Chapter 37

FIG. 317. SINGLEFLOWEROFCALANTHEVEITCHII.

C. Veitchii(Veitch's).*fl.rich bright rose, with a white throat; spikes often attaining a height of 3ft., and bearing an immense quantity of flowers. Winter.l.large, plaited, light green, deciduous. Pseudo-bulbs flask-shaped. This very beautiful hybrid is the result of a cross betweenC. vestitaandC. rosea(SYN.Limatodes rosea). See Fig. 317. (B. M. 5375.)C. veratrifolia(Veratrum-leaved).*fl.pure white, except the green tips of the sepals and the golden papillæ on the disk of the labellum; spikes 2ft. to 3ft. high, freely produced on well-grown plants. May to July.l.2ft. or more long, dark green, broad, many-ribbed, with wavy margins. India, 1819. See Fig. 318. (B. M. 2615.)

C. veratrifolia(Veratrum-leaved).*fl.pure white, except the green tips of the sepals and the golden papillæ on the disk of the labellum; spikes 2ft. to 3ft. high, freely produced on well-grown plants. May to July.l.2ft. or more long, dark green, broad, many-ribbed, with wavy margins. India, 1819. See Fig. 318. (B. M. 2615.)

FIG. 318. SINGLEFLOWEROFCALANTHEVERATRIFOLIA.

C. vestita(clothed).*fl., sepals and petals pure white, numerously produced in a many-flowered, nodding spike.l.deciduous. Pseudo-bulbs large, whitish,h.2½ft. Burmah. (B. M. 4671.) The varieties of this species are very numerous.C. v. igneo-oculata(fire-eyed).*fl., base of the column purplish, over which is a dazzling fire-colour, the blotch in the base of the lip of the same colour. Borneo, 1876.C. v. nivalis(snowy).*fl.pure white, entirely destitute of any colour on the lip. Java, 1868.C. v. rubro-oculata(red-eyed).*fl.delicate white, with a blotch of rich crimson in the centre; upwards of 2in. across; spikes long, drooping, having a white downy covering, and rising from the base of the silvery-green pseudo-bulbs, when the latter are without leaves. October to February.C. v. Turneri(Turner's).*fl.pure white, with rose-coloured eye, larger, and produced on longer flower-spikes than the other kinds; form of flowers more compact. Java. This is considered by some authorities, to be a distinct species.

C. v. igneo-oculata(fire-eyed).*fl., base of the column purplish, over which is a dazzling fire-colour, the blotch in the base of the lip of the same colour. Borneo, 1876.

C. v. nivalis(snowy).*fl.pure white, entirely destitute of any colour on the lip. Java, 1868.

C. v. rubro-oculata(red-eyed).*fl.delicate white, with a blotch of rich crimson in the centre; upwards of 2in. across; spikes long, drooping, having a white downy covering, and rising from the base of the silvery-green pseudo-bulbs, when the latter are without leaves. October to February.

C. v. Turneri(Turner's).*fl.pure white, with rose-coloured eye, larger, and produced on longer flower-spikes than the other kinds; form of flowers more compact. Java. This is considered by some authorities, to be a distinct species.

CALATHEA(fromkalathos, a basket; in reference to the basket-shaped stigma, or to the leaves being worked into baskets in South America). ORD.Scitamineæ. This genus of very ornamental-leaved stove plants is distinguished fromMarantaby mere botanical characters; and the two genera are often confounded. Flowers in terminal spikes, bracteate; perianth six-cleft, outer segments lanceolate, inner ones blunt and irregular; stamens three, petal-like. Leaves large, springing from the contracted stem, near the root. They delight in a rich, loose, open soil, consisting of peat, loam, and leaf soil, in about equal proportions, with the addition of a good sprinkling of sand, to keep it open and porous. The mixture should be used in a rough, lumpy state, so that the roots, which are of large size, may be able to travel with freedom. Nearly all the species admit of easy increase by division. July is a favourable time to set about it, or it may be carried out any time between that and the spring months. In order to make the necessary separation without damaging the roots, the plants should be shaken out from the soil, when they may be divided into as many pieces as there are separate crowns. Whether an increased stock be desired or not, Calatheas require fresh soil annually; and, if not reduced by division, they become much too thickly foliaged to properly develop, unless they are shifted into larger-sized pots, which can always be done if large specimens are required. When making divisions, see that each crown is well furnished with roots, so that they may at once commence sending up fresh young foliage. Although Calatheas require an abundant supply of water while growing, a stagnant moisture is most injurious; good drainage is, therefore, essential. To have the leaves in fine, healthy condition, plenty of atmospheric moisture must be maintained during their growth; and, if syringing is resorted to for the purpose of securing this, clear soft water should be used, or an unsightly deposit will be the result, by which the beauty of the plants, unless they are frequently sponged, will be spoiled. These plants require, in addition to plenty of moisture, moderate shade during the summer, as they dislike strong sunshine, and may, therefore, be grown among ferns, under creepers, in situations that would be of little use for other purposes. Calatheas are not subject to insects if properly supplied with water while growing, and a sufficiently moist atmosphere is at all times maintained; but, if either of these are lacking, red spider soon put in an appearance, and quickly disfigure the leaves.

C. applicata(inclined).fl.white. Brazil, 1875. SYN.Maranta pinnato-picta. (B. H. 1875, 18.)C. arrecta(erect).*l.rich satin-green on the upper side, and heavy ruby colour on the under side. Ecuador, 1872. A fine species, with a very elegant growth. (I. H. 1871, 77.)C. Bachemiana(Bachem's).l.silvery, with green lines and blotches. Brazil, 1875.C. Baraquinii(Baraquin's).*l.ovate-lanceolate; ground colour bright green, relieved by beautiful bands of silvery white. Amazons, 1868.C. bella(handsome).*l.greyish-green, with the margins and two series of central patches deep green. Brazil, 1875. SYN.Maranta tessellata Kegeljani.C. crocata(saffron-coloured).fl.orange. Brazil, 1875.C. eximia(choice). 1857. SYN.Phrynium eximium. (R. G. 686.)C. fasciata(banded).*l.8in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 8in. wide, broadly cordate; ground colour bright green, with broad bands of white running across from midrib to the margin; the under side pale green, tinged with purple.h.1ft. Brazil, 1859. (R. G. 255.)C. hieroglyphica(hieroglyphic).l.broadly obovate, obtuse; ground colour rich dark velvety green, which, towards the midrib, shades off into light emerald green; primary veins oblique, and the spaces between them ornamented with irregular streaks and bars of silvery white; under surface of a uniform dark vinous purple. Columbia, 1873. Dwarf and distinct. (I. H. 1873, 122.)C. illustris(bright).*l.somewhat obovate; upper surface of a bright pea-green, streaked with transverse bands of a deeper green; midrib pink, with two irregular blotches of white traversing the leaves from base to point, midway between the margin and costa; under surface deep purple. Ecuador, 1866.C. Kerchoviana(Kerchove's).*l.cordate, oblong, obtuse, shortly and abruptly acuminate, greyish-green, with a row of purplish blotches on each side of the midrib.h.6in. Brazil, 1879. SYN.Maranta leuconeura Kerchoviana.C. Legrelliana(Le Grell's).l.very dark green, relieved by a feathery band of white, extending the whole length between the midrib and margin. Ecuador, 1867.C. Leitzei(Leitze's).l.oblong-lanceolate, deep metallic green, and shining on the upper surface, with feather-like markings of deeper colour, purplish-violet beneath. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. 935.)C. leopardina(leopard).*l.oblong, pale or yellowish-green, marked on each side of the costa with several oblong acuminate blotches of deep green.h.2ft. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. 893.)C. leuconeura(white-nerved). A synonym ofMaranta leuconeura.C. leucostachys(white-spiked).h.1ft. A fine species, allied toC. Warscewiczii. Costa Rica, 1874. (B. M. 6205.)C. Lindeni(Linden's).*l.oblong, 6in. to 12in. long, deep green, with blotches of yellowish-green on each side of the midrib; under surface purplish-rose, through which the markings of the upper side are visible. Peru, 1866. Very handsome and free-growing. (I. H. 1871, 82.)C. Luciani(Lucian's).l.shining green, the midrib festooned with silvery white. Tropical America, 1872.C. Makoyana(Makoy's).*l.oblong, somewhat unequal-sided, 6in. to 8in. long, upwards of 4in. broad; outer margin deep green, the central portion semi-transparent, beautifully blotched with creamy-yellow and white; the central part is also ornamented between the transverse veins with oblong blotches of deep green; petioles slender, purplish-red. Tropical America, 1872. SYN.C. olivaris. (G. C. 1872, p. 1589.)C. Massangeana(Massange's).*l.beautifully covered with rich marking, presenting a somewhat similar appearance to the wings of certain butterflies. The outer portion is olive-green; the middle, on both sides of the costa, of a delicate silvery-grey colour, from which the whitish side veins run out in a well-defined and regular manner; the portion of the leaf surrounding the silvery centre is ornamented with large blotches of dark velvety purplish-maroon, occasionally shaded with brownish-crimson; the whole of the leaf being marked with silky and sparkling reflections. Brazil, 1875. It is of neat habit, growing in close tufts, its ample foliage covering the ground.C. medio-picta(middle painted).l.oblong-acute, tapering to the base, dark green, with a feathered white central stripe. Brazil, 1878.C. micans(glittering).*l.oblong-acuminate, 2in. to 3in. long, a little over 1in. in breadth, dark shining green, with a white feathery stripe down the centre. Tropical America. The smallest species of the genus with a spreading habit, and quickly forming dense and beautiful tufts. There is a variety of this namedamabilis. Brazil.C. nitens(shining).*l.oblong, green, with a bright glossy surface, marked on each side of the midrib with a series of oblong acutebars, alternating with numerous lines of a dark green on a pale bright green ground. Brazil, 1880. An elegant and small-growing plant.C. olivaris(olive-green). Synonymous withC. Makoyana.C. ornata(ornamented).*l.oblong acuminate, 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. or more broad, yellowish-green, relieved by broad transverse bands of dark olive-green; under side tinged with purple.h.1ft. to 2ft. Columbia, 1849.C. o. albo-lineata(white-lined). Columbia, 1848. SYN.Maranta albo-lineata.C. o. majestica(majestic). Rio Purus, 1866. SYN.Maranta majestica.C. o. regalis(royal). Peru, 1856. SYNS.Maranta regalisandM. coriifolia.C. o. roseo-lineata(rosy-lined).*h.1ft. 1848. SYN.Maranta roseo-lineata.C. pacifica(Pacific).l.oblong ovate, of a fine dark green on the upper surface, olive-brown beneath. Eastern Peru, 1871.

C. applicata(inclined).fl.white. Brazil, 1875. SYN.Maranta pinnato-picta. (B. H. 1875, 18.)

C. arrecta(erect).*l.rich satin-green on the upper side, and heavy ruby colour on the under side. Ecuador, 1872. A fine species, with a very elegant growth. (I. H. 1871, 77.)

C. Bachemiana(Bachem's).l.silvery, with green lines and blotches. Brazil, 1875.

C. Baraquinii(Baraquin's).*l.ovate-lanceolate; ground colour bright green, relieved by beautiful bands of silvery white. Amazons, 1868.

C. bella(handsome).*l.greyish-green, with the margins and two series of central patches deep green. Brazil, 1875. SYN.Maranta tessellata Kegeljani.

C. crocata(saffron-coloured).fl.orange. Brazil, 1875.

C. eximia(choice). 1857. SYN.Phrynium eximium. (R. G. 686.)

C. fasciata(banded).*l.8in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 8in. wide, broadly cordate; ground colour bright green, with broad bands of white running across from midrib to the margin; the under side pale green, tinged with purple.h.1ft. Brazil, 1859. (R. G. 255.)

C. hieroglyphica(hieroglyphic).l.broadly obovate, obtuse; ground colour rich dark velvety green, which, towards the midrib, shades off into light emerald green; primary veins oblique, and the spaces between them ornamented with irregular streaks and bars of silvery white; under surface of a uniform dark vinous purple. Columbia, 1873. Dwarf and distinct. (I. H. 1873, 122.)

C. illustris(bright).*l.somewhat obovate; upper surface of a bright pea-green, streaked with transverse bands of a deeper green; midrib pink, with two irregular blotches of white traversing the leaves from base to point, midway between the margin and costa; under surface deep purple. Ecuador, 1866.

C. Kerchoviana(Kerchove's).*l.cordate, oblong, obtuse, shortly and abruptly acuminate, greyish-green, with a row of purplish blotches on each side of the midrib.h.6in. Brazil, 1879. SYN.Maranta leuconeura Kerchoviana.

C. Legrelliana(Le Grell's).l.very dark green, relieved by a feathery band of white, extending the whole length between the midrib and margin. Ecuador, 1867.

C. Leitzei(Leitze's).l.oblong-lanceolate, deep metallic green, and shining on the upper surface, with feather-like markings of deeper colour, purplish-violet beneath. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. 935.)

C. leopardina(leopard).*l.oblong, pale or yellowish-green, marked on each side of the costa with several oblong acuminate blotches of deep green.h.2ft. Brazil, 1875. (R. G. 893.)

C. leuconeura(white-nerved). A synonym ofMaranta leuconeura.

C. leucostachys(white-spiked).h.1ft. A fine species, allied toC. Warscewiczii. Costa Rica, 1874. (B. M. 6205.)

C. Lindeni(Linden's).*l.oblong, 6in. to 12in. long, deep green, with blotches of yellowish-green on each side of the midrib; under surface purplish-rose, through which the markings of the upper side are visible. Peru, 1866. Very handsome and free-growing. (I. H. 1871, 82.)

C. Luciani(Lucian's).l.shining green, the midrib festooned with silvery white. Tropical America, 1872.

C. Makoyana(Makoy's).*l.oblong, somewhat unequal-sided, 6in. to 8in. long, upwards of 4in. broad; outer margin deep green, the central portion semi-transparent, beautifully blotched with creamy-yellow and white; the central part is also ornamented between the transverse veins with oblong blotches of deep green; petioles slender, purplish-red. Tropical America, 1872. SYN.C. olivaris. (G. C. 1872, p. 1589.)

C. Massangeana(Massange's).*l.beautifully covered with rich marking, presenting a somewhat similar appearance to the wings of certain butterflies. The outer portion is olive-green; the middle, on both sides of the costa, of a delicate silvery-grey colour, from which the whitish side veins run out in a well-defined and regular manner; the portion of the leaf surrounding the silvery centre is ornamented with large blotches of dark velvety purplish-maroon, occasionally shaded with brownish-crimson; the whole of the leaf being marked with silky and sparkling reflections. Brazil, 1875. It is of neat habit, growing in close tufts, its ample foliage covering the ground.

C. medio-picta(middle painted).l.oblong-acute, tapering to the base, dark green, with a feathered white central stripe. Brazil, 1878.

C. micans(glittering).*l.oblong-acuminate, 2in. to 3in. long, a little over 1in. in breadth, dark shining green, with a white feathery stripe down the centre. Tropical America. The smallest species of the genus with a spreading habit, and quickly forming dense and beautiful tufts. There is a variety of this namedamabilis. Brazil.

C. nitens(shining).*l.oblong, green, with a bright glossy surface, marked on each side of the midrib with a series of oblong acutebars, alternating with numerous lines of a dark green on a pale bright green ground. Brazil, 1880. An elegant and small-growing plant.

C. olivaris(olive-green). Synonymous withC. Makoyana.

C. ornata(ornamented).*l.oblong acuminate, 6in. to 9in. long, 3in. or more broad, yellowish-green, relieved by broad transverse bands of dark olive-green; under side tinged with purple.h.1ft. to 2ft. Columbia, 1849.

C. o. albo-lineata(white-lined). Columbia, 1848. SYN.Maranta albo-lineata.

C. o. majestica(majestic). Rio Purus, 1866. SYN.Maranta majestica.

C. o. regalis(royal). Peru, 1856. SYNS.Maranta regalisandM. coriifolia.

C. o. roseo-lineata(rosy-lined).*h.1ft. 1848. SYN.Maranta roseo-lineata.

C. pacifica(Pacific).l.oblong ovate, of a fine dark green on the upper surface, olive-brown beneath. Eastern Peru, 1871.

FIG. 319. CALATHEAVEITCHII.

C. pardina(leopard).*fl.yellow, large, handsome, produced in great abundance.l.10in. to 18in. long, 5in. to 6in. wide, ovate, pale green, with dark brown blotches on each side the midrib, and which occur at regular intervals the whole length of the leaf. New Grenada. (F. d. S. ii., 1101.)C. prasina(leek-green).l.with a yellow-green central band. Brazil, 1875.C. princeps(magnificent).*l.12in. to 18in. long; centre rich dark green, broadly margined with yellowish-green, purple beneath.h.2ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1869. A superb large-growing species.C. pulchella(pretty).l.bright green, with two series of deep green blotches, alternately large and small. Brazil, 1859. This much resemblesC. zebrinain general appearance, but is not so strong a grower, and the leaves are not so dark.C. rosea-picta(rose-coloured).l.somewhat orbicular, of a rich glossy green; midrib of a lovely rose-colour, between the margin and midrib are two irregular bands of the same colour, traversing the entire length of the leaf. Upper Amazon, 1866. (R. G. 610.)C. Seemanni(Seemann's).l.about 1ft. long, 6in. broad, satiny emerald-green; midrib whitish. Nicaragua, 1872.C. splendida(splendid).l.large, oblong-lanceolate, deflexed, 10in. to 18in. long, rich dark olive-green, with distinct blotches of greenish-yellow. Brazil, 1864.C. tubispatha(tube-spathed).*l.somewhat obovate, obtuse, 6in. to 12in. long, pale greenish-yellow, beautifully relieved by a row of rich brown oblong blotches, set in pairs on each side of the midrib, throughout the entire length of the leaf. West Tropical America, 1865. An elegant species. (B. M. 5542.)C. Vanden Heckei(Van den Heck's).*l.rich dark glossy green, shaded with transverse bands of a lighter green; midrib broadly margined with silvery-white, two bands of the same colour traverse the leaf from base to apex, midway between midrib and margin; under side of a uniform purplish-crimson. Brazil, 1865. Very distinct and handsome.C. Veitchii(Veitch's).*l.large, ovate elliptic, over 1ft. long, very rich glossy green, marked along each side the midrib with crescent-shaped blotches of yellow, softened by shades of green and white; under surface light purple.h.3ft. W. Tropical America, 1865. Probably the handsomest of the genus. See Fig. 319.C. virginalis(virginal).l.large, broadly ovate, light green; midrib white, also with a white band on each side; the under side of a greyish-green. Amazons, 1857. Habit dwarf and compact.C vittata(striped).l.ovate-acuminate, 9in. long, very light green, with narrow transverse bars of white on each side of the midrib. Brazil, 1857.C. Wallisii(Wallis's).*l.rather large, of a rich and pleasing light green, beautifully relieved with a ray of rich dark green. South America, 1867. A handsome and distinct sort, but somewhat rare.C. W. discolor(two-coloured).l.bright velvety green, with the centre and margins grey. South America, 1871.C. Warscewiczii(Warscewicz's).*l.2ft. long, about 8in. wide, deep velvety green in colour, relieved by a feathery stripe of yellowish-green on either side the midrib, and extending from the base to the apex.h.3ft. Tropical America, 1879. A fine sort. (R. G. 515.)C. Wioti(Wiot's).l.bright green, with two series of olive-green blotches. Brazil, 1875.

C. prasina(leek-green).l.with a yellow-green central band. Brazil, 1875.

C. princeps(magnificent).*l.12in. to 18in. long; centre rich dark green, broadly margined with yellowish-green, purple beneath.h.2ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1869. A superb large-growing species.

C. pulchella(pretty).l.bright green, with two series of deep green blotches, alternately large and small. Brazil, 1859. This much resemblesC. zebrinain general appearance, but is not so strong a grower, and the leaves are not so dark.

C. rosea-picta(rose-coloured).l.somewhat orbicular, of a rich glossy green; midrib of a lovely rose-colour, between the margin and midrib are two irregular bands of the same colour, traversing the entire length of the leaf. Upper Amazon, 1866. (R. G. 610.)

C. Seemanni(Seemann's).l.about 1ft. long, 6in. broad, satiny emerald-green; midrib whitish. Nicaragua, 1872.

C. splendida(splendid).l.large, oblong-lanceolate, deflexed, 10in. to 18in. long, rich dark olive-green, with distinct blotches of greenish-yellow. Brazil, 1864.

C. tubispatha(tube-spathed).*l.somewhat obovate, obtuse, 6in. to 12in. long, pale greenish-yellow, beautifully relieved by a row of rich brown oblong blotches, set in pairs on each side of the midrib, throughout the entire length of the leaf. West Tropical America, 1865. An elegant species. (B. M. 5542.)

C. Vanden Heckei(Van den Heck's).*l.rich dark glossy green, shaded with transverse bands of a lighter green; midrib broadly margined with silvery-white, two bands of the same colour traverse the leaf from base to apex, midway between midrib and margin; under side of a uniform purplish-crimson. Brazil, 1865. Very distinct and handsome.

C. Veitchii(Veitch's).*l.large, ovate elliptic, over 1ft. long, very rich glossy green, marked along each side the midrib with crescent-shaped blotches of yellow, softened by shades of green and white; under surface light purple.h.3ft. W. Tropical America, 1865. Probably the handsomest of the genus. See Fig. 319.

C. virginalis(virginal).l.large, broadly ovate, light green; midrib white, also with a white band on each side; the under side of a greyish-green. Amazons, 1857. Habit dwarf and compact.

C vittata(striped).l.ovate-acuminate, 9in. long, very light green, with narrow transverse bars of white on each side of the midrib. Brazil, 1857.

C. Wallisii(Wallis's).*l.rather large, of a rich and pleasing light green, beautifully relieved with a ray of rich dark green. South America, 1867. A handsome and distinct sort, but somewhat rare.

C. W. discolor(two-coloured).l.bright velvety green, with the centre and margins grey. South America, 1871.

C. Warscewiczii(Warscewicz's).*l.2ft. long, about 8in. wide, deep velvety green in colour, relieved by a feathery stripe of yellowish-green on either side the midrib, and extending from the base to the apex.h.3ft. Tropical America, 1879. A fine sort. (R. G. 515.)

C. Wioti(Wiot's).l.bright green, with two series of olive-green blotches. Brazil, 1875.

FIG. 320. CALATHEAZEBRINA.

C. zebrina(zebra).*l.2ft. to 3ft. long, 6in. to 8in. wide, beautiful velvety light green on the upper side, barred with greenish-purple; under side of a dull greenish-purple.h.2ft. Brazil, 1815. This is a very old inhabitant of our stoves, and, for general usefulness is not much surpassed. See Fig. 320. (B. R. 385.)

CALATHIAN VIOLET.SeeGentiana Pneumonanthe.

CALCARATE.Spurred, or having a spur.

CALCEOLARIA(fromcalceolus, a little slipper, in allusion to the form of the corolla; the formcalceolarius, shoemaker, probably chosen to include a reference to F. Calceolari, an Italian botanist of the sixteenth century). Slipperwort. ORD.Scrophularineæ. A genus of hardy or half-hardy shrubs, sub-shrubs or herbs. Peduncles one or many-flowered, axillary or terminal, corymbose; corolla with a very short tube; limb bilabiate; upper lip short, truncately rounded, entire; lower lip large, concave, slipper-shaped. Leaves opposite, sometimes three in a whorl, rarely alternate.

SHRUBBYSECTION. In addition to the widely-known utility of this class for bedding purposes, they are fine decorative plants when well grown, and useful alike in conservatory or dwelling house. It will be found more convenient to grow these in a pit or frame, as in such places they are less liable to the attacks of fly, and make sturdier growth. If large plants are required, cuttings should be taken in August, placed in a cold frame facingthe north, in sandy soil, and, when rooted, potted off into 3in. pots. They should then be placed in a light sunny frame, where they may remain until the middle of February. The points should then be pinched out. When the plants break, they must be shifted into 48-sized pots. If there are from four to six breaks to each plant, it will be sufficient; but, should such not be the case, the plants must be stopped again, when the requisite number will probably be obtained. Directly the roots touch the pots, the plants should be transferred to 7in. or 8in. pots, in which they will flower, and the shoots must be tied out so as to develop fully. Every effort should be exerted to keep the foliage green to the base of the plants, and they should be fumigated on the first appearance of green fly. As the flower-spikes are thrown up, weak liquid manure, applied two or three times a week, will prove beneficial. For potting, the following compost is most suitable: One-half good fibrous loam, one-eighth thoroughly rotted manure, and the remainder leaf soil, with enough sharp sand to keep the whole open. During frosty weather, of course, it will be necessary to protect the frames with mats, and to water judiciously, to avoid damping. Those plants intended for bedding will not require to be repotted, but should be inserted, about 3in. apart, in sandy soil, in a cold frame. The tops must be taken off early in March; and from the middle of April to the middle of May, they may be planted out where they are to remain. Should frosty weather, accompanied by drying winds, ensue, the plants will require the protection of inverted flower-pots, with pieces of slate or crock placed over the holes. A good soil, abundantly enriched with rotten manure, is most desirable for them.

FIG. 321. HERBACEOUSCALCEOLARIA.

Varieties.These are very numerous. The best of them are the following: BIJOU, dark red, very free; GAINE'SYELLOW, rich deep yellow, extremely free; GENERALHAVELOCK, crimson-scarlet, very fine; GOLDENGEM, bright yellow, perhaps the best; SPARKLER, crimson-gold, dwarf; VICTORIA, dark maroon, very attractive.

HERBACEOUSSECTION. These, like the preceding, are very useful, both for house and conservatory decoration (see Fig. 321). A packet of seed from a first-class firm will, if properly managed, produce a good percentage of excellent flowers. The seed may be sown from June to August, when large batches are required (when only one sowing is made, July will be the best month), on pans of light, sandy soil, which should be soaked with water before sowing. Care must be taken to make the surface of the soil level, and also to sow the seed as evenly as possible. It is better not to cover with soil, but a sheet of glass should be laid over the pan, which must be placed in a shady part of the greenhouse or cold frame until the young plants show the first leaf. The glass can then be gradually removed. When large enough to handle, the seedlings must be pricked out, about 2in. asunder, in pans or boxes, and placed in a close, shaded situation. As soon as of sufficient size, they must be placed singly in 3in. pots, returned to the frame, kept close for a few days, and as near the glass as possible, to make them sturdy. When necessary, they should be shifted into 5in. pots, in which they may be kept through the winter; or the later batches may be placed in small pots. By the end of October or early in November, the plants will be strong and fit for wintering; at this stage, the best place for them is in a dry, frost-proof pit, or on an airy shelf of the greenhouse, giving them sufficient water to prevent flagging. All dead leaves must be removed. On the first appearance of green fly, the plants should be fumigated with tobacco. From the end of January onwards, in order to encourage growth, the plants should be removed into 7in. or 8in. pots, giving plenty of drainage, and a compost consisting of one-half good light fibrous loam, one-fourth thoroughly decayed sheep manure, and one-fourth leaf soil, to which must be added sufficient coarse sand to keep the whole open. After potting, the plants must be again placed in the same position, and, as they require it, plenty of room given. Careful attention to watering is necessary, as they must not be allowed to get dry. Air must be given on all suitable occasions. The flower-stems, as they require it, should be supported with small neat sticks. About May, the plants will commence to bloom, and continue to do so for a couple of months. The best flowers should be selected, and cross-fertilised with a camel-hair pencil, in order to produce a good strain of seed for future sowing. The attention of horticulturists appears to be almost wholly confined to the innumerable hybrids raised fromamplexicaulis,arachnoidea,corymbosa,integrifolia,purpurea,thyrsiflora, and a few others. Very few pure species are seen in cultivation, although most of them are well worth growing.

C. alba(white).fl.white; peduncles elongated, racemose, dichotomous. June.l.linear, remotely serrated. Plant suffruticose, clammy, and resinous.h.1ft. Chili, 1844. Shrubby. (B. M. 4157.)C. amplexicaulis(stem-clasping).*fl.yellow, umbellately fascicled; corymbs terminal; pedicels pilose.l.stem-clasping, ovate-oblong, acuminated, cordate, crenately-serrated, pilose.h.1½ft. Peru, 1845. Half-hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 4300.)C. arachnoidea(cobwebby).*fl.purple; peduncles terminal, twin, elongated, dichotomous. June to September.l.lingulately-oblong, a little toothed, narrowing downwards into long winged petioles, which are connate at the base; about 5in. long, wrinkled. Stem herbaceous, branched, spreading, clothed with white cobwebbed wool, as well as the leaves and other parts, except the corolla.h.1ft. Chili, 1827. (B. M. 2874.)C. bicolor(two-coloured).*fl.in large terminal cymes; upper lip yellow, small; lower lip large, gaping, conchiform, the front clear yellow, the back white. July to November.l.broadly-ovate, sub-acute, coarsely crenated, wrinkled.h.2ft. to 3ft. Stem much branched, woody at the base. Peru, 1829. SYN.C. diffusa. (B. R. 1374.)C. Burbidgei(Burbidge's).*fl.rich yellow, with large lower lip. Autumn and winter.l.ovate, distinctly obtusely biserrate, sub-acute, with a narrow wing running down the petiole; both surfaces downy.h.2ft. to 4ft. This is a handsome hybrid betweenC. PavoniiandC. fuchsiæfolia, raised by F. W. Burbidge, Esq., Trinity College Botanic Gardens, Dublin, 1882.C. chelidonioides(Chelidonium-like).fl.yellow. June.h.1ft. Peru, 1852. Annual.C. corymbosa(corymbose).fl.yellow, marked with purple dots and lines, corymbose. May to October.l., radical ones ovateand cordate, petiolate, doubly crenated, white beneath; cauline ones few, cordate, half amplexicaul. Stems herbaceous, leafless at bottom, but dichotomous and leafy at top. Plant hairy.h.1ft. to 1½ft. Chili, 1822. (B. R. 723.)C. deflexa(bending). Synonymous withC. fuchsiæfolia.C. diffusa(spreading). A synonym ofC. bicolor.C. flexuosa(flexuose).fl., corolla yellow; lower lip large, ventricose; peduncles axillary and terminal, many-flowered; pedicels umbellate.l.cordate, unequally and bluntly crenated, petiolate, remote. Plant shrubby, rough, beset with glandular hairs.h.3ft. Peru, 1847. (B. M. 5154.)C Fothergillii(Fothergill's).*fl., upper lip of corolla yellowish; lower lip sulphur colour, having the margins spotted with red, four times the size of the upper one; peduncles scape-formed, one-flowered. May to August.l.spathulate, quite entire, pilose above, about 1in. long. Stem herbaceous, a little divided near the root.h.3in. to 6in. Falkland Islands, 1777. (B. M. 348.)

C. alba(white).fl.white; peduncles elongated, racemose, dichotomous. June.l.linear, remotely serrated. Plant suffruticose, clammy, and resinous.h.1ft. Chili, 1844. Shrubby. (B. M. 4157.)

C. amplexicaulis(stem-clasping).*fl.yellow, umbellately fascicled; corymbs terminal; pedicels pilose.l.stem-clasping, ovate-oblong, acuminated, cordate, crenately-serrated, pilose.h.1½ft. Peru, 1845. Half-hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 4300.)

C. arachnoidea(cobwebby).*fl.purple; peduncles terminal, twin, elongated, dichotomous. June to September.l.lingulately-oblong, a little toothed, narrowing downwards into long winged petioles, which are connate at the base; about 5in. long, wrinkled. Stem herbaceous, branched, spreading, clothed with white cobwebbed wool, as well as the leaves and other parts, except the corolla.h.1ft. Chili, 1827. (B. M. 2874.)

C. bicolor(two-coloured).*fl.in large terminal cymes; upper lip yellow, small; lower lip large, gaping, conchiform, the front clear yellow, the back white. July to November.l.broadly-ovate, sub-acute, coarsely crenated, wrinkled.h.2ft. to 3ft. Stem much branched, woody at the base. Peru, 1829. SYN.C. diffusa. (B. R. 1374.)

C. Burbidgei(Burbidge's).*fl.rich yellow, with large lower lip. Autumn and winter.l.ovate, distinctly obtusely biserrate, sub-acute, with a narrow wing running down the petiole; both surfaces downy.h.2ft. to 4ft. This is a handsome hybrid betweenC. PavoniiandC. fuchsiæfolia, raised by F. W. Burbidge, Esq., Trinity College Botanic Gardens, Dublin, 1882.

C. chelidonioides(Chelidonium-like).fl.yellow. June.h.1ft. Peru, 1852. Annual.

C. corymbosa(corymbose).fl.yellow, marked with purple dots and lines, corymbose. May to October.l., radical ones ovateand cordate, petiolate, doubly crenated, white beneath; cauline ones few, cordate, half amplexicaul. Stems herbaceous, leafless at bottom, but dichotomous and leafy at top. Plant hairy.h.1ft. to 1½ft. Chili, 1822. (B. R. 723.)

C. deflexa(bending). Synonymous withC. fuchsiæfolia.

C. diffusa(spreading). A synonym ofC. bicolor.

C. flexuosa(flexuose).fl., corolla yellow; lower lip large, ventricose; peduncles axillary and terminal, many-flowered; pedicels umbellate.l.cordate, unequally and bluntly crenated, petiolate, remote. Plant shrubby, rough, beset with glandular hairs.h.3ft. Peru, 1847. (B. M. 5154.)

C Fothergillii(Fothergill's).*fl., upper lip of corolla yellowish; lower lip sulphur colour, having the margins spotted with red, four times the size of the upper one; peduncles scape-formed, one-flowered. May to August.l.spathulate, quite entire, pilose above, about 1in. long. Stem herbaceous, a little divided near the root.h.3in. to 6in. Falkland Islands, 1777. (B. M. 348.)

FIG. 322. CALCEOLARIAVIOLACEA.

C. fuchsiæfolia(Fuchsia-leaved).*fl.yellow, disposed in terminal panicles; upper lip nearly as large as the lower one. Spring.l.lanceolate, glandless.h.1ft. to 2ft. Peru, 1878. This is a very handsome winter-flowering shrubby species, but it is difficult to keep the foliage in anything like good condition. SYN.C. deflexa. (Garden, March, 1879.)C. Henrici(Anderson-Henry's).fl.yellow, disposed in terminal corymbose cymes; both lips of corolla much inflated, so as to entirely close the mouth.l.rather large, elongate-lanceolate, downy beneath.h.2ft. Andes of Cuenca, 1865. Shrubby evergreen. (B. M. 5772.)C. hyssopifolia(Hyssop-leaved).*fl.in terminal cymes; upper lip clear yellow, about half the width of the lower, and meeting closely to it; lower lip clear canary-yellow above, nearly white beneath. May to August.l.sessile, linear-lanceolate, sub-acute, entire.h.1ft. to 2ft. Chili. Shrubby. (B. M. 5548.)C. integrifolia(entire-leaved). Synonymous withC. rugosa.C. lobata(lobed).fl.yellow, disposed in erect, loosely-branched cymes; lip curiously folded on itself, and spotted on the inner surface.l.palmately lobed.h.9in. Peru, 1877. Herbaceous species. (B. M. 6330.)C. Pavonii(Pavon's).*fl.rich yellow and brown, in large terminal clusters; upper lip small; lower lip large, widely gaping.l.perfoliate, the petioles connected by a broad wing, running all their length; blade broadly ovate, coarsely serrate-dentate; both sides covered with soft down.h.2ft. to 4ft. Herbaceous. (B. M. 4525.)C. pinnata(pinnate).fl.sulphur-coloured; peduncles twin or tern, panicled. July to September.l.pinnate; leaflets or segments toothed, lower ones pinnatifidly toothed.h.2ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1773. Annual, clothed with clammy hairs. (B. M. 41.)C. pisacomensis(Pisacomanese).fl.rich orange-red, large; lower lip of corolla so bent upwards as to close the mouth; cymes produced from all the upper axils, forming long leafy panicles.l.ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate.h.3ft. Peru, 1868. A sub-shrubby perennial, of strong, erect habit.C. plantaginea(Plantain-like).*fl.yellow; lower lip of corolla large, hemispherical; upper one small, bifid; scapes generally two to three-flowered, pilose. August.l.radical, ovate, rhomboid, rosulate, serrated. Plant herbaceous, stemless, pubescent.h.1ft. Chili, 1826. (B. M. 2805.)C. purpurea(purple).fl., corolla of an uniform reddish-violet, rather small; corymbs terminal, many-flowered. July to September.l.wrinkled, hispid; radical ones cuneate-spathulate, serrated, quite entire behind, petiolate, acutish; cauline ones cordate, decussate, with a few long scattered hairs on their surfaces. Stems herbaceous, many from the same root.h.1ft. Chili, 1826. There are several hybrids between this and other species. (B. M. 2775.)C. rugosa(wrinkled).fl.yellow; panicles terminal, corymbose, pedunculate. August.l.ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, denticulated, wrinkled, opaque, rusty beneath; petioles winged, connate.h.1ft. to 1½ft. Chili, 1822. Shrubby species. SYN.C. integrifolia. (B. R. 744.) Two varieties of this areangustifolia, andviscosissima.C. scabiosæfolia(Scabious-leaved).*fl., corolla pale yellow; lower lip large, ventricose; peduncles terminal, corymbose. May to October.l., lower ones pinnate; superior ones pinnatifid, three-lobed, or simple, the terminal segment always the largest. Plant rather hairy. Peru, 1822. Evergreen trailer. (B. M. 2405.)C. tenella(small).fl.golden yellow, with orange-red spots within the lower lip; corymbs few-flowered.l.opposite, ovate, acuminated.h.6in. Chili, 1873. Hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 6231.)C. thyrsiflora(thyrse-flowered).fl.yellow, downy inside; thyrse terminal, crowded; peduncles compound, umbellate. June.l.linear, attenuated at both ends, serrate-toothed, sessile, 2in. long, and two lines broad.h.1ft. to 2ft. Chili, 1827. Shrubby, clammy. (B. M. 2915.)C. violacea(violet).*fl., corolla pale violet, spotted with deeper violet beneath; lip spreading in a campanulate manner; peduncles terminal by threes, corymbose; pedicels one to two-flowered. June.l.petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrated, white beneath.h.2ft. Chili, 1853. Shrubby. (B. M. 4929.) See Fig. 322.

C. Henrici(Anderson-Henry's).fl.yellow, disposed in terminal corymbose cymes; both lips of corolla much inflated, so as to entirely close the mouth.l.rather large, elongate-lanceolate, downy beneath.h.2ft. Andes of Cuenca, 1865. Shrubby evergreen. (B. M. 5772.)

C. hyssopifolia(Hyssop-leaved).*fl.in terminal cymes; upper lip clear yellow, about half the width of the lower, and meeting closely to it; lower lip clear canary-yellow above, nearly white beneath. May to August.l.sessile, linear-lanceolate, sub-acute, entire.h.1ft. to 2ft. Chili. Shrubby. (B. M. 5548.)

C. integrifolia(entire-leaved). Synonymous withC. rugosa.

C. lobata(lobed).fl.yellow, disposed in erect, loosely-branched cymes; lip curiously folded on itself, and spotted on the inner surface.l.palmately lobed.h.9in. Peru, 1877. Herbaceous species. (B. M. 6330.)

C. Pavonii(Pavon's).*fl.rich yellow and brown, in large terminal clusters; upper lip small; lower lip large, widely gaping.l.perfoliate, the petioles connected by a broad wing, running all their length; blade broadly ovate, coarsely serrate-dentate; both sides covered with soft down.h.2ft. to 4ft. Herbaceous. (B. M. 4525.)

C. pinnata(pinnate).fl.sulphur-coloured; peduncles twin or tern, panicled. July to September.l.pinnate; leaflets or segments toothed, lower ones pinnatifidly toothed.h.2ft. to 3ft. Peru, 1773. Annual, clothed with clammy hairs. (B. M. 41.)

C. pisacomensis(Pisacomanese).fl.rich orange-red, large; lower lip of corolla so bent upwards as to close the mouth; cymes produced from all the upper axils, forming long leafy panicles.l.ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate.h.3ft. Peru, 1868. A sub-shrubby perennial, of strong, erect habit.

C. plantaginea(Plantain-like).*fl.yellow; lower lip of corolla large, hemispherical; upper one small, bifid; scapes generally two to three-flowered, pilose. August.l.radical, ovate, rhomboid, rosulate, serrated. Plant herbaceous, stemless, pubescent.h.1ft. Chili, 1826. (B. M. 2805.)

C. purpurea(purple).fl., corolla of an uniform reddish-violet, rather small; corymbs terminal, many-flowered. July to September.l.wrinkled, hispid; radical ones cuneate-spathulate, serrated, quite entire behind, petiolate, acutish; cauline ones cordate, decussate, with a few long scattered hairs on their surfaces. Stems herbaceous, many from the same root.h.1ft. Chili, 1826. There are several hybrids between this and other species. (B. M. 2775.)

C. rugosa(wrinkled).fl.yellow; panicles terminal, corymbose, pedunculate. August.l.ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, denticulated, wrinkled, opaque, rusty beneath; petioles winged, connate.h.1ft. to 1½ft. Chili, 1822. Shrubby species. SYN.C. integrifolia. (B. R. 744.) Two varieties of this areangustifolia, andviscosissima.

C. scabiosæfolia(Scabious-leaved).*fl., corolla pale yellow; lower lip large, ventricose; peduncles terminal, corymbose. May to October.l., lower ones pinnate; superior ones pinnatifid, three-lobed, or simple, the terminal segment always the largest. Plant rather hairy. Peru, 1822. Evergreen trailer. (B. M. 2405.)

C. tenella(small).fl.golden yellow, with orange-red spots within the lower lip; corymbs few-flowered.l.opposite, ovate, acuminated.h.6in. Chili, 1873. Hardy, herbaceous. (B. M. 6231.)

C. thyrsiflora(thyrse-flowered).fl.yellow, downy inside; thyrse terminal, crowded; peduncles compound, umbellate. June.l.linear, attenuated at both ends, serrate-toothed, sessile, 2in. long, and two lines broad.h.1ft. to 2ft. Chili, 1827. Shrubby, clammy. (B. M. 2915.)

C. violacea(violet).*fl., corolla pale violet, spotted with deeper violet beneath; lip spreading in a campanulate manner; peduncles terminal by threes, corymbose; pedicels one to two-flowered. June.l.petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrated, white beneath.h.2ft. Chili, 1853. Shrubby. (B. M. 4929.) See Fig. 322.

CALCEOLATE.Shaped like a slipper or round-toed shoe.

CALDASIA.SeeGalipea heterophylla.

CALDCLUVIA(named after Alexander Caldcleugh, F.R.S. and F.L.S., who collected and sent to this country many plants from Chili). ORD.Saxifrageæ. A greenhouse evergreen tree. Flowers panicled, terminal. Leaves opposite, simple, serrate, glabrous; pedicels jointless; stipules twin, sub-falcate, toothed, caducous. It thrives well in a compost of peat and loam, and may be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots, planted in sand, under a hand glass, and placed in a very gentle bottom heat.

C. paniculata(panicled).fl.white. June. Chili, 1831.

CALEA(fromkalos, beautiful; referring to the flowers). ORD.Compositæ. A genus of stove evergreen herbs or small shrubs. Pappus hairy; receptacle paleaceous; involucre imbricated. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Side shoots root readily, if placed in sand, under glass, and with bottom heat; seeds may be sown in March. Warmer parts of New World.

CALEANA(named after G. Caley, Superintendent of the Botanical Garden, St. Vincent). ORD.Orchideæ. A genus of greenhouse terrestrial orchids, natives of Australia. Flowers few, greenish-brown; column broad, thin, concave; sepals and petals narrow, reflexed; lip posticous, peltate, unguiculate, highly irritable. In fine weather, or if left undisturbed, this lip bends back, leaving the column uncovered; but in wet weather, or if the plant is shaken, the lip falls over the column, securely fastening it. Leaves solitary, radical. They are of easy culture, in a compost of fibry peat, lumpy loam, and a little charcoal.

B. major(greater).fl.green-brown. June. 1810.C. minor(less).fl.green-brown. June. 1822.C. nigrita(blackish-flowered).fl.dark.

B. major(greater).fl.green-brown. June. 1810.

C. minor(less).fl.green-brown. June. 1822.

C. nigrita(blackish-flowered).fl.dark.

CALECTASIA(fromkalos, beautiful, andektasis, extension; in allusion to the star-like perianth segments). ORD.Juncaceæ. An elegant greenhouse suffruticose perennial, with dry, permanent, starry flowers. It thrives best in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by divisions.

C. cyanea(blue).fl.bright blue, solitary, on short terminal branches. June.l.needle-shaped, sheathing at the base. Australia, 1840. (B. M. 3834.)

CALENDULA(fromcalendæ, the first day of the month; in allusion to the almost perpetual flowering). Marigold. ORD.Compositæ. A genus of showy greenhouse and hardy annuals, and some few greenhouse shrubby species. Pappus none; receptacle naked; involucre of one or two series of sub-equal, acuminate, generally scarious-edged bracts. The shrubby species are propagated by cuttings, and thrive best in a compost of loam and peat.. For culture of the annuals,seeMarigold.

FIG. 323. FLOWERSOFCALENDULAOFFICINALIS.

C. arvensis(field).fl.-headsyellow. Pericarps urceolate, obovate, smooth; outer lanceolate-subulate, muricated at back.h.2ft. Europe, 1597. Hardy annual.C. maderensis(Madeira).*fl.-headsorange. Pericarps cymbiform, incurved, muricated; outer five ovate-lanceolate, membranous, toothed at edge.h.2ft. Madeira, 1795. Hardy. SYN.C. stellata.C. officinalis(officinal).* Common Marigold.fl.-headsorange. June to September. Pericarps cymbiform, all incurved, muricated.h.3ft. South Europe, 1573. Hardy annual. See Fig. 323.C. o. prolifera(proliferous). A garden form, analogous to the Hen and Chickens Daisy. See Fig. 324.C. stellata(stellate). A synonym ofC. maderensis.

C. arvensis(field).fl.-headsyellow. Pericarps urceolate, obovate, smooth; outer lanceolate-subulate, muricated at back.h.2ft. Europe, 1597. Hardy annual.

C. maderensis(Madeira).*fl.-headsorange. Pericarps cymbiform, incurved, muricated; outer five ovate-lanceolate, membranous, toothed at edge.h.2ft. Madeira, 1795. Hardy. SYN.C. stellata.

C. officinalis(officinal).* Common Marigold.fl.-headsorange. June to September. Pericarps cymbiform, all incurved, muricated.h.3ft. South Europe, 1573. Hardy annual. See Fig. 323.

C. o. prolifera(proliferous). A garden form, analogous to the Hen and Chickens Daisy. See Fig. 324.

C. stellata(stellate). A synonym ofC. maderensis.

FIG. 324. FLOWER OFCALENDULA OFFICINALIS PROLIFERA.

CALICO BUSH.SeeKalmia latifolia.

CALIFORNIAN EVERGREEN REDWOOD.SeeSequoia sempervirens.

CALIFORNIAN MAYBUSH.SeePhotinia arbutifolia.

CALIFORNIAN PEPPER-TREE.SeeSchinus Molle.

CALIFORNIAN POPPY.SeePlatystemon californicus.

CALIPHRURIA(fromkalos, beautiful, andphroura, prison; from the handsome spathe inclosing the flowers). ORD.Amaryllideæ. Pretty half-hardy greenhouse bulbs. Tube of perianth narrow, funnel-shaped, nearly straight; limb regular, stellate; stamens furnished with a bristle on each side. They thrive best in a compost of sandy loam, a little peat, leaf soil, and sand. Propagated by offsets. After flowering, the plants should have a slight heat; and, when starting into new growth, should be repotted.

C. Hartwegiana(Hartweg's).*fl.greenish-white; umbels seven-flowered; scape nearly terete, glaucous. May.l.petiolate, depressed, ovate, sub-plicate, green.h.1ft. New Grenada, 1843. (B. M. 6259.)

FIG. 325. CALIPHRURIASUBEDENTATA.

C. subedentata(rarely-toothed).*fl.white, funnel-shaped, disposed in a truss, on a long scape. Winter.l.stalked, ovate-oblong.h.1½ft. Columbia, 1876. See Fig. 325. (B. M. 6289.)

CALISAYA BARK.SeeCinchona Calisaya.

FIG. 326. CALLAPALUSTRIS, showing Habit and detached Inflorescence.

CALLA(fromkallos, beauty). SYN.Provenzalia. ORD.Aroideæ(Araceæ). A monotypic genus. The species is a native of Central and Northern Europe and NorthAmerica, has creeping or floating stems, and cordate entire leaves.C. palustrisis sometimes grown in collections of aquatics or bog plants; and, although, perhaps, hardly worth cultivating as a pot plant, is well worth a place in open ornamental waters.Richardia æthiopicais frequently erroneously calledCalla æthiopica.

C. palustris(marsh).fl., spadix protected by a flat white spathe, upper ones female, lower hermaphrodite, with numerous thread-like stamens.l.stalked, emerging from a sheath.h.6in. Hardy aquatic, naturalised here and there in Britain. See Fig. 326.

CALLI.Small callosities, or little protuberances.

CALLIANDRA(fromkallos, beauty, andandros, a stamen; referring to the elegant long, silky, purple or white stamens). ORD.Leguminosæ. A genus of beautiful stove evergreen shrubs. Flowers usually borne on stalked globose heads; corollas small, hidden by the numerous filaments of the stamens. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets varying in size and number. They thrive in a compost of peat and loam. Propagated by cuttings of rather firm young wood, inserted in sand, under a hand glass, in heat.

C. Harrisii(Harris's).fl.pink; peduncles axillary, fascicled, glandularly downy. February.l.bipinnate; leaflets obovate, falcate, downy; stipules small, falcate. Branches puberulous.h.10ft. Mexico, 1838. (B. M. 4238.)C. Tweediei(Tweedie's).*fl.red; peduncles longer than the petioles; bracts linear. March and April.l.with three or four pairs of pinnæ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear, acutish, ciliated, pilose beneath; stipules ovate, acuminate. Branches and petioles pilose.h.6ft. Brazil, 1840. (B. M. 4188.)

C. Tweediei(Tweedie's).*fl.red; peduncles longer than the petioles; bracts linear. March and April.l.with three or four pairs of pinnæ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear, acutish, ciliated, pilose beneath; stipules ovate, acuminate. Branches and petioles pilose.h.6ft. Brazil, 1840. (B. M. 4188.)

CALLICARPA(fromkallos, beauty, andkarpos, fruit; referring to the beautiful berries). SYN.Porphyra. ORD.Verbenaceæ. A genus of stove, greenhouse, or nearly hardy evergreen shrubs, closely allied toPetræa. Flowers inconspicuous, disposed in axillary cymes; corolla-tube short, with the limb four-lobed. Fruit a very ornamental small juicy berry or drupe. The following mode of culture has been recommended: "After the old plants have been cut back in the spring, and started into growth, the young shoots will strike as readily as a Fuchsia, and with exactly the same treatment. In order to make good plants, short-jointed cuttings should be selected; and, as soon as these are struck, they should be potted into 2½in. pots, using a compost of equal parts loam and peat, with a little charcoal and river sand. When they commence to grow, after being potted, remove to a pit or house with a temperature ranging from 60deg. to 75deg. Pinch out the tops of the plants as soon as they have three pairs of leaves, and whenever each of the laterals has made two pairs of leaves, pinch out their points, and continue this operation with all the rest of the shoots till the beginning of August, at the same time keeping off all the flower-buds. The next shift will be into 4in. or 5in. pots. They should always have plenty of light and air, but more especially after they come into flower."

C. americana(American).fl.red, small, in axillary cymes. Berries violet-coloured.l.ovate-oblong, toothed, silvery beneath, with a scurf of tomentum.h.6ft. South America, 1724. Greenhouse.C. japonica(Japanese).fl.pink. August.l.stalked, ovate, oblong, acuminate, serrate.h.3ft. Japan, 1850. Stove. (L. & P. F. G. ii., p. 165.)C. lanata(woolly).fl.purplish. June. Berries purple.l.sessile, ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath.h.3ft. India, 1788. Stove. (S. F. d. J. 1861, p. 96.)C. purpurea(purple).fl.insignificant, borne in cymose clusters, upon axillary footstalks. Berries very numerous, bright glossy deep violet coloured.l.opposite, ovate, acuminate; edges serrated; profusely clothed, as well as the stem, with hairs.h.3ft. India, 1822. Stove. (Garden, June, 1833.)C. rubella(reddish).fl.red. May.l.sessile, obovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, hairy on both surfaces.h.2ft. China, 1822. Half-hardy. (B. R. 883.)

C. americana(American).fl.red, small, in axillary cymes. Berries violet-coloured.l.ovate-oblong, toothed, silvery beneath, with a scurf of tomentum.h.6ft. South America, 1724. Greenhouse.

C. japonica(Japanese).fl.pink. August.l.stalked, ovate, oblong, acuminate, serrate.h.3ft. Japan, 1850. Stove. (L. & P. F. G. ii., p. 165.)

C. lanata(woolly).fl.purplish. June. Berries purple.l.sessile, ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath.h.3ft. India, 1788. Stove. (S. F. d. J. 1861, p. 96.)

C. purpurea(purple).fl.insignificant, borne in cymose clusters, upon axillary footstalks. Berries very numerous, bright glossy deep violet coloured.l.opposite, ovate, acuminate; edges serrated; profusely clothed, as well as the stem, with hairs.h.3ft. India, 1822. Stove. (Garden, June, 1833.)

C. rubella(reddish).fl.red. May.l.sessile, obovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, hairy on both surfaces.h.2ft. China, 1822. Half-hardy. (B. R. 883.)

CALLICHROA(fromkallos, beauty, andchroa, colour; referring to the bright yellow colour of the flowers). ORD.Compositæ. This genus is now usually included underLayia. Hardy annual, of easy culture in common garden soil. Seeds may be sown in March, on a slight hotbed, and transplanted to the open border early in May; or if sown out of doors in April, it will flower in the autumn.

C. platyglossa(broad-tongued).fl.-headsyellow, solitary, pedunculate; ray florets large, cuneate. Autumn.l.alternate, sessile, ciliated.h.1ft. California, 1836. SYN.Layia platyglossa. (B. M. 3719.)

CALLICOMA(fromkallos, beauty, andkome, hair; in reference to the tufted heads of flowers). ORD.Saxifrageæ. A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Flowers capitate; heads terminating the tops of the branchlets, pedunculate, globose. Leaves simple, coarsely serrated, stalked. Stipules membranous, bidentate, caducous. It thrives well in a sandy peat soil. Half ripened cuttings will root if placed in the same sort of soil, under a hand glass.

C. serratifolia(saw-leaved). Black Wattle.fl.yellow. May to August.l.lanceolate, acuminate, hoary beneath, attenuated at the base.h.4ft. New South Wales, 1793. (B. M. 1811.)

CALLIGONUM(fromkallos, beauty, andgonu, a knee-joint; in reference to its leafless joint). ORD.Polygonaceæ. SYNS.Pallasia,Pterococcus. A genus containing about a score species of very curious, erect, evergreen, hardy shrubs, found growing in dry, arid, sandy spots in Northern Africa and Western Asia. They will thrive in any well-drained sandy loam. Cuttings will root in spring or autumn if placed under a hand glass.

C. Pallasia(Pallas's).fl.whitish, in groups. May.fr.winged; wings membranous, curled and toothed, succulent, acid, edible.l.simple, alternate, exstipulate, deciduous, caducous, minute. Shoots rush-like, smooth, green.h.3ft. to 4ft. Caspian Sea, 1780.

CALLIOPSIS.SeeCoreopsis.

CALLIPRORA(fromkallos, beauty, andprora, a front; referring to the front view of the flower). ORD.Liliaceæ. A very pretty little bulbous plant, now often referred toBrodiæa. It thrives in a well-drained spot on the lower flanks of rockwork, in dry, rich, sandy soil. Propagated by offsets, which should remain on the parent bulbs until they are a good size.

C. lutea(yellow).* Pretty Face.fl., segments purplish-brown in the middle on the outside. Summer.l.linear-lanceolate, acuminated, channelled, longer than the flower-stem; bracts sheathing, scarious, much shorter than the pedicels.h.9in. North California, 1831. SYNS.Brodiæa ixioides,Milla ixioides. (B. M. 3588.)

CALLIPSYCHE(fromkallos, beauty, andpsyche, a butterfly; alluding to the handsome flowers). ORD.Amaryllidaceæ. Ornamental greenhouse bulbs; requiring shade, and a compost of rich sandy loam and leaf mould, with good drainage. Propagated by seeds and offsets. They should have plenty of water when growing, and, during the winter, be kept moderately dry, but not dried off, so as to cause them to shrivel. As the leaves wither, water should be gradually withheld.

C. aurantiaca(orange).*fl.deep golden-yellow, several in an umbel, spreading, much flattened sideways; stamens green, twice the length of the perianth; scape erect, nearly 2ft. high.l.few, oblong-acute, bright green, conspicuously veined, stalked, 6in. long. Andes of Ecuador, 1868. (Ref. B. 167.)C. eucrosiodes(Eucrosia-like).*fl.scarlet and green; stamens very long, incurved; scape about ten-flowered, glaucous. March.l.few, green, tessellated, pitted, 4in. wide.h.2ft. Mexico, 1843. (B. R. 1845, 45.)C. mirabilis(wonderful)*,fl.greenish-yellow, small, with stamens three times as long as the perianth, and spreading out on all sides; disposed in an umbellate head of about thirty blooms; scape 3ft. high.l.about two, oblong-spathulate, green, 1ft. long. Peru, 1868. An extremely curious plant. (Ref. B. 168.)

C. eucrosiodes(Eucrosia-like).*fl.scarlet and green; stamens very long, incurved; scape about ten-flowered, glaucous. March.l.few, green, tessellated, pitted, 4in. wide.h.2ft. Mexico, 1843. (B. R. 1845, 45.)

C. mirabilis(wonderful)*,fl.greenish-yellow, small, with stamens three times as long as the perianth, and spreading out on all sides; disposed in an umbellate head of about thirty blooms; scape 3ft. high.l.about two, oblong-spathulate, green, 1ft. long. Peru, 1868. An extremely curious plant. (Ref. B. 168.)

CALLIPTERIS(fromkallos, beauty, andpteris, a fern). ORD.Filices. A genus of stove ferns, founded upon the sub-genusDiplazium, which is now included underAsplenium.

CALLIRHOE(of mythological origin, from Callirhoe, a daughter of the river-god Achelous). Poppy-Mallow. Allied toMalva. Species belonging to this genus have been erroneously referred toMalvaandNuttallia. ORD.Malvaceæ. A genus of elegant annual or perennial herbs, natives of North America. They are of extremely easy cultivation, thriving in a compost of light, rich, sandy loam. Propagation of the perennial species may be effected by means of both seeds and cuttings; of the annuals, by seeds only. Seeds should be sown in spring, either outside, or in pans in a cold frame. Young cuttings should be taken and dibbled in sandy soil in a frame.

C. digitata(fingered).*fl.reddish-purple; peduncles long, axillary, one-flowered. Summer.l.sub-peltate, six to seven-parted, with linear-entire or two-parted segments; upper ones more simple.h.2ft. to 3ft. 1824. Perennial. (S. B. F. G. 129, under the name ofNuttallia digitata.)C. involucrata(involucrate).*fl.crimson, nearly 2in. across, loosely panicled. Summer.l.divided nearly to the base, three to five-parted; segments narrow, lanceolate, three to five-toothed, hairy on both surfaces. Habit procumbent; stems hairy.h.6in. Perennial. (G. W. P. A. 26.) SYN.Malva involucrata(B. M. 4681).C. Papaver(Poppy-like).*fl.violet-red; sepals ovate-acute, ciliated. Summer.l., root leaves lobed or pedate; lower stem leaves palmato-pedate, upper digitate or simple.h.3ft. Louisiana, 1833. Perennial. SYN.Nuttallia Papaver. (B. M. 3287.)C. pedata(pedate-leaved).fl.cherry-red, panicled. August.l.laciniately-pedate; upper ones trifid.h.2ft. to 3ft. 1824. Annual. (R. H. 1857, 148.)C. triangulata(triangular-leaved).fl.pale purple. August. 1836. Perennial. SYN.Nuttallia cordata(under which name it is figured in B. R. 1938).

C. involucrata(involucrate).*fl.crimson, nearly 2in. across, loosely panicled. Summer.l.divided nearly to the base, three to five-parted; segments narrow, lanceolate, three to five-toothed, hairy on both surfaces. Habit procumbent; stems hairy.h.6in. Perennial. (G. W. P. A. 26.) SYN.Malva involucrata(B. M. 4681).

C. Papaver(Poppy-like).*fl.violet-red; sepals ovate-acute, ciliated. Summer.l., root leaves lobed or pedate; lower stem leaves palmato-pedate, upper digitate or simple.h.3ft. Louisiana, 1833. Perennial. SYN.Nuttallia Papaver. (B. M. 3287.)

C. pedata(pedate-leaved).fl.cherry-red, panicled. August.l.laciniately-pedate; upper ones trifid.h.2ft. to 3ft. 1824. Annual. (R. H. 1857, 148.)

C. triangulata(triangular-leaved).fl.pale purple. August. 1836. Perennial. SYN.Nuttallia cordata(under which name it is figured in B. R. 1938).

CALLISTACHYS.SeeOxylobium.

CALLISTEMMA.SeeCallistephus.

CALLISTEMON(fromkallos, beauty, andstemon, a stamen; in most of the species, the stamens are of a beautiful scarlet colour). ORD.Myrtaceæ. Handsome greenhouse evergreen shrubs or trees, having the inflorescence rising from the old branches in crowded spikes, as in the species ofMelaleuca, but with the stamens free, as inMetrosideros. Leaves elongated, stiff, alternate, usually lanceolate. All the species of this genus are very ornamental and neat in habit. They are well adapted for a conservatory. The soil best suited for them is a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Ripened cuttings strike root in sand, under a hand glass; seeds are frequently produced on large plants, and these may also be used to increase the stock, but they do not produce flowering plants for a considerable time; whereas plants raised from cuttings, taken from flowering plants, come into flower when small.

C. linearis(linear-leaved).*fl.scarlet; calyces clothed with velvety pubescence. June.l.linear, stiff, acute, keeled beneath, channelled above, villous when young.h.4ft. to 6ft. New South Wales, 1788.C. lophanthus(crest-flowered). Synonymous withC. salignus.C. salignus(willow).fl.straw-coloured, distinct, spicate, nearly terminal; petals rather pubescent, ciliated; calyx pilose. June to August.l.lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, mucronate, one-nerved, villous when young, as well as the branches.h.4ft. to 6ft. Australia, 1806. SYN.C. lophanthus. (L. B. C. 1302.)C. speciosus(showy).*fl.scarlet; calyx villous. March to July.l.lanceolate, mucronate, flat, middle nerve rather prominent; when young, rather silky from adpressed villi, and reddish.h.5ft. to 10ft. West Australia, 1823. SYN.Metrosideros speciosa. See Fig. 327. (B. M. 1761.)

C. lophanthus(crest-flowered). Synonymous withC. salignus.

C. salignus(willow).fl.straw-coloured, distinct, spicate, nearly terminal; petals rather pubescent, ciliated; calyx pilose. June to August.l.lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, mucronate, one-nerved, villous when young, as well as the branches.h.4ft. to 6ft. Australia, 1806. SYN.C. lophanthus. (L. B. C. 1302.)

C. speciosus(showy).*fl.scarlet; calyx villous. March to July.l.lanceolate, mucronate, flat, middle nerve rather prominent; when young, rather silky from adpressed villi, and reddish.h.5ft. to 10ft. West Australia, 1823. SYN.Metrosideros speciosa. See Fig. 327. (B. M. 1761.)

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