Chapter 38

FIG. 327. CALLISTEMONSPECIOSUS.

CALLISTEPHUS(fromkallistos, most beautiful, andstephos, a crown; in allusion to the appendages on the ripe fruit). China Aster. SYN.Callistemma. ORD.Compositæ. A hardy annual, requiring an open situation and a rich loamy soil. Involucre of many fringed bracts; receptacle naked, pitted; pappus double. Propagated by seed, sown in a hotbed in March, the seedlings being hardened off and transplanted in May. For culture of these much grown plants and their varieties,seeAster.

Chrysanthemum-flowered Aster.Truffaut's Pæony-flowered Aster.Victoria Aster.FIG. 328. FLOWER-HEADSOFCALLISTEPHUSCHINENSISVARS.

Chrysanthemum-flowered Aster.

Truffaut's Pæony-flowered Aster.

Victoria Aster.

FIG. 328. FLOWER-HEADSOFCALLISTEPHUSCHINENSISVARS.

C. chinensis(Chinese).*fl-headsdark purple. July.l.ovate, coarsely toothed, stalked; stem ones sessile, cuneate at the base. Stem hispid. Branches with single heads.h.2ft. China, 1731. See Fig. 328.

CALLITRIS(probably altered fromkallistos, most beautiful; referring to the whole plant). ORD.Coniferæ. SYN.Frenela. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs or small trees, with long, very slender-jointed branches, and often very minute, scale-like, persistent leaves. Flowers monœcious.Fruit globular, composed of four to six—rarely eight—unequal, woody, valvate scales, with one or two seeds at the base of each. All the species are somewhat tender, in England, except in the more southern districts. They require a sandy loam compost. Propagated by cuttings, inserted under a handlight in autumn, and protected by a cold pit; or by seeds.

C. quadrivalvis(four valved). Arar-tree; Sandarach Gum-tree.fl., female catkin tetragonal, with four oval valves, each furnished with a point, and two of which bear seeds. February to May.l.flattened, articulate.h.15ft. to 20ft. Barbary, 1815.

CALLIXENE.SeeLuzuriaga.

FIG. 329. FLOWERSANDLEAVESOFCALOCHORTUSVENUSTUS.

CALLOSE.Callous, hardened.

CALLOUSLY-GLANDULAR.Having hardened glands.

CALLOUSLY-SERRATED.Having hardened serratures.

CALLUNA(fromkalluno, to sweep, from the use of the plant in brooms). Common Ling; Heather. ORD.Ericaceæ. A small hardy spreading shrub, very common throughout Northern and Central Europe. Corolla campanulate, four-lobed, shorter than the calyx. For culture,seeErica.

C. vulgaris(common).*fl.disposed in long, terminal, spicate racemes. July to September.l.trigonal, obtuse, very short, imbricating in four rows, having the margins revolute and the base sagittate.h.1ft. to 3ft. Britain. There are numerous very ornamental varieties of this species, which are admirably adapted for planting in borders and clumps. The white-flowered (alba,Serlii, andHammondi), flesh-coloured (carnea), and double-flowered varieties (fl.-pl.) are all well worth growing in shrubberies;aureaandargentea, with gold and silver coloured shoots, are also very ornamental. The value of the common form can scarcely be over-estimated for planting on barren hill sides or spaces; it affords excellent shelter for game, and food for bees.

CALLUS.The new formation at the end of a cutting before it puts forth roots; when the Callus is formed, it shows that the cutting is in a healthy state.

CALOCHILUS(fromkalos, beautiful, andcheilos, a lip; referring to the beauty of the labellum or lip). ORD.Orchideæ. Interesting greenhouse terrestrial tuberous-rooted orchids, allied toEpipactis. Sepals yellowish-green; lip purple, covered with rich brown hairs. For culture,seeBletia.

C. campestris(field).fl.greenish and brown. April to June.l.narrow, oblong, pointed. Stem leafy, slender, terete.h.9in. Australia, 1824. (B. M. 3187.)C. paludosus(marsh).*fl.very similar in colour to those ofC. campestris, but rather larger. May and June.l.rather broader.h.9in. Australia, 1823. (F. A. O., part 4.)

C. campestris(field).fl.greenish and brown. April to June.l.narrow, oblong, pointed. Stem leafy, slender, terete.h.9in. Australia, 1824. (B. M. 3187.)

C. paludosus(marsh).*fl.very similar in colour to those ofC. campestris, but rather larger. May and June.l.rather broader.h.9in. Australia, 1823. (F. A. O., part 4.)

CALOCHORTUS(fromkalos, beautiful, andchortos, grass; referring to the leaves). Mariposa Lily. ORD.Liliaceæ. Handsome bulbous plants. Flowers showy, on erect scapes; perianth deciduous; three outer segments sepaloid, three inner ones much larger and broader, and bearded on the inside. Leaves ensiform. Bulbs tunicated. These have not, hitherto, been generally grown in the open air with much success; but in warmlocalities and sheltered positions, they may be flowered outside. A frame, in a sunny situation, is the best possible place for their cultivation. Here they may be fully exposed to the sun and air, during mild weather, through the winter; and, when expedient, they may be protected from excessive moisture, as that is the primary cause of failure, rather than cold, for they are perfectly hardy, and capable of enduring all the frost we are likely to get. From May onwards, the lights might be wholly removed. From the end of June to August, the bulbs will be in bloom, when, if necessary, the flowers should be fertilised to secure seed; and when the capsules are forming, material assistance would be given by placing the lights on again, allowing plenty of air. Assuming that fresh bulbs are being planted, they should be in the soil early in the autumn, as nothing is more prejudicial than keeping them dry through the winter. A good depth of soil should be provided, composed of fibrous loam, leaf soil, and sand, in equal proportions, in a well-drained position. The bulbs must be planted 3in. deep, and some sand placed about them; they may be left undisturbed for years. Of course, where no frame can be provided, they may be planted in a well-drained, sunny position in the same soil. They are also easily managed in pots, but it is necessary to pot in the autumn, and keep in a frame. Through the winter, they must never be allowed to get dry, until the leaves are withering in the autumn, when water may be withheld.

Propagation.This may be effected by seeds or offsets, and by the tiny bulbs frequently produced on the upper portion of the stem. Sow seeds in pans, in a cool house or frame, as soon as ripe, or in the early part of the year, and keep the plants close to the glass during their early stages, as they are very liable to damp off. Sow thinly, so as to enable the young plants to pass a second season in the seed pots or pans. Early in the third season, pot off and plant out singly, encouraging them to grow freely. Propagation by offsets is the most usual method. With liberal treatment, most of the species increase pretty freely. The offsets are best removed when the plants are in a dormant state. They may be either grown in pots or pans, or planted out in pits or frames, until they reach flowering size. During the season of rest, it is the safest plan, with those in pots, to keep them in the earth in which they were grown.

C. albus(white).*fl.snow-white, with a rich blotch, bearded and ciliated, large, globose, pendent; umbels many-flowered, on stems from 1ft. to 1½ft. high. California, 1832. This handsome species is rare. SYN.Cyclobothra alba. (B. R. 1661.)C. Benthami(Bentham's).*fl.rich yellow; petals obtuse, densely covered with yellow hairs; stem three to six-flowered. July, August.l.linear, much elongated.h.4in. to 8in. Sierra Nevada. SYN.C. elègans lutea.C. cœruleus(bluish).*fl.lilac, more or less lined and dotted with dark blue, the petals covered and fringed with slender hairs; stem two to five-flowered. July.l.solitary, linear.h.3in. to 6in. Sierra Nevada.C. elegans(elegant).*fl.greenish-white, purplish at base; stems three-flowered; petals not ciliate on the margin, or sparingly so. June.h.8in. California, 1826. This is a rare species.C. e. lutea(yellow). A synonym ofC. Benthami.C. Gunnisoni(Gunnison's).*fl.light lilac, yellowish-green below the middle, with a purple band encircling the base of the perianth; large, 2in. to 3in. in diameter. Rocky Mountains.C. Leichtlinii(Leichtlin's). A synonym ofC. Nuttallii.C. lilacinus(lilac).*fl.pale pink, hairy below the middle, 1½in. across, with three segments narrow and three broad; scape slender, leafy, bearing one to five flowers.l.solitary, narrow lanceolate, radical.h.6in. to 8in. California, 1868. SYN.C. umbellatus. (B. M. 5804, under the name ofC. uniflorus.)C. luteus(yellow).*fl.terminal, two or three together; exterior segments of the perianth greenish; the inner yellow, bordered with purple hairs. September.h.1ft. California, 1831. (B. R. 1567.)C. l. oculatus(eyed).fl.very charming bright yellow, with a bold eye on the inside of each petal.C. macrocarpus(large-capsuled).fl.very large, lavender-coloured, on stems 1ft. high. August. California, 1826. (B. R. 1152.)C. Maweanus(Mawe's).fl., sepals purplish, broadly obovate acute; petals white or bluish-purple, longer than the sepals, the surfaces more or less covered with long purplish hairs. June, July.l.glaucous, linear. Stem three to six-flowered.h.6in. to 10in. San Francisco, &c. (B. M. 5976, figured under the name ofC. elegans.)C. Nuttallii(Nuttall's).*fl.large, 2½in. across; the three smaller segments of the perianth of a greenish colour streaked with red; the three larger segments pure white, with a purple spot at the base on the inner surface; two or three flowers on a stalk. June.l.linear, glaucous.h.6in. California, 1869. SYN.C. Leichtlinii. (B. M. 5862.)C. pulchellus(beautiful).*fl.bright yellow, globular, drooping; umbels three to five-flowered, on stems from 10in. to 12in. high. Summer. California, 1832. A lovely species. (B. R. 1662.) SYN.Cyclobothra pulchella.C. purpureus(purple).*fl., outer segments of the perianth green and purple outside and yellow within; inner segments purple outside and yellow within. August.h.3ft. Mexico, 1827. (S. B. F. G. ser. ii., 20.)C. splendens(splendid).*fl.clear lilac, large. August.h.1½ft. California, 1832. (B. R. 1676.)C. umbellatus(umbelled). A synonym ofC. lilacinus.C. venustus(charming).*fl.large, white, nearly 3in. in diameter, yellow at the base, deeply stained with crimson, and blotched on each segment with crimson.h.1½ft. California, 1836. See Fig. 329. (B. R. 1669.) There are three varieties of this species, viz.,brachysepalus(short-sepaled),lilacinus(lilac), andpurpureus(purple-flowered).

C. Benthami(Bentham's).*fl.rich yellow; petals obtuse, densely covered with yellow hairs; stem three to six-flowered. July, August.l.linear, much elongated.h.4in. to 8in. Sierra Nevada. SYN.C. elègans lutea.

C. cœruleus(bluish).*fl.lilac, more or less lined and dotted with dark blue, the petals covered and fringed with slender hairs; stem two to five-flowered. July.l.solitary, linear.h.3in. to 6in. Sierra Nevada.

C. elegans(elegant).*fl.greenish-white, purplish at base; stems three-flowered; petals not ciliate on the margin, or sparingly so. June.h.8in. California, 1826. This is a rare species.

C. e. lutea(yellow). A synonym ofC. Benthami.

C. Gunnisoni(Gunnison's).*fl.light lilac, yellowish-green below the middle, with a purple band encircling the base of the perianth; large, 2in. to 3in. in diameter. Rocky Mountains.

C. Leichtlinii(Leichtlin's). A synonym ofC. Nuttallii.

C. lilacinus(lilac).*fl.pale pink, hairy below the middle, 1½in. across, with three segments narrow and three broad; scape slender, leafy, bearing one to five flowers.l.solitary, narrow lanceolate, radical.h.6in. to 8in. California, 1868. SYN.C. umbellatus. (B. M. 5804, under the name ofC. uniflorus.)

C. luteus(yellow).*fl.terminal, two or three together; exterior segments of the perianth greenish; the inner yellow, bordered with purple hairs. September.h.1ft. California, 1831. (B. R. 1567.)

C. l. oculatus(eyed).fl.very charming bright yellow, with a bold eye on the inside of each petal.

C. macrocarpus(large-capsuled).fl.very large, lavender-coloured, on stems 1ft. high. August. California, 1826. (B. R. 1152.)

C. Maweanus(Mawe's).fl., sepals purplish, broadly obovate acute; petals white or bluish-purple, longer than the sepals, the surfaces more or less covered with long purplish hairs. June, July.l.glaucous, linear. Stem three to six-flowered.h.6in. to 10in. San Francisco, &c. (B. M. 5976, figured under the name ofC. elegans.)

C. Nuttallii(Nuttall's).*fl.large, 2½in. across; the three smaller segments of the perianth of a greenish colour streaked with red; the three larger segments pure white, with a purple spot at the base on the inner surface; two or three flowers on a stalk. June.l.linear, glaucous.h.6in. California, 1869. SYN.C. Leichtlinii. (B. M. 5862.)

C. pulchellus(beautiful).*fl.bright yellow, globular, drooping; umbels three to five-flowered, on stems from 10in. to 12in. high. Summer. California, 1832. A lovely species. (B. R. 1662.) SYN.Cyclobothra pulchella.

C. purpureus(purple).*fl., outer segments of the perianth green and purple outside and yellow within; inner segments purple outside and yellow within. August.h.3ft. Mexico, 1827. (S. B. F. G. ser. ii., 20.)

C. splendens(splendid).*fl.clear lilac, large. August.h.1½ft. California, 1832. (B. R. 1676.)

C. umbellatus(umbelled). A synonym ofC. lilacinus.

C. venustus(charming).*fl.large, white, nearly 3in. in diameter, yellow at the base, deeply stained with crimson, and blotched on each segment with crimson.h.1½ft. California, 1836. See Fig. 329. (B. R. 1669.) There are three varieties of this species, viz.,brachysepalus(short-sepaled),lilacinus(lilac), andpurpureus(purple-flowered).

CALODENDRON(fromkalos, beautiful, anddendron, a tree). ORD.Rutaceæ. A very handsome greenhouse evergreen tree. Flowers in terminal panicles. Leaves large, opposite, simple, crenated. It will grow freely in a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of half-ripened wood root in sand if placed under a bell glass, in gentle bottom heat.

C. capensis(Cape).fl.flesh-coloured; pedicels compressed, dilated under the flower; panicle trichotomously divided. Branches opposite, or three in a whorl.h.40ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1789. This is supposed to be one of the finest trees at the Cape of Good Hope. (G. C., 1883, xix., 217.) See Fig 330, for which we are indebted to Mr. Bull.

CALODRACON.SeeCordyline.

CALONYCTION.SeeIpomœa.

CALOPHACA(fromkalos, beautiful, andphake, a lentil; in allusion to the beauty of the plant, and to its being one of the leguminous kind). ORD.Leguminosæ. A hardy deciduous shrub, with axillary pedunculate racemes of yellow flowers, and impari-pinnate leaves. This is well adapted for the front of shrubberies. It is somewhat difficult to propagate, except by seeds, which, however, in fine seasons, are produced in abundance. Grafted high on the common Laburnum, it forms an object at once singular, picturesque, and beautiful, whether covered with blossoms, or with its fine reddish pods.

C. wolgarica(Volga).*fl.yellow. May, June.l., leaflets six or seven pairs, orbicular, velvety beneath, as well as the calyces.h.2ft. to 3ft. Siberia, 1786. (W. D. B. 83.)

CALOPHANES(fromkalos, beautiful, andphaino, to appear; alluding to the flowers). ORD.Acanthaceæ. A genus of about thirty species, widely distributed, principally in the tropical regions of both hemispheres. The best garden plant is that mentioned below; it is an interesting hardy herbaceous perennial, excellent for growing in borders, in loam and peat, or sandy loam soil; and may be propagated by dividing the roots, in March.

C. oblongifolia(oblong-leaved).*fl.blue; corolla funnel-shaped, throat ventricose, limb bilobed, nearly equal; tube of corolla one-half longer than the calyx; pedicels axillary. August.l.opposite, oblong-spathulate, entire, acuminated.h.1ft. Florida, &c., 1832. (S. B. F. G., ser. ii., 181.)

CALOPHYLLUM(fromkalos, beautiful, andphyllon, a leaf; the leaves are large, of a beautiful green, and elegantly veined). ORD.Guttiferæ. Fine stove evergreen trees. Flowers disposed in axillary racemes. Leaves furnished with numerous transverse, parallel nerves. They thrive in a compost of loam, sand, and peat. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots will root in sand, if placed under a glass, in bottom heat.

C. Calaba.Calaba-tree.fl.white, sweet-scented, loosely racemose; racemes lateral, very short.fr.green.l.obovate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate.h.30ft. West Indies, &c., 1780.C. inophyllum(fibrous-leaved).fl.snow-white, sweet-scented, loosely racemose; racemes axillary; peduncles one-flowered, usually opposite.fr.reddish, the size of a walnut.l.oblong or obovate, obtuse, but usually emarginate. Branches round. Tropics of the Old World, 1793. A medium-sized tree.

C. Calaba.Calaba-tree.fl.white, sweet-scented, loosely racemose; racemes lateral, very short.fr.green.l.obovate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate.h.30ft. West Indies, &c., 1780.

C. inophyllum(fibrous-leaved).fl.snow-white, sweet-scented, loosely racemose; racemes axillary; peduncles one-flowered, usually opposite.fr.reddish, the size of a walnut.l.oblong or obovate, obtuse, but usually emarginate. Branches round. Tropics of the Old World, 1793. A medium-sized tree.

FIG. 330. CALODENDRONCAPENSIS.

CALOPOGON(fromkalos, beautiful, andpogon, a beard; in reference to the fringe on the lip). ORD.Orchideæ. Very pretty, hardy, tuberous-rooted orchids, admirably suited for a good shady position at the foot of the rockwork, or for an open situation in a hardy fernery. Propagated by offsets, taken from the tuberous roots; but this method of increase is very uncertain. Perhaps the only species in cultivation is the following:

C. pulchellus(beautiful).*fl.purple, with a very pretty pale yellow beard or tuft of hairs growing from the lip; two or three to a plant. Late summer.l.few, radical, grass-like.h.1½ft. North America. 1791. SYN.Limodorum tuberosum. (S. B. F. G. 115.)

CALOSANTHES INDICA.A synonym ofOroxylum indicum.

CALOSCORDUM(fromkalos, beautiful, andskorodon, garlic). ORD.Liliaceæ. A genus of half-hardy bulbs, allied toAllium, but now referred toNothoscordum. For culture,seeCalochortus.

C. nerinæflorum(Nerine-flowered).*fl.rose; umbels about twelve-flowered; spathe one-valved. June and July.l.narrow, semi-terete, channelled above.h.6in. Chusan, 1843. (B. R. 1847, 5.)

CALOSTEMMA(fromkalos, beautiful, andstemma, a crown). ORD.Amaryllidaceæ. Handsome greenhouse bulbous plants, natives of New Holland. Flowers funnel-shaped, irregular; perianth with the orifice surmounted by a corona; stamens erect, united by their dilated bases; ovary three-celled, many-seeded. Leaves linear-lorate.

C. album(white).fl.white. May.l.ovate, acute, 3in. to 5in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad.h.1ft. 1824.C. luteum(yellow).fl.yellow. November.l.strap-shaped, narrow.h.1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2101.)C. purpureum(purple).fl.purple. November.l.like those ofC. luteum.h.1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2100.)

C. album(white).fl.white. May.l.ovate, acute, 3in. to 5in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad.h.1ft. 1824.

C. luteum(yellow).fl.yellow. November.l.strap-shaped, narrow.h.1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2101.)

C. purpureum(purple).fl.purple. November.l.like those ofC. luteum.h.1ft. 1819. (B. M. 2100.)

CALOTHAMNUS(fromkalos, beautiful, andthamnos, a shrub; in reference to the elegance of the shrubs, from their scarlet flowers and terete leaves). ORD.Myrtaceæ. Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Flowers scarlet, axillary and solitary, sessile. Leaves scattered, crowded, terete. They require much the same culture asCallistemon. Cuttings of young wood, firm at the base, will root in sand, if covered by a hand glass, which requires to be occasionally taken off and wiped, to prevent damp.

C. quadrifidus(four-cleft).fl.scarlet, somewhat secund; bundles of stamens four, distinct, equal. July.l.glabrous (as well as the flowers).h.2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1803. (B. M. 1506.)C. villosa(villous).fl.scarlet, quinquefid; bundles of stamens equal, distinct. July to September.l.villous (as well as the fruit).h.2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1823. (B. R. 1099.)

C. quadrifidus(four-cleft).fl.scarlet, somewhat secund; bundles of stamens four, distinct, equal. July.l.glabrous (as well as the flowers).h.2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1803. (B. M. 1506.)

C. villosa(villous).fl.scarlet, quinquefid; bundles of stamens equal, distinct. July to September.l.villous (as well as the fruit).h.2ft. to 4ft. West Australia, 1823. (B. R. 1099.)

CALOTIS(fromkalos, beautiful, andous,otos, an ear; in reference to the chaffy scales of the pappus, or seed-head). Allied toBellium. ORD.Compositæ. Greenhouse or half-hardy herbaceous perennials, rarely annuals, all natives of Australia. Receptacle naked; involucre nearly equal, many-leaved, in a single or double row. They may be grown successfully in any ordinary garden soil. Propagated by divisions of the root.

C. cuneifolia(wedge-leaved).*fl.-headsblue, solitary, terminal. July and August.l.cuneate, cut, toothed at end.h.1ft. 1819. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. (B. R. 504.)

CALOTROPIS(fromkalos, beautiful, andtropis, a keel; literally "beautifully twisted," apparently in reference to the corolla ofC. gigantea). ORD.Asclepiadeæ. A genus of stove evergreen shrubs, or small trees. The three species bear large handsome flowers, in interpetiolar umbels. They thrive best in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Young cuttings, thinly dibbled in a pot of sand, strike root freely under a hand glass, in heat. Care must be taken that they do not receive an excess of moisture, or they will rot.

C. gigantea(gigantic).*fl.very handsome, a mixture of rose and purple; corona shorter than the gynostegium, obtuse, circinately recurved at the base; umbels sometimes, though rarely, compound, surrounded by several involucral scales. July.l.decussate, broad, wedge-shaped, bearded on the upper side at the base, woolly-downy on the under side, 4in. to 6in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad.h.6ft. to 15ft. India, &c., 1690. (B. R. i. 58.)C. procera(tall).fl.white; petals spreading, marked at the top by a purple spot. July.l.obovate-oblong, on short petioles, whitish from wool.h.6ft. Persia, 1714. (B. R. 1792.)

C. procera(tall).fl.white; petals spreading, marked at the top by a purple spot. July.l.obovate-oblong, on short petioles, whitish from wool.h.6ft. Persia, 1714. (B. R. 1792.)

CALPICARPUM.SeeKopsia.

CALPIDIA.A synonym ofPisonia(whichsee).

CALTHA(a syncope ofkalathos, a goblet; in allusion to the form of the perianth, which may be likened to a golden cup). Marsh Marigold. ORD.Ranunculaceæ. Hardy herbaceous perennials, of easy culture on the margin of a piece of water, or in a marshy bog, or in the ordinary border, where their showy blossoms look very brilliant. Propagation is readily effected by dividing the roots, in early spring, or in summer after flowering.

C. leptosepala(slender-sepaled).*fl.pure white, one to two upon erect, scape-like peduncles. May, June.l.radical, cordate, the margins nearly entire, or sometimes crenate.h.1ft. Northwestern America, 1827. (H. F. B. A. 1, 10.)

FIG. 331. CALTHAPALUSTRISMONSTROSAPLENA.

C. palustris(marsh).*fl.golden-coloured, large; peduncles furrowed. Spring.l.cordate, somewhat orbicular, roundly-crenate, with rounded auricles. Stems dichotomous, erect.h.1ft. Great Britain. (Sy. En. B. 40.) The double forms of this species, under the names ofnana plenaandmonstrosa plena(see Fig. 331) are excellent plants, and, though growing best in the immediate vicinity of water, and most appropriate for rough scenery, they, like the type, do very well in ordinary well-enriched soil. A variety namedpurpurascens, from Southern Europe, is also showy, more erect, and branching; the shoots and pedicels purplish.C. p. biflora(two-flowered). A twin-flowered variety ofC. palustris. North America, 1827. This is not quite so tall as the type, and the flowers are rather larger.C. p. parnassifolia(Parnassia-leaved).fl.yellow, on few-flowered peduncles. April, May.l.cordate-ovate, crenated.h.3in. to 4in. North America, 1815.C. radicans(rooting).*fl.bright yellow, several in small cyme. April, May.l.reniform-cordate, sharply crenate-serrate, spreading.h.6in. Scotland. (Sy. En. B. 41.)

C. p. biflora(two-flowered). A twin-flowered variety ofC. palustris. North America, 1827. This is not quite so tall as the type, and the flowers are rather larger.

C. p. parnassifolia(Parnassia-leaved).fl.yellow, on few-flowered peduncles. April, May.l.cordate-ovate, crenated.h.3in. to 4in. North America, 1815.

C. radicans(rooting).*fl.bright yellow, several in small cyme. April, May.l.reniform-cordate, sharply crenate-serrate, spreading.h.6in. Scotland. (Sy. En. B. 41.)

CALTROPS.SeeTribulus.

CALTROPS, WATER.SeeTrapa natans.

CALUMBA, FALSE.SeeCoscinium fenestratum.

CALUMBA ROOT.SeeJateorrhiza Calumba.

CALUMBA WOOD.SeeCoscinium fenestratum.

CALYCANTHACEÆ.A natural order of shrubs, with square stems, having four woody axes surrounding the central one. Flowers solitary, lurid; calyx of numerous coloured sepals compounded with the petals. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipulate. The two genera known areCalycanthusandChimonanthus.

CALYCANTHUS(fromkalyx,kalykos, a calyx, andanthos, a flower; in reference to the calyx being coloured, and appearing like a corolla). Allspice. ORD.Calycanthaceæ. A genus of hardy, deciduous, North American shrubs. Flowers lurid purple, axillary, and terminal, stalked, sweet-scented; stamens numerous. Leaves opposite, oval or ovate-lanceolate, entire, generally rough on the surface; sweet-scented. All are handsome and well worth growing. They thrive best in a peaty compost, but grow freely in almost any soil. Increased by layers, put down in the summer; or by seed, sown as soon as ripe, or in spring, in a cold frame.

C. floridus(Floridan).* Carolina Allspice.fl.with a sweet apple scent. May.l.ovate, downy beneath, as well as the branchlets. Branches spreading. Wood and roots smelling strongly of camphor.h.4ft. to 6ft. Carolina, 1726. See Fig. 332. (B. M. 503.) There are several varieties of this species.

FIG. 332. FLOWERINGBRANCHOFCALYCANTHUSFLORIDUS.

C. glaucus(glaucous).*fl.lurid purple, not strongly scented. May.l.ovate-lanceolate, acuminated, glaucous and pubescent beneath.h.4ft. to 6ft. Carolina, 1726. SYN.C. fertilis. (B. R. 404.)C. oblongifoliusis a variety with ovate-lanceolate elongated leaves.

FIG. 333. FLOWERINGBRANCHOFCALYCANTHUSLÆVIGATUS.

C. lævigatus(smooth-leaved).*fl.lurid purple. May.l.oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, bright green, and glabrous, or nearly so, on both sides, or rather pale beneath. Branches strictly erect.h.3ft. to 6ft. Mountains of Pennsylvania, &c., 1806. See Fig. 333. (B. R. 481.)C. macrophyllus(large-leaved). A garden synonym ofC. occidentalis.C. occidentalis(Western).*fl.brick-red, sweet-scented, 3in. to 4in. across, each petal about 2in. long and ½in. broad. June to October.l.oblong or ovate-cordate, acuminate, slightly pubescent on the veins only beneath.h.6ft. to 12ft. California, 1831. In California, this is called the Sweet-scented Shrub. SYN.C. macrophyllus, of gardens. (B. M. 4808.)

C. macrophyllus(large-leaved). A garden synonym ofC. occidentalis.

C. occidentalis(Western).*fl.brick-red, sweet-scented, 3in. to 4in. across, each petal about 2in. long and ½in. broad. June to October.l.oblong or ovate-cordate, acuminate, slightly pubescent on the veins only beneath.h.6ft. to 12ft. California, 1831. In California, this is called the Sweet-scented Shrub. SYN.C. macrophyllus, of gardens. (B. M. 4808.)

CALYCIFLORÆ.A sub-division of dicotyledonous plants, having the stamens inserted on the calyx or disk.

CALYCIFORM.Formed like a calyx.

CALYCINE.Of, or belonging to, the calyx.

CALYCOPHYLLUM(fromkalyx, a calyx, andphyllon, a leaf; in allusion to one of the teeth of the calyx being expanded into a large petiolate coloured leaf). ORD.Rubiaceæ. Stove evergreen shrubs, requiring a compost of loam, peat, and a little sand and charcoal. Cuttings of half ripe shoots will root in sand if placed under a bell glass, in bottom heat.

C. candidissimum(whitest).*fl., corolla white, campanulate, with a bearded throat, three together, the middle one bearing a petiolate leaf, but the two lateral ones naked; corymbs terminal.l.ovate, bluntly acuminated, 2in. to 3in. long.h.30ft. Cuba, 1830.

CALYCOTOME(fromkalyx,kalykos, calyx, andtome, a section; lips of calyx fall off). ORD.Leguminosæ. A small genus of hardy, divaricately-branched, spiny shrubs, formerly included as a section ofCytisus. Flowers yellow, disposed in short branched leafy fasicles. For culture,seeCytisus.

C. spinosa(spiny).fl.yellow. June and July.l., leaflets obovate-oblong. Branches angular, spiny.h.5ft. to 6ft. Genoa, Corsica, &c., 1846. (B. R. 55.)

CALYCULATE.Having bracts so placed as to resemble an external or additional calyx.

CALYMMODON.SeePolypodium.

CALYPSO(from the beautiful nymph,Calypso, or from Greekkalypto, to conceal; in reference to its place of growth). ORD.Orchideæ. An elegant terrestrial monotypic genus. It thrives well in half-shady spots on the margins of a rock garden or artificial bog, in a light, moist, vegetable soil, composed of peat, leaf soil, and sand, mulched with cocoa-nut fibre refuse in winter. Propagated by offsets.

C. borealis(Northern).*fl.solitary, delicate rose and brown, with a yellow crest on the lip; labellum longer than the sepals, the lateral lobes cohering in their upper part over the saccate central one, which is usually bifid at the tip, resembling those of a Cypripedium. Summer.l.solitary, thin, many-nerved, ovate or cordate. Stems usually thickening into pseudo-bulbs.h.1ft. High latitudes of Northern hemisphere, 1820. (B. M. 2763.)

CALYPTRA.Literally an extinguisher; applied to the hood which covers the theca in mosses.

CALYPTRANTHES(fromkalyptra, a covering, andanthos, a flower; in allusion to the operculum of the flower). ORD.Myrtaceæ. Strong-growing stove evergreen shrubs or small trees. Peduncles axillary, many-flowered. Leaves feather-veined. They are of easy culture, in a compost of loam and peat, and may be propagated by layers, or by cuttings, placed in heat.

C. Chytraculia(Chytraculia).fl.white, small, glomerate; peduncles axillary and terminal, trichotomous, panicled, and are, as well as the flowers, clothed with rufous velvety down. March.l.ovate, attenuated at the apex, stiffish, glabrous.h.10ft. Jamaica, 1778. (N. S. 1, 26.)C. Syzygium(Syzygium).fl.white, on short pedicels; peduncles axillary, trichotomous, many-flowered. May to July.l.ovate, obtuse, stiff.h.10ft. to 12ft. Jamaica, 1779.

C. Syzygium(Syzygium).fl.white, on short pedicels; peduncles axillary, trichotomous, many-flowered. May to July.l.ovate, obtuse, stiff.h.10ft. to 12ft. Jamaica, 1779.

CALYPTRARIA.SeeCentronia.

CALYPTRATE.Resembling an extinguisher.

CALYPTRIFORM.Shaped like an extinguisher.

CALYPTRION.SeeCorynostylis.

CALYPTROCALYX(fromkalyptra, an extinguisher, andkalyx, a calyx, in allusion to the form of the outer perianth segments). ORD.Palmeæ. A monotypic genus of stove palms. For culture,seeCalamus.

C. spicatus(spiked).fl., spadices elongated, spicate, leafy at base; spathe opening longitudinally.l.terminal, pinnatisect; segments reduplicate, linear, acuminate, bifid at the apex; petiole fibrous at the base. Caudex finally smooth.h.12ft. Moluccas. SYNS.ArecaandPinanga globosa.

CALYPTROGYNE(fromkalyptra, an extinguisher, andgyne, a woman—pistil—in allusion to the form of the pistil). IncludingCalyptronoma. ORD.Palmeæ. A small genus comprising five species of handsome stove palms, allied toGeonoma(whichseefor cultivation).

C. Ghiesbreghtiana(Ghiesbreght's).fl., peduncles erect, overtopping the leaves, bearing a single cylindrical, undivided spadix, 9in. to 12in. in length.l.pinnate, 2ft. to 5ft. long; pinnæ opposite or alternate, sessile, of unequal breadth, the narrower ones one to two-nerved, the broader ones six to ten-nerved, usually from six to twelve on each side of the rachis; the intervals between the pinnæ vary from 1in. to 2in.; petiole broadly sheathing at the base, from a few inches to 1½ft. long. Stem short or absent. Mexico. A very elegant dwarf-growing species. SYNS.Geonoma Ghiesbreghtiana,G. magnificaandG. Verschaffeltii. (B. M. 5782.)C. spicigera(ear-bearing).l.irregularly pinnate, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. broad, deeply bifid at apex, rich bright green; petioles short, sheathing at the base, flat on the upper side, rounded below. Stems stout.h.5ft. Guatemala. A very elegant species.C. Swartzii(Swartz's).l.equally pinnatisect; pinnæ deeply reduplicate at the base, bifid at the top. Trunk smooth.h.50ft. to 60ft. Jamaica, 1878. A handsome plant when young, and useful for general decorative purposes. SYN.Calyptronoma Swartzii.

C. spicigera(ear-bearing).l.irregularly pinnate, 2ft. to 3ft. long, 1ft. broad, deeply bifid at apex, rich bright green; petioles short, sheathing at the base, flat on the upper side, rounded below. Stems stout.h.5ft. Guatemala. A very elegant species.

C. Swartzii(Swartz's).l.equally pinnatisect; pinnæ deeply reduplicate at the base, bifid at the top. Trunk smooth.h.50ft. to 60ft. Jamaica, 1878. A handsome plant when young, and useful for general decorative purposes. SYN.Calyptronoma Swartzii.

CALYPTRONOMA SWARTZII.SeeCalyptrogyne Swartzii.

CALYSTEGIA(fromkalyx, a calyx, andstege, a covering; in reference to the two large persistent bracts enclosing the calyx). Bearbind. ORD.Convolvulaceæ. Hardy, glabrous, twining or prostrate herbs. Peduncles solitary, one-flowered; corolla campanulate, five-plicate. All the species are of easy cultivation in common garden soil. Propagation may be effected by dividing the plants; or by seeds, sown in spring.

C. dahurica(Dahurian).*fl., corolla of a rosy-purple; sepals lanceolate, acute, the two outer ones broadest; peduncles tetragonal, tomentose; bracts broad-ovate, acute, longer than the calyx. July.l.glabrous or hairy, oblong-cordate, having the margins and nerves on the under side tomentose. Dahuria, 1826. (B. M. 2609.)C. inflata(inflated). Synonymous withC. sepium incarnata.

C. inflata(inflated). Synonymous withC. sepium incarnata.

FIG.334. FLOWERINGBRANCH OFCALYSTEGIA PUBESCENS FLORE-PLENO.

C. pubescens flore-pleno(downy, double-flowered).*fl.2in. to 3in. across; petals long, narrow, wavy, and reflexed, flesh-colour, but ultimately bright rose; pedicels 2½in. to 3½in. long. Summer and autumn.l.alternate, hastate, downy. China, 1844. See Fig. 334.C. sepium(hedge). Common Bindweed.fl.white, sometimes tinged with red; peduncles tetragonal, exceeding the petioles; bracts cordate, keeled, acute, longer than the calyx, but one-half shorter than the corolla. Summer.l.sagittate or cordate, very acute; hind lobes obtuse, or truncate, entire. Britain. A very troublesome weed. (Sy. En. B. 924.) There is a variety namedincarnata, with rose-coloured flowers. North America. SYN.C. inflata. (B. M. 732.)C. Soldanella(Soldanella-like).* Sea Bells.fl.pale red, with five longitudinal, yellowish plaits, large; peduncles angular, angles winged; bracts large, ovate, blunt, mucronate, generally shorter than the calyx. June.l.rather fleshy, reniform, entire or a little angular. Sea-shores, Britain. This pretty species can only be grown with success in a very sandy soil. (Sy. En. B. 925.)

C. sepium(hedge). Common Bindweed.fl.white, sometimes tinged with red; peduncles tetragonal, exceeding the petioles; bracts cordate, keeled, acute, longer than the calyx, but one-half shorter than the corolla. Summer.l.sagittate or cordate, very acute; hind lobes obtuse, or truncate, entire. Britain. A very troublesome weed. (Sy. En. B. 924.) There is a variety namedincarnata, with rose-coloured flowers. North America. SYN.C. inflata. (B. M. 732.)

C. Soldanella(Soldanella-like).* Sea Bells.fl.pale red, with five longitudinal, yellowish plaits, large; peduncles angular, angles winged; bracts large, ovate, blunt, mucronate, generally shorter than the calyx. June.l.rather fleshy, reniform, entire or a little angular. Sea-shores, Britain. This pretty species can only be grown with success in a very sandy soil. (Sy. En. B. 925.)

CALYTHRIX(fromkalyx, a calyx, andthrix, a hair; in reference to the lobes of the calyx, which each end in a long hair). ORD.Myrtaceæ. A genus of very pretty and interesting greenhouse Heath-like shrubs, natives of Australia. Flowers small; bracteoles two under each flower; they are either free or joined together at the base, sometimes in the form of an operculum. Leaves scattered, crowded, opposite, full of dots, axillary, solitary, almost sessile. They grow well in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, with good drainage and firm potting. Cuttings, made from young shoots, will root in April or May, if placed in sand, under a bell glass, in a cool house.

C. ericoides(Heath-like). A synonym ofC. tetragona.C. glabra(glabrous). A synonym ofC. tetragona.C. tetragona(tetragonal).*fl.white; bracts one-half shorter than the tube of the calyx.l.scattered, petiolate, glabrous; stipules deciduous.h.2ft. 1825. SYNS.C. ericoides,C. glabra. (B. R. 409.)C. angulata,aurea, andbrevisetaare other species which have been introduced, but are not worth house room when that described above is grown.

C. ericoides(Heath-like). A synonym ofC. tetragona.

C. glabra(glabrous). A synonym ofC. tetragona.

C. tetragona(tetragonal).*fl.white; bracts one-half shorter than the tube of the calyx.l.scattered, petiolate, glabrous; stipules deciduous.h.2ft. 1825. SYNS.C. ericoides,C. glabra. (B. R. 409.)

C. angulata,aurea, andbrevisetaare other species which have been introduced, but are not worth house room when that described above is grown.

CALYX.The external whorl of floral leaves.

CAMARIDIUM(fromkamara, an arched roof; in reference to the arched tip of the stigma). ORD.Orchideæ. A pretty stove orchid, allied toCymbidium. It thrives best if grown in a shallow basket, or raised above the surface of the pots with sphagnum and broken pots.

C. ochroleucum(yellowish-white).*fl.yellowish-white. July.l.ligulate. Pseudo-bulbs oblong, compressed, smooth.h.1ft. Trinidad, 1823. SYN.Cymbidium ochroleucum. (B. M. 4141.)

CAMAROTIS.SeeSarcochilus.

FIG. 335. CAMASSIAESCULENTA.

CAMASSIA(fromQuamash, so called by the North American Indians, who eat the bulbs). SYN.Sitocodium. ORD.Liliaceæ. A small genus (two species) of handsome bulbous plants. Perianth of six segments, slightly connected at base, and spreading out horizontally, but not equally.Leaves narrow, about 1ft. long, grooved down the inside. They thrive best in a sheltered, partially-shaded situation, but will do fairly well in almost any ordinary good garden soil. A compost of loam and leaf mould, with a liberal mixture of sharp sand, suits them best. They need not be disturbed for several years; but a top-dressing of rich soil or well-rotted manure may be given yearly. Propagated by offsets and seeds. The plants are so hardy that they ripen seeds in warm situations. These may be sown as soon as ripe, or the following spring, either in a warm situation out of doors, or in pots or boxes, under glass. The young plants make rapid progress, and should remain for at least two years in the seed beds. The best time for final transplanting is in February. Offsets are produced very freely, and should be removed either when in a dormant condition, or just previously to starting into fresh growth, and arranged in clumps or lines, placing a little sand about them.

C. esculenta(edible).* Camash or Quamash.fl.blue, about 2in. across; racemes loose, ten to twenty-flowered, borne on stout scapes; perianth six-cleft, the five upper segments close together, the sixth standing by itself. Summer.l.linear, about 1ft. high. Columbia, &c., 1837. The colour of the flowers varies from a deep blue to nearly white. See Fig. 335. (B. R. 1486.) The white-flowered form is figured in B. M. 2774, under the name ofScilla esculenta flore albo.C. e. Leichtlini(Leichtlin's).*fl.creamy-white, larger than those of the type, with more numerous nerves in the keel of the segments of the perianth; racemes longer, and sometimes compound. Spring.h.2ft. Columbia, 1853. This also differs from the type in its more robust habit and broader leaves. SYN.Chlorogalum Leichtlini. (B. M. 6287.)C. Fraseri(Fraser's).*fl.pale blue, smaller than those ofC. esculenta; pedicels and scape much more slender.l.narrow, acute; capsule more acutely angled.h.1ft. Eastern States of North America. A smaller and more slender plant. (B. M. 1574, asScilla esculenta.)

C. e. Leichtlini(Leichtlin's).*fl.creamy-white, larger than those of the type, with more numerous nerves in the keel of the segments of the perianth; racemes longer, and sometimes compound. Spring.h.2ft. Columbia, 1853. This also differs from the type in its more robust habit and broader leaves. SYN.Chlorogalum Leichtlini. (B. M. 6287.)

C. Fraseri(Fraser's).*fl.pale blue, smaller than those ofC. esculenta; pedicels and scape much more slender.l.narrow, acute; capsule more acutely angled.h.1ft. Eastern States of North America. A smaller and more slender plant. (B. M. 1574, asScilla esculenta.)

CAMBESSEDESIA(named after James Cambessedes, coadjutor of Auguste St. Hilaire, in his "Flora Brasiliæ Meridionalis," and author of several botanical memoirs). ORD.Melastomaceæ. A genus of elegant, erect, or ascending, dichotomously branched stove shrubs or herbaceous plants. Flowers terminal and axillary, in paniculate cymes; petals five, obovate; calyx bell-shaped. Leaves sessile, opposite or verticillate, obovate, oblong or linear. They thrive best in a compost of peat and sand. Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, which root freely in a similar mixture, if placed in heat and under a hand glass. There are about eight species known to science, but probably that mentioned below is the only one in cultivation.

C. paraguayensis(Paraguay).fl.rose-red, ⅔in. in diameter, in terminal corymbose, glandular, hairy panicles. July.l.nearly 1in. long, sessile, ovate, acute, three-nerved, pale green, with entire ciliate margins. Stem annual, herbaceous, leafy.h.10in. to 18in. 1880. (B. M. 6604.)

CAMBIUM.The formative fluid found between the bark and wood of Exogens, in spring.

CAMBUY FRUIT.SeeEugenia.

CAMELLIA(named in honour of George Joseph Camellus or Kamel, a Moravian Jesuit and traveller in Asia, who wrote a history of the plants of the Isle of Luzon, which is inserted in the third vol. of John Ray's "Historia Plantarum"). Japanese Rose. IncludingThea.ORD.Ternstrœmiaceæ. A genus of elegant hardy or nearly hardy evergreen shrubs or trees. Flowers large; sepals five or six, gradually passing from bracts into petals, the latter slightly cohering at the base; stamens numerous. Leaves coriaceous. By close attention to a few particulars in the management of these beautiful plants, much disappointment may be avoided, and a succession of flowers obtained from October till the following July. The fact of the buds frequently dropping off, deters many would-be growers from attempting the culture of the Camellia. Dryness of the atmosphere, and want of water at the roots, are generally the primary causes of failure; the remedy for these evils rests with the cultivator. The roots are apt to get matted together, compressing the earth around them into a hard ball, impervious to water; hence attention is necessary to see that the water poured into the pot thoroughly moistens all the soil. In order to form handsome plants, they should be trained with single stems to rods, and pruned, so as to make them throw out side branches from every part of the stem; they must not be placed too close to each other on the stage, or when planted out. A liberal supply of water is always necessary, but especially so during the flowering period. Plants that are required to flower early may remain in the warm house till they commence to blossom, when they should be removed to a cold place, such as the back of a greenhouse, giving them plenty of light. Those kept in a hothouse or vinery during summer, will flower in the beginning or middle of October; and a large plant, having from fifty to one hundred buds, will continue in flower till the month of January. Those that are removed early, will blossom in January, and so succeed the others. The plants that have finished flowering should be brought back to the hothouse, where they will begin to make new wood, and be ready to come in succession next season. By thus shifting the plants from a warm to a cold situation, a regular succession will be secured from October to July. The soil should be kept constantly moist, and in the summer months the leaves occasionally syringed. Camellias flower best when kept in small pots or tubs. In order to raise and exhibit these handsome plants to the best advantage, they should be grown in a separate house, of ample height, as they never look so well as when 6ft. or 8ft. high, trained in a conical form, with branches from the root upwards; and the plants should be raised near to the glass on a movable stage, which should be lowered as they grow. In summer, they may either be placed in the open air in a sheltered spot, or the glass roof of the house can be taken off. The hardier sorts, such as the Double-red, Blush, and Pæony-flowered, succeed in the bed or border of a conservatory, if the roof can be taken off in summer, so as to admit air. If this cannot be managed, they are better grown in portable pots or boxes. The most suitable time for shifting Camellias is directly after flowering; they should then be put into a vinery or hothouse, where there is a little heat; or the warmest part of a greenhouse. They will soon begin to make new wood, where they should be allowed to remain, amply supplied with water, till they form their flower buds, at the extremity and sides of the young growth. A few should then be removed to a cold place, and shaded during strong sunshine. In a few weeks afterwards, others may also be transferred, so as to have a regular succession of flowering plants.

Propagation.The red Camellias are generally propagated by layers, but cuttings will also succeed; the single red Camellia being raised by either cuttings, layers, or seeds. This latter forms suitable stocks on which to inarch or graft the rarer kinds. The ripened shoots of the preceding summer should be taken off in August, cutting them smoothly at a joint or bud. Two or three of the lower leaves should be taken off, and the cuttings planted firmly in the soil with a dibble. Some growers use peat earth and sand to strike in, while others prefer a loam mixed with sand and peat. The pans containing the cuttings should be kept in a plant or cold frame, without being covered with glasses, but shaded during powerful sunshine. In the following spring, such as have struck will begin to push, when they need to be placed in a gentle heat. The following September or October, the rooted plants will be fit to pot off, and in the second or third spring they may be used as stocks. Inarching or grafting is done in early spring, as soon as growth commences. When this process is completed, care must be taken to fix the pot containing the stock so that it may not be disturbed during the connection of the scion with the parent plant. The grafting being clayed over, is then covered with moss, to prevent its cracking. When independent grafting is resorted to, themode called "side grafting" is generally employed, as in the case of Orange-trees; but the operation of tongueing is generally omitted, as tending to weaken the stock. Liquid or other manure is not required; nor is it desirable to apply it, as it often, sooner or later, causes the destruction of the plants. As a rule, insects do not trouble this class of plants; but scale will sometimes appear, and can easily be removed by hand. Thrips occasionally put in an appearance, but a little smoke will quickly get rid of them.

C. euryoides(Eurya-like).fl.white; peduncles lateral, one-flowered, scaly. May to July.l.ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrated, silky beneath. Branches hairy.h.4ft. China, 1822. (B. R. 983.)

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