apex, finely pubescent on both surfaces.h.1½ft. to 3ft. South America, 1818.

ANGIOPTERIS(fromaggeion, a vessel, andpteris, a wing). IncludingPsilodochea. ORD.Filices. A genus of gigantic greenhouse ferns. Capsules eight to fifteen, opening by a slit down the side, sessile, very close but not concrete, arranged in linear-oblong or boat-shaped sori near the edge of the frond. These ferns require a very liberal supply of water, and plenty of room to fully expand. The most suitable compost is a mixture of strong loam and peat, with some sharp sand. Thorough drainage must be afforded.

A. evecta(evectic).cau.erect, 2ft. to 6ft. high, 1½ft. to 2ft. thick, very fleshy.sti.swollen and articulated at the base, furnished with two large leathery persistent auricles.fronds6ft. to 15ft. long, bi- or tripinnate; pinnæ 1ft. to 3ft. long, spreading, the lowest the largest; rachis swollen at the base; pinnules 4in. to 12in. long, ½in. to 1½in. broad, linear-oblong, sessile or shortly stalked, acuminate; edge entire or finely toothed. Tropics of Old World. This is the only clearly defined species; the others usually known as distinct species are but varieties of it, and its culture should not be attempted if plenty of room cannot be afforded it.

ANGOPHORA(fromaggos, a vessel, andphero, to bear; in reference to the shape of the fruit). ORD.Myrtaceæ. Australian evergreen greenhouse ornamental trees or shrubs. Flowers corymbose; calyx five or six-cleft. Leaves large, opposite. A mixture of leaf soil, peat, and sand suits them well. Ripened cuttings will root in sandy soil under a hand glass in a cool house, in a few weeks.

A. cordifolia(heart-leaved).*fl.yellowish, corymbose, large. May.l.sessile, ovate, cordate at the base, glabrous.h.7ft. to 10ft. New Holland, 1789.A. lanceolata(lanceolate-leaved).*fl.white, corymbose. May.l.petiolate, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous.h.4ft. to 6ft. New Holland, 1816.

A. cordifolia(heart-leaved).*fl.yellowish, corymbose, large. May.l.sessile, ovate, cordate at the base, glabrous.h.7ft. to 10ft. New Holland, 1789.

A. lanceolata(lanceolate-leaved).*fl.white, corymbose. May.l.petiolate, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous.h.4ft. to 6ft. New Holland, 1816.

ANGRÆCUM(deduced fromangurek, a Malayan name for air plants). ORD.Orchidaceæ. TRIBEVandeæ. These are among the most beautiful of epiphytal orchids. One characteristic, both remarkable and peculiar, is the long, hollow, tail-like spur depending from the base of the lip. The flowers are produced on spikes from the axils of the leaves. The leaves are evergreen, and arranged in two rows, the one opposite to the other, and, in many kinds, being curved, give the plant a very graceful appearance. The fact of these plants producing their blooms during the winter—a period when flowers are generally scarce—considerably enhances their value. They usually continue six or eight weeks in perfection, or even more. The following table of night temperatures should be almost universally adhered to for all the species enumerated, exceptA. falcatum, which thrives best in a cool house. From November to February, 58deg. to 63deg.; March to May, September and October, 65deg.; June to August, 70deg. The day temperature should be 7deg. or 8deg. higher than that of the night. A compost of crocks, charcoal, and sphagnum is best. A layer of a few large crocks at the bottom of the pot or pan will be required; over these spread another layer of charcoal and smaller crocks, just enough to allow the roots to support the plant; so that the first pair of leaves will be, in large plants, about 4in. above the rim of the pot, or proportionately less in the case of small plants. When the plant is carefully adjusted in its proper position, and held there with one hand, the other hand should work in among the roots more crocks and charcoal, ceasing so to do when within 2in. of the rim; the remaining space must be occupied with fresh sphagnum, pressed firm (this is most essential) in a cone shape, which may be built up to within ½in. of the lower pair of leaves. Prior to potting, which ought to be done between February and April, water should be withheld for a short time; but give a good soaking immediately after the operation. In the process of repotting, clear the roots of the old moss, all rotten stems, and particles of decayed roots. If plants are potted as we have recommended, a thorough soaking once a week only, or if grown on blocks of wood, or in suspended baskets or pans, about twice weekly will be found sufficient. Excessive fumigation, drought, whether atmosphericalor at the roots, will cause the leaves to drop, and prevent any growth being made, in which case the plant ought to be lowered. If the stems have emitted but few roots, a ring of moss fastened round the stems, and kept constantly wet, will induce the plant to throw out additional roots, when the lowering may be proceeded with. To keep the plants free from insect pests, frequently sponge the foliage. Thrips generally prove very troublesome, and a moderate fumigation is needful, dislodging the insects that may be secreted low down in the centre of the plant, shortly before the operation, by dropping a little weak tobacco water or sulphur among them.

A. arcuatum(curved).*fl.white; racemes from the axils of the two-year-old leaves, two or three being produced from a single growth, about 6in. long, arching.l.about 4in. long, and ¾in. broad. Natal. SYNS.Listrostachys arcuata.A. (Listrostachys) Sedenicomes close to the above species, but is excessively rare in cultivation.A. bilobum(two-lobed).*fl.white, with a tinge of rose, about 1½in. in diameter; spur 2in. long, produced from the side of the stem, just above the two-year-old leaves; racemes pendulous, 6in. or more long, bearing about a dozen flowers, which possess a slight fragrance. October to December.l.4in. long by 2in. broad, two-lobed at the apex, about eight on a plant. Stem erect, about 6in. high. Cape Coast, 1841. Should be grown in a basket.A. caudatum(tailed).fl.greenish yellow, mixed with brown; labellum pure white; spur thick, pale green, about 9in. long, two-lobed at the lowest portion; racemes arching, 1ft. or more long, produced from the base of the two-year-old leaves. Autumn.l.pale green, drooping, about 10in. long by 1in. broad.h.1½ft. Stem erect, or nearly so. Sierra Leone, 1834.A. cephalotes(capitate).*fl.white. Tropical Africa, 1873.A. Chailluanum(Chaillu's).*fl.white; sepals and petals narrow, acute; spur yellowish green, 4in. or more long; racemes pendulous, 8in. or 10in. long, about twelve medium sized flowers produced from the side of the stem, just above the axils of two-year-old leaves.l.6in. long, 1½in. broad, slightly wavy, two-lobed at the apex, arranged in an imbricate manner. West Africa, 1866. A rare species.A. Christyanum(Christy's). A curious species, with yellow or greenish-white flowers, having a much developed three-lobed lip. The plant has the aspect ofA. arcuatum. 1880.A. citratum(citron-like).*fl.creamy white, or pale yellow, nearly 1in. in diameter; spurs about 1½in. long; racemes three, on strong plants, produced from the axils of two-year-old leaves, arched, about 1ft. long, bearing sometimes twenty flowers.l.4in. to 6in. long and 2in. broad, six or eight on a plant, occupying about 1½in. of stem. Madagascar, 1868. Habit compact; stem nearly erect.A. distichum(two-rowed-leaved).fl.whitish, ¼in. across, on one-flowered pedicels, which are produced from the axils of the leaves.l.very short, closely imbricated, deep bright green.h.6in. Sierra Leone, 1834. A very neat growing little species, and quite distinct.A. eburneum(ivory-lipped).*fl.sepals and petals greenish white; lip uppermost, white, very large; racemes about 18in. long, from the axils of two-year-old leaves; footstalks erect, but gradually becoming pendulous from the commencement of the flowers.l.20in. long by 2in. broad, light green, stiff. Madagascar, 1826. SYN.Ærobion eburneum.A. virensis an inferior variety, butA. e. superbumsurpasses the type in beauty; it is, however, at present extremely rare.A. Ellisii(Ellis's).*fl.pure white, fragrant, about 2in. across, with narrow reflexed sepals and petals, the column standing very prominent; spur pale brownish, 6in. to 8in.; racemes frequently 2ft. long, on the side of the stem just above the axils of the two-year-old leaves, bearing about twenty blossoms.l.dark green, 9in. or 10in. long, and 2in. broad, divided at the apex into two unequal lobes. Madagascar, 1879.A. falcatum(sickle-shaped).*fl.pure white, very fragrant; spur upcurved, 2in. long; racemes from the axils of the two-year-old leaves, short, bearing from two to five blooms.l.2in. to 4in. long, very narrow and fleshy, dark green. 1815. An elegant little cool house species, and one of the smallest belonging to this genus. It should be grown in peat, in a basket or small pot suspended about 2ft. from the glass, but rather shaded.A. Kotschyi(Kotschy's).*fl.yellowish white, perfume similar to the common white pink, 1in. to 1½in. across; spur reddish-tinted, 6in. or 7in. long, distinguished by the two spiral twistings; racemes from the axils of the lower leaves, 18in. long, bearing about twelve blossoms.l.6in. long by 3in. broad, of which there are generally six or more on a good plant. Zanzibar, 1880. Should be grown in a basket, or on a cylindrical block of teak wood.A. modestum(modest).*fl.pure white, 1in. to 1½in. across.l.distichous, 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1½in. broad, elliptic or linear-oblong, acute, tip entire, pale bright green, leathery, nerveless. Stem short. Madagascar, about 1880.A. pellucidum(transparent).*fl.white, of a delicate semi-transparent texture, and with a finely fringed labellum; racemes from the axils of the lowest leaves, hanging perpendicularly from the stems, about 1ft. long, bearing thirty to forty blossoms.l.12in. long by 2in. or 3in. broad. Sierra Leone, 1842. Must be grown in a suspended basket.A. pertusum(broken).*fl.pure white; spur comparatively short, with a well-marked yellow tinge; racemes from the axils of two-year-old leaves, horizontal, or slightly nodding, 6in. to 7in. long, with from forty to sixty densely packed, small blossoms.l.dark green, arching, 10in. long by 1in. broad.h.1ft. Sierra Leone, 1836. Very distinct and attractive.A. Scottianum(Scott's).*fl.pure white, very delicate in texture, the lip is uppermost, 1in. or more across; spur narrow, yellowish, 3in. to 4in. long; peduncle slender, a little longer than the spur, usually but one-flowered.l.narrow, terete—thus differing from most of its congeners—tapering or awl-shaped, about 4in. long, ⅛in. to ¼in. in diameter, channelled in the upper surface and ridged below. Comoro Islands, 1878.A. Sedeni(Seden's). A rare form ofA. arcuatum.A. sesquipedale(foot-and-a-half).*fl.beautiful ivory white, on stout, solitary, axillary peduncles, with sepals and petals spreading out like rays, from 6in. to 8in. across; the whip-like spur or nectary hangs down from the labellum, often from 10in. to 18in. long. November, December, and January, and lasts about three weeks in beauty.l.dark green, distichous, about 10in. long.h.1ft. Madagascar, 1823. It is one of the grandest of winter flowering orchids.A. virens(green). An inferior variety ofA. eburneum.

A. bilobum(two-lobed).*fl.white, with a tinge of rose, about 1½in. in diameter; spur 2in. long, produced from the side of the stem, just above the two-year-old leaves; racemes pendulous, 6in. or more long, bearing about a dozen flowers, which possess a slight fragrance. October to December.l.4in. long by 2in. broad, two-lobed at the apex, about eight on a plant. Stem erect, about 6in. high. Cape Coast, 1841. Should be grown in a basket.

A. caudatum(tailed).fl.greenish yellow, mixed with brown; labellum pure white; spur thick, pale green, about 9in. long, two-lobed at the lowest portion; racemes arching, 1ft. or more long, produced from the base of the two-year-old leaves. Autumn.l.pale green, drooping, about 10in. long by 1in. broad.h.1½ft. Stem erect, or nearly so. Sierra Leone, 1834.

A. cephalotes(capitate).*fl.white. Tropical Africa, 1873.

A. Chailluanum(Chaillu's).*fl.white; sepals and petals narrow, acute; spur yellowish green, 4in. or more long; racemes pendulous, 8in. or 10in. long, about twelve medium sized flowers produced from the side of the stem, just above the axils of two-year-old leaves.l.6in. long, 1½in. broad, slightly wavy, two-lobed at the apex, arranged in an imbricate manner. West Africa, 1866. A rare species.

A. Christyanum(Christy's). A curious species, with yellow or greenish-white flowers, having a much developed three-lobed lip. The plant has the aspect ofA. arcuatum. 1880.

A. citratum(citron-like).*fl.creamy white, or pale yellow, nearly 1in. in diameter; spurs about 1½in. long; racemes three, on strong plants, produced from the axils of two-year-old leaves, arched, about 1ft. long, bearing sometimes twenty flowers.l.4in. to 6in. long and 2in. broad, six or eight on a plant, occupying about 1½in. of stem. Madagascar, 1868. Habit compact; stem nearly erect.

A. distichum(two-rowed-leaved).fl.whitish, ¼in. across, on one-flowered pedicels, which are produced from the axils of the leaves.l.very short, closely imbricated, deep bright green.h.6in. Sierra Leone, 1834. A very neat growing little species, and quite distinct.

A. eburneum(ivory-lipped).*fl.sepals and petals greenish white; lip uppermost, white, very large; racemes about 18in. long, from the axils of two-year-old leaves; footstalks erect, but gradually becoming pendulous from the commencement of the flowers.l.20in. long by 2in. broad, light green, stiff. Madagascar, 1826. SYN.Ærobion eburneum.A. virensis an inferior variety, butA. e. superbumsurpasses the type in beauty; it is, however, at present extremely rare.

A. Ellisii(Ellis's).*fl.pure white, fragrant, about 2in. across, with narrow reflexed sepals and petals, the column standing very prominent; spur pale brownish, 6in. to 8in.; racemes frequently 2ft. long, on the side of the stem just above the axils of the two-year-old leaves, bearing about twenty blossoms.l.dark green, 9in. or 10in. long, and 2in. broad, divided at the apex into two unequal lobes. Madagascar, 1879.

A. falcatum(sickle-shaped).*fl.pure white, very fragrant; spur upcurved, 2in. long; racemes from the axils of the two-year-old leaves, short, bearing from two to five blooms.l.2in. to 4in. long, very narrow and fleshy, dark green. 1815. An elegant little cool house species, and one of the smallest belonging to this genus. It should be grown in peat, in a basket or small pot suspended about 2ft. from the glass, but rather shaded.

A. Kotschyi(Kotschy's).*fl.yellowish white, perfume similar to the common white pink, 1in. to 1½in. across; spur reddish-tinted, 6in. or 7in. long, distinguished by the two spiral twistings; racemes from the axils of the lower leaves, 18in. long, bearing about twelve blossoms.l.6in. long by 3in. broad, of which there are generally six or more on a good plant. Zanzibar, 1880. Should be grown in a basket, or on a cylindrical block of teak wood.

A. modestum(modest).*fl.pure white, 1in. to 1½in. across.l.distichous, 3in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 1½in. broad, elliptic or linear-oblong, acute, tip entire, pale bright green, leathery, nerveless. Stem short. Madagascar, about 1880.

A. pellucidum(transparent).*fl.white, of a delicate semi-transparent texture, and with a finely fringed labellum; racemes from the axils of the lowest leaves, hanging perpendicularly from the stems, about 1ft. long, bearing thirty to forty blossoms.l.12in. long by 2in. or 3in. broad. Sierra Leone, 1842. Must be grown in a suspended basket.

A. pertusum(broken).*fl.pure white; spur comparatively short, with a well-marked yellow tinge; racemes from the axils of two-year-old leaves, horizontal, or slightly nodding, 6in. to 7in. long, with from forty to sixty densely packed, small blossoms.l.dark green, arching, 10in. long by 1in. broad.h.1ft. Sierra Leone, 1836. Very distinct and attractive.

A. Scottianum(Scott's).*fl.pure white, very delicate in texture, the lip is uppermost, 1in. or more across; spur narrow, yellowish, 3in. to 4in. long; peduncle slender, a little longer than the spur, usually but one-flowered.l.narrow, terete—thus differing from most of its congeners—tapering or awl-shaped, about 4in. long, ⅛in. to ¼in. in diameter, channelled in the upper surface and ridged below. Comoro Islands, 1878.

A. Sedeni(Seden's). A rare form ofA. arcuatum.

A. sesquipedale(foot-and-a-half).*fl.beautiful ivory white, on stout, solitary, axillary peduncles, with sepals and petals spreading out like rays, from 6in. to 8in. across; the whip-like spur or nectary hangs down from the labellum, often from 10in. to 18in. long. November, December, and January, and lasts about three weeks in beauty.l.dark green, distichous, about 10in. long.h.1ft. Madagascar, 1823. It is one of the grandest of winter flowering orchids.

A. virens(green). An inferior variety ofA. eburneum.

ANGULAR.Having angles, or forming angles.

ANGULOA(commemorative of Angulo, a Spanish naturalist). ORD.Orchidaceæ. A small genus containing about six species. The flowers, which are large and beautiful, are borne singly on scapes from 12in. to 16in. high, several of which are produced from the ripened pseudo-bulbs of the preceding year's growth. Pseudo-bulbs from 5in. to 8in. high, as thick as a man's wrist, bearing two to three erect, broad, lanceolate leaves, 2ft. to 4ft. long. Temperature, summer, day (maximum), 70deg.; night (minimum), 60deg. Winter, day (maximum), 60deg.; night (minimum), 45deg. These are bold growing cool-house plants, best grown in rough fibrous peat, with good drainage. They delight in an abundant supply of water both to the roots and foliage when growing, and require to be kept in a somewhat dark or heavily-shaded place. During the season of rest, and until young shoots commence growth, they should be kept rather dry. They are propagated by dividing the pseudo-bulbs, just before they commence to grow. The flowering season is summer.

A. Clowesii(Clowes's).*fl.fragrant; sepals and petals concave, clear golden yellow; lip pure white; whole conformation globular, or tulip-like. Columbia (at 5000ft. to 6000ft. elevation), 1842. This is the largest growing species, of which there are one or two rare varieties.A. eburnea(ivory-flowered).*fl., sepals and petals of the purest white; lip spotted with pink. New Grenada. In other respects similar to above, but is very rare.A. Ruckeri(Rucker's).*fl., sepals and petals yellow, with crimson spots; lip deep crimson. Columbia, 1845. Not so large a grower as either of the foregoing, but with same sized flowers.A. R. sanguinea(bloody).* This variety has flowers of a deep blood red colour, but is rare.A. superba(superb).* Synonymous withAcineta Humboldtii.A. uniflora(one-flowered).*fl.sub-globose, pure white, sometimes freckled with brown, spotted profusely with pink inside. Columbia, 1844. One of the best in cultivation.

A. eburnea(ivory-flowered).*fl., sepals and petals of the purest white; lip spotted with pink. New Grenada. In other respects similar to above, but is very rare.

A. Ruckeri(Rucker's).*fl., sepals and petals yellow, with crimson spots; lip deep crimson. Columbia, 1845. Not so large a grower as either of the foregoing, but with same sized flowers.

A. R. sanguinea(bloody).* This variety has flowers of a deep blood red colour, but is rare.

A. superba(superb).* Synonymous withAcineta Humboldtii.

A. uniflora(one-flowered).*fl.sub-globose, pure white, sometimes freckled with brown, spotted profusely with pink inside. Columbia, 1844. One of the best in cultivation.

ANGURIA(one of the Greek names for the cucumber). ORD.Cucurbitaceæ. A stove genus of evergreen climbers allied toMomordica. Flowers monœcious; corolla joined to the calyx, ventricose, red, with a five-parted spreading border. Fruit somewhat tetragonal. Several species have been introduced from time to time, but they are rarely seen in our gardens. Some of them are handsome plants, and well worthy of cultivation.

ANHALONIUM.SeeMammillaria.

ANIGOZANTHUS(fromanoigo, to expand, andanthos, a flower; in reference to the branching expansion of the flower stalks). SYN.Schwægrichenia. ORD.Hæmodoraceæ. Greenhouse or half-hardy perennial herbs. Flowers large, racemose or corymbose; perianth tubular,elongated, woolly. Leaves linear ensiform. The species thrive in a turfy compost of peat and loam, three parts of the former to one of the latter; the whole intermixed with sand to make it porous. In the growing season they must be kept well watered, and somewhat dry during their period of rest in winter. They are very easily propagated by dividing the roots in spring.

A. coccineus(scarlet).*fl.scarlet; perianth swelling towards the summit, hairy, segments a little reflexed; disposed in dichotomously-forked panicles; pedicels rather long. June.l.lanceolate, deep green. Stem ciliated.h.5ft. Swan River, 1837.

FIG. 103. INFLORESCENCEANDLEAFOFANIGOZANTHUSFLAVIDUS.

A. flavidus(yellowish-green-flowered).*fl.yellowish green, panicled; scapes long. May.l.lanceolate, smooth, as is also the stem; down of branches deciduous.h.3ft. New Holland, 1808. There is a scarlet and green-flowered variety of this species. See Fig. 103.A. Manglesii(Mangle's).fl.green; stigma capitate, projecting beyond the tube, in a short terminal spiked raceme. May. Stem erect, clothed with short thick crimson persistent velvety down.h.3ft. Swan River, 1833.A. pulcherrimus(beautiful).*fl.yellow; panicles much branched, clothed with rufous bristles. May.l.equitant, linear falcate, covered with stellate tomentum.h.3ft. Swan River, 1844.A. tyrianthinus(purple).*fl.purple and white; panicle clothed with purple tomentum. May.l.linear, stiff, straight, glabrous. Stem tall, ternate, panicled, clothed with hoary tomentum below.h.3ft. Swan River, 1844.

A. Manglesii(Mangle's).fl.green; stigma capitate, projecting beyond the tube, in a short terminal spiked raceme. May. Stem erect, clothed with short thick crimson persistent velvety down.h.3ft. Swan River, 1833.

A. pulcherrimus(beautiful).*fl.yellow; panicles much branched, clothed with rufous bristles. May.l.equitant, linear falcate, covered with stellate tomentum.h.3ft. Swan River, 1844.

A. tyrianthinus(purple).*fl.purple and white; panicle clothed with purple tomentum. May.l.linear, stiff, straight, glabrous. Stem tall, ternate, panicled, clothed with hoary tomentum below.h.3ft. Swan River, 1844.

ANIL.SeeIndigofera Anil.

ANIME RESIN.SeeHymenæa Courbaril.

ANIMATED OAT.SeeAvena sterilis.

ANISANTHUS.SeeAntholyza.

ANISE(Pimpinella Anisum). A hardy annual, occasionally used for garnishing or seasoning. Sow seed, in ordinary garden soil, on a warm sunny border, in May, where it is intended for the plants to remain.

ANISEED TREE.SeeIllicium.

ANISOCHILUS(fromanisos, unequal, andcheilos, a lip; in reference to the inequality of both lips of calyx and corolla). ORD.Labiatæ. A very ornamental genus of stove perennials or biennials. Whorls of flowers densely imbricate into oblong cylindrical spikes; corolla with an exserted, defracted tube, inflated throat, and bilabiate limb. They thrive in any light rich soil. Cuttings will root in a sandy soil under a bell glass, in heat; seeds may be sown in February in heat.

A. carnosum(fleshy).fl.lilac; whorls densely imbricate into oblong cylindrical pedunculate spikes. June to September.l.petiolate, ovate-roundish, obtuse, crenated, cordate at the base, thick, fleshy, tomentose on both surfaces. Stem erect.h.2ft. East Indies, 1788.

ANISOMELES(fromanisos, unequal, andmelos, a member; in reference to the anthers of the longer stamens being halved). ORD.Labiatæ. Ornamental greenhouse or evergreen stove shrubs, herbaceous perennials, or annuals. Whorls sometimes densely many-flowered, at others few, and loose; corolla with upper lip erect, oblong, entire; lower lip larger, spreading, and lateral lobes ovate, obtuse. They are of very easy culture in light rich soil; young cuttings strike freely in spring, in heat, under a bell glass.A. furcatarequires little or no artificial heat, but the protection of a bell glass is beneficial. Seeds ofA. ovatamay be sown in spring, in heat, and, after due hardening off, the seedlings may be planted outside in May.

A. furcata(forked).*fl.small, elegantly variegated with white, red, and purple, in loose many-flowered racemose cymes. July.l.petiolate, ovate, acuminated, crenated, cordate at the base, hispid on both surfaces.h.4ft. to 6ft. Nepaul, 1824.A. malabarica(Malabar).fl.purplish; whorls distant, many-flowered, dense. July.l.oblong-lanceolate, 2in. to 4in. in length, obtuse, serrately crenated in the upper part, quite entire at the base.h.2ft. to 5ft. Tropical Asia, in humid places, 1817. Shrub.A. ovata(ovate-leaved).*fl.purple; lower lip of a deeper colour; whorls many-flowered, lower ones distant, upper ones interruptedly spicate. August.l.ovate, obtuse, broadly crenated.h.2ft. to 3ft. Nepaul, 1823. An annual. Habitat similar to last.

A. malabarica(Malabar).fl.purplish; whorls distant, many-flowered, dense. July.l.oblong-lanceolate, 2in. to 4in. in length, obtuse, serrately crenated in the upper part, quite entire at the base.h.2ft. to 5ft. Tropical Asia, in humid places, 1817. Shrub.

A. ovata(ovate-leaved).*fl.purple; lower lip of a deeper colour; whorls many-flowered, lower ones distant, upper ones interruptedly spicate. August.l.ovate, obtuse, broadly crenated.h.2ft. to 3ft. Nepaul, 1823. An annual. Habitat similar to last.

ANISOMEROUS.Unequally-parted; unsymmetrical.

ANISOPETALUM.SeeBulbophyllum.

THREAD-LEAVED PINE, AGAVES, AND YUCCA, IN A GUERNSEY GARDEN.

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ANNUALS.All plants which spring from the seed, flower, and die within the course of a year. A number of things, however, which are not strictly of annual duration, but which are sown every year in preference to housing the roots before they are killed by late autumn or winter frosts, are generally classed, for the sake of convenience, under the head of Annuals. Hardy Annuals are those which require no artificial aid to enable them to develop, but grow and flower freely in the open air. These arebest sown in the spots where they are intended to remain during March and April, and care must subsequently be taken to keep the ground clear of weeds, and also to thin out the seedlings, allowing each sufficient room to develop and exhibit its true character. If allowed to remain too crowded, the plants, as a matter of course, suffer, and the size and number of the flowers and the general effect are considerably decreased. Successional sowings of a good many of the showy species will be found to prolong their flowering season. In well-kept establishments, where Annuals are duly appreciated, several sowings are made in pots at intervals of a few weeks. As the previously-sown clumps begin to get shabby, they are removed, and replaced by others which have still to flower. By this means a continual sheet of blossom can be maintained for a long time. It is much better to trust to plants grown in pots in order to carry out the plan just sketched, as these receive no check when placed in their new quarters; whilst transplanted clumps frequently fail, and many species do not transplant at all readily from an open border. In order to secure, in early spring, a fine show of such plants as several of theSilenes,Myosotis,Saponaria, and a number of others, it is best to sow the seeds in an open, sheltered border, about the end of July or beginning of August, taking care to keep a small reserve stock in a cold frame, in case very severe weather kills the unprotected plants. Half-hardy Annuals are those for which our climate is not sufficiently warm, or, rather, our summer is not, as a rule, either hot enough or long enough, to allow them to grow, flower well, and ripen seeds, if sown in the open air. Many of these are amongst the showiest of garden plants, so it is worth while to give them the shelter of a warm frame during their earlier stages, and gradually harden them off, planting out at the end of May or beginning of June, when danger resulting from severe weather is passed. After germination, the seedlings should have plenty of light and air, or a weak, spindly growth, and, as a consequence, poor flowers, will result. The most satisfactory method of watering very tiny seeds is to place a piece of fine muslin over the seed-pot, through which the water will be easily conveyed to the seeds, and thus prevent disturbance. Tender Annuals require the same treatment as the half-hardy ones, except that they need throughout their existence the protection of a glass structure. All, or nearly all, garden Annuals delight in full sunlight and plenty of air. In the open, these requirements, as a rule, obtain, but sometimes mistakes are made under glass by keeping the plants too close and over much shaded, as well as too great a distance from the glass.

ANNULAR.Having a ring-like form.

ANNULATE.With the appearance of rings.

ANŒCTOCHILUS(fromanoiktos, open, andcheilos, a lip; in reference to the spreading apex of the lip). SYNS.Anecochilus,Chrysobaphus. ORD.Orchideæ. Stove terrestrial orchids, the radical leaves of which are the chief attraction, being amongst the most beautiful and delicate objects in the vegetable kingdom. The flowers, which should be pinched off so soon as they appear, are, as a rule, small and unattractive. Few of the species exceed 6in. in height, with leaves from 2in. to 6in. long, including the fleshy petioles. They require a good deal of attention. To one part of silver sand, thoroughly washed twice or three times, add two of sphagnum, which should also be well washed and picked over, when it should be chopped into minute particles, in order that it may freely amalgamate with the sand; mix a little loam and peat with the whole. In the pots, when well drained by first placing a large piece of potsherd over the bottom and nearly half filling up with pieces broken small and of uniform size, place a thin layer of crude sphagnum, afterwards filling firmly with the mixture above mentioned, and bringing it up more or less in the form of a cone above the rim of the pot, into which the plants should be firmly fixed. Plants which have been propagated by division should be carefully transferred to 32-sized pots. About five separate pieces might be placed evenly over the surface. Make holes with a neat dibble, and into these drop the roots their entire length, pressing the soil firmly with the dibble. Fix them so that they may grow inwardly, and not out over the rim of the pots, pegging each creeping root needing such attention firmly down upon the surface of the soil afterwards; after a good soaking, they may be replaced in any warm, shady situation. For propagating, a strong plant is necessary; it may be cut into pieces just below the first joint, each piece having a root. The bottom piece should have two eyes—one to root from, and the other to push into a shoot. The "bottom," or plant which has been cut, should be replaced in its pot, and then put under a bell glass. It will soon throw up a young shoot; this ought to be left on until well rooted, when it may be separated and treated similarly to the portion first removed, still leaving the old part in the pot. These plants must be grown in glass cases, or under bell glasses, but they should always have a little air, for, as Mr. Williams says, when too much confined, they grow up spindly, and damp off in the stem; the latter, being fleshy, requires more substance and sturdiness. Air should be admitted through a space of about 1in. or 2in. The following ranges of temperature are advised: Winter, night, 55deg. to 60deg.; day, 65deg. to 70deg. during March, April, and May; night, 60deg. to 70deg.; and, afterwards, a few degrees higher, with a maximum day temperature of 80deg. Bottom heat should not be given, as it induces a weak, fast growth. Great care will be needed to prevent ravages of insects. The most suitable month for repotting is March, just before growth commences, when the plants will need plenty of water up to October, excepting when it is desirous to utilise them as drawing-room ornaments, in which case they should be kept rather dry for a short time previous.See alsoDossinia,Goodyera,Hæmeria,Macodes,Physurus, andZeuxine.

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