fear of gradual consolidation,1,446;lesson of Ratification contest,479;influence of French Revolution on views,2,42-44;M. on origin of contest,48;made responsible for all discontents,51-53;M.'s use of "Nation,"441;centralization as issue (1800),520;union with reaction,3,48;importance of M.'s Chief Justiceship to,113;M. on, as factor under Confederation,259-61;M. on Washington's,259n.;influence of Fletchervs.Peck,594,602;as M.'s purpose in life,4,1,55;assertion in Embargo controversy,12,16;Olmstead case, M.'s opinion,18-21;moves westward,28;M. on internal improvements and,45;M. as check to reaction against,58;and M.'s upholding of doubtful acts of Congress,117-19;of Story,145;in M'Cullochvs.Maryland,292;forces (c. 1821),370;original jurisdiction of National Courts,386;Randolph's denunciation in internal improvements contest,419-21;importance of Gibbonsvs.Ogden,429;and tariff and overthrow of slavery,536;M.'s opinions and Webster's reply to Hayne,552-55;M. anticipates reaction in Supreme Court,582,584.See alsoDeclaring acts void; Division of powers; Federalist Party; Government; Implied powers; Kentucky Resolutions; Marshall, John (Chief Justice); Nullification; Secession; State Rights; Virginia Resolutions.Naturalization, Madison on uniform regulation,1,312.See alsoImpressment.Navigation, power over, under commerce clause,4,428,432,433.Navigation acts, proposed power for Confederation,1,234,235.See alsoCommerce.Navy, M. on need (1788),1,419;French War,2,427;M.'s support (1800),531;reduction,3,458n.;in War of 1812,4,56;immunity in foreign ports,122-25.Naylor, William, on Virginia County Courts,4,487.Necessary and proper powers.SeeImplied powers.Negro seamen law of South Carolina, Johnson's opinion,4,382,383.Nelson, William, Jr., decision in Huntervs.Fairfax,4,148n.Nereid case, neutral goods in enemy ship,4,135-42.Netherlands, M. on political conditions (1797),2,223-26.Neufchatel, François de, election to Directory,2,243.Neutral trade, British seizures in 1793-94,2,107;question of war over,108-12;French depredations,223,224,229,257,270,271,277,283,284,403,496;French rôle d'équipage,294n.;free ships, free goods,303-05;Spanish depredations,496;British depredations after Jay Treaty,506;Tench Coxe on them,506n.;M.'s protest on contraband,509-11;on paper blockade,511;on unfair judicial proceedings,511,512;on impressment,513;moderation of French depredations,523;and new French treaty,524n.;renewal of British and French violations,4,6-8,122;Non-Importation Act (1806),9;partisan attitude,9-11;Embargo,11;its effect, opposition,12-16;M.'s opinion,14;non-intercourse,22;Erskine incident,22;Jackson incident,23-26;Napoleon's pretended revocation of decrees,26,36-39,48-50;M.'s interpretation of Jefferson's acts,118,125;Nereidcase, neutral property in enemy ship,135-42.See alsoJay Treaty; Neutrality.Neutrality, as Washington's great conception,2,92;proclamation,93;unpopularity,93;opposition of Jefferson and Republicans,94,95;mercantile support,94n.,96;constitutionality of proclamation,95;M.'s support,97-99,298-301,387,388,402,403,507-09;M.'s military enforcement,103-06;as issue in Virginia,106;J. Q. Adams on necessity,119n.;Federal common-law trials for violating,3,24-29;M.'s biography of Washington on policy,264.See alsoIsolation; Neutral trade.New England, hardships of travel,1,256;type of pioneers (c. 1790),276;and excise on distilleries,2,86n.;and secession,3,97;escapes crisis of 1819,4,170.See alsoStates by name.New England Mississippi Company, Yazoo claims,3,576-83,595-602.See alsoFletchervs.Peck.New Hampshire, Ratification contest,1,354,355,478;and disestablishment,4,227,230n.;denounces congressional salary advance (1816),231n.;Judiciary controversy,229,230;steamboat monopoly,415;branch bank controversy,529;and Nullification,559.See alsoDartmouth Collegevs.Woodward.New Jersey, hardships of travel,1,259;and State tariff laws,311;Ratification,325;and Livingston steamboat monopoly,4,403,404.See alsonext title.New Jerseyvs.Wilson, exemption of land from taxation and obligation of contracts,4,221-23.New Orleans, reception of Burr,3,294,295;Wilkinson's reign of terror,330-37;battle,4,56;first steamboat,403n.New York, hardships of travel,1,257;Jefferson on social characteristics,279;and Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions,3,105n.,106;bank investigation (1818),4,184;and M'Cullochvs.Maryland,334.See alsoGibbonsvs.Ogden; Sturgesvs.Crowninshield.New York City, Jacobin enthusiasm,2,35.See alsoNew Yorkvs.Miln.New York Evening Post, on M.'s biography of Washington,3,270;on Adams's report on Burr Conspiracy,544;on Gibbonsvs.Ogden,4,445;hostile criticism on M.,591.New Yorkvs.Miln, facts, State regulation of immigration,4,583;division of Supreme Court on,583,584;decision, proper police regulation,584n.;Story voices M.'s dissent,584n.Newspapers, character at period of Confederation,1,267-70;virulence,2,529,4,175n.;development of influence,3,10;and first Bank of the United States,4,175.See alsoPress.Nicholas, George, in the Legislature,1,203;citizen bill,208;and chancery bill (1787),219;and calling of Ratification Convention,245;on popular ignorance of draft Constitution,320;in Ratification Convention: characterized,374;in debate,395,421,432,440,465,471,472;assault on Henry,466;in contest over recommendatory amendments,472.Nicholas, John, deserts Congress (1798),2,340n.;on the crisis (1799),434;in Jonathan Robins case,475;and reduction of army,476;and Judiciary Bill,551.Nicholas, Wilson C., and M.,2,100;sells land to Morris,202n.;and Kentucky Resolutions,398,398n.;and Pickering impeachment,3,167;and Burr conspiracy,381;and grand jury on Burr,410-12,422.Nicholson, Joseph H., in Judiciary debate (1802),3,89;on bill on sessions of Supreme Court,95;and Chase impeachment,170;argument in Chase trial,207-10;and acquittal of Chase,221;releases Alexander,343;on Jefferson's popularity,404.Nickname, M.'s,1,74,132.Nightingale, John C., and Yazoo lands,3,566n.Niles, Hezekiah, on banking chaos after War of 1812,4,181n.,182,183,186n.,192,194,196;on bankruptcy frauds,201;on Sturgesvs.Crowninshield,218;and Dartmouth College case,276n.;value of hisRegister,309;attack on M'Cullochvs.Maryland opinion,309-12;on Elkison case,383,384n.;and Gibbonsvs.Ogden,445;on Virginia and Nullification,568,572;tribute to M.,590.Niles, Nathaniel, and Burr,3,68n.;and Dartmouth College troubles,4,227;Jefferson on,227.Niles' Register, value,4,309.See alsoNiles, Hezekiah.Nimmo, James, Cohensvs.Virginia,4,345.Nobility, fear from Order of the Cincinnati,1,292.See alsoGovernment.Non-Importation Act (1806),4,9;M. and constitutionality,118.See alsoNeutral trade.Non-intercourse, act of 1809,4,22;Erskine incident,22;M. and constitutionality,118;South Carolina's proposed, with tariff States,459,538.See alsoNeutral trade.Norbonne, Philip, practitioner before M.,4,237n.Norfolk, Va., Dunmore's burning,1,78;tribute to M.,4,592.North Carolina, hardships of travel,1,263;and State tariff acts,311;Granville heirs case,4,154,155;tax on Bank of the United States,207.North River Steamboat Co.vs.Livingston,4,448-51.Norton, George F., and British debts,1,226.Norton, J. K. N., M.'s books possessed by,1,186n.;acknowledgment to,4,528n.Nullification, first hints,4,384;M.'s rebukes,389,459,513;movement,555;M. on movement,556,557;Madison on,556;Jackson's Union toast,557;and warning,558;M. on doctrine and progress,558,559,562;and Tariff of 1832,559,560;Convention and Ordinance,560,561;popular excitement,561;Jackson's Proclamation, its debt to M.'s opinions,562,563;M. on it,563;South Carolina and the proclamation, Jackson's inconsistencies,564,565;military preparations,566;Jackson's recommendation of reduction of tariff,567;Virginia and mediation, M. on it,567-73;M. on Webster's speech against,572;suspension of ordinance,573;compromise Tariff,574;M. on virtual victory for,574,575;M.'s resulting despondency on state of the country,575-78.See alsoState Rights.Oak Hill, acquired by M.'s father,1,55;as home for M.'s son,4,74.Oakley, Thomas J., counsel in Gibbonsvs.Ogden,4,423,424,427.Obiter dicta, M.'s use,4,121,369.Obligation of contracts.SeeContracts.Occom, Samson, visit to England,4,223.Office.SeeCivil service.Ogden, Aaron, and Livingston steamboat monopoly,4,409-411.See alsoGibbonsvs.Ogden.Ogden, David B., counsel in Sturgesvs.Crowninshield,4,209;practitioner before M.,237n.;fees,345n.;counsel in Cohensvs.Virginia,346,376.Ogden, George M.SeeOgdenvs.Saunders.Ogden, Peter V., and Burr conspiracy, arrested,3,333,334.Ogden, Samuel G., trial,3,436n.Ogdenvs.Saunders, obligation of future contracts not impaired by insolvency laws,4,480;M.'s dissent,481.Ohio, cession of Western Reserve,2,446;tax on Bank of the United States,4,207,328;legislative denunciation of M'Cullochvs.Maryland,330-33;and New York steamboat monopoly,415n.See alsoOsbornvs.Bank.Ohio River, Burr and plan for canal,3,291n.;first steamboat,4,403n.;development of steam transportation,416.Old Field Schools,1,24.Olmstead case, State defiance of Federal mandate,4,18-21.Opinions, M.'s rule on delivering,3,16.Orange County, Va., minute men,1,69.Oratory, court, and woman auditors,4,133,134.Orders in Council on neutral trade,4,6,7.See alsoNeutral trade.Orr, Thomas, Osbornvs.Bank,4,329,330.Orrvs.Hodgson,4,165n.Osborn, Ralph.SeeOsbornvs.Bank.Osbornvs.Bank of the United States, facts,4,327-30;compromise proposed by Ohio,332;defiance of Ohio,333;argument,385;M.'s opinion,385-94;original jurisdiction of National Courts,385-87;and Eleventh Amendment, protection of Federal agents from State agents,387-91;tax on business of bank void,391,392;courts and execution of law,392;general satisfaction of parties on the record,393;Johnson's opinion,394;resulting attack on Supreme Court,394-96;Jackson denies authority,530-32.Osmun, Benijah, and Burr,3,365,366.Oswald, Eleazer, andCentinelletters,1,335n.,338;and Ratification in Virginia,402,434,435.Otis, Harrison Gray, and slavery (1800),2,449;on Washington streets (1815),3,4;on traveling conditions,5n.;on speculation,557n.;and Story,4,98;and bankruptcy laws,201.Otsego, N.Y., conditions of travel (1790),1,257.Paine, Robert Treat, on X. Y. Z. Mission,2,356.Paine, Thomas, on militia,1,84;relief bill,213;on government as an evil,288;popularity ofCommon Sense,288n.;on American and French revolutions,2,2n.;and key of the Bastille,10;Rights of Man, influence in United States,12-14;Jefferson's approbation,14,15,16n.;J. Q. Adams's reply,15-19;disapproves of excesses,25n.,27;on the King and early revolution,31n.;on Republican Party and France,223;and X. Y. Z. Mission,254.Palmer, William P., anecdote on M.,4,63n.Paper money, depreciation and confusion during Revolution and Confederation,1,167,168,295-97;counterfeiting,297,4,195;post-bellum demand,1,297,299;Continental, in debate on Ratification,429,440,441;and impairment of obligation of contracts,3,557,558n.,4,214;flood and character of State bank bills,176-79,181,184,187,192;popular demand for more,186,199;local issues,187;depreciation,192;endless chain of redemption with other paper,193;reforms by second Bank of the United States,197-99.See alsoBriscoevs.Bank; Craigvs.Missouri money.Paris, in 1797,2,247.Parker, Richard E., verdict in Burr trial,3,514.Parsons, Theophilus, Ratification amendments,1,348.Parton, James, on Administration's knowledge of Burr's plans,3,318n.;on Jefferson and trial of Burr,390n.;biography of Burr,538n.Partridge, George, accident,3,55n."Party," as term of political reproach,2,410n.Paterson, William, and Chief Justiceship,2,553;charge to grand jury,3,30n.;sedition trials,31,32;and declaring acts void,117,611,612;and Judiciary Act of, 1789,128;Ogden-Smith trial,436n.Paulding, James K., on M.,4,77.Pawles Hook, Lee's surprise,1,142.Peace of 1783, and land titles,4,147,148,153.See alsoBritish debts; Frontier posts; Slaves.Pearsallvs.Great Northern Railway,4,279n.Peck, Jedediah, trial,3,42n.Peck, John.SeeFletchervs.Peck.Peele, W. J., on M.,4,66n.Pegram, Edward, grand juror on Burr,3,413n.Pendleton, Edmund, as judge,1,173;on M.'s election to Council of State,209;candidacy for Ratification Convention,359;in the Convention: President,368;and impeachment of authority of Framers,373;characterized,385;on failure of Confederation,386;in debate,427,428,445;on Judiciary,445.Pendleton, Nathaniel, and Yazoo lands,3,549,555.Pennsylvania, during the Revolution,1,85;hardships of travel,258,259;Jefferson on social characteristics,279;tariff,310n., 311n.;calling of Ratification Convention,326;election of delegates,327-29;precipitancy in Ratification Convention,329-32;address of minority,333,334,342;continued opposition after Ratification,334-38;and Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions,3,105n.;Olmstead case,4,18-21;legislative censure of M'Cullochvs.Maryland,333.Pennsylvania, University of, honorary degree to M.,4,89.People, character of masses under Confederation,1,253,254;community isolation,264,4,191;responsible for failure of Confederation,1,307;basis of Federal Government,4,292,352.See alsoDemocracy; Government; Nationalism.Perkins, Cyrus, and Dartmouth College case,4,260n.Perkins, Nicholas, and Burr conspiracy,3,367-69,372.Peters, Richard [1], and common-law jurisdiction,3,25,28n.;sedition trial,33;impeachment contemplated,172n.;