at period of Confederation and later, hardships of travel,250,255-64,3,5n.,55n.;lack as index of political conditions,1,251,255;sparseness of population,264;mails,264-67;character of newspapers,267-70;conditions breed demagogism,290-92;local isolation,4,191.See alsoCommerce.Commutable Act of Virginia,1,207.Concurrent jurisdiction of Federal and State courts,1,452.See alsoAppellate jurisdiction.Concurrent powers, M.'s exposition in Ratification debate,1,436;and State bankruptcy laws,4,208-12;commercial,409.Confederation, Washington on State antagonism,1,206n.;effect of British-debts controversy,228,228n.;financial powerlessness,232,295-97,304,387,388,415-17;effort for power to levy impost,233;debt problem,233-35,254;proposed power to pass navigation acts,234,235;social conditions during,250-87;popular spirit,253,254;opportunity for demagogism,288-92,297,309;Shays's Rebellion,298-304;impotence of Congress,305;prosperity during,306;responsibility of masses for failure,307;responsibility of States for failure,308-10;antagonistic State tariff acts,310,311;economic basis of failure,310-13;Jefferson on,315;Randolph on,377;Henry's defense,388,389,399;M.'s biography of Washington on,3,259-61.Congress, Ratification debate on character,1,344,416,419,422,423;M. on discretionary powers (1788),454;First: titles,2,36;election in Virginia,49,50;amendments,58,59;funding, assumption, and National Capital,59-64;Judiciary,3,53-56;Third: Yazoo lands,560,569,570;Fourth: Jay Treaty,3,148,155;Yazoo lands,3,570;Fifth: Adams's address on French depredations,2,225,226;X. Y. Z. dispatches,336,338,339;war preparations,355;Alien and Sedition Acts,381;Georgia's Western claims,3,573;Sixth: M.'s campaign for,2,374-80,401,409-16;M.'s importance to Federalists,432,436,437;Adams's address at first session,433;reply of House,433-36;and presidential campaign,438;and death of Washington,440-45;M.'s activity,445;cession of Western Reserve,446;powers of territorial Governor,446;insult to Randolph,446;Marine Corps,446-48;land grants for veterans,448;and slavery,449;Sedition Law,451;M.'s independence,451,452;Disputed Election Bill,452-58;Jonathan Robins case,460-75;reduction of army,476-81;Bankruptcy Bill,481,482;results of first session,482;French treaty,525;M. and Adams's address at second session,530,531;Jefferson-Burr contest,532-47;Judiciary Bill,548-52,3,53,56;reduction of navy,458n.;Georgia cession,574;Seventh: Judiciary in Jefferson's Message,51-53;repeal of Judiciary Act of 1801,58-92;Supreme Court,94-97;Eighth: impeachment of Pickering,164-68;Chase impeachment,169-222;electoral vote counting,197;Burr's farewell address,274;Yazoo claims,575-82;Ninth: Jefferson's Annual Message on Burr conspiracy,337;demand for information and Special Message,339;payment of Eaton's claim,345n.;attempt to suspend habeas corpus,346-48;Burr conspiracy debate,357-60;non-importation,4,9;Tenth:Chesapeake-Leopardaffair,3,477;attempt to amend law of treason,540;attempt to expel Senator Smith,540-44;Embargo,4,11,13,14,22;Force Act,16;non-intercourse,22;Eleventh: Yazoo claims,3,595-97;Jackson resolution,4,24;Louisiana,27;bank,173-76;Twelfth: Yazoo claims,3,597-600;war,4,29;Thirteenth: Yazoo claims,3,600;St. Cloud Decree resolution,4,48;bank,179;Fourteenth: bank,180;salaries,231n.;Bonus Bill,417;Fifteenth: bank,196n.,288,289;internal improvements,418;Sixteenth: bankruptcy,201,302;Missouri,340-42;Seventeenth: Judiciary,371-79;Eighteenth: Judiciary,379,380,394,450,451;internal improvements,418-21;presidential election,462n.;tariff,536;Nineteenth: Supreme Court,451-53;Twentieth: tariff,537;Twenty-first: Supreme Court,514-17;Cherokee Indians,541;Hayne-Webster debate,552-55;Twenty-second: Judiciary,517n.;recharter of Bank,529-33;river and harbor improvement,534;tariff,559,567,574.Conkling, Roscoe, resemblance to Pinkney,4,133n.Connecticut, Ratification,1,325;cession of Western Reserve,2,446,3,578;and Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions,105n.;and Embargo,4,17;and War of 1812,48n.;and Livingston steamboat monopoly,404.Connecticut Reserve, cession,2,446;Granger's connection,3,578.Conrad and McMunn's boarding-house,3,7.Conscription, for War of 1812,4,51.Conservatism, growth,1,252,253;M.'s extreme,3,109,265,4,4,55,93,479-83,488.See alsoDemocracy; Nationalism; People.Consolidation.SeeNationalism.Constitution, question of amending Virginia's (1784),1,216;attack on Virginia's (1789),2,56n.;Massachusetts Convention (1820),4,471.See alsoFederal Constitution; Virginia Constitutional Convention.Continental Congress, denunciation by army officers,1,90;flight,102;and intrigue against Washington,122,123;decline,124;Washington's plea for abler men and harmony,124-26,131.See alsoConfederation.Contraband, in Jay Treaty and X. Y. Z. Mission,2,306;M. on British unwarranted increase of list,509-11.Contracts, obligation of, M.'s first connection with legislative franchise,1,218;and with ideas of contract,223,224;in debate on Ratification,428;M. on, as political factor under Confederation,3,259-61;M. on (1806), and new National Government,263;importance of M.'s expositions,556,593-95,4,213,219,276-81;legal-tender violation,3,557;origin of clause in Federal Constitution,557n., 558n.;effect of constitutional clause on public mind,558;and repeal of Yazoo land act,562,563,586;discussions of repeal,571,572;congressional debate on Yazoo claims,575,579,580;M.'s interest in stability,582;M.'s opinion in Fletchervs.Peck, repeal of Yazoo act as impairment,586-91;and corrupt legislation,587;involved in Sturgesvs.Crowninshield,4,209,212;meaning in Constitution,213;contract of future acquisitions and insolvency laws,214;not limited to paper money obligations,214;not necessary to enumerate particular subjects,215;humanitarian limitations,215,216;broad field without historical limitations,216-18,269,271;New Jerseyvs.Wilson, exemption of lands from taxation,221-23;Dartmouth College case, right to change charter of public institution,230n.,235,243;limitation to private rights,234,263;colleges as eleemosynary not civil corporations,241-44,247,263,264;Terrettvs.Taylor, private rights under grants to towns,243n.,246;precedents in Dartmouth College case,245-47;college charters as contracts,262;purpose of college does not make it public institution,264;nor does act of incorporation,265-68;rights of non-profiting trustees,268,269;and public policy,270-72;as element in strife of political theories,370;and Kentucky occupying claimant law,375-77,380-82;Ogdenvs.Saunders, future, not violated by insolvency laws,480;M.'s dissent,481.Conway Cabal,1,121-23.Cook, Daniel P., on Missouri question,4,342.Cooke, ——, tavern at Raleigh,4,65.Cooke, John R., in Virginia Constitutional Convention,4,502n.Cooper, Thomas, sedition trial,3,33,34,86.Cooper, William, on Jefferson-Burr contest,2,546n.Coopervs.Telfair,3,612.Corbin, Francis, and calling of Virginia Ratification Convention,1,245;in Ratification Convention; characterized,396;in the debate,396,435;on detailed debate,432;on badges of aristocracy,2,78.Cornwallis, Earl of, Brandywine,1,95.Corporations, M.'s definition,4,265;M.'s opposition to State regulation,479;presumptive authorization of agency, M.'s dissent,482,483.See alsoContracts.Correspondence, M.'s negligence,1,183n.,4,203n.Cotton, effect of invention of gin,3,555.Council of State of Virginia, M.'s election to,1,209;as a political machine,210,217n.;M. forced out,211,212.Counterfeiting, of paper money,1,297,4,195.County court system of Virginia, political machine,4,146,147,485-88;debate in Constitutional Convention on (1830),491-93.Court days, as social event,1,284.See alsoJudiciary.Court martial, M. on jurisdiction,2,447,448.Coxe, Tench, on British depredations on neutral trade,2,506n.Craig, Hiram. See Craigvs.Missouri.Craigvs.Missouri, facts, State loan certificates,4,509;M.'s opinion, certificates as bills of credit,510-12;his reply to threat of disunion,512;dissenting opinions,513;and renewal of attack on Supreme Court,514-17;repudiated,584n.Cranch, William, and trial of Swartwout and Bollmann,3,344,346.Crawford, Thomas H., and attack on Supreme Court,4,515.Crawford, William H., and Yazoo frauds,3,552;and recharter of first Bank of the United States,4,174,175;and Treasury portfolio (1825),462n.;and American Colonization Society,474.Creek Indians, power,3,553.Crèvecœur, Hector St. John de, on frontier farmers,1,30n.Crime, M. on jurisdiction over cases on high seas,2,465-67;Federal punishment of common-law offenses,3,23-29.See alsoAlien and Sedition Acts; Extradition.Crisis of 1819, banking and speculation,4,176-85;bank suits to recover loans,185,198;popular demand for more money,186;character of State bank notes,191-96;early mismanagement of second Bank of the United States,196;its reforms and demands on State banks force crisis,197-99;popular hostility to it,198,199,206;lax bankrupt laws and frauds,200-03;influence on M.,205;distress and demagoguery,206;movement to destroy Bank of United States through State taxation,206-08;M.'s decisions as remedies,208,220.See alsoDartmouth Collegevs.Woodward; M'Cullochvs.Maryland; Sturgesvs.Crowninshield.Crissy, James, publishes biography of Washington,3,273n.Crouch, Richard, on M.,4,67n.Crowninshield, Richard. See Sturgesvs.Crowninshield.Culpeper County, Va., minute men,1,69.Curtius letters on M.'s candidacy (1798),2,395,396;recalled,3,534.Cushing, William, and Chief Justiceship,3,121n.;Fletchervs.Peck,584,585n.;death,4,60,106.Cushman, Joshua, on expansion,4,342n.Cutler, Manasseh, on Chase trial,3,183n.,212n.,217n.,221.Daggett, David, counsel in Sturgesvs.Crowninshield,4,209;on Holmes in Dartmouth College case,253n.Dallas, Alexander J., in Fries trial,3,36;and Burr,68n.;counsel inNereidcase,4,131.Dana, Edmund P., testimony in Burr trial,3,491.Dana, Francis, and X. Y. Z. Mission,2,227;sedition trial,3,44-46;on declaring acts void,117.Dana, Samuel W., Jonathan Robins case,2,472,475;in Judiciary debate (1802),3,90,91;on Chandler case,130n.;and Eaton's report on Burr's plans,305n.Dandridge, Julius B., case,4,482.Daniel, Henry, attack on Supreme Court,4,515.Daniel, William, grand juror on Burr,3,413n.Dartmouth, Earl of, and Dartmouth College,4,224.Dartmouth Collegevs.Woodward, origin of college, charter,4,223-26;troubles,226-29;political involution,229;State reorganization and annulment of charter,230,231;rival administrations,231-33;Story's relationship,232,243n.,251,252,257,259n.,274,275;counsel,233,234,237-40,259;case,233;story of recruiting Indian students,233n.;State trial and decision,234-36;appeal to Supreme Court, lack of public interest there,236;argument,240-55;effort to place case on broader basis,244,251,252;Webster's tribute to Dartmouth,248-50;continued,255;influences on Justices, Kent,255-58,258n., 259n.;fees and portraits,255n.;value of Shirley's book on,258n., 259n.;Pinkney's attempt to reopen, frustrated by M.,259-61,274;M.'s opinion,261-73;judgmentnunc pro tunc,273;later public attention,275;far-reaching consequences, modern attitude,276-81;recent discussions,280n.See alsoContracts.Daveiss, Joseph Hamilton, Federal appointment,2,560n.;and Burr conspiracy,3,315-19;middle name,317n.;pamphlet,525.Davis, ——, on "Hail, Columbia!"2,343n.Davis, David, on Dartmouth College case,4,280.Davis, John, and M.'s candidacy for President,4,33;identity,34n.Davis, Judge John, United Statesvs.Palmer,4,126.Davis, Sussex D., anecdote of M.,4,83n.Davis, Thomas T., in debate on repeal of Judiciary Act,3,74.Davis, William R., on Judiciary Act of 1789,3,54;Granville heirs case,4,154;report on Supreme Court,515.Dawson, Henry B., on bribery in Massachusetts Ratification,1,354n.Dawson, John, in Virginia Ratification Convention,1,470.Dawson's Lesseevs.Godfrey,4,54n.Dayson, Aquella, sells land to M.,1,196.Dayson, Lucy, sells land to M.,1,196.Dayton, Jonathan, support of Adams (1800),2,518;in debate on repeal of Judiciary Act,3,67;and Pickering impeachment,167,168n.;and Burr conspiracy,290,291,300,308;career,290n.;Indiana Canal Company,291n.;nolle prosequi,515;security for Burr,517.Deane, Silas, and Beaumarchais,2,292n.Dearborn, Henry, and Ogden-Smith trial,3,436n.Debating at William and Mary,1,158.Debts, spirit of repudiation of private,1,294,298;imprisonment for,3,13n.,15n.,4,215,216;and hostility to lawyers,3,23n.;M. on political factor under Confederation,259-61.See alsoBritish debts; Contracts; Crisis of 1819; Finances; Public debts.Decatur, Stephen, and Burr conspiracy,3,302,303;at trial of Burr, testimony,452,458,488n.;career and grievance,458n.Declaration of Independence, anticipated,3,118;M.'s biography of Washington on,244.Declaring acts void, Henry on,1,429;M. on, in Ratification debate,452,453,2,18;Jefferson's suppressed paragraph on (1801),3,52;congressional debate on judicial right (1802),60,62,64,67-71,73,74,82,85,87,91;M.'s preparation for assertion of power,104,109;Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and State Rights doctrine,105-08;effect of this,108;necessity of decision on power,109,131;problem of vehicle for assertion,111,121-24;dangers involved in M.'s course,111-14;question in Federal Convention,114-16;importance of Marburyvs.Madison, unique opportunity,116,118,127,131,142;no new argument in it, M.'s knowledge of previous opinions,116-20,611-13;condition of Supreme Court as obstacle to M.'s determination,120;dilemma of Marburyvs.Madison as vehicle, solution,126-33;opinion on power in Marburyvs.Madison,138-42;effect of decision on attacks on Judiciary,143,153,155;Jefferson and opinion,143,144,153;lack of public notice of opinion,153-55;