Chapter 15

Bothe he was scars, andchinche.The Sevyn Sages, 1244.So in Chauc. Rom. Rose, 5998, and Gower,Conf. Am.109 b.Chiste,n.S. Lat. chest, 222.Kiste, 2018.Kist, Yorksh. and Sc.; V. Jam. and Lynds. Gl.Citte,pa. t.S. cut, 942.Kit, Web. M. R.Kyt, Syr Eglam. B. iv.Kette, Syr Bevys, C. iii. So Chauc. C. T. 6304.Claddes,pa. t. 2 p.S. claddest, 2907.Clapte,pa. t.S. struck, 1814, 1821.Clare,n.Fr. spiced wine, 1728.SeeClaretinPrompt. Parv.Clef,pa. t.S. cleft, 2643, 2730.Cleue,n.S. dwelling, 557, 596. A.S.cleofa.Cleuen,v.S. to cleave, cut, 917.Clothe, Clothen,v.S. to clothe, 1138, 1233. In l. 1233, Garnett suggests thatcloþenmay be anom. pl.= clothes. If so,delethe comma after it.Clutes,n. pl.S. clouts, shreds of cloth, 547.Clottys, Huntyng of the hare, 92. Cf. Chauc. C. T. 9827, andClutin Bosworth.Clyueden,pa. t. pl.S. cleaved, fastened, 1300.Cok,n.Lat. cook, 967.Kok, 903, 921, 2898.Cokes,Kokes,g. c.cook’s, 1123, 1146.Comen, Comes, Cometh.SeeKomen.Cone.SeeCanst.Conestable,n.Fr. constable, 2286.Conestables,pl.2366.Conseyl,n.Fr. counsel, 2862.Copes.SeeKope.Corporaus,n.Fr. Lat. the fine linen wherein the sacrament is put, 188; Cotgr. V. Du Cange, and Jam. in v.Corperale.After the relics they send;Thecorporas, and the mass-gear,On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear,With wordes free and hend.Guy of Warw.ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77.Corune,n.Lat. crown, 1319, 2944.Coruning,n.Lat. coronation, 2948.Cote,n.S. cot, cottage, 737, 1141.Couel,n.coat, garment, 768, 858, 1144.Cuuel, 2904.Kouel, 964. The word is connected with A.S.cufle,cugele, a cowl.Couere,v.Fr. to recover, 2040.And prayde to Marie bryght,Keverehym of hys care.Ly Beaus Desc.1983.Hyt woldecovyrme of my care.Erl of Tol.381.Coupe,v.buy, buy dearly, get in exchange, 1800. Icel.kaupa.Couth.SeeQuath.Couþe,pa. t.of Conne,v. aux.S. knew, was able, could, 93, 112, 194, 750, 772.Kouþen,pl.369.More hecoutheof veneri,ThancoutheManerious.Sir Tristr.p. 24.SeeCanst.Crake, Crakede.SeeKraken.Crauede,pa. t.S. craved, asked, 633.Crice,n.explained to meanrima podicisin Coleridge’s Glossarial Index, 2450. Cf. A.S.crecca. Icel.kryki, a corner. In Barb. x. 602,crykesis used forangles, corners.SeeKrike.Crist,n.Lat. Gr. Christ, 16, &c.Cristes,g. c.153.Kristes, 2797.Croiz,n.Fr. Lat. cross, 1263, 1268, 1358, &c.Croice, Sir Tr. p. 115.Croud,part. pa.crowded, oppressed (?) 2338. K. Alisaund, 609. Cf. A.S.crydan, p. p.gecróden.Croun, Croune,n.Fr. crown, head, 568, 902, 2657.Crune, 1814, 2734.FykenildescrowneHe fel ther doune.K. Horn, 1509.Cf. K. of Tars, 631; Le bone Flor. 92, and Erle of Tol. 72.Cruhsse.SeeTo-cruhsse.Crus, brisk, nimble, 1966. It is the Sw.krus, excitable, Sc.crouse. SeeCrousein Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.Cunnriche,n.S. kingdom, 2318.Kinneriche, 976.Kuneriche, 2400.Kunerike, 2804.Kunrik, 2143. In the last instance it meansa mark of royalty, or monarchy. Web.Kyngriche,Kynryche.Curt,n.Fr. court, 1685.Curteys, Curteyse,adj.Fr. courteous, 2875, 2916.Cuuel.SeeCouel.DDam,n.2468, here used in a reproachful sense, but apparently from the same root as the Fr.Dam,Damp,Dan, andDon, i.e. fromDominus.Dame,n.Fr. Lat. mistress, lady, 558, 1717. V. Gl. Chauc.Danshe,n. pl.Danish men, 2689, 2945, &c.SeeDenshe.Datheit,interj.296, 300, 926, 1125, 1887, 1914, 2047, 2447, 2511.Datheyt, 1799, 1995, 2604, 2757. An interjection or imprecation, derived from the Fr.Deshait,dehait,dehet, explained by Barbazan and Roquefort,affliction,malheur; [from the O.F.hait, pleasure]. It may be considered equivalent to Cursed! Ill betide! In the old Fabliaux it is used often in this sense:Fils à putain, fet-il, lechiere,Vo jouglerie m’est trop chiere,Dehaitqui vous i aporta,Par mon chief il le comparra.De S. Pierre et du Jougleor, 381.The term was very early engrafted on the Saxon phraseology. Thus in theDisputation of Ane Hule and a Niȝtingale, l. 99.Dahethabbe that ilke best,That fuleth his owe nest!It occurs also frequently in the Old English Romances.SeeSir Tristr. pp. 111, 191; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, p. 290; Amis and Amil. 1569; Sevyn Sages, 2395; R. Brunne, where it is printed by HearneDayet. To this word, in all probability, we are indebted for the modern imprecation ofDase you!Dise you!Dash you!still preserved in many counties, and in Scotland. V. Jam. Suppl. v.Dash you.Dawes,n. pl.S. days, 27, 2344, 2950.Dayes, 2353.Ded, Dede,n.S. death, 149, 167, 332, 1687, 2719, &c.Ded,part. pa.S. dead, 2007.Dede,n.S. deed, action, 1356.Dede, Deden, Dedes.SeeDo.Deide.SeeDeye.Del,n.S. deal, part, 218, 818, 1070, &c. Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.Deil, Sc. V. Jam.Deled,part. pa.S. distributed, 1736.SeeTo-deyle.Demen,v.S. to judge, pass judgment, 2467.Deme,Demen,pr. t. pl.judge, 2476, 2812.Demden,pa. t. pl.judged, 2820, 2833.Demd,part. pa.judged, 2488, 2765, 2838.Denshe,adj.Danish, 1403, 2575, 2693.SeeDanshe.Deplike,adj.S. deeply, 1417. Synonymous withGrundlike, q.v.Dere,n.S. dearth, scarcity, 824, 841. R. GL. p. 416.Dere,adv.S. dearly, 1637, 1638.Dere,v.S. to harm, injure, 490, 574, 806, 2310.Dereth,pr. t.injures, 648. K. Horn, 148; R. Br. p. 107; K. of Tars, 192; Chauc.Deir, Sc. Doug. Virg. 413, 52; Lynds. Gl.Dere,adj.S. dear, 1637, 2170, &c.Deuel,n.S. devil, 446, 496, 1188.Deueles,g. c.devil’s, 1409.Deus. This is undoubtedly the vocative case of the Lat.Deus, used as an interjection, 1312, 1650, 1930, 2096, 2114. “Its use was the same in French as in English. Thus in King Horn:Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur,Ohi,Deus!fait il, ki es uerrai creatur,Par ki deuise, &c.Harl.MS. 527, f. 66 b. c. 2.It was probably introduced into the English language by the Normans, and its pronunciation remained the same as in the French.And gradde ‘as armes,’ forDouceMahons!K. Alisaunder, 3674.It is curious to remark, that we have here the evident and simple etymology of the modern exclamationDeuce!for the derivation of which even the best and latest Lexicographers have sent us to theDusiiof St Augustine, theDuesof the Gothic nations,Diisof the Persians,Teusof the Armoricans, &c. Thomson very justly adds, that all these words, ‘seem, like dæmon, to have been once used in a good sense,’ and in fact are probably all corruptions of the same root. Cf. R. Brunne, p. 254, and Gl. in v.Deus. For the first suggestion of this derivation the Editor is indebted to Mr Will. Nicol.” —M.Deye,v.S. to die, 840.Deide,pa. t. pl.died, 402.Dide, Diden, Dides.SeeDo.Dike,n.S. ditch, 2435.Dikes,pl.1923. N.E. and Sc., V. Jam. and Brockett.Dine,n.S. din, noise, 1860, 1868.Dinge,v.S. to strike, scourge, beat, 215, 2329.Dong,pa. t.struck, 1147.Dungen,part. pa.beaten, or scourged, 227. Sc. and N.E.SeeJam. Gl., Lynds., and Ray.Dint,n.S. blow, stroke, 1807, 1817, 1969, &c.Dent, Sir Tr. p. 92; Chauc.Dynt, R. Br.Dintes,pl.1437, 1862, 2665.Duntes, K. Horn, 865.Dentys, Rits. M. R.Dyntes, R. Gl.Dintes, Minot, p. 23; V. Gl. Lynds.Do, Don,v.S. The various uses of this verb in English and Scotch, in an auxiliary, active, and passive sense, have been pointed out by Tyrwhitt, Essay on Vers. of Chauc. Note (37), Chalmers, Gl. Lynds. and Jamieson. It signifies: to do,facere, 117, 528, 1191; to cause,efficere, 611;do casten, 519;do hem fle, 2600, to put or place (used withinoron), 535, 577, &c.Dones on= don es on = do them on, put them on (seeEs), 970.Dos,pr. t. 2 p.dost, 2390.Dos,pr. t. 3 p.does, 1994, 2434, 2698.Doth,Don,pr. t. pl.do, 1838, 1840.Doth,imp.do, cause (ye), 2037.Dos,imp. pl.do ye, 2592.Dede,Dide,pa. t.caused, 658, 970, &c.Dede,Dide,pa. t.put, placed, 659, 709, 859.Dedes,Dides,pa. t. 2 p.didest, 2393, 2903.Deden,Diden,pa. t. pl.caused, 242; did, performed, 953, 1176, 2306.Don,part. pa.caused, 1169.Don,part. pa.done, 667.Of liue haue do, 1805, have slain.Dom,n.S. doom, judgment, 2473, 2487, 2813, &c. Sir Tr. p. 127.Dore,n.S. door, 1788.Dore-tre,n.S. bar of the door, 1806.SeeTre.Douhter,n.S. daughter, 120, 2712.Douthe, 1079.Douther, 2867, 2914.Douhtres,pl.350, 2982.Douthres, 2979.Doutres, 717.Doun.SeeAdoun.Doutede,pa. t.Fr. feared, 708.Douthe,n.Fr. fear, 1331, 1377.Douthe,pa. t.of Dow,v. imp.S. [dugan, valere, prodesse] was worth, was sufficient, availed, 703, 833, 1184. It is formed in the same manner asMouthe, Might.SeeSir Tr. p. 77; Jam. and Gl. Lynds. in v. Dow.Drad.SeeDred.Drawe, Drawen.SeeDrou.Dred,imp.dread, fear (thou), 2168.Dredden,Dredde,pa. t. pl.dreaded, feared, 2289, 2568.Drad,part. pa.afraid, 1669.SeeAdrad.Drede,n.S. dread, 1169; doubt, anxiety, care, 828, 1664. Chauc.Dremede,pa. t.S. (used withme), dreamed, 1284, 1304.Dreinchen, Drenchen, Drinchen,v.S. to drown, 553, 561, 583, 1416, 1424, &c.Drenched,part. pa.drowned, 520, 669, 1368, 1379. V. Gl. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.Dreng,n.Seenote on l. 31.Drepen,v.S. to kill, slay, 1783, 1865, &c.Drepe, would slay, 506.Drop,pa. t.killed, slew, 2229. Bosworth givesdrepan, to slay. Cf. Sw.dräpa.Dreping,n.slaughter, 2684. Cf. A.S.drepe.Drinchen.SeeDreinchen.Drinken,v.S. to drink, 459, 800.Drinkes,n. pl.S. drinks, liquors, 1738.Drit,n.[Icel.drítr, Du.dreet] dirt, 682. A term expressing the highest contempt. K. Alisaund. 4718; Wickliffe. So, in an ancient metrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written about 1310,Thah he ȝeue hem cattesdrytto huere companage,Ȝet hym shulde arewen of the arrerage.MS. Harl. 2253, f. 125.Cf. Jam. Suppl. in v.Dryte, and Gl. Lynds.Driuende.SeeDrof.Drou,pa. t.S. drew, 705, 719, &c.Vt-drow,pa. t.out-drew, 2632.With-drow, withdrew, 498; (speltwit-drow), 502.Drawe,Drawen,part. pa.drawn, 1925, 2225, 2477, 2603, &c.Ut-drawe,Ut-drawen, out-drawn, 1802, 2631.SeeTo-Drawe.Drof,pa. t.S. drove, 725; hastened, 1793, 1872.Driuende,part. pr.driving, riding quickly, 2702.Drurye,n.Fr. courtship, gallantry, 195. Web., Rits. M. R., P. Plowm., Chauc., Lynds.Dubbe,v.Fr. S. to dub, create a knight, 2042.Dubbede,pa. t.dubbed, 2314.Dubban to ridere, Chron. Sax. An. 1085, [11086].To cnihte hine dubben, Laȝam. l. 22497. “Hickes, Hearne, Gl. R. Gl., and Tyrwhitt, Gl. Chauc., all refer the word to the Saxon root, which primarily signifiedto strike, the same as the Isl.at dubba. Todd on the contrary, Gl. Illustr. Chauc., thinks this questionable, and refers to Barbazan’s Gl. in v.Adouber, which is there derived from the Lat.adaptare. Du Cange and Dr Merrick give it also a Latin origin, fromAdoptare, and by corruptionAdobare.” —M. The etymology is discussed in Wedgwood, s.v.Dub.SeeNote on l. 2314.Duelle,v.S. to dwell, give attention, 4.A tale told Ysoude fre,Thaiduelle:Tristrem that herd he.Sir Tristr.p. 181.Cf. Sir Otuel, l. 3, and Sevyn Sages, 1.Dwellen, to dwell, remain, 1185; to delay, 1351.Dwellen,pr. t. pl.dwell, tarry, 1058.Dwelleden,pa. t. pl.dwelt, tarried, 1189.Dunten,pa. t. pl.S. struck, beat, 2448.Dwelling,n.delay, 1352Dun.SeeAdoun.Dungen.SeeDinge.Dursten,pa. t. pl.S. durst, 1866.EEie,n.S. eye, 2545.Heie, 1152.Eyne,pl.eyes, 680, 1273, 1364;eyen, 1340;eyn, 2171.Eir,n.Fr. Lat. heir, 410, 2539.Eyr, 110, 289, &c. Jam. gives it a Northern etymology, in v. Ayr.Ek,conj.S. [eac] eke, also, 1025, 1038, 1066, &c.Ok[Su.-G.och, Du.ook] 187, 200, 879, 1081, &c. V. Jam. in v. Ac.Eld,adj.S. old, 546.Helde, 2472.Heldeste, sup. 1396.Elde,n.S. age, 2713.Helde, 128, 174, 387, 1435.Ældehæfde heo na mareButen fihtene ȝere.Laȝam.l. 25913.R. Br. In Sc.Eild. It was subsequently restricted to the sense ofold age, as in Chauc.Elles,adv.S. else, 1192, 2590.Em, S. uncle, 1326. Sir Tr. p. 53. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, an uncle by the father’s side. It appears however to have been used indifferently either on the father’s or mother’s side.SeeHearne’s Gl. on R. Gl. and R. Br., Web., Erle of Tol. 988; Chauc. Troil. 2, 162, and Nares. Prov. Eng.Eam.Er,adv.S. before, 684.Her, 541.Are, Sir Tr. p. 152.Er, K. Horn, 130.SeeAre,Or.Er,conj.S. before, 317, 1261, 2680.Her, 229.Erl,n.S. earl, 189, &c.Erles,g. c.2898, earl’s.Herles, 883.Erldom, earldom, 2909.Ern,n.S. eagle, 572. Rits. M. R. Octovian, 196; R. Gl. p. 177; Will. of Palerne.Erþe,n.S. earth, 740; ground, 2657.Erþe,v.S. to dwell, 739. A.S.eardian.Es, a plural pronoun signifyingthem, as indon es on= put them on, 970. SeeGen. and Exod.ed. Morris, pref. p. xix.Et, a singular pronoun, equivalent toit, used inhauenet=hauen et, 2005;hauedet=haued et, 714.Ete, Eten,v.S. to eat, 791, 800, 911, &c.Hete,Heten, 146, 317, 457, 641.Et,imp.eat (thou), 925.Et,Het,pa. t.ate, 653, 656.Etes,fut. 2 p.thou shalt eat, 907.Eteth,fut. 3 p.shall eat, 672.Eten,part. pa.eaten, 657.Eþen,adv.S. hence, 690.Heþen, 683, 845, 1085, 2727.Eþer.SeeAyþer.Euere, Eure,adv.S. ever. 207, 424, 704, &c.Heuere, 17, 327, 830.Euereich,adj.S. every, 137.Euere il, 218, 1334, 1644.Euere ilc, 1330.Eueri, 1070, 1176, 1383.Eueril, 1764, 2318, &c.Euerilk, 2258, 2432.Euerilkon, every one, 1062, 1996, 2197.SeeIl.Euere-mar,adv.S. evermore, 1971.Eyen, Eyn, Eyne.SeeEie.Eyr.SeeEir.FFader,n.S. Lat. father, 1224, 1403, 1416. Sir Tr. p. 35; K. Horn, 114. The cognate words may be found in Jam.Faderles,adj.fatherless, 75.Fadmede,pa. t.S. fathomed, embraced, 1295. Fromfæthmian, Utraque manu extensa complecti, Cod. Exon., ed. Thorpe, p. 334. It has the same meaning in Sc. V. Jam.Falle,v.S. to fall, 39, &c.Falles,imp. pl.fall ye, 2302.Fel,pa. t.fell, appertained. 1815, 2359.Fellen,pa. t. pl.fell, 1303.Fals,adj.S. false, 2511.Falwes,n. pl.S. fallows, fields, 2509. Chauc. C. T. 6238, where Tyrwh. explains itharrowed lands.Fare,n.S. journey, 1337, 2621. R. Gl. p. 211; R. Br., Minot, p. 2 (left unexplained by Rits.); Barb. iv. 627.Schip-fare, a voyage, Sir Tr. p. 53.Faren,v.S. to go, 264.Fare, 1378, 1392, &c.Fare,pr. t. 2 p.farest, behavest, 2705.Fares,pr. t. 3 p.goes, flies, 2690.Ferde,pa. t.went, 447, 1678, &c.; behaved, 2411.For(went), 2382, 2943.Foren,pa. t. pl.went, 2380, 2618.Faste,adv.S. attentively, earnestly, 2148.Tristrem as a manFasthe gan to fight.Sir Tristr.p. 167.Bidde we ȝeorne Ihū Crist, and seint Albon welfaste,That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste.Vita S. Albani, MS. Laud. 108. f. 47 b.Fastinde,part. pr.S. fasting, 865.Fauth.SeeFyht.Fawen,adj.S. fain, glad, 2160.Fawe, K. of Tars, 1058; Octovian, 307; R. Gl. p. 150; Chauc. C. T. 5802.Fe,n.S. fee, possessions, or money, 386, 563, 1225, &c.SeeJam. and Lynds. Gl.Feble,adj.Fr. feeble, poor, scanty, 323.Feblelike,adv.feebly, scantily, 418.Febli, Sir Tr. p. 179, formeanly.Feden,v.S. to feed, 906.Feddes,pa. t. 2 p.feddest, 2907.Fel.SeeBifalle,Falle.Felawes,n. pl.S. fellows, companions, 1338.Feld,n.S. field, 2634, 2685, 1291.Felde, Felede.pa. t.S. felled, 67, 1859, 2694.Felden(? readhe ne fellen, they did not fall), 2698.Feld,part. pa.felled, 1824. Sir F. Madden writes— “in l. 2698, I prefer readingne felden, did not fell, governed bythat. In l. 67, Garnett suggestedfelede, pursued, from Swed.följade.”Fele,adj.S. many, often, 778, 1277, 1737, &c. Sir Tr. p. 19.Fele,adv.S. very, 2442.Fend,n.S. fiend, 506, 1411, 2229.Fer,adv.S. far. 359, 1863, 2275, &c.Ferne, far, 1864;pl. adj.foreign, 2031.Þa kingges buh stronge,And offerrenelond.Laȝam.l. 5528.Cf. Chauc. Prol. l. 14.Ferd,n.S. army, 2384, 2548, &c.Ferde, 2535. Laȝam., R. Gl., R. Br., Web.Ferdes, pl.2683.Ferde.SeeFare.Fere,n.S. companion, wife, 1214. Sir Tr. p. 157. K. Horn, Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc.Feir, Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.Ferlike,n.S. wonder, 1258.Ferlik, 1849. Sir Tr. p. 21. Originally in all probability anadj.Ferþe,adj.S. fourth, 1810.Feste,n.Fr. feast, 2344, &c.Feste,v.Fr. to feast, 2938.Festen,v.S. to fasten, 1785; (used passively) 82.Fest,pa. t.fastened, 144.Fet.SeeFot.Fete,v.S. to fetch, bring, 642, 912, 937, &c. Used passively, 316, 2037.Fetes,pr. t. s.fetch, 2341. V. Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p. 135.Fetere,v.S. to fetter, chain, 2758. Used passively.Feteres,n. pl.S. fetters, 82, 2759.Fey,n.Fr. faith, 255, 1666.Feyth, 2853.Fiht,n.S. fight, 2668, 2716.Fikel,adj.S. fickle, inconstant, 1210, 2799.File,n.vile, worthless person, 2499.Men seth ofte a muchefile,They he serue boten a wile,Bicomen swithe riche.Hending the hende, MS. Digb. 86.So in R. Br. p. 237.David at that while was with Edward the kyng,Ȝit auanced he thatfilevntille a faire thing.It is used forcowardby Minot, pp. 31, 36. Cf. Du.vuil, foul, malicious.Finden,v.S. to find, 1083.Finde, 220.Fynde, 42.Funden,pa. t. pl.found, 602.Funde,part. pa.found, 2376.Funden, 1427.Fir,n.S. fire, 585, 1162, &c.Fyr, 915.Firrene,adj.S. made of fir, 2078.Firron, Doug. Virg. 47. 34.Flaunes,n. pl.Fr. custards, or pancakes, 644.SeeWay’s note in Prompt. Parv.Fledden,pa. t. pl.S. fled, 2416.Flemen,v.S. to drive away, banish, 1160. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc., Rits. A. S. So in Sc. V. Jam.Flete,pres. subj.S. float, swim, 522. Sir Tr. p. 27; K. Horn, 159; Chauc.Fleit, Sc. V. Jam.Fleye,v.S. to fly, 1791, 1813, 1827, 2751.Fley,pa. t.flew, 1305.Flo,v.S. to flay, 612, 2495. K. Horn, 92.Flow,pa. t.flayed, 2502.Flowe,pa. t. pl.2433.Flok,n.S. flock, troop, 24.SeeTrome.Flote,n.S. boat, 738. A.S.flóta, a ship; Icel.floti, (1) a ship, (2) a fleet; cf. Laȝam. 4530.Flour,n.Fr. flower, 2917.Fnaste,v.S. to breathe, 548. Cf. A.S.Fnæstiað, the wind-pipe,Fnæstan, puffs of wind.Fnast= breath inOwl and Nightingale, l. 44.Fo,n.S. foe, 1363, 2849;pl.foos, 67.Fol,n.Fr. fool, 298.Foles, pl. 2100.Folc, Folk,n.S. men collectively, people, 89, 438, &c.Folwes,imp.S. follow ye, 1885, 2601.Fonge,v.S. to take, receive, 763;2 p. pres. subj.856. In common use from Laȝam. to Chauc. and much later.For,prep.S.For tois prefixed to the inf. of verbs in the same manner as the Fr.pour, or Sp.por. It is so used in all the old writers, and in the vulgar translation of the Scriptures, and is still preserved in the North of England. Cf. 17, &c.For= on account of, 1670. Sir Tr. p. 62.For, Foren.SeeFaren.Forbere,v.S. spare, abstain from, 352. Chauc. Rom. R. 4751.Forbar,pa. t.spared, abstained from, 764, 2623.Forfaren,v.S. to perish, 1380. R. Br.Forfard(p. p.) Ly Beaus Desc. 1484. The inf. is also used in Web., P. Plowm., Chauc. In Sc.Forfair. V. Compl. of Scotl. p. 100, and Gl. Lynds.Forgat,pa. t.S. forgot, 2636, &c.Foryat, 249.For-henge,v.to kill by hanging, 2724. Cf. Du.verhangen zich, to hang one’s self.Forlorn,part. pa.S. utterly lost, 770, 1424.Forloren, 580. R. Br., Rits. M. R., Chauc. Used actively, Sir Tr. p. 35.Forþi,adv.S. on this account, therefore, because, 1194, 1431, 2043, 2500, 2578. Sir Tr. p. 14, and in all the Gloss.Forthwar,adv.S. forthward; i.e. as we go on, 731.Forw,n.S. furrow, 1094.Forward,n.S. promise, word, covenant, 486.Forwarde, 554. Laȝam. l. 4790. Sir Tr. p. 13. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc.Fostred,part. pa.S. nourished, 1434, 2239.Fot,n.S.Euerilk fot, 2432, every foot, or man.Fet,pl.616, 1022, 1303, 2479.Fote, 1054, 1199.Fouhten.SeeFyht.Fourtenith,n.S. fortnight, 2284.Fremde,adj.(used as an.) S. stranger, 2277.Vor hine willeth sone uorgieteThofremdeand tho sibbe.MS. Digb. 4.Ther ne myhte libbeThefremedene the sibbe.K. Horn, 67.See also R. Gl. p. 346; Chron. of Eng. 92; P. Plowm., Chau., Jam. and Gl. Lynds.Freme,v.S. to perform, 441.Fri,adj.S. free, liberal, 1072. Chauc.Frie,v.to blame, 1998. Icel.fryja, to blame. Cf.freles, blameless.Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, A. 431.Fro,prep.S. from, 265, &c.Frusshe.SeeTo-frusshe.Ful,adv.S. very, much, completely, 6, 82, &c.Ful wo, 2589, much sorrow.Ful, Fule,adj.S. foul, 506, 555, 626, 965, &c.Foule, 1158.Fulike,adv.S. foully, shamefully, 2749.Fulde,part. pa.S. filled, complete, 355.Funde, Funden.SeeFinde.Fyht,v.S. to fight, 2361.Fauth,pa. t.fought, 1990.Fouhten,pa. t. pl.fought, 2661.Fyn,n.Fr. Lat. ending, 22. R. Br., Minot, Chauc., &c.GGa,v.S. to go.SeeOuer-ga.Gad,n.S. goad, 279.Gaddes,pl.1016. In Gl. Ælfr. among the instruments of husbandry occurGad, stimulus, andGadiron, aculeus. So inThe Fermeror and his Docter, printed by Laing:Quhen Symkin standis quhisling with ane quhip and anegaid,Priking and ȝarkand ane auld ox hide.V. Jam. in v.Gade, 4. and Nares.Gadred,part. pa.S. gathered, 2577.Gadeling,n.S. an idle vagabond, low man, 1121.Þa wes æuer alc cheorlAl swa bald alse an eorl,& alle þagadelingesAlse heo weoren sunen kinges.Laȝam.l. 12333.Cf. K. Alisaund. 1733, 4063.Gadlyng, Rob. of Cicyle, MS. Harl. 1701. R. Gl. p. 277, 310. Chauc. Rom. Rose, 938. The word originally meantVir generosus.SeeBeowulf, l. 5227.Gaf.SeeYeue.Galwe-tre,n.S. the gallows, 43, 335, 695. Le Bone Fl. 1726. Erle of Tol. 657.Galues,Galwes,Galewes, 687, 1161, 2477, 2508. R. Br., Chauc. Cf. Ihre Gl. Suiog. in v.galge, ab Isl.gayl, ramus arboris.Gamen,n.S. game, sport, 980, 1716, 2135, 2250, 2577; joy, 2935, 2963.Gamyn, Barb. iii. 465. V. Jam.Gan,pa. t.S. began, 2443. V. Jam.Gangen,v.S. to go, walk, 370, 845, &c.Gange, 796.Gongen, 855.Gonge, 1185, 1739, &c.Gonge,pr. t. 2 p.goest, 690, 843.Gangande,part. pr.on foot, walking, 2283. Wynt. V. Jam.Garte,pa. t.S. made, 189, 1857, &c.Gart, 1001, 1082.Gert, Sir Tr. p. 147. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.Gat, Gaten.SeeGeten.Gate,n.S. (1) way, road, 846, 889. Sir Tr. p. 27; (2) manner, fashion (seeþus-gate), 783, 2419, 2586.Genge,n.S. family, company, 786, 1735; retinue, 2353, 2362, 2383.þe king of þan londeMid mucheleregenge.Laȝam.l. 6156.HenceGang. V. Todd’s Johns.Gent,adj.Fr. neat, pretty, 2139. Sir Tr. p. 87, R. Br., Chauc.Gere.SeeMesse-gere.Gest,n.Fr. tale, adventure, 2984.SeeNote in Warton’s Hist. E. P., V.I.p. 69. Ed. 1840.Gete,v.to guard, watch, keep, 2762, 2960. Icel.gæta, to guard. Cf.Ormulum, 2079. [Suggested by Garnett.]Geten,v.S. to get, take, 792.Gete, 1393.Gat,pa. t.begot, got, 495, 730.Gaten,Geten,pa. t. pl.begot, 2893, 2934, 2978.Getes,f. t. 2 p.shalt get, 908.GhodforGood, 255.Gisarm,n.Fr. a bill, 2553.SeeGl. Rits. M. R., Spelm. in v., Jam. Dict., and Merrick’s Gl. in v.Gesa,Gesum. [“Distinguished from other weapons of the axe kind by a spike rising from the back. There were two kinds, viz. theglaive-gisarme, with a sabre-blade and spike; and thebill-gisarme, in shape of a hedging-bill with a spike.” Godwin’s Archæol. Handbook, p. 254.]Giue.SeeYeue.Giue,n.S. gift, 2880.Gyue, 357.Yeft, 2336.Giueled, piled up, 814. [The O.Fr.gavelémeans piled up, heaped together. Togavelcorn (seeHalliwell) is to put it into heaps, and agavelis a heap of corn. But this may very well be derived fromgable, since a heap takes the shape of a peaked end of a house; and the O.Fr. term is probably originally Teutonic, and connected, asgableis, with Mœso-Goth.gibla, a pinnacle, with which compare Germangiebel, Du.gevel, and hence our word would be taken from a verbgivelen, to pile up. The fish in Havelok’s basket would be what the Dutch callgevelvormig, or formed like a gable, or like the peaked end of astackof hay or corn, whence the author’s expression—giueled als a stac, piled up in the shape of a stack. Other explanations areflayed, from Du.villen, to flay; orfiled, ranged in rows upon a stick, wherestickis represented bystac. But the latter supposition would require the readingonrather thanals; not to mention the fact that if fish are carriedin a pannierthey would not resemble fish carriedon a stick. Nor is it quite satisfactory to say thatgiueledis put forgefilled, filled; for this is not elucidated by the expressionals a stac, any more than the explanationflayedis.Gableis Icel.gafl, Sw.gafvel, Dan.gavl, Du.gevel, Ger.giebel,gipfel, &c. Its forked shape seems to give rise to Ger.gabel, Sw.gaffel, a fork; respecting which set of words seeGaffin Wedgwood.]Gladlike,adv.S. gladly, 805, 906, 1760.Glede,n.S. a burning coal, 91, 869. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Chauc.SeeNote on l. 91.Gleiue, Gleyue, Fr. a spear, lance, 1770, 1844, 1981.Gleiues,Gleyues,pl.267, 1748, 1864. Dr Merrick explains it, “A weapon composed of a long cutting blade at the end of a staff.” See R. Gl. p. 203; Guy of Warw. R. iii.; Chauc. Court of Love, 544; Percy, A. R.Glem,n.S. gleam, ray, 2122.SeeStem.Gleu,n.S. game, skill, 2332. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, the joyous science of the minstrels. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 24, 35, 150.Gleymen,n. pl.S. gleemen, 2329.Glewemen, Sir Tr. p. 110.

Bothe he was scars, andchinche.

The Sevyn Sages, 1244.

So in Chauc. Rom. Rose, 5998, and Gower,Conf. Am.109 b.

Chiste,n.S. Lat. chest, 222.Kiste, 2018.Kist, Yorksh. and Sc.; V. Jam. and Lynds. Gl.

Citte,pa. t.S. cut, 942.Kit, Web. M. R.Kyt, Syr Eglam. B. iv.Kette, Syr Bevys, C. iii. So Chauc. C. T. 6304.

Claddes,pa. t. 2 p.S. claddest, 2907.

Clapte,pa. t.S. struck, 1814, 1821.

Clare,n.Fr. spiced wine, 1728.SeeClaretinPrompt. Parv.

Clef,pa. t.S. cleft, 2643, 2730.

Cleue,n.S. dwelling, 557, 596. A.S.cleofa.

Cleuen,v.S. to cleave, cut, 917.

Clothe, Clothen,v.S. to clothe, 1138, 1233. In l. 1233, Garnett suggests thatcloþenmay be anom. pl.= clothes. If so,delethe comma after it.

Clutes,n. pl.S. clouts, shreds of cloth, 547.Clottys, Huntyng of the hare, 92. Cf. Chauc. C. T. 9827, andClutin Bosworth.

Clyueden,pa. t. pl.S. cleaved, fastened, 1300.

Cok,n.Lat. cook, 967.Kok, 903, 921, 2898.Cokes,Kokes,g. c.cook’s, 1123, 1146.

Comen, Comes, Cometh.SeeKomen.

Cone.SeeCanst.

Conestable,n.Fr. constable, 2286.Conestables,pl.2366.

Conseyl,n.Fr. counsel, 2862.

Copes.SeeKope.

Corporaus,n.Fr. Lat. the fine linen wherein the sacrament is put, 188; Cotgr. V. Du Cange, and Jam. in v.Corperale.

After the relics they send;Thecorporas, and the mass-gear,On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear,With wordes free and hend.

After the relics they send;

Thecorporas, and the mass-gear,

On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear,

With wordes free and hend.

Guy of Warw.ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77.

Corune,n.Lat. crown, 1319, 2944.

Coruning,n.Lat. coronation, 2948.

Cote,n.S. cot, cottage, 737, 1141.

Couel,n.coat, garment, 768, 858, 1144.Cuuel, 2904.Kouel, 964. The word is connected with A.S.cufle,cugele, a cowl.

Couere,v.Fr. to recover, 2040.

And prayde to Marie bryght,Keverehym of hys care.

And prayde to Marie bryght,

Keverehym of hys care.

Ly Beaus Desc.1983.

Hyt woldecovyrme of my care.

Erl of Tol.381.

Coupe,v.buy, buy dearly, get in exchange, 1800. Icel.kaupa.

Couth.SeeQuath.

Couþe,pa. t.of Conne,v. aux.S. knew, was able, could, 93, 112, 194, 750, 772.Kouþen,pl.369.

More hecoutheof veneri,ThancoutheManerious.

More hecoutheof veneri,

ThancoutheManerious.

Sir Tristr.p. 24.

SeeCanst.

Crake, Crakede.SeeKraken.

Crauede,pa. t.S. craved, asked, 633.

Crice,n.explained to meanrima podicisin Coleridge’s Glossarial Index, 2450. Cf. A.S.crecca. Icel.kryki, a corner. In Barb. x. 602,crykesis used forangles, corners.SeeKrike.

Crist,n.Lat. Gr. Christ, 16, &c.Cristes,g. c.153.Kristes, 2797.

Croiz,n.Fr. Lat. cross, 1263, 1268, 1358, &c.Croice, Sir Tr. p. 115.

Croud,part. pa.crowded, oppressed (?) 2338. K. Alisaund, 609. Cf. A.S.crydan, p. p.gecróden.

Croun, Croune,n.Fr. crown, head, 568, 902, 2657.Crune, 1814, 2734.

FykenildescrowneHe fel ther doune.

Fykenildescrowne

He fel ther doune.

K. Horn, 1509.

Cf. K. of Tars, 631; Le bone Flor. 92, and Erle of Tol. 72.

Cruhsse.SeeTo-cruhsse.

Crus, brisk, nimble, 1966. It is the Sw.krus, excitable, Sc.crouse. SeeCrousein Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.

Cunnriche,n.S. kingdom, 2318.Kinneriche, 976.Kuneriche, 2400.Kunerike, 2804.Kunrik, 2143. In the last instance it meansa mark of royalty, or monarchy. Web.Kyngriche,Kynryche.

Curt,n.Fr. court, 1685.

Curteys, Curteyse,adj.Fr. courteous, 2875, 2916.

Cuuel.SeeCouel.

Dam,n.2468, here used in a reproachful sense, but apparently from the same root as the Fr.Dam,Damp,Dan, andDon, i.e. fromDominus.

Dame,n.Fr. Lat. mistress, lady, 558, 1717. V. Gl. Chauc.

Danshe,n. pl.Danish men, 2689, 2945, &c.SeeDenshe.

Datheit,interj.296, 300, 926, 1125, 1887, 1914, 2047, 2447, 2511.Datheyt, 1799, 1995, 2604, 2757. An interjection or imprecation, derived from the Fr.Deshait,dehait,dehet, explained by Barbazan and Roquefort,affliction,malheur; [from the O.F.hait, pleasure]. It may be considered equivalent to Cursed! Ill betide! In the old Fabliaux it is used often in this sense:

Fils à putain, fet-il, lechiere,Vo jouglerie m’est trop chiere,Dehaitqui vous i aporta,Par mon chief il le comparra.

Fils à putain, fet-il, lechiere,

Vo jouglerie m’est trop chiere,

Dehaitqui vous i aporta,

Par mon chief il le comparra.

De S. Pierre et du Jougleor, 381.

The term was very early engrafted on the Saxon phraseology. Thus in theDisputation of Ane Hule and a Niȝtingale, l. 99.

Dahethabbe that ilke best,That fuleth his owe nest!

Dahethabbe that ilke best,

That fuleth his owe nest!

It occurs also frequently in the Old English Romances.SeeSir Tristr. pp. 111, 191; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, p. 290; Amis and Amil. 1569; Sevyn Sages, 2395; R. Brunne, where it is printed by HearneDayet. To this word, in all probability, we are indebted for the modern imprecation ofDase you!Dise you!Dash you!still preserved in many counties, and in Scotland. V. Jam. Suppl. v.Dash you.

Dawes,n. pl.S. days, 27, 2344, 2950.Dayes, 2353.

Ded, Dede,n.S. death, 149, 167, 332, 1687, 2719, &c.

Ded,part. pa.S. dead, 2007.

Dede,n.S. deed, action, 1356.

Dede, Deden, Dedes.SeeDo.

Deide.SeeDeye.

Del,n.S. deal, part, 218, 818, 1070, &c. Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.Deil, Sc. V. Jam.

Deled,part. pa.S. distributed, 1736.SeeTo-deyle.

Demen,v.S. to judge, pass judgment, 2467.Deme,Demen,pr. t. pl.judge, 2476, 2812.Demden,pa. t. pl.judged, 2820, 2833.Demd,part. pa.judged, 2488, 2765, 2838.

Denshe,adj.Danish, 1403, 2575, 2693.SeeDanshe.

Deplike,adj.S. deeply, 1417. Synonymous withGrundlike, q.v.

Dere,n.S. dearth, scarcity, 824, 841. R. GL. p. 416.

Dere,adv.S. dearly, 1637, 1638.

Dere,v.S. to harm, injure, 490, 574, 806, 2310.Dereth,pr. t.injures, 648. K. Horn, 148; R. Br. p. 107; K. of Tars, 192; Chauc.Deir, Sc. Doug. Virg. 413, 52; Lynds. Gl.

Dere,adj.S. dear, 1637, 2170, &c.

Deuel,n.S. devil, 446, 496, 1188.Deueles,g. c.devil’s, 1409.

Deus. This is undoubtedly the vocative case of the Lat.Deus, used as an interjection, 1312, 1650, 1930, 2096, 2114. “Its use was the same in French as in English. Thus in King Horn:

Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur,Ohi,Deus!fait il, ki es uerrai creatur,Par ki deuise, &c.

Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur,

Ohi,Deus!fait il, ki es uerrai creatur,

Par ki deuise, &c.

Harl.MS. 527, f. 66 b. c. 2.

It was probably introduced into the English language by the Normans, and its pronunciation remained the same as in the French.

And gradde ‘as armes,’ forDouceMahons!

K. Alisaunder, 3674.

It is curious to remark, that we have here the evident and simple etymology of the modern exclamationDeuce!for the derivation of which even the best and latest Lexicographers have sent us to theDusiiof St Augustine, theDuesof the Gothic nations,Diisof the Persians,Teusof the Armoricans, &c. Thomson very justly adds, that all these words, ‘seem, like dæmon, to have been once used in a good sense,’ and in fact are probably all corruptions of the same root. Cf. R. Brunne, p. 254, and Gl. in v.Deus. For the first suggestion of this derivation the Editor is indebted to Mr Will. Nicol.” —M.

Deye,v.S. to die, 840.Deide,pa. t. pl.died, 402.

Dide, Diden, Dides.SeeDo.

Dike,n.S. ditch, 2435.Dikes,pl.1923. N.E. and Sc., V. Jam. and Brockett.

Dine,n.S. din, noise, 1860, 1868.

Dinge,v.S. to strike, scourge, beat, 215, 2329.Dong,pa. t.struck, 1147.Dungen,part. pa.beaten, or scourged, 227. Sc. and N.E.SeeJam. Gl., Lynds., and Ray.

Dint,n.S. blow, stroke, 1807, 1817, 1969, &c.Dent, Sir Tr. p. 92; Chauc.Dynt, R. Br.Dintes,pl.1437, 1862, 2665.Duntes, K. Horn, 865.Dentys, Rits. M. R.Dyntes, R. Gl.Dintes, Minot, p. 23; V. Gl. Lynds.

Do, Don,v.S. The various uses of this verb in English and Scotch, in an auxiliary, active, and passive sense, have been pointed out by Tyrwhitt, Essay on Vers. of Chauc. Note (37), Chalmers, Gl. Lynds. and Jamieson. It signifies: to do,facere, 117, 528, 1191; to cause,efficere, 611;do casten, 519;do hem fle, 2600, to put or place (used withinoron), 535, 577, &c.Dones on= don es on = do them on, put them on (seeEs), 970.Dos,pr. t. 2 p.dost, 2390.Dos,pr. t. 3 p.does, 1994, 2434, 2698.Doth,Don,pr. t. pl.do, 1838, 1840.Doth,imp.do, cause (ye), 2037.Dos,imp. pl.do ye, 2592.Dede,Dide,pa. t.caused, 658, 970, &c.Dede,Dide,pa. t.put, placed, 659, 709, 859.Dedes,Dides,pa. t. 2 p.didest, 2393, 2903.Deden,Diden,pa. t. pl.caused, 242; did, performed, 953, 1176, 2306.Don,part. pa.caused, 1169.Don,part. pa.done, 667.Of liue haue do, 1805, have slain.

Dom,n.S. doom, judgment, 2473, 2487, 2813, &c. Sir Tr. p. 127.

Dore,n.S. door, 1788.

Dore-tre,n.S. bar of the door, 1806.SeeTre.

Douhter,n.S. daughter, 120, 2712.Douthe, 1079.Douther, 2867, 2914.Douhtres,pl.350, 2982.Douthres, 2979.Doutres, 717.

Doun.SeeAdoun.

Doutede,pa. t.Fr. feared, 708.

Douthe,n.Fr. fear, 1331, 1377.

Douthe,pa. t.of Dow,v. imp.S. [dugan, valere, prodesse] was worth, was sufficient, availed, 703, 833, 1184. It is formed in the same manner asMouthe, Might.SeeSir Tr. p. 77; Jam. and Gl. Lynds. in v. Dow.

Drad.SeeDred.

Drawe, Drawen.SeeDrou.

Dred,imp.dread, fear (thou), 2168.Dredden,Dredde,pa. t. pl.dreaded, feared, 2289, 2568.Drad,part. pa.afraid, 1669.SeeAdrad.

Drede,n.S. dread, 1169; doubt, anxiety, care, 828, 1664. Chauc.

Dremede,pa. t.S. (used withme), dreamed, 1284, 1304.

Dreinchen, Drenchen, Drinchen,v.S. to drown, 553, 561, 583, 1416, 1424, &c.Drenched,part. pa.drowned, 520, 669, 1368, 1379. V. Gl. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.

Dreng,n.Seenote on l. 31.

Drepen,v.S. to kill, slay, 1783, 1865, &c.Drepe, would slay, 506.Drop,pa. t.killed, slew, 2229. Bosworth givesdrepan, to slay. Cf. Sw.dräpa.

Dreping,n.slaughter, 2684. Cf. A.S.drepe.

Drinchen.SeeDreinchen.

Drinken,v.S. to drink, 459, 800.

Drinkes,n. pl.S. drinks, liquors, 1738.

Drit,n.[Icel.drítr, Du.dreet] dirt, 682. A term expressing the highest contempt. K. Alisaund. 4718; Wickliffe. So, in an ancient metrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written about 1310,

Thah he ȝeue hem cattesdrytto huere companage,Ȝet hym shulde arewen of the arrerage.

Thah he ȝeue hem cattesdrytto huere companage,

Ȝet hym shulde arewen of the arrerage.

MS. Harl. 2253, f. 125.

Cf. Jam. Suppl. in v.Dryte, and Gl. Lynds.

Driuende.SeeDrof.

Drou,pa. t.S. drew, 705, 719, &c.Vt-drow,pa. t.out-drew, 2632.With-drow, withdrew, 498; (speltwit-drow), 502.Drawe,Drawen,part. pa.drawn, 1925, 2225, 2477, 2603, &c.Ut-drawe,Ut-drawen, out-drawn, 1802, 2631.SeeTo-Drawe.

Drof,pa. t.S. drove, 725; hastened, 1793, 1872.Driuende,part. pr.driving, riding quickly, 2702.

Drurye,n.Fr. courtship, gallantry, 195. Web., Rits. M. R., P. Plowm., Chauc., Lynds.

Dubbe,v.Fr. S. to dub, create a knight, 2042.Dubbede,pa. t.dubbed, 2314.Dubban to ridere, Chron. Sax. An. 1085, [11086].To cnihte hine dubben, Laȝam. l. 22497. “Hickes, Hearne, Gl. R. Gl., and Tyrwhitt, Gl. Chauc., all refer the word to the Saxon root, which primarily signifiedto strike, the same as the Isl.at dubba. Todd on the contrary, Gl. Illustr. Chauc., thinks this questionable, and refers to Barbazan’s Gl. in v.Adouber, which is there derived from the Lat.adaptare. Du Cange and Dr Merrick give it also a Latin origin, fromAdoptare, and by corruptionAdobare.” —M. The etymology is discussed in Wedgwood, s.v.Dub.SeeNote on l. 2314.

Duelle,v.S. to dwell, give attention, 4.

A tale told Ysoude fre,Thaiduelle:Tristrem that herd he.

A tale told Ysoude fre,

Thaiduelle:

Tristrem that herd he.

Sir Tristr.p. 181.

Cf. Sir Otuel, l. 3, and Sevyn Sages, 1.Dwellen, to dwell, remain, 1185; to delay, 1351.Dwellen,pr. t. pl.dwell, tarry, 1058.Dwelleden,pa. t. pl.dwelt, tarried, 1189.

Dunten,pa. t. pl.S. struck, beat, 2448.

Dwelling,n.delay, 1352

Dun.SeeAdoun.

Dungen.SeeDinge.

Dursten,pa. t. pl.S. durst, 1866.

Eie,n.S. eye, 2545.Heie, 1152.Eyne,pl.eyes, 680, 1273, 1364;eyen, 1340;eyn, 2171.

Eir,n.Fr. Lat. heir, 410, 2539.Eyr, 110, 289, &c. Jam. gives it a Northern etymology, in v. Ayr.

Ek,conj.S. [eac] eke, also, 1025, 1038, 1066, &c.Ok[Su.-G.och, Du.ook] 187, 200, 879, 1081, &c. V. Jam. in v. Ac.

Eld,adj.S. old, 546.Helde, 2472.Heldeste, sup. 1396.

Elde,n.S. age, 2713.Helde, 128, 174, 387, 1435.

Ældehæfde heo na mareButen fihtene ȝere.

Ældehæfde heo na mare

Buten fihtene ȝere.

Laȝam.l. 25913.

R. Br. In Sc.Eild. It was subsequently restricted to the sense ofold age, as in Chauc.

Elles,adv.S. else, 1192, 2590.

Em, S. uncle, 1326. Sir Tr. p. 53. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, an uncle by the father’s side. It appears however to have been used indifferently either on the father’s or mother’s side.SeeHearne’s Gl. on R. Gl. and R. Br., Web., Erle of Tol. 988; Chauc. Troil. 2, 162, and Nares. Prov. Eng.Eam.

Er,adv.S. before, 684.Her, 541.Are, Sir Tr. p. 152.Er, K. Horn, 130.SeeAre,Or.

Er,conj.S. before, 317, 1261, 2680.Her, 229.

Erl,n.S. earl, 189, &c.Erles,g. c.2898, earl’s.Herles, 883.Erldom, earldom, 2909.

Ern,n.S. eagle, 572. Rits. M. R. Octovian, 196; R. Gl. p. 177; Will. of Palerne.

Erþe,n.S. earth, 740; ground, 2657.

Erþe,v.S. to dwell, 739. A.S.eardian.

Es, a plural pronoun signifyingthem, as indon es on= put them on, 970. SeeGen. and Exod.ed. Morris, pref. p. xix.

Et, a singular pronoun, equivalent toit, used inhauenet=hauen et, 2005;hauedet=haued et, 714.

Ete, Eten,v.S. to eat, 791, 800, 911, &c.Hete,Heten, 146, 317, 457, 641.Et,imp.eat (thou), 925.Et,Het,pa. t.ate, 653, 656.Etes,fut. 2 p.thou shalt eat, 907.Eteth,fut. 3 p.shall eat, 672.Eten,part. pa.eaten, 657.

Eþen,adv.S. hence, 690.Heþen, 683, 845, 1085, 2727.

Eþer.SeeAyþer.

Euere, Eure,adv.S. ever. 207, 424, 704, &c.Heuere, 17, 327, 830.

Euereich,adj.S. every, 137.Euere il, 218, 1334, 1644.Euere ilc, 1330.Eueri, 1070, 1176, 1383.Eueril, 1764, 2318, &c.Euerilk, 2258, 2432.Euerilkon, every one, 1062, 1996, 2197.SeeIl.

Euere-mar,adv.S. evermore, 1971.

Eyen, Eyn, Eyne.SeeEie.

Eyr.SeeEir.

Fader,n.S. Lat. father, 1224, 1403, 1416. Sir Tr. p. 35; K. Horn, 114. The cognate words may be found in Jam.

Faderles,adj.fatherless, 75.

Fadmede,pa. t.S. fathomed, embraced, 1295. Fromfæthmian, Utraque manu extensa complecti, Cod. Exon., ed. Thorpe, p. 334. It has the same meaning in Sc. V. Jam.

Falle,v.S. to fall, 39, &c.Falles,imp. pl.fall ye, 2302.Fel,pa. t.fell, appertained. 1815, 2359.Fellen,pa. t. pl.fell, 1303.

Fals,adj.S. false, 2511.

Falwes,n. pl.S. fallows, fields, 2509. Chauc. C. T. 6238, where Tyrwh. explains itharrowed lands.

Fare,n.S. journey, 1337, 2621. R. Gl. p. 211; R. Br., Minot, p. 2 (left unexplained by Rits.); Barb. iv. 627.Schip-fare, a voyage, Sir Tr. p. 53.

Faren,v.S. to go, 264.Fare, 1378, 1392, &c.Fare,pr. t. 2 p.farest, behavest, 2705.Fares,pr. t. 3 p.goes, flies, 2690.Ferde,pa. t.went, 447, 1678, &c.; behaved, 2411.For(went), 2382, 2943.Foren,pa. t. pl.went, 2380, 2618.

Faste,adv.S. attentively, earnestly, 2148.

Tristrem as a manFasthe gan to fight.

Tristrem as a man

Fasthe gan to fight.

Sir Tristr.p. 167.

Bidde we ȝeorne Ihū Crist, and seint Albon welfaste,That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste.

Bidde we ȝeorne Ihū Crist, and seint Albon welfaste,

That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste.

Vita S. Albani, MS. Laud. 108. f. 47 b.

Fastinde,part. pr.S. fasting, 865.

Fauth.SeeFyht.

Fawen,adj.S. fain, glad, 2160.Fawe, K. of Tars, 1058; Octovian, 307; R. Gl. p. 150; Chauc. C. T. 5802.

Fe,n.S. fee, possessions, or money, 386, 563, 1225, &c.SeeJam. and Lynds. Gl.

Feble,adj.Fr. feeble, poor, scanty, 323.

Feblelike,adv.feebly, scantily, 418.Febli, Sir Tr. p. 179, formeanly.

Feden,v.S. to feed, 906.Feddes,pa. t. 2 p.feddest, 2907.

Fel.SeeBifalle,Falle.

Felawes,n. pl.S. fellows, companions, 1338.

Feld,n.S. field, 2634, 2685, 1291.

Felde, Felede.pa. t.S. felled, 67, 1859, 2694.Felden(? readhe ne fellen, they did not fall), 2698.Feld,part. pa.felled, 1824. Sir F. Madden writes— “in l. 2698, I prefer readingne felden, did not fell, governed bythat. In l. 67, Garnett suggestedfelede, pursued, from Swed.följade.”

Fele,adj.S. many, often, 778, 1277, 1737, &c. Sir Tr. p. 19.

Fele,adv.S. very, 2442.

Fend,n.S. fiend, 506, 1411, 2229.

Fer,adv.S. far. 359, 1863, 2275, &c.Ferne, far, 1864;pl. adj.foreign, 2031.

Þa kingges buh stronge,And offerrenelond.

Þa kingges buh stronge,

And offerrenelond.

Laȝam.l. 5528.

Cf. Chauc. Prol. l. 14.

Ferd,n.S. army, 2384, 2548, &c.Ferde, 2535. Laȝam., R. Gl., R. Br., Web.Ferdes, pl.2683.

Ferde.SeeFare.

Fere,n.S. companion, wife, 1214. Sir Tr. p. 157. K. Horn, Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc.Feir, Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Ferlike,n.S. wonder, 1258.Ferlik, 1849. Sir Tr. p. 21. Originally in all probability anadj.

Ferþe,adj.S. fourth, 1810.

Feste,n.Fr. feast, 2344, &c.

Feste,v.Fr. to feast, 2938.

Festen,v.S. to fasten, 1785; (used passively) 82.Fest,pa. t.fastened, 144.

Fet.SeeFot.

Fete,v.S. to fetch, bring, 642, 912, 937, &c. Used passively, 316, 2037.Fetes,pr. t. s.fetch, 2341. V. Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p. 135.

Fetere,v.S. to fetter, chain, 2758. Used passively.

Feteres,n. pl.S. fetters, 82, 2759.

Fey,n.Fr. faith, 255, 1666.Feyth, 2853.

Fiht,n.S. fight, 2668, 2716.

Fikel,adj.S. fickle, inconstant, 1210, 2799.

File,n.vile, worthless person, 2499.

Men seth ofte a muchefile,They he serue boten a wile,Bicomen swithe riche.

Men seth ofte a muchefile,

They he serue boten a wile,

Bicomen swithe riche.

Hending the hende, MS. Digb. 86.

So in R. Br. p. 237.

David at that while was with Edward the kyng,Ȝit auanced he thatfilevntille a faire thing.

David at that while was with Edward the kyng,

Ȝit auanced he thatfilevntille a faire thing.

It is used forcowardby Minot, pp. 31, 36. Cf. Du.vuil, foul, malicious.

Finden,v.S. to find, 1083.Finde, 220.Fynde, 42.Funden,pa. t. pl.found, 602.Funde,part. pa.found, 2376.Funden, 1427.

Fir,n.S. fire, 585, 1162, &c.Fyr, 915.

Firrene,adj.S. made of fir, 2078.Firron, Doug. Virg. 47. 34.

Flaunes,n. pl.Fr. custards, or pancakes, 644.SeeWay’s note in Prompt. Parv.

Fledden,pa. t. pl.S. fled, 2416.

Flemen,v.S. to drive away, banish, 1160. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc., Rits. A. S. So in Sc. V. Jam.

Flete,pres. subj.S. float, swim, 522. Sir Tr. p. 27; K. Horn, 159; Chauc.Fleit, Sc. V. Jam.

Fleye,v.S. to fly, 1791, 1813, 1827, 2751.Fley,pa. t.flew, 1305.

Flo,v.S. to flay, 612, 2495. K. Horn, 92.Flow,pa. t.flayed, 2502.Flowe,pa. t. pl.2433.

Flok,n.S. flock, troop, 24.SeeTrome.

Flote,n.S. boat, 738. A.S.flóta, a ship; Icel.floti, (1) a ship, (2) a fleet; cf. Laȝam. 4530.

Flour,n.Fr. flower, 2917.

Fnaste,v.S. to breathe, 548. Cf. A.S.Fnæstiað, the wind-pipe,Fnæstan, puffs of wind.Fnast= breath inOwl and Nightingale, l. 44.

Fo,n.S. foe, 1363, 2849;pl.foos, 67.

Fol,n.Fr. fool, 298.Foles, pl. 2100.

Folc, Folk,n.S. men collectively, people, 89, 438, &c.

Folwes,imp.S. follow ye, 1885, 2601.

Fonge,v.S. to take, receive, 763;2 p. pres. subj.856. In common use from Laȝam. to Chauc. and much later.

For,prep.S.For tois prefixed to the inf. of verbs in the same manner as the Fr.pour, or Sp.por. It is so used in all the old writers, and in the vulgar translation of the Scriptures, and is still preserved in the North of England. Cf. 17, &c.For= on account of, 1670. Sir Tr. p. 62.

For, Foren.SeeFaren.

Forbere,v.S. spare, abstain from, 352. Chauc. Rom. R. 4751.Forbar,pa. t.spared, abstained from, 764, 2623.

Forfaren,v.S. to perish, 1380. R. Br.Forfard(p. p.) Ly Beaus Desc. 1484. The inf. is also used in Web., P. Plowm., Chauc. In Sc.Forfair. V. Compl. of Scotl. p. 100, and Gl. Lynds.

Forgat,pa. t.S. forgot, 2636, &c.Foryat, 249.

For-henge,v.to kill by hanging, 2724. Cf. Du.verhangen zich, to hang one’s self.

Forlorn,part. pa.S. utterly lost, 770, 1424.Forloren, 580. R. Br., Rits. M. R., Chauc. Used actively, Sir Tr. p. 35.

Forþi,adv.S. on this account, therefore, because, 1194, 1431, 2043, 2500, 2578. Sir Tr. p. 14, and in all the Gloss.

Forthwar,adv.S. forthward; i.e. as we go on, 731.

Forw,n.S. furrow, 1094.

Forward,n.S. promise, word, covenant, 486.Forwarde, 554. Laȝam. l. 4790. Sir Tr. p. 13. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc.

Fostred,part. pa.S. nourished, 1434, 2239.

Fot,n.S.Euerilk fot, 2432, every foot, or man.Fet,pl.616, 1022, 1303, 2479.Fote, 1054, 1199.

Fouhten.SeeFyht.

Fourtenith,n.S. fortnight, 2284.

Fremde,adj.(used as an.) S. stranger, 2277.

Vor hine willeth sone uorgieteThofremdeand tho sibbe.

Vor hine willeth sone uorgiete

Thofremdeand tho sibbe.

MS. Digb. 4.

Ther ne myhte libbeThefremedene the sibbe.

Ther ne myhte libbe

Thefremedene the sibbe.

K. Horn, 67.

See also R. Gl. p. 346; Chron. of Eng. 92; P. Plowm., Chau., Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Freme,v.S. to perform, 441.

Fri,adj.S. free, liberal, 1072. Chauc.

Frie,v.to blame, 1998. Icel.fryja, to blame. Cf.freles, blameless.Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, A. 431.

Fro,prep.S. from, 265, &c.

Frusshe.SeeTo-frusshe.

Ful,adv.S. very, much, completely, 6, 82, &c.Ful wo, 2589, much sorrow.

Ful, Fule,adj.S. foul, 506, 555, 626, 965, &c.Foule, 1158.

Fulike,adv.S. foully, shamefully, 2749.

Fulde,part. pa.S. filled, complete, 355.

Funde, Funden.SeeFinde.

Fyht,v.S. to fight, 2361.Fauth,pa. t.fought, 1990.Fouhten,pa. t. pl.fought, 2661.

Fyn,n.Fr. Lat. ending, 22. R. Br., Minot, Chauc., &c.

Ga,v.S. to go.SeeOuer-ga.

Gad,n.S. goad, 279.Gaddes,pl.1016. In Gl. Ælfr. among the instruments of husbandry occurGad, stimulus, andGadiron, aculeus. So inThe Fermeror and his Docter, printed by Laing:

Quhen Symkin standis quhisling with ane quhip and anegaid,Priking and ȝarkand ane auld ox hide.

Quhen Symkin standis quhisling with ane quhip and anegaid,

Priking and ȝarkand ane auld ox hide.

V. Jam. in v.Gade, 4. and Nares.

Gadred,part. pa.S. gathered, 2577.

Gadeling,n.S. an idle vagabond, low man, 1121.

Þa wes æuer alc cheorlAl swa bald alse an eorl,& alle þagadelingesAlse heo weoren sunen kinges.

Þa wes æuer alc cheorl

Al swa bald alse an eorl,

& alle þagadelinges

Alse heo weoren sunen kinges.

Laȝam.l. 12333.

Cf. K. Alisaund. 1733, 4063.Gadlyng, Rob. of Cicyle, MS. Harl. 1701. R. Gl. p. 277, 310. Chauc. Rom. Rose, 938. The word originally meantVir generosus.SeeBeowulf, l. 5227.

Gaf.SeeYeue.

Galwe-tre,n.S. the gallows, 43, 335, 695. Le Bone Fl. 1726. Erle of Tol. 657.Galues,Galwes,Galewes, 687, 1161, 2477, 2508. R. Br., Chauc. Cf. Ihre Gl. Suiog. in v.galge, ab Isl.gayl, ramus arboris.

Gamen,n.S. game, sport, 980, 1716, 2135, 2250, 2577; joy, 2935, 2963.Gamyn, Barb. iii. 465. V. Jam.

Gan,pa. t.S. began, 2443. V. Jam.

Gangen,v.S. to go, walk, 370, 845, &c.Gange, 796.Gongen, 855.Gonge, 1185, 1739, &c.Gonge,pr. t. 2 p.goest, 690, 843.Gangande,part. pr.on foot, walking, 2283. Wynt. V. Jam.

Garte,pa. t.S. made, 189, 1857, &c.Gart, 1001, 1082.Gert, Sir Tr. p. 147. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.

Gat, Gaten.SeeGeten.

Gate,n.S. (1) way, road, 846, 889. Sir Tr. p. 27; (2) manner, fashion (seeþus-gate), 783, 2419, 2586.

Genge,n.S. family, company, 786, 1735; retinue, 2353, 2362, 2383.

þe king of þan londeMid mucheleregenge.

þe king of þan londe

Mid mucheleregenge.

Laȝam.l. 6156.

HenceGang. V. Todd’s Johns.

Gent,adj.Fr. neat, pretty, 2139. Sir Tr. p. 87, R. Br., Chauc.

Gere.SeeMesse-gere.

Gest,n.Fr. tale, adventure, 2984.SeeNote in Warton’s Hist. E. P., V.I.p. 69. Ed. 1840.

Gete,v.to guard, watch, keep, 2762, 2960. Icel.gæta, to guard. Cf.Ormulum, 2079. [Suggested by Garnett.]

Geten,v.S. to get, take, 792.Gete, 1393.Gat,pa. t.begot, got, 495, 730.Gaten,Geten,pa. t. pl.begot, 2893, 2934, 2978.Getes,f. t. 2 p.shalt get, 908.

GhodforGood, 255.

Gisarm,n.Fr. a bill, 2553.SeeGl. Rits. M. R., Spelm. in v., Jam. Dict., and Merrick’s Gl. in v.Gesa,Gesum. [“Distinguished from other weapons of the axe kind by a spike rising from the back. There were two kinds, viz. theglaive-gisarme, with a sabre-blade and spike; and thebill-gisarme, in shape of a hedging-bill with a spike.” Godwin’s Archæol. Handbook, p. 254.]

Giue.SeeYeue.

Giue,n.S. gift, 2880.Gyue, 357.Yeft, 2336.

Giueled, piled up, 814. [The O.Fr.gavelémeans piled up, heaped together. Togavelcorn (seeHalliwell) is to put it into heaps, and agavelis a heap of corn. But this may very well be derived fromgable, since a heap takes the shape of a peaked end of a house; and the O.Fr. term is probably originally Teutonic, and connected, asgableis, with Mœso-Goth.gibla, a pinnacle, with which compare Germangiebel, Du.gevel, and hence our word would be taken from a verbgivelen, to pile up. The fish in Havelok’s basket would be what the Dutch callgevelvormig, or formed like a gable, or like the peaked end of astackof hay or corn, whence the author’s expression—giueled als a stac, piled up in the shape of a stack. Other explanations areflayed, from Du.villen, to flay; orfiled, ranged in rows upon a stick, wherestickis represented bystac. But the latter supposition would require the readingonrather thanals; not to mention the fact that if fish are carriedin a pannierthey would not resemble fish carriedon a stick. Nor is it quite satisfactory to say thatgiueledis put forgefilled, filled; for this is not elucidated by the expressionals a stac, any more than the explanationflayedis.Gableis Icel.gafl, Sw.gafvel, Dan.gavl, Du.gevel, Ger.giebel,gipfel, &c. Its forked shape seems to give rise to Ger.gabel, Sw.gaffel, a fork; respecting which set of words seeGaffin Wedgwood.]

Gladlike,adv.S. gladly, 805, 906, 1760.

Glede,n.S. a burning coal, 91, 869. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Chauc.SeeNote on l. 91.

Gleiue, Gleyue, Fr. a spear, lance, 1770, 1844, 1981.Gleiues,Gleyues,pl.267, 1748, 1864. Dr Merrick explains it, “A weapon composed of a long cutting blade at the end of a staff.” See R. Gl. p. 203; Guy of Warw. R. iii.; Chauc. Court of Love, 544; Percy, A. R.

Glem,n.S. gleam, ray, 2122.SeeStem.

Gleu,n.S. game, skill, 2332. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, the joyous science of the minstrels. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 24, 35, 150.

Gleymen,n. pl.S. gleemen, 2329.Glewemen, Sir Tr. p. 110.

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