Algeciras, in Gibraltar Bay, station of Franco-Spanish Fleet supporting the Siege of Gibraltar,121,230,231.Arbuthnot, Marriott, British Admiral, commands North American Station, 1779,113,148;anger at Rodney's intrusion on his command,150;supports the attack on Charleston, 1780,151;station in Gardiner's Bay,151,170;action with French squadron under des Touches, 1781,171;regains command of Chesapeake Bay,174;superseded, 1781,176.Arethusa, British frigate. Encounter with French frigateBelle Poulemarks beginning of War of 1778 with France,62,82.Armed Neutrality, The, of 1780,3,158.Arnold, Benedict, American General. Effects following his action on Lake Champlain in 1776,3,4,7,25;with, Ethan Allen, seizes Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 1775,8;captures or destroys all hostile shipping on Lake Champlain,9;traverses Maine forests, and joins Montgomery before Quebec,10;maintains blockade of Quebec till arrival of a British squadron,10;retreats to Crown Point, and destitution of his troops,11;schemes for maintaining command of Lake Champlain,12;his force, and its character,14,15,17;compelled by shore batteries to abandon lower Narrows of the Lake,15;selects Valcour Island as position for defence,15;decision to risk destruction of force rather than retire,18,19;sound strategic and tactical ideas,20;Battle of Valcour Island,21;successful withdrawal after defeat,23;overtaken and flotilla destroyed,25;effect of his resistance in delaying British advance,25;conduct, courage, and heroism throughout,27;his subsequent treason,18,27,152;commands British detachment in Virginia,153,169,170,174.Asiatic Immigration, Danger involved in,4.Barbados, West India Island, headquarters of British Leeward Islands Station,99;advantage of Santa Lucia over,104,144,207;notably for crippled ships,144;devastated by hurricane, 1780,159.Bartington, Samuel, British Admiral, commands Leeward Islands Station,99;capture of Santa Lucia by,100-102;successfully resists d'Estaing's effort to recapture,103,104;superseded in chief command by Byron,105;share in Byron's action with d'Estaing,107,109;goes home wounded,112;refuses command-in-chief of the Channel Fleet, 1780,157;serves in it under Howe,227;captures a French convoy for East Indies,227.Basse Terre, St. Kitts, Operations around, 1782,196-205;character of anchorage at,199.Battle, Order of, defined,93(note),200(note).Battles, Naval, Valcour Island, October 11, 1776,19-23.Charleston Harbor, June 28, 1776,33.D'Estaing and Howe, August 10 and 11, 1778,73-75.Ushant, July 27, 1778,84-91.Barrington and d'Estaing, Santa Lucia, December 15, 1778,102-104.Byron and d'Estaing, Grenada, July 6, 1779,105-112.De Langara and Rodney, Cape St. Vincent, January 16, 1780,123.De Guichen and Rodney, off Martinique, April 17, 1780,131-135.De Guichen and Rodney, May 15, 1780,143,144.De Guichen and Rodney, May 19, 1780,144.Cornwallis and La Motte-Picquet, off Haiti, March 20, 1780,153.Cornwallis and de Ternay, June 20, 1780,155-157.De Grasse and Hood, off Martinique, April 29, 1781,163-167.Arbuthnot and des Touches, off Cape Henry, March 16, 1781,171-173.De Grasse and Graves, off Cape Henry, September 5, 1781,179-183.The Doggers Bank, August 5, 1781,189-193.De Grasse and Hood, St. Kitts, January 25 and 26, 1782,199-204.De Grasse and Rodney, near Dominica, April 9 and 12, 1782,207-221.Howe with Franco-Spanish Fleet near Gibraltar, October 20, 1782,231,232.Johnstone and Suffren, Porto Praya, Cape Verde Islands, April 16, 1781,236-238.Hughes and Suffren, Coromandel Coast, February 17, 1781,240-242.Hughes and Suffren, off Ceylon, April 12, 1782,242-244.Hughes and Suffren, off Nega-patam, July 6, 1782,244-246.Hughes and Suffren, off Trincomalee, September 3, 1782,247-251.Hughes and Suffren, off Cuddalore, June 20, 1783,253.N.B. Naval Battles end here.Belle Poule, French Frigate. Encounter with BritishArethusamarks beginning of War of 1778 with Great Britain,61,82.Blane, Sir Gilbert, Physician to British Fleet under Rodney, quoted,124,219,220,221.Burgoyne, Sir John, British General,3,6,14,23,27,28,50-53,55;decisive effect of American control of Lake Champlain, in 1776, upon his expedition, in 1777,3,9,13,14,25;his surrender at Saratoga,53;it determines France to intervene,6,58.Byng, John, British Admiral, influence of his execution, in 1756, upon the minds of naval officers,93,139,146.Byron, John, British Admiral, ordered to North American Station, 1778,59;delayed by heavy weather, and puts into Halifax,62;Howe superseded by,80;goes to West Indies,105;action with D'Estaing off Grenada,105-111;comments upon course of,110-112;returns to England,112.Canada, Strength of, against attack from southward,7;its advantage in this respect over New York,8;comprehension of these facts by Americans of 1775, from the old French Wars,8;attempt to utilize, by British, frustrated by Arnold's promptitude,9;invasion of, under Montgomery, ordered by American Congress, 1775,9;failure of the attempt, decided by British Navy,10-12;British advance from, under Carleton, 1776,15-26;Burgoyne's advance from, 1777,51-53.Cap François (now Cap Haitien), French naval station on north side of Haiti,147-149,153,154,168,176,178,206,223,225.Carkett, Robert, British Naval Captain, misunderstanding of Rodney's orders by, causes failure of British attack of April 17, 1780,133;Rodney's censure of,137-139.Carleton, Sir Guy, Governor and Commander-in-Chief, in Canada, 1775-6,9;besieged and blockaded in Quebec by Americans,10-12;relieved by British Navy,11;takes the offensive,17;delayed decisively by Arnold's preparations on Lake Champlain,13,18;battle of Valcour Island,20-23;successfully eluded by Arnold,23;honored by Government for the campaign,26.Carolinas, North and South, supposed British sympathies in,31, exaggerated,175;expedition against Charleston, and battle of Charleston Harbor, 1776,31-38;operations against, and against Georgia, renewed, 1779,113-115, and 1780,151-153;disastrous consequences to British operations,114,152,174-176.Champlain, Lake, Decisive effect of naval operations upon,3,4,7,13,14,25,26;strategic importance of,7;naval campaign upon, 1775-1776, chapter i;remains in naval control of British throughout the war,28.Charleston, South Carolina, attack upon by British squadron, 1776,32-37;siege and capture of, by the British, 1780,114,151.Chesapeake Bay, naval command of, by French, 1781, accomplishes independence of United States,4,114,184;Sir William Howe moves by way of, against Philadelphia, 1777,52;operations in and near, 1781,169-174,177-185;British control of, in 1781, prior to arrival of de Grasse,174;de Grasse reaches, 1781,178.Clinton, Sir Henry, British General, commands land force employed in Carolinas, 1776,31,32;in seizure of Narragansett Bay,48;left in command at New York by Howe, 1777,52;advance up the Hudson River, 1777,55;relieves Howe as Commander-in-Chief in North America,56,63;evacuates Philadelphia, and retreats upon New York, 1778,63;narrowness of his escape,63,64;evacuates Narragansett Bay, 1779,115;operations of, in South Carolina, and capture of Charleston,151;leaves Cornwallis in command in Carolina, and returns to New York,152;sends detachments to Virginia, for diversion in favor of Cornwallis, 1781,153,169;serious difference of opinion between, and Cornwallis,115,175;orders of, to Cornwallis, which result in position at Yorktown, 1781,175.Commerce, effects upon, through inadequate naval preparation,59-61,117,126,158;table of losses of British,61(note).Convoys, effect of, upon naval action, strategic or tactical,105,106,109,122,126,130,148,155-157,158,166,176,188,189,193,199,206-209,227-229,229-231,235,236-238,240,246.Cornwallis, Charles, Earl, British General, accompanies expedition against Charleston, 1776,31;hurried to Trenton, after Washington's victory there,49;professional quarrel with Sir H. Clinton,115,175;at siege and capture of Charleston,152;left in command of southern department, 1780,152;defeats Gates at Camden, 1780,152;pushes on to North Carolina,152;embarrassments there,152;enters Virginia, and joins Arnold at Petersburg, 1781,153,174;ordered by Clinton to occupy a defensive position which should cover anchorage for a fleet,175;evacuates Portsmouth, and takes position at Yorktown,175;French cruisers bar his retreat towards the Carolinas, and occupy York River,179;enclosed by French fleet and French and American armies,184;compelled to surrender,185.Cornwallis, Sir William (brother of Lord), British naval captain, share in action between Byron and d'Estaing, 1779,108-110,153;in command of a squadron, action with La Motte-Picquet, 1780,153;action with de Ternay's squadron,155-157;characteristics, and nickname of,157;distinguished part in Hood's action with de Grasse, 1782,201;share in Rodney's victory,217;quoted,156,198,200,203,211.Crown Point, military post on Lake Champlain,8;seized by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, 1775,8;General Montgomery embarks at, to invade Canada, 1775,9;Arnold retreats to, in 1776, after reverses in Canada,12;part in campaign of 1776,24;recovered by British,25;reoccupied by Americans after Burgoyne's surrender,28.Cuddalore, British post in India, on Coromandel Coast, besieged by Hyder Ali and Suffren,242;taken by Hyder Ali,244;British attempt to retake,252;relieved by Suffren,252-254.Darby, George, British Admiral, commands Channel Fleet, 1780,157;relief of Gibraltar by, 1781,186-188;blocked in Torbay by Franco-Spanish fleet, 1781,188-189.Delaware, Naval Operations in the, 1777,52-55;in 1778,59,62-64.De Barras, French Commodore, commands squadron in Newport, 1781,174;opinion concerning des Touches' conduct,174;junction with de Grasse in Chesapeake Bay, 1781,184.De Bouille, French General, governor of Martinique, 1780, concerts with de Guichen an attack on British West Indies,130;project against Barbados, 1782,197;capture of St. Kitts,197-205.De Cordova, Spanish Admiral, commands in allied fleet under d'Orvilliers, 1779,118,119;in chief command, at Cadiz,125;in Channel, 1781,188;in 1782,228;at Algeciras, during Howe's relief of Gibraltar,230-232.D'Estaing, Comte, French Admiral, in chief command, in 1778, of first French fleet sent to America,59;biographical summary of,59(note);Government instructions to,59;slowness of movements of,62-64;failure to attack Howe at Sandy Hook,66-68;professional inefficiency of,67,79,111,112;proceeds to Newport, R.I.,69, and enters the harbor,70;joins Americans in siege of the town,70;abandons it on Howe's appearance and puts to sea,73;manoeuvres against Howe,73-75;fleet scattered by gale,75;refuses to renew siege of Newport, and goes to Boston,77,78;outgeneralled throughout by Howe,78;goes to West Indies, 1779,100;fails to recover Santa Lucia,102-104;captures Grenada,105;action with Byron,106-112;fails in attempt to retake Savannah,115;returns to Europe with ships of his original command,115;sent to Cadiz, in 1780, to bring back to Brest French contingent of Allied Fleet,158.
Algeciras, in Gibraltar Bay, station of Franco-Spanish Fleet supporting the Siege of Gibraltar,121,230,231.
Algeciras, in Gibraltar Bay, station of Franco-Spanish Fleet supporting the Siege of Gibraltar,121,230,231.
Arbuthnot, Marriott, British Admiral, commands North American Station, 1779,113,148;anger at Rodney's intrusion on his command,150;supports the attack on Charleston, 1780,151;station in Gardiner's Bay,151,170;action with French squadron under des Touches, 1781,171;regains command of Chesapeake Bay,174;superseded, 1781,176.
Arbuthnot, Marriott, British Admiral, commands North American Station, 1779,113,148;
anger at Rodney's intrusion on his command,150;
supports the attack on Charleston, 1780,151;
station in Gardiner's Bay,151,170;
action with French squadron under des Touches, 1781,171;
regains command of Chesapeake Bay,174;
superseded, 1781,176.
Arethusa, British frigate. Encounter with French frigateBelle Poulemarks beginning of War of 1778 with France,62,82.
Arethusa, British frigate. Encounter with French frigateBelle Poulemarks beginning of War of 1778 with France,62,82.
Armed Neutrality, The, of 1780,3,158.
Armed Neutrality, The, of 1780,3,158.
Arnold, Benedict, American General. Effects following his action on Lake Champlain in 1776,3,4,7,25;with, Ethan Allen, seizes Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 1775,8;captures or destroys all hostile shipping on Lake Champlain,9;traverses Maine forests, and joins Montgomery before Quebec,10;maintains blockade of Quebec till arrival of a British squadron,10;retreats to Crown Point, and destitution of his troops,11;schemes for maintaining command of Lake Champlain,12;his force, and its character,14,15,17;compelled by shore batteries to abandon lower Narrows of the Lake,15;selects Valcour Island as position for defence,15;decision to risk destruction of force rather than retire,18,19;sound strategic and tactical ideas,20;Battle of Valcour Island,21;successful withdrawal after defeat,23;overtaken and flotilla destroyed,25;effect of his resistance in delaying British advance,25;conduct, courage, and heroism throughout,27;his subsequent treason,18,27,152;commands British detachment in Virginia,153,169,170,174.
Arnold, Benedict, American General. Effects following his action on Lake Champlain in 1776,3,4,7,25;
with, Ethan Allen, seizes Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 1775,8;
captures or destroys all hostile shipping on Lake Champlain,9;
traverses Maine forests, and joins Montgomery before Quebec,10;
maintains blockade of Quebec till arrival of a British squadron,10;
retreats to Crown Point, and destitution of his troops,11;
schemes for maintaining command of Lake Champlain,12;
his force, and its character,14,15,17;
compelled by shore batteries to abandon lower Narrows of the Lake,15;
selects Valcour Island as position for defence,15;
decision to risk destruction of force rather than retire,18,19;
sound strategic and tactical ideas,20;
Battle of Valcour Island,21;
successful withdrawal after defeat,23;
overtaken and flotilla destroyed,25;
effect of his resistance in delaying British advance,25;
conduct, courage, and heroism throughout,27;
his subsequent treason,18,27,152;
commands British detachment in Virginia,153,169,170,174.
Asiatic Immigration, Danger involved in,4.
Asiatic Immigration, Danger involved in,4.
Barbados, West India Island, headquarters of British Leeward Islands Station,99;advantage of Santa Lucia over,104,144,207;notably for crippled ships,144;devastated by hurricane, 1780,159.
Barbados, West India Island, headquarters of British Leeward Islands Station,99;
advantage of Santa Lucia over,104,144,207;
notably for crippled ships,144;
devastated by hurricane, 1780,159.
Bartington, Samuel, British Admiral, commands Leeward Islands Station,99;capture of Santa Lucia by,100-102;successfully resists d'Estaing's effort to recapture,103,104;superseded in chief command by Byron,105;share in Byron's action with d'Estaing,107,109;goes home wounded,112;refuses command-in-chief of the Channel Fleet, 1780,157;serves in it under Howe,227;captures a French convoy for East Indies,227.
Bartington, Samuel, British Admiral, commands Leeward Islands Station,99;
capture of Santa Lucia by,100-102;
successfully resists d'Estaing's effort to recapture,103,104;
superseded in chief command by Byron,105;
share in Byron's action with d'Estaing,107,109;
goes home wounded,112;
refuses command-in-chief of the Channel Fleet, 1780,157;
serves in it under Howe,227;
captures a French convoy for East Indies,227.
Basse Terre, St. Kitts, Operations around, 1782,196-205;character of anchorage at,199.
Basse Terre, St. Kitts, Operations around, 1782,196-205;
character of anchorage at,199.
Battle, Order of, defined,93(note),200(note).
Battle, Order of, defined,93(note),200(note).
Battles, Naval, Valcour Island, October 11, 1776,19-23.Charleston Harbor, June 28, 1776,33.D'Estaing and Howe, August 10 and 11, 1778,73-75.Ushant, July 27, 1778,84-91.Barrington and d'Estaing, Santa Lucia, December 15, 1778,102-104.Byron and d'Estaing, Grenada, July 6, 1779,105-112.De Langara and Rodney, Cape St. Vincent, January 16, 1780,123.De Guichen and Rodney, off Martinique, April 17, 1780,131-135.De Guichen and Rodney, May 15, 1780,143,144.De Guichen and Rodney, May 19, 1780,144.Cornwallis and La Motte-Picquet, off Haiti, March 20, 1780,153.Cornwallis and de Ternay, June 20, 1780,155-157.De Grasse and Hood, off Martinique, April 29, 1781,163-167.Arbuthnot and des Touches, off Cape Henry, March 16, 1781,171-173.De Grasse and Graves, off Cape Henry, September 5, 1781,179-183.The Doggers Bank, August 5, 1781,189-193.De Grasse and Hood, St. Kitts, January 25 and 26, 1782,199-204.De Grasse and Rodney, near Dominica, April 9 and 12, 1782,207-221.Howe with Franco-Spanish Fleet near Gibraltar, October 20, 1782,231,232.Johnstone and Suffren, Porto Praya, Cape Verde Islands, April 16, 1781,236-238.Hughes and Suffren, Coromandel Coast, February 17, 1781,240-242.Hughes and Suffren, off Ceylon, April 12, 1782,242-244.Hughes and Suffren, off Nega-patam, July 6, 1782,244-246.Hughes and Suffren, off Trincomalee, September 3, 1782,247-251.Hughes and Suffren, off Cuddalore, June 20, 1783,253.N.B. Naval Battles end here.
Battles, Naval, Valcour Island, October 11, 1776,19-23.
Charleston Harbor, June 28, 1776,33.
D'Estaing and Howe, August 10 and 11, 1778,73-75.
Ushant, July 27, 1778,84-91.
Barrington and d'Estaing, Santa Lucia, December 15, 1778,102-104.
Byron and d'Estaing, Grenada, July 6, 1779,105-112.
De Langara and Rodney, Cape St. Vincent, January 16, 1780,123.
De Guichen and Rodney, off Martinique, April 17, 1780,131-135.
De Guichen and Rodney, May 15, 1780,143,144.
De Guichen and Rodney, May 19, 1780,144.
Cornwallis and La Motte-Picquet, off Haiti, March 20, 1780,153.
Cornwallis and de Ternay, June 20, 1780,155-157.
De Grasse and Hood, off Martinique, April 29, 1781,163-167.
Arbuthnot and des Touches, off Cape Henry, March 16, 1781,171-173.
De Grasse and Graves, off Cape Henry, September 5, 1781,179-183.
The Doggers Bank, August 5, 1781,189-193.
De Grasse and Hood, St. Kitts, January 25 and 26, 1782,199-204.
De Grasse and Rodney, near Dominica, April 9 and 12, 1782,207-221.
Howe with Franco-Spanish Fleet near Gibraltar, October 20, 1782,231,232.
Johnstone and Suffren, Porto Praya, Cape Verde Islands, April 16, 1781,236-238.
Hughes and Suffren, Coromandel Coast, February 17, 1781,240-242.
Hughes and Suffren, off Ceylon, April 12, 1782,242-244.
Hughes and Suffren, off Nega-patam, July 6, 1782,244-246.
Hughes and Suffren, off Trincomalee, September 3, 1782,247-251.
Hughes and Suffren, off Cuddalore, June 20, 1783,253.
N.B. Naval Battles end here.
Belle Poule, French Frigate. Encounter with BritishArethusamarks beginning of War of 1778 with Great Britain,61,82.
Belle Poule, French Frigate. Encounter with BritishArethusamarks beginning of War of 1778 with Great Britain,61,82.
Blane, Sir Gilbert, Physician to British Fleet under Rodney, quoted,124,219,220,221.
Blane, Sir Gilbert, Physician to British Fleet under Rodney, quoted,124,219,220,221.
Burgoyne, Sir John, British General,3,6,14,23,27,28,50-53,55;decisive effect of American control of Lake Champlain, in 1776, upon his expedition, in 1777,3,9,13,14,25;his surrender at Saratoga,53;it determines France to intervene,6,58.
Burgoyne, Sir John, British General,3,6,14,23,27,28,50-53,55;
decisive effect of American control of Lake Champlain, in 1776, upon his expedition, in 1777,3,9,13,14,25;
his surrender at Saratoga,53;
it determines France to intervene,6,58.
Byng, John, British Admiral, influence of his execution, in 1756, upon the minds of naval officers,93,139,146.
Byng, John, British Admiral, influence of his execution, in 1756, upon the minds of naval officers,93,139,146.
Byron, John, British Admiral, ordered to North American Station, 1778,59;delayed by heavy weather, and puts into Halifax,62;Howe superseded by,80;goes to West Indies,105;action with D'Estaing off Grenada,105-111;comments upon course of,110-112;returns to England,112.
Byron, John, British Admiral, ordered to North American Station, 1778,59;
delayed by heavy weather, and puts into Halifax,62;
Howe superseded by,80;
goes to West Indies,105;
action with D'Estaing off Grenada,105-111;
comments upon course of,110-112;
returns to England,112.
Canada, Strength of, against attack from southward,7;its advantage in this respect over New York,8;comprehension of these facts by Americans of 1775, from the old French Wars,8;attempt to utilize, by British, frustrated by Arnold's promptitude,9;invasion of, under Montgomery, ordered by American Congress, 1775,9;failure of the attempt, decided by British Navy,10-12;British advance from, under Carleton, 1776,15-26;Burgoyne's advance from, 1777,51-53.
Canada, Strength of, against attack from southward,7;
its advantage in this respect over New York,8;
comprehension of these facts by Americans of 1775, from the old French Wars,8;
attempt to utilize, by British, frustrated by Arnold's promptitude,9;
invasion of, under Montgomery, ordered by American Congress, 1775,9;
failure of the attempt, decided by British Navy,10-12;
British advance from, under Carleton, 1776,15-26;
Burgoyne's advance from, 1777,51-53.
Cap François (now Cap Haitien), French naval station on north side of Haiti,147-149,153,154,168,176,178,206,223,225.
Cap François (now Cap Haitien), French naval station on north side of Haiti,147-149,153,154,168,176,178,206,223,225.
Carkett, Robert, British Naval Captain, misunderstanding of Rodney's orders by, causes failure of British attack of April 17, 1780,133;Rodney's censure of,137-139.
Carkett, Robert, British Naval Captain, misunderstanding of Rodney's orders by, causes failure of British attack of April 17, 1780,133;
Rodney's censure of,137-139.
Carleton, Sir Guy, Governor and Commander-in-Chief, in Canada, 1775-6,9;besieged and blockaded in Quebec by Americans,10-12;relieved by British Navy,11;takes the offensive,17;delayed decisively by Arnold's preparations on Lake Champlain,13,18;battle of Valcour Island,20-23;successfully eluded by Arnold,23;honored by Government for the campaign,26.
Carleton, Sir Guy, Governor and Commander-in-Chief, in Canada, 1775-6,9;
besieged and blockaded in Quebec by Americans,10-12;
relieved by British Navy,11;
takes the offensive,17;
delayed decisively by Arnold's preparations on Lake Champlain,13,18;
battle of Valcour Island,20-23;
successfully eluded by Arnold,23;
honored by Government for the campaign,26.
Carolinas, North and South, supposed British sympathies in,31, exaggerated,175;expedition against Charleston, and battle of Charleston Harbor, 1776,31-38;operations against, and against Georgia, renewed, 1779,113-115, and 1780,151-153;disastrous consequences to British operations,114,152,174-176.
Carolinas, North and South, supposed British sympathies in,31, exaggerated,175;
expedition against Charleston, and battle of Charleston Harbor, 1776,31-38;
operations against, and against Georgia, renewed, 1779,113-115, and 1780,151-153;
disastrous consequences to British operations,114,152,174-176.
Champlain, Lake, Decisive effect of naval operations upon,3,4,7,13,14,25,26;strategic importance of,7;naval campaign upon, 1775-1776, chapter i;remains in naval control of British throughout the war,28.
Champlain, Lake, Decisive effect of naval operations upon,3,4,7,13,14,25,26;
strategic importance of,7;
naval campaign upon, 1775-1776, chapter i;
remains in naval control of British throughout the war,28.
Charleston, South Carolina, attack upon by British squadron, 1776,32-37;siege and capture of, by the British, 1780,114,151.
Charleston, South Carolina, attack upon by British squadron, 1776,32-37;
siege and capture of, by the British, 1780,114,151.
Chesapeake Bay, naval command of, by French, 1781, accomplishes independence of United States,4,114,184;Sir William Howe moves by way of, against Philadelphia, 1777,52;operations in and near, 1781,169-174,177-185;British control of, in 1781, prior to arrival of de Grasse,174;de Grasse reaches, 1781,178.
Chesapeake Bay, naval command of, by French, 1781, accomplishes independence of United States,4,114,184;
Sir William Howe moves by way of, against Philadelphia, 1777,52;
operations in and near, 1781,169-174,177-185;
British control of, in 1781, prior to arrival of de Grasse,174;
de Grasse reaches, 1781,178.
Clinton, Sir Henry, British General, commands land force employed in Carolinas, 1776,31,32;in seizure of Narragansett Bay,48;left in command at New York by Howe, 1777,52;advance up the Hudson River, 1777,55;relieves Howe as Commander-in-Chief in North America,56,63;evacuates Philadelphia, and retreats upon New York, 1778,63;narrowness of his escape,63,64;evacuates Narragansett Bay, 1779,115;operations of, in South Carolina, and capture of Charleston,151;leaves Cornwallis in command in Carolina, and returns to New York,152;sends detachments to Virginia, for diversion in favor of Cornwallis, 1781,153,169;serious difference of opinion between, and Cornwallis,115,175;orders of, to Cornwallis, which result in position at Yorktown, 1781,175.
Clinton, Sir Henry, British General, commands land force employed in Carolinas, 1776,31,32;
in seizure of Narragansett Bay,48;
left in command at New York by Howe, 1777,52;
advance up the Hudson River, 1777,55;
relieves Howe as Commander-in-Chief in North America,56,63;
evacuates Philadelphia, and retreats upon New York, 1778,63;
narrowness of his escape,63,64;
evacuates Narragansett Bay, 1779,115;
operations of, in South Carolina, and capture of Charleston,151;
leaves Cornwallis in command in Carolina, and returns to New York,152;
sends detachments to Virginia, for diversion in favor of Cornwallis, 1781,153,169;
serious difference of opinion between, and Cornwallis,115,175;
orders of, to Cornwallis, which result in position at Yorktown, 1781,175.
Commerce, effects upon, through inadequate naval preparation,59-61,117,126,158;table of losses of British,61(note).
Commerce, effects upon, through inadequate naval preparation,59-61,117,126,158;
table of losses of British,61(note).
Convoys, effect of, upon naval action, strategic or tactical,105,106,109,122,126,130,148,155-157,158,166,176,188,189,193,199,206-209,227-229,229-231,235,236-238,240,246.
Convoys, effect of, upon naval action, strategic or tactical,105,106,109,122,126,130,148,155-157,158,166,176,188,189,193,199,206-209,227-229,229-231,235,236-238,240,246.
Cornwallis, Charles, Earl, British General, accompanies expedition against Charleston, 1776,31;hurried to Trenton, after Washington's victory there,49;professional quarrel with Sir H. Clinton,115,175;at siege and capture of Charleston,152;left in command of southern department, 1780,152;defeats Gates at Camden, 1780,152;pushes on to North Carolina,152;embarrassments there,152;enters Virginia, and joins Arnold at Petersburg, 1781,153,174;ordered by Clinton to occupy a defensive position which should cover anchorage for a fleet,175;evacuates Portsmouth, and takes position at Yorktown,175;French cruisers bar his retreat towards the Carolinas, and occupy York River,179;enclosed by French fleet and French and American armies,184;compelled to surrender,185.
Cornwallis, Charles, Earl, British General, accompanies expedition against Charleston, 1776,31;
hurried to Trenton, after Washington's victory there,49;
professional quarrel with Sir H. Clinton,115,175;
at siege and capture of Charleston,152;
left in command of southern department, 1780,152;
defeats Gates at Camden, 1780,152;
pushes on to North Carolina,152;
embarrassments there,152;
enters Virginia, and joins Arnold at Petersburg, 1781,153,174;
ordered by Clinton to occupy a defensive position which should cover anchorage for a fleet,175;
evacuates Portsmouth, and takes position at Yorktown,175;
French cruisers bar his retreat towards the Carolinas, and occupy York River,179;
enclosed by French fleet and French and American armies,184;
compelled to surrender,185.
Cornwallis, Sir William (brother of Lord), British naval captain, share in action between Byron and d'Estaing, 1779,108-110,153;in command of a squadron, action with La Motte-Picquet, 1780,153;action with de Ternay's squadron,155-157;characteristics, and nickname of,157;distinguished part in Hood's action with de Grasse, 1782,201;share in Rodney's victory,217;quoted,156,198,200,203,211.
Cornwallis, Sir William (brother of Lord), British naval captain, share in action between Byron and d'Estaing, 1779,108-110,153;
in command of a squadron, action with La Motte-Picquet, 1780,153;
action with de Ternay's squadron,155-157;
characteristics, and nickname of,157;
distinguished part in Hood's action with de Grasse, 1782,201;
share in Rodney's victory,217;
quoted,156,198,200,203,211.
Crown Point, military post on Lake Champlain,8;seized by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, 1775,8;General Montgomery embarks at, to invade Canada, 1775,9;Arnold retreats to, in 1776, after reverses in Canada,12;part in campaign of 1776,24;recovered by British,25;reoccupied by Americans after Burgoyne's surrender,28.
Crown Point, military post on Lake Champlain,8;
seized by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, 1775,8;
General Montgomery embarks at, to invade Canada, 1775,9;
Arnold retreats to, in 1776, after reverses in Canada,12;
part in campaign of 1776,24;
recovered by British,25;
reoccupied by Americans after Burgoyne's surrender,28.
Cuddalore, British post in India, on Coromandel Coast, besieged by Hyder Ali and Suffren,242;taken by Hyder Ali,244;British attempt to retake,252;relieved by Suffren,252-254.
Cuddalore, British post in India, on Coromandel Coast, besieged by Hyder Ali and Suffren,242;
taken by Hyder Ali,244;
British attempt to retake,252;
relieved by Suffren,252-254.
Darby, George, British Admiral, commands Channel Fleet, 1780,157;relief of Gibraltar by, 1781,186-188;blocked in Torbay by Franco-Spanish fleet, 1781,188-189.
Darby, George, British Admiral, commands Channel Fleet, 1780,157;
relief of Gibraltar by, 1781,186-188;
blocked in Torbay by Franco-Spanish fleet, 1781,188-189.
Delaware, Naval Operations in the, 1777,52-55;in 1778,59,62-64.
Delaware, Naval Operations in the, 1777,52-55;
in 1778,59,62-64.
De Barras, French Commodore, commands squadron in Newport, 1781,174;opinion concerning des Touches' conduct,174;junction with de Grasse in Chesapeake Bay, 1781,184.
De Barras, French Commodore, commands squadron in Newport, 1781,174;
opinion concerning des Touches' conduct,174;
junction with de Grasse in Chesapeake Bay, 1781,184.
De Bouille, French General, governor of Martinique, 1780, concerts with de Guichen an attack on British West Indies,130;project against Barbados, 1782,197;capture of St. Kitts,197-205.
De Bouille, French General, governor of Martinique, 1780, concerts with de Guichen an attack on British West Indies,130;
project against Barbados, 1782,197;
capture of St. Kitts,197-205.
De Cordova, Spanish Admiral, commands in allied fleet under d'Orvilliers, 1779,118,119;in chief command, at Cadiz,125;in Channel, 1781,188;in 1782,228;at Algeciras, during Howe's relief of Gibraltar,230-232.
De Cordova, Spanish Admiral, commands in allied fleet under d'Orvilliers, 1779,118,119;
in chief command, at Cadiz,125;
in Channel, 1781,188;
in 1782,228;
at Algeciras, during Howe's relief of Gibraltar,230-232.
D'Estaing, Comte, French Admiral, in chief command, in 1778, of first French fleet sent to America,59;biographical summary of,59(note);Government instructions to,59;slowness of movements of,62-64;failure to attack Howe at Sandy Hook,66-68;professional inefficiency of,67,79,111,112;proceeds to Newport, R.I.,69, and enters the harbor,70;joins Americans in siege of the town,70;abandons it on Howe's appearance and puts to sea,73;manoeuvres against Howe,73-75;fleet scattered by gale,75;refuses to renew siege of Newport, and goes to Boston,77,78;outgeneralled throughout by Howe,78;goes to West Indies, 1779,100;fails to recover Santa Lucia,102-104;captures Grenada,105;action with Byron,106-112;fails in attempt to retake Savannah,115;returns to Europe with ships of his original command,115;sent to Cadiz, in 1780, to bring back to Brest French contingent of Allied Fleet,158.
D'Estaing, Comte, French Admiral, in chief command, in 1778, of first French fleet sent to America,59;
biographical summary of,59(note);
Government instructions to,59;
slowness of movements of,62-64;
failure to attack Howe at Sandy Hook,66-68;
professional inefficiency of,67,79,111,112;
proceeds to Newport, R.I.,69, and enters the harbor,70;
joins Americans in siege of the town,70;
abandons it on Howe's appearance and puts to sea,73;
manoeuvres against Howe,73-75;
fleet scattered by gale,75;
refuses to renew siege of Newport, and goes to Boston,77,78;
outgeneralled throughout by Howe,78;
goes to West Indies, 1779,100;
fails to recover Santa Lucia,102-104;
captures Grenada,105;
action with Byron,106-112;
fails in attempt to retake Savannah,115;
returns to Europe with ships of his original command,115;
sent to Cadiz, in 1780, to bring back to Brest French contingent of Allied Fleet,158.