Halifax and Harbour from Dartmouth about 1760 Drawn on the spot by Richard ShortHalifax and Harbour from Dartmouth about 1760 Drawn on the spot by Richard Short
Haldimand, Louis.HdNephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 88; his arrival and reception in Boston, 109; promoted, 110, 294; his debts, 312.
Haldimand, Pierre.HdNephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, joins him in Florida, 72; placed in charge of seigniory of Pabos, 73, 111; appointed ranger of the woods, 294; death of, 294.
Haldimand, William.HdGrand-nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand; and director of Bank of England, 343.
Haldimand Papers.HdIn Canadian Archives, 319, 320.
Haliburton, Thomas Chandler(1796-1865). Born at Windsor, Nova Scotia. Educated at the Grammar School and at King's College there. Called to the bar and practised for a time at Annapolis. Represented the county of Annapolis in the Nova Scotia Legislature, and in 1829 appointed district judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1841 transferred to the Supreme Court. Resigned in 1856, and removed to England, where three years later, entered Parliament as member for Launceston. Died at his home, Gordon House, on the Thames.Index:HContributes toNova Scotian, 9; hisHistory of Nova Scotiapublished by Joseph Howe, a financial failure, 10; friendship for Howe, 10; sails for England with Howe, 267; Howe's poetical toast to, 267-268.MdAdvocates Confederation, 96.Bib.: Works:An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia;The Clockmaker, or The Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville;Bubbles of Canada;Reply to the Report of the Earl of Durham;Letter-bag of the Great Western, or Life in a Steamer;Attaché, or Sam Slick in England;Old Judge, or Life in a Colony;English in America;Traits of American Humour;Wise Saws and Modern Instances;Americans at Home;Nature and Human Nature;Address on the Present Condition, Resources, and Prospects of British North America;Season Ticket. Brief biographies are found inDict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan,Bib. Can.; Allibone,Dict. Eng. Lit.; Calnek and Savery,History of the County of Annapolis; Chasles,Études sur Littérature des Anglo-Americains; Crofton,Haliburton: a Centenary Chaplet.See alsolast-mentioned volume for a bibliography of the various editions of his works and a list of articles, in books and magazines, on the man and his works;alsoA. H. O'Brien's exhaustive bibliography, in R. S. C.,Trans., 1909.
Halifax.A seaport, and the capital of Nova Scotia; founded in 1749 and named after the Earl of Halifax, then president of the Board of Trade. The first settlers were brought out from England in that year by Governor Cornwallis, in thirteen transports; following year made the capital of the province (then including New Brunswick), instead of Annapolis; in 1842 incorporated as a city; became, with its fortifications, observatory stations, harbour mines, etc., one of the fortresses of the Empire and the chief British naval station in North America; garrisoned by Imperial troops until 1905, when they were withdrawn and replaced by a Canadian garrison.Index:HBirthplace of Joseph Howe, 1; the North-West Arm, 1; Melville Island, 5; newspapers (seeChronicle;Acadian;Nova Scotian); municipal government in, in 1835, 20; Howe's trial for libelling magistrates of the city, 21, 29; represented by Howe and Annand, 1836, 29; bill for incorporation of, 69; Howe re-elected for, 73; James MacNab elected for, 106; railway communication with Windsor, 118.Bib.: MacMechan,Halifax in Books, a collection of pen-pictures of Halifax and its people by many writers from Edmund Burke to Rudyard Kipling, and including Marsden,Narrative; Tom Moore,Letters; McGregor,Maritime Colonies of British America; Moorsom,Letters from Nova Scotia;Sleigh,Pine Forests; Mrs. Williams,Neutral French; Marryat,Frank Mildmay; Dickens,American Notes; Johnston,Notes on North America; Cozzens,Acadia; Sladen,On the Cars and Off; Haliburton,Nova Scotia; Thomas B. Akins,History of Halifax(Nova Scotia Hist. Soc.Trans., vol. 8); Mackay,Sketch of City of Halifax, inCanada: An Ency., vol. 5; Regan,Sketches and Traditions of the North-West Arm;Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Halifax Award.The treaty of Washington having provided for a commission, to settle the compensation due Canada by the United States for the use of her fisheries, in 1877 the United States appointed E.H. Kellogg, Canada appointed Sir Alexander Galt, and these two agreed upon M. Delfosse, Belgian minister to Washington, as a third. The commission met at Halifax, and after long and careful deliberation, decided that Canada should be paid $5,500,000, the American commissioner protesting. The award was paid, after some delay.SeeWashington, Treaty of.Bib.:Record of the Proceedings of the Halifax Fisheries Commission, 1877.
Hall, Major George D.SyAppointed military secretary and aide-de-camp, 152.
Halliburton, Sir Brenton(1773-1860).HChief-justice, of Nova Scotia, presides at trial of Joseph Howe for libel, 24; contest for his office, 168; his son challenges Howe, because of supposed insulting references to the father, 236.Bib.: Hill,Memoir of Sir Brenton Halliburton; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Halliburton, John Croke(1806-1884). Eldest son of Sir Brenton Halliburton, chief-justice of Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1829; appointed deputy-clerk of the Legislative Council, 1830, and clerk, 1838. In early life challenged Joseph Howe to a duel, but neither of the duellists injured.Index:HChallenges Joseph Howe, 236; the duel, 236-244.
Haly, Sir William O'Grady(1811-1878). Entered the army, 1828. Served with distinction in the Crimea and in India. Created K.C.B., 1855. Appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America, 1873. Acted as administrator of the government of Canada during the absence of Lord Dufferin, 1875. Attained the rank of general, 1877. Died in Halifax.
Hamilton.City of Ontario, on Burlington Bay, west end of Lake Ontario. Laid out and settled, 1813, by George Hamilton, from whom it takes its name.Index:BLEarly municipal government of, 298, 300.Bib.: Lovell,Gazetteer.
Hamilton, Alexander(1757-1804). American statesman.Index:DrAnxious to keep on good terms with Britain, 286; Talleyrand's opinion of, 287.Bib.: Hamilton,Life of Alexander Hamilton. For further biog., and bibliog. of works by and of him,see Cyc. Am. Biog.andLit. Am. Hist.
Hamilton, John(1801-1882). Born in Queenston, Ontario. Removed to Kingston, 1840. Throughout his life largely interested in inland navigation, and the first to introduce iron vessels on Canadian waters. Sat in the Legislative Council of Upper Canada, 1831-1841; in the Legislative Council of Canada, 1841-1867; and in the Senate from 1867 until his death. On the completion of his fiftieth year of continuous service in the Upper Chamber, presented with an address of congratulation by his fellow-senators.
Hamilton, Henry.Lieutenant-governor of Detroit during Revolutionary War; captured at Vincennes, 1779, and imprisoned. Retired from the army, 1783; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1784-1785; governor of Bermuda, 1790-1794. Died in Antigua, 1796.Index:HdGovernor of Detroit, occupiesVincennes on Wabash, 167; captured and imprisoned by Americans, 168; made lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 314. Died, 1796.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Shortt and Doughty,Constitutional Documents of Canada.
Hamilton, Paul(1762-1816).BkUnited States secretary of the navy, 173.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Hamilton, Pierce Stevens(1826-1893). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1851. Entered journalism, and editedAcadian Recorder, 1853-1861. Appointed chief commissioner of mines for Nova Scotia. An early advocate of Confederation.Index:BAdvocates Confederation, 129.THis views on union of the colonies, 65-66.Bib.: Works:Union of the Colonies of British North America;Feast of Ste. Anne and other Poems.
Hamilton, Robert.SMember of Legislative Council, 79; accused by Simcoe of "republicanism," 97; visits England and takes legal advice respecting land matters in Upper Canada, 103; his house at Queenston, 179; entertains Prince Edward, 184; appointed lieutenant of county of Lincoln, 198.
Hammond, George(1763-1853).SBritish minister at Philadelphia, consulted by Simcoe on the situation, 134, 144.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Hampton, Sir John Somerset Pakington, first Baron(1799-1880). Sat for Droitwich in British Parliament, 1837-1874; secretary for war and colonies, 1852; first lord of Admiralty, 1858 and 1866; secretary for war, 1867-1868.Index:EOpposes the secularization of Clergy Reserves, 165, 166, 167.BAnd the Clergy Reserves, 59.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Hancock.BkPrivate of 41st, first man killed in War of 1812, 236.
Hancock's House.SSkirmish at, 24.
Handy, Henry S.McCommander of "patriot" army, 427; quarrels with "General" Sutherland, 427; occupies Sugar Island, 428; put to flight, 428; forms new plot to revolutionize Canada, 437; its extent, 438; failure of, 439.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Hanington, Daniel(1804-1889). Sat for over half a century in one or other of the branches of the New Brunswick Legislature. Elected to Assembly, 1834, for Westmoreland, which he represented up to 1862. A member of the Executive Council under Sir Edmund Head; Speaker of the Assembly for several years; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1867, and president of that body, 1883-1886.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Hanington, Daniel Lionel(1835-1909). Born at Shediac, New Brunswick. Called to the bar, 1861; in 1870 entered the New Brunswick Assembly, representing Westmoreland until 1874; and reëlected, 1878; member of the Executive Council, 1878; premier of the province, 1882; resigned, 1883. In 1892 appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick.Index:TElected Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 30.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Hanks, Captain.BkSurrenders Michilimackinac, 211; killed at Detroit, 255.
Hanna, James.DVoyage of 1785, 22; on enormous profits of sea-otter trade, 22.
Hanna, Michael(1821-1882). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1839, and completed his studies at St. Mary's College. Ordained to the priesthood, 1845. Held various charges in Nova Scotia. Subsequently became vicar-general of the diocese of Halifax and archbishop, 1877. Died in Halifax.
Harding, James A.TReturned for St. John, 25, 30, 43.
Hardy, Arthur Sturgis(1837-1899). Born at Mount Pleasant, Ontario. Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1865; practised his profession at Brantford; Q. C., 1876. Elected to the Ontario Legislature, 1873; provincial secretary, 1877; commissioner of crown lands, 1889; premier, 1896.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Biggar,Sir Oliver Mowat.
Hargrave, James.Chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company.Index:MSIn charge of York Factory, 226; correspondence with Rev. Wm. Cochrane, 227; made chief trader, 1833, and chief factor, 1844, 227; Simpson's letters to, 261-262.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Harlay, de.LArchbishop of Rouen, desires ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Canada, 133; called to the see of Paris, 134; desires to bring diocese of Quebec under his jurisdiction, 184.
Harmon, Daniel Williams.Born in Vermont. Entered service of North West Company, 1800, at Montreal, and left immediately for the western fur country. Returned to the east in 1819, bringing with him hisJournals, covering this period, which were edited by Daniel Haskel, of Burlington, Vt., and published at that place in 1820; reprinted in New York, with a brief introduction, 1903. Returned to the West, and remained there several years, finally settling with his native wife and family on the shores of Lake Champlain. One of his daughters conducted a private school in Ottawa for many years.Index:DStuart's lieutenant in New Caledonia, 98.Bib.:Journal of Voyages and Travels in the Interior of North America. For biog.,seeBryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Haro, Gonzalez Lopez de.DFinds Russian establishments, 38.Bib.: Bancroft,North-West Coast.
Harrison, Robert Alexander(1833-1878). Studied law, and appointed to crown law department of Upper Canada, 1854. Retired, 1859, and practised in Toronto. Member for Toronto in first Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872. Chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1875-1878. One of the arbitrators in Ontario boundary dispute, 1878. Author of many legal works; and editedPoker, a humorous paper, 1859-1860.Index:BHis connection with the contempt of court suit against George Brown, 249-254.MdChief-justice, serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Read,Lives of the Judges.
Harrison, Samuel Bealey.SyProvincial secretary for Upper Canada, 283; his resolutions on responsible government, 310, 311.BLProvincial secretary for Upper Canada, 1841, 76; a moderate Liberal, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167; member for Kingston—opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, and resigns as provincial secretary, 182; Gowan predicts his dismissal from office, 187.McMoves resolution for responsible government, which carries, 408.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years.
Harrison, T. T. J.McHis account of the Haldimand election, 487.
Harrison, William Henry(1773-1841). Ninth president of the United States.Index:BkUnited States general, his Tippecanoe exploit, 174-176.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Harvey, Sir John(1778-1852). Entered the British army, and saw active service in Holland, France, at the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, India, and Egypt. In 1812 deputy adjutant-general of the army in Canada, and defeated the American generals Chandler and Winder at Stoney Creek. Took part in the battles of Lundy's Lane, Fort Erie, and Chrystler's Farm. In 1815 aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, and fought at Waterloo. In 1837-1841governor of New Brunswick; governor and commander-in-chief of Newfoundland, 1841-1846; and governor of Nova Scotia, 1846-1852. Buried at Halifax.Index:MdGovernor of Nova Scotia, Grey's despatch on responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50.BLEarl Grey's despatch to, on responsible government in Nova Scotia, 269-272.HAppointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 103; his broad views on responsible government, 112-113; his correspondence with Earl Grey as to proposed Intercolonial Railway, 124; his death, 143.WSucceeds Sir Archibald Campbell as lieutenant-governor, 47; assents to Civil List Bill, 47; on tenure of public office, 57, 113; his connection with the Aroostook War, 135.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812; Hannay,History of New Brunswick; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Hatheway, George L.TChief commissioner of the Board of Works, New Brunswick, 86; deserts the government and runs as opposition candidate in York, 86; deserts Anti-Confederates, in 1866, 108.
Haultain, Frederick William Gordon(1857- ). Born in Woolwich, England. Educated at Montreal High School, Peterborough Collegiate Institute, and the University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario, 1882; removed to the North-West Territories and settled at Fort McLeod, 1884. Elected to the North-West Council, 1887, and to the first Territorial Assembly, 1888. Member of the Advisory Council, 1888; Territorial premier, 1897; held office until the formation of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1905.Bib.: Begg,History of the North-West; Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Haviland, T. H.(1822-1895). Born at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Studied law and called to the bar of Prince Edward Island, 1846; elected to the Assembly for Georgetown the same year; member of the Legislative Council, 1870; colonial secretary in the provincial government, 1859-1862, 1866-1867, 1870-1872; solicitor-general, 1865; Speaker of the Assembly, 1863-1864; provincial secretary, 1873-1876; called to the Senate, 1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1879.Index:TDelegate from Prince Edward Island to Quebec Conference, 77.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.
Hawke.BHis evidence on land grants in Upper Canada, 53-54.
Hay, Charles.HdImprisoned on charge of treason, 279.
Hay, Jehu.HdLieutenant-governor of Detroit, 158.
Hay, Robert.McGenerosity of, 505.
Hayes Route.The main route of the fur traders, from Hudson Bay to Lake Winnipeg and the interior. It was adopted at a very early date, the more obvious route by way of Nelson River having proved impracticable. The Hayes route runs up Hayes River to Oxford Lake, and thence by a series of small lakes and rivers over the height of land and down the Echimamish River to Little Playgreen Lake, and Lake Winnipeg. York Factory stands at the Hudson Bay end of the route, and Norway House at the entrance to Lake Winnipeg.
Hazen, John Douglas(1860- ). Born in Oromocto, New Brunswick. Educated at the University of New Brunswick; studied law and called to the bar of New Brunswick, 1883. Alderman of Fredericton and mayor for two years. Elected to the House of Commons for St. John City and County, 1891; but defeated, 1896. Elected to the New Brunswick Assembly for Sunbury, 1899; chosen leader of the opposition in the Assembly; premier and attorney-general, 1908.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Hazen, Moses.DrBrings news of Arnold's attack on St. Johns, 34.HdA rebel spy, 130; mentioned by Haldimand in despatch, 132-133.
Hazen, Robert Leonard(1806-1874). Born in St. John, New Brunswick. Studied law and called to the bar, 1832; sat for St. John in New Brunswick Assembly, 1837-1848; in Legislative Council, 1848-1867; member of Executive Council without portfolio, 1844-1854, and again, 1856-1857; called to the Senate, 1867; judge of Vice-Admiralty Court of New Brunswick, 1846-1874.Index:WOn responsible government, 63-64; appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 72; resigns, 76; referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110.TMember of Gray-Wilmot ministry, 41.Bib.:Parl. Comp., 1873; Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Hazen's Rangers.WMIn battle of the Plains, 257.
Head, Sir Edmund Walker(1805-1868). Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, 1830-1837; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1847; governor-general of Canada, 1854-1861. Afterwards appointed a civil service commissioner and elected governor of the Hudson's Bay Company.Index:MdCalls upon Taché to form ministry, 80; suggests Bytown (Ottawa) as capital, 85.ESucceeds Elgin as governor-general, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; Elgin's opinion of, 208; visits Elgin, 239.BSends for George Brown to form ministry—relations with, 101-105, 108.RRequests report on separate school question from Ryerson, 234.WOn reducing number of judges in New Brunswick, 129, 130; and Wilmot, 131.TJudicial appointments, 31; and Confederation question, 63.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Mackenzie,Hon. George Brown.
Head, Sir Francis Bond(1793-1875). Served in Royal Engineers at Waterloo; travelled in South America, 1825-1826; appointed lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1835-1837; made privy councillor, 1867.Index:McGovernor of Upper Canada, states his position on responsible government, 22; Durham says he purposely invited rebellion, 23; his instructions on taking office, 263; makes public a confidential despatch, 280; arrives in Canada, 291; his appointment, 291; states his position, 293; appoints three executive councillors, 294; Council resigns, 294; his views of responsibility, 295; censured by committee of the House, 296; House adopts the report, 297; refuses supplies, 297; he replies to address of deputation, 298; deputation's reply, 300; appoints four new councillors, 300; schooled by Lord Glenelg, 301; joins Family Compact, 302; dissolves the House, 303; refuses assent to money bills, 303; interferes in elections, 304; insults Glenelg, 304; denounces Robert Baldwin, 305; quarrels with imperial commission of inquiry, 305; refuses to obey Lord Glenelg, 307; W. J. Rattray on, 307; his success in the elections, 308; unscrupulous influence in, 309; Lord Durham on, 309; some of his addresses, 313; charged with undue influence in, 313; sustained by partisan House, 314; refuses offer of troops, 353; invites revolt, 354, 355; prepares to escape, 364; sends flag of truce, 368; offers reward for Mackenzie's apprehension, 380; orders burning of property, 381; seeks Mackenzie's extradition, 415.SyRecall of, 109.BLComes as governor, 16, 32; his appointment, 35; his character, 36; his arrival in Toronto, 37; relations with the Reformers, 37; appoints Baldwin, Rolph, and Dunn to the Council, 38; their resignation, 41; quarrels with Reform party, 41-42; dissolves Assembly and throws his influence on Tory side in the elections, 41-42; wins the election, 42; his Tory Parliament, 62; attitude towards colonial self-government, 64; Draper a member of his Council, 77; compared to Bagot, 151.RHis instructions, 112; his conciliatory promises not fulfilled, 113; end of his administration, 114; advances funds to UpperCanada Academy, 142-143.EAn unfortunate choice as governor, 1; and the Upper Canada Rebellion, 22.Bib.: Works:Narrative;The Emigrant;Journeys in the Pampas and Andes;Life of Bruce, the Traveller; Life of Burgoyne. For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper CanadaandRebellion of 1837; Dent,Can. Por.andUpper Canadian Rebellion; Lizars,Humours of '37; Fitz Gibbon,A Veteran of 1812; Robinson,Sir John Beverley Robinson; Ryerson,Story of my Life; Egerton and Grant,Canadian Constitutional Development; Durham,Report;Lord Glenelg's Despatches to Sir F.B. Head, London, 1839.
Hearne, Samuel(1745-1792). Came to Fort Prince of Wales on the Hudson's Bay Company's shipPrince Rupert. Under instructions from the Company, and after two abortive attempts, set forth in December, 1770, on his memorable journey to the mouth of the Coppermine River, which he reached in July of the following year. Returning by way of Great Slave Lake, arrived at Fort Prince of Wales in June, 1772. Two years later sent to the Saskatchewan, where he built Cumberland House. On his return in 1775, appointed governor of Fort Prince of Wales, and still in charge when the fort was captured by La Perouse in 1782. Brief accounts of his journey published after his return from the Coppermine, and some of his statements severely criticized by Alexander Dalrymple. The complete account of the expedition did not appear until three years after his death.Index:MSSent inland by Hudson's Bay Company, 3; discovers Coppermine River and Great Slave Lake, 3, 31; builds Cumberland House, 4; magnitude of his explorations, 31; his guide Matonabee, 32.DHis expedition to Coppermine River made on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; his discoveries known to Alexander Mackenzie, 53.Bib.: Works:Journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, etc., 1769-1772 (Lond., 1795). New ed., edited by J. B. Tyrrell, Champlain Soc., 1910; French trans. by M. Lallemant in 2 vols. (Paris, 1799). Also, abridged in Mavor's collection ofVoyages, xxiv, 1-66. Brief accounts of Hearne and his explorations will be found in Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Willson,Great Company; Laut,Pathfinders of the WestandConquest of the Great North-West; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Heath, General William(1737-1814).DrCommissioner on American side for exchange of prisoners, 208.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Heathfield, George Augustus Eliott, first Baron(1717-1790). Defender of Gibraltar.Index:HdHis marriage, 316.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Heavysege, Charles(1816-1876). Born in Liverpool, England. Came to Canada, 1853. Settled in Montreal, and engaged in his trade of cabinet-making. Afterwards connected with the staff of theWitness. Author of a number of dramas, the most remarkable of which wasSaul.Bib.: For his works,seeJames,Bibliography of Canadian Poetry. For biog.,seeBurpee,Charles Heavysege(R. S. C., 1901); Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.; MacMurchy,Canadian Literature.
Hébert, Anne.Eldest daughter of Louis Hébert, Quebec; married to Stephen Jonquest in the autumn of 1617, Father Le Caron officiating. This was the first marriage in New France.Index:ChHer marriage, 113; her death, 117.
Hébert, Guillaume.ChSon of Louis, 146.
Hébert, Louis.Came from Paris to Acadia, 1604; mentioned there in 1610, and again in 1613-1614. Returned to France, and in 1617 came to Quebec, becoming the first permanent settler in New France. Died 1627.Index:FFirst regular settler at Quebec, 16.ChConsents to accompany Champlain to Canada, 111, 112; a valuable member of the colony, 112; signs complaint ofthe inhabitants, 136; his family, 146; previous life, 147; death of, 148; a native of Paris, 250; receives fief of Sault au Matelot, 251.Bib.: Colby,Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Douglas,Old France in the New World.
Hébert, Guillemette.ChWife of Guillaume Couillard, 146.
Hébert, Madame.ChMass celebrated in her house on restoration of Quebec, 225.
Heceta, Bruno.Commanded Spanish expedition to North-West Coast, 1775.Index:DDiscovers mouth of Columbia, 14, 15.Bib.: Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast.
Helmcken, John Sebastian.Born in England, 1832. Studied medicine and admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1848. Appointed surgeon at Vancouver Island by Hudson's Bay Company; first magistrate appointed in the colony. As magistrate stationed at Fort Rupert, where the miners were very unruly. In 1856 elected for Esquimalt district to the first Legislature of the colony; took a very active part in its deliberations; and became Speaker. Member of Executive Council, 1864-1871. Opposed Confederation in 1870. Sent to Ottawa the same year as one of the delegates to negotiate terms of union.Index:DSpeaker of first Legislature of Vancouver Island, 210.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Begg,History of British Columbia.
Henderson, Captain.DrWith crews of two war vessels assists in defence of Quebec, 112.
Henderson.WMPrivate of grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the field, 200.
Hennepin, Louis.Born in Ath, Belgium, about 1640. Entered order of Récollets. Sailed for Quebec, 1675. Stationed at Fort Frontenac, 1676. Accompanied La Salle to the West, 1678. From Fort Crèvecœur (Peoria, Ill.), in 1680, descended the Illinois and explored the upper waters of the Mississippi. Captured by the Sioux and carried to their country. After eight months, rescued by Du Lhut (q.v.), passed the winter at Michilimackinac, and returned to Quebec, 1682. Apparently satisfied with his adventures in the wilderness, returned to Europe, and settled in Holland, where devoted himself to the preparation of a series of narratives of his explorations, real and imaginary. Died there about 1706.Bib.: Works:Description de la Louisiane, etc.;Nouvelle Découverte,etc.;Nouveau Voyage, etc. For biog., and bibliog. details of Hennepin's works,seeThwaites's edition of theNew Discovery, 1903.See alsoParkman,La Salle.
Henri.ChServant of Madame Hébert, murdered by Montagnais Indian, 164.
Henrietta of France, Queen of England.ChDowry of, 216.
Henry IV, King of France(1553-1610). Succeeded Henry III in 1589.Index:FAssassination of, 11.ChAssassinated, 64.Bib.: Chambers,Biog. Dict.
Henry, Alexander, the Elder(1739-1824). One of the pioneer fur traders in north-western America. Born in New Jersey. Entered the fur trade as a young man, 1760, or perhaps earlier. HisTravels and Adventuresopen in that year and describe his experiences in the West for the following sixteen years. Sailed for Europe in 1776, where he made the acquaintance of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society, and had an opportunity of describing his adventures to Marie Antoinette. Afterwards settled in Montreal as a merchant.Index:MSLeaves Montreal for western fur country, 3.Bib.:Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories, New York, 1809; new ed., with biog. and other notes, by James Bain, Toronto, 1901.See alsoBurpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Henry, Alexander, the Younger.Nephew of preceding. Entered service of North West Company about 1792. HisJournal, the original manuscript of which is in the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, and which was published in 1897, with introduction and elaborate notes by Elliott Coues, contains an account of his western travels and experiences, 1799 to 1814. Drowned near Fort George, at the mouth of the Columbia, May 22, 1814.Bib.: Works:New Light on the Early History of the Greater North-West;The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry and David Thompson, ed. by Elliott Coues, New York, 1897.See alsoBurpee,Search for the Western Sea; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Henry, John.BkHis mission to the New England states, 120; use made of his letters, 120; referred to in message of Madison to Congress, 186, 187; sells his letters to United States government, 187.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Henry, Patrick(1736-1799). American statesman.Index:DrHis rhetorical exaggerations, 197.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Henry, William Alexander(1816-1888).HSolicitor-general, Nova Scotia—becomes provincial secretary, 1856, 157; resigns from government, 164; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 177.TDelegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference, 76.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Herald.Newspaper published at Montreal. Established 1808.Index:BLOn debate on responsible government in Legislature, 1841, 94-95.
Herald.Newspaper published at Toronto.Index:BLAccount of scene in Parliament, 1842, 126-127.
Herbin.WMCommands the Montreal militia with Prud'homme, 105.
Heriot, George(1766-1844). Born in Island of Jersey. Came to Canada, and appointed a clerk in the ordnance department at Quebec, 1799; deputy postmaster-general of British North America, 1800; and afterwards postmaster-general. Served in the War of 1812; second in command under De Salaberry at Chateauguay; major-general, 1841.Bib.: Works:History of Canada; Travels through the Canadas. For biog.,see Cyc. Am. Biog.
Hermione.BkBritish war vessel, mutiny of crew, 11.
Hermitage at Caën. LLaval passes three years at, 25.
Hersault, Mme.SeeCamaret, Marie.
Hertel, François.FCommands Three Rivers war party, 235; his old age, 235; leader in massacre of Salmon Falls, 251; joins De Portneuf in attack on Fort Loyal, 251.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac.
Hertel, Jacques.ChInterpreter, 144; arrives from France in 1613, 144.
Hertel de Rouville.DrAppointed judge, 183.
Hervey, William(1732-1815). British soldier. Spent the eight years 1755-1763 in North America.Bib.:Journals of the Hon. William Hervey in North America and Europe from 1765 to 1814, with Order Books at Montreal, 1760-1763.
Hessians.HdEstablished near Cataraqui, 265.DrApplications from, for land grants, 218.
Hey, William.An English lawyer; succeeded William Gregory as chief-justice of Quebec, 1766. Went to England, 1773, in connection with the Quebec Act, and did not return to Canada until 1775. Left Canada finally the same year, having been elected to the British House of Commons for Sandwich, in 1774. Vacated his seat in 1776, and appointed a commissioner of customs. Died, 1797.Index:DrChief-justice, not favourable to Walker, 37, 39; called as witness in connection with the Quebec Act, 63; evidence of, before House of Commons, 68; makes strong appeal to British at Montreal, 88.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Lucas,History of Canada; Bradley,Making of Canada; Egerton and Grant,Canadian Constitutional Development; Shortt and Doughty,Constitutional Documents of Canada.
Hickson, Sir Joseph(1830-1897). Born at Otterburn, England. After some years' practical experience on various English railways, came to Canada, 1862, as chief accountant of the Grand Trunk. Subsequently promoted to the office of secretary of the company; general manager, 1874. Between that year and 1890, when he retired, succeeded in bringing the Grand Trunk to the first rank among the railways of the continent.
Higginson, Captain.Private secretary to Sir Charles Metcalfe.Index:BLHis interview with La Fontaine—discusses constitutional government, 172-173, 174, 175, 176.
Highlanders.WMIn battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 260.
Hill, G. S.WMember for Charlotte, in New Brunswick Assembly, nominates Wilmot for speakership, 66.
Hill, P. C.HMember of first Nova Scotia government after Confederation, 198.
Hincks, Sir Francis(1807-1885).EAppointed inspector-general by Sir Charles Bagot, 31; on Metcalfe, 38; returned in elections of 1848, 50; becomes inspector-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; Ryerson's letter to, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical statesmanship, 93; his influence on railway construction, 99, 100; controversy with Howe, 101; his character and influence, 107; forms ministry, 107-108; makes concessions to leaders of Clear Grits, 112; inspector-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; Brown's attitude to, 114; and the Grand Trunk, 115; and the Clergy Reserves, 119; attacked by Garneau, 123; bitterly attacked by Brown, 125; reorganizes government, 125-126; his government defeated, 127; relations with John Sandfield Macdonald, 128; on the appeal to the country in 1854, 133; result of the elections, 133-134; elected in two constituencies, 134; and the speakership in 1854, 135-136; resignation of ministry, 136; leader of the Liberals, 138; supports MacNab-Morin Liberal-Conservative government, 140, 141; visits London, 1852, 156; his views on Clergy Reserves, 163, 165, 166, 196; appointed governor of Barbados, 220; becomes governor of British Guiana, 220, 222; made Commander of the Bath, 222; his retirement from Imperial service, 1869, 222; receives knighthood, 222; returns to Canada, and becomes finance minister in Sir John Macdonald's ministry, 223; his final retirement from public life, 223; his character and his closing years, 223-224; writes hisReminiscences, 224; his death at Montreal, 1885, 224.SyPublisher ofExaminer, advocate of responsible government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading thereto, 212; his attitude on Clergy Reserves question, 247; supports useful legislation introduced by Sydenham, 296; finds Lower Canada Conservatives much more liberal than the "Liberals," 297; disapproves Baldwin's action, 298; a man of more political wisdom than Baldwin, 299; supports Local Government Bill, 323; partially adopts, as finance minister of the Dominion, Sydenham's idea of bank of issue, 330; Sydenham's high opinion of his financial abilities, 333; made inspector-general by Sir Charles Bagot, 333.BOn Metcalfe's policy, 18-49; opposed by George Brown—Brown's letters to, 48-49, 54-55; protests against attitude of Derby government in England on Clergy Reserves, 59; his action in legislature, 59; and the University of Toronto Bill, 63; Brown acknowledges his services for responsible government, 67; warns George Brown that the logical conclusion of his course in Parliament was dissolution of the union, 70;his ministry defeated in June, 1854, 77; his retirement—supports MacNab-Morin government, 77; his argument against representation by population, 84; and the fight for responsible government, 261; his brief and troubled reign, 262.BLAssociated with Baldwin, 32; born in Cork, Dec. 14, 1807—came to Canada, 1830, 32; early years, 32; his marriage, 34; manager of the Bank of the People, 34; friendship for Baldwin, 34; commercial interests, 34-35; on Head's appointment, 36; secretary of Constitutional Reform Society, 42; took no part in Rebellion of 1837, 44; establishes theExaminer, 58; supports Durham, 58; meets La Fontaine and Morin in Lower Canada, 63; and enters into correspondence with them, 63; elected for Oxford, 69; his address to the electors, 69; his attitude in the Legislature of 1841, 85; explains reasons for supporting Cavillier for speakership—challenges government to a vote, 87; presses government for a statement of policy on question of responsible government, 91; supports Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; his speech, 96-97; supports government's policy as to public works, 98-99; defends Municipal Government Bill, 102-103; charged with desertion of his party, 102; repudiates charge, 103; explains his position in theExaminer, 104; votes for Municipal Bill, 105; Bagot makes him inspector-general, 118-119; address to his constituents, 119-120; his appointment criticized, 120, 121, 130; moves postponement of debate, 131-132; remains in office in La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 133, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167; on La Fontaine, 170; takes charge of fiscal and commercial legislation in the Assembly, 178-179; contemporary account of him, 178-180; Gowan predicts his dismissal, 187; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 187; his measure for protection of agriculture against competition of United States, 189; supports Baldwin, 214; severs his connection withExaminer, 1842—returns to newspaper work—editsTimes, Montreal—establishesPilot, 217-218; challenged to duel, 218; his letters to LondonMorning Chronicle, 218, 219, 220; exposes Wakefield's fallacies, 219-220; referred to by George Brown, 224; on Metcalfe, 230; in political controversy, 1844, 238; beaten in Oxford, 253; remains out of Parliament until 1848, 253; protests against election of his opponent, 253; on "double majority," 259; Draper's plan discussed, 261, 262; on Elgin, 275-276; elected for Oxford during his absence in Ireland, 279; inspector-general, 1848, 284; charged with commercial and economic measures in the Legislature, 301; his transportation policy, 301-302; advocates reciprocity, 302; Customs Act, 302; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 317-318; requests Elgin to assent to Tariff Bill, 321; his house attacked by mob, 324; his letter to theTimes, 327-330; strengthens Canada's credit in London market, 331; his letters toDaily Mail, 332; reconstructs the Reform government, 335; on the Reform party, 336; his letters and views on the Clergy Reserves, 347-348; his later career in Canada, Barbados, and Guiana, 358-359; his death, Aug. 18, 1885, 359; hisReminiscences, 359.HConfers with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia representatives on Intercolonial Railway, 142; goes to England to consult Imperial government, 142; quarrels with Sir John Packington, 143; arranges for construction of Grand Trunk Railway, 143; represents British North America at railway celebration, Boston, 1851, 250.RForms opposition party with Baldwin, La Fontaine, and others, 122; his University Bill, 159-161; his opinion of the Roman Catholic School Bill, 222; and separate schools, 224.CUrges Cartier to enter Cabinet, 22.McOn Welland canal, 265; befriends Mackenzie, 481; publishesExaminer, 483; hisReminiscences,483; his estimate of Mackenzie, 484; becomes prime minister, 487.MdForms ministry with Morin, 1851, 47; finance minister—succeeds Rose, 136;his political attitude, 136; defeated in election, 1872, 197; serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255.TGoes to England on Intercolonial mission, 26, 54; becomes minister of finance, 1869, 130; resigns, 133.Bib.: Works:Canada and its Financial Resources;Political History of Canada;Reminiscences of his Public Life. For biog.,seeDavin,The Irishman in Canada; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Hind, Henry Youle.Born in Nottingham, England, 1823. Travelled in Mexico, 1846. Came to Canada, 1847, and appointed lecturer in chemistry and natural philosophy at the Toronto Normal School, Toronto. Five years later became professor of chemistry and geology in Trinity College. Geologist to the Red River exploring expedition, 1857; and had charge of the expedition of 1858 to explore the country between Red River and the Saskatchewan. In 1860 carried out an exploration of a portion of Labrador peninsula. In 1854 resigned his chair at Trinity, and undertook a preliminary geological survey of New Brunswick; and in subsequent years carried out similar work for the government of Nova Scotia. In 1876 engaged by the Newfoundland government to report on northern cod banks, but abandoned this work to assist the Canadian government in preparing their case for the Halifax Fisheries Commission.Index:ROn staff of Toronto Normal School, 174.Bib.: Works:Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857, and the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expedition of 1858;Sketch of the Overland Route to British Columbia;Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsula;Eighty Years' Progress of British North America(by Hind and others). For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.andCan. Men; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Hochelaga.An Iroquoian town situated, in 1535, on Montreal Island. The site is now covered by the city of Montreal. Cartier visited the town in the year mentioned, and describes it as encircled by a triple row of palisades, with galleries for the defenders. Within stood some fifty large oblong lodges, each housing several families. In 1603, when Champlain visited the place, nothing remained of the town, and Indians of a different stock occupied the island.Bib.: Cartier,Bref récit, etc.; Parkman,Pioneers of France; Fiske,New France and New England.
Hocquart, Gilles.Intendant of New France. Son of Jean-Hyacinthe Hocquart, chevalier, and seigneur d'Essenlis et de Muscourt. Held for a time the office of commissary of marine, and in 1729 obtained from the king a commission as commissary-general of New France. Arrived at Quebec in 1729; and in 1731 succeeded Dupuy as intendant. After nearly twenty years of service in New France, during which he devoted his energies unselfishly to the welfare of the colony, returned to France in 1748, and for some years filled the office of intendant at Brest. Appointed a councillor of state, 1753.Index:WMReceives Montcalm at Brest, 2.Bib.: Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle France(R. S. C., 1903); Parkman,Half Century of Conflict.
Hodgins, John George(1821- ). Born in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1833. Educated at Upper Canada Academy, Victoria College, and Toronto University. Appointed to department of education of Upper Canada, 1844; secretary of provincial board of education; 1846; deputy superintendent of education, 1855; deputy minister of education, 1876-1889; librarian and historiographer of the education department since 1889.Index:RGraduate of Victoria College, 144; Ryerson's right-hand man, 179, 202; his estimate of children attending school in 1845, 189; objections noted to School Act of 1870-1871, 205; hishistory of separate schools in Upper Canada, 234; on Ryerson's last days, 295-296.Bib.: Works:Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada;Legislation and History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Hodgson, Sir Robert(1798-1880). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Educated at Windsor, Nova Scotia, and called to the bar of Nova Scotia and of Prince Edward Island, 1819. Appointed judge of Probate and attorney-general for Prince Edward Island, 1828; president of the Legislative Council, 1840. Appointed chief-justice, 1852, and judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty, 1853; resigned both offices to accept the lieutenant-governorship of Prince Edward Island, 1874. Held office until 1879. Died in Charlottetown.Bib.: Campbell,History of Prince Edward Island.
Holdernesse, Robert D'Arcy, fourth Earl of(1718-1778).WMWolfe's letter to, 166.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Holland.SSurveyor-general, Upper Canada, 178.
Holland.HdRevolution in places William of Orange at head of affairs, 7.BkBritish expedition to, under Duke of York, 13-22.
Holland House.DrOccupied by Montgomery, 123.
Holmes, B. E.One of leaders of the Liberal party in Lower Canada, 50.Index:BLAt farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 1851, 354.
Holmes, Charles(1711-1761). Third in command under Sir Charles Saunders (q.v.) before Quebec, 1759; commander-in-chief in West Indies, 1760-1761.Index:WMIn command of second British fleet, 75; commands ships above Quebec, 152; movements of his fleet up and down the river, 160, 163, 171.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Woods,Logs of the Conquest of CanadaandThe Fight for Canada; Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe.
Holton, Luther Hamilton(1817-1880). Entered public life, 1854, as one of the members for Montreal; elected to Legislative Council, 1862; resigned, 1863, and returned to the Assembly as member for Chateauguay, which he represented to the time of his death; accepted portfolio of commissioner of public works in the short-lived Brown-Dorion government, 1858; minister of finance in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, 1863-1864.Index:ESigns Annexation Manifesto, 81; associated withParti Rouge, 108; adopts less radical views, 134.BEnters George Brown's ministry, 102; Brown's letter to, on Confederation, 131; on English views of Canadian politics, 143; opposed to coalition, 160; opposes Confederation scheme, 185; George Brown takes up question of reciprocity with, 192; Brown urges that he be sent to Washington on reciprocity mission, 192; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry, 199, 200-203; George Brown writes of his determination to leave public life, 245-246.CCountenances annexation movement in 1849, 44-45.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Mackenzie,Hon. George Brown; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Willison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party;Confederation Debates.
Holy Family.LDevotion to, encouraged by Laval, 86; commended by Leo XIII, 86.
Holy Scapulary.LChapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84.
Home Rule in Ireland.MdResolutions on, in Canadian Parliament, 1882, 277.
Hope, Henry.Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1785-1789.Index:DrLieutenant-governor and administrator, receives Carleton on his arrival at Quebec, 222; death of, 249.Bib.: Shortt and Doughty,Constitutional Documents of Canada.
Hopkins, Caleb.BA leader of the Clear Grits, 39.EOne of the leaders of the Clear Grits, 110.
Hopson, Peregrine Thomas.Early entered the army and advanced rapidly. Commander-in-chief of Louisbourg, when the place was restored to the French, 1649. Came to Halifax and appointed a member of the Council. Governor of Nova Scotia, 1752; went to England, 1753. Raised to the rank of major general, 1757. Commanded an expedition against the French West India Islands, 1758; died before Guadaloupe, 1759.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia;Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Hornwork.WMA strong defence on left bank of St. Charles River, 207; panic among troops crowding into, 207.
Hospital Nuns.WMTake refuge in the General Hospital, 115.
Hosta, Captain d'.FKilled at Laprairie, 312.
Hôtel-Dieu Nuns.WMTake refuge in General Hospital, and render assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237.
Hoüel, Louis, Sieur du Petit-Pré.ChConsulted by Champlain as to obtaining missionaries for Canada, 83; assisted in forming Company of New France, 168; made director, 170.
House of Assembly.HdBritish government prepared to grant, 174; Haldimand not favourable to, as matters stood, 195.DrOf Lower Canada, agitation for, by English residents, 55, 60; opposition to by seigniors, 55; indifference ofhabitants, 55; Carleton's views on, 56; not provided for in Quebec Act, 64; meeting of, 269.WIn New Brunswick, early character of, 6.
Houssart.LDevoted servant of Bishop Laval, 251; details furnished by, 251-253.
How, Edward.Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1744. Took part in the affair at Mines under Colonel Noble, 1747; severely wounded and taken prisoner, but afterwards exchanged. Confidential agent of the government in dealing with the Indians. Treacherously murdered by Indians, it is said, at the instigation of Le Loutre.Bib.:Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Howard, Joseph.DrAccused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38.
Howard, Lady Maria.DrCarleton marries, 75; characteristics of, 77.
Howe, George Augustus, third Viscount(1724-1758). Came to Halifax, 1757, in command of 60th Regiment. Transferred to command of 55th same year, and promoted brigadier-general. Accompanied Abercromby to Lake George, 1758, and fell July 8, while leading his men in a skirmish at Fort Ticonderoga.SeeAbercromby; Ticonderoga.Index:HdKilled at Ticonderoga, 18, 21.Bib.: Smith,Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley,Fight for North America;Cyc. Am. Biog.;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Howe, John.HFather of Joseph Howe; a United Empire Loyalist, 1; his son's tribute to his memory, 1-2, 4; his marriages, 2; becomes king's printer and postmaster-general, 3; educates his son, 3; his character, 4; religious views, 279.
Howe, Joseph(1804-1873).HBorn at Halifax, 1804, 1; his father, John Howe, a United Empire Loyalist, 1, 2; his Southampton speech, 1851, 1, 2; his character, 3; his education, 3; a voracious reader, 3; tributes to his father, 2, 4; learns trade of printer, 4; early poems, 5; establishes theAcadian, 6; buysNova Scotian, 6; extends its influence, 7; hisRambles, 8; his marriage, 8;The Club, 9; friendship for Haliburton, 10; political writings, 10,11; develops Liberal principles, 19, 20; attacks Halifax magistratesin his paper, 20; sued for libel, 1835, 21; pleads his own case, 22-25; his address to jury, 25-28; wins case, 28; elected to represent Halifax in Legislature, 1836, 29; his principles of government, 29-31; physical and mental characteristics, 31-33; his moral courage, 33; in Legislature, 1837, 36-44; debate on the resolutions, 41; moves address to crown, praying for responsible government, 45; his speech in Legislature, 1838, 47; advocates constitutional reform, but opposed to rebellion, 50, 51; his patriotic action in Maine boundary dispute, 52, 53; letters to Lord John Russell, 54, 55; his political principles, 59; moves want of confidence in Executive Council, 62; moves address to queen praying for recall of Sir Colin Campbell, 66; meets Poulett Thompson, 68; invited to a seat in the Council, 69; defends his action in accepting office, 72-73; re-elected for Halifax, 73; becomes Speaker of the House, 74; appointed collector of customs at Halifax, 74; resigns speakership, 75; question of ministerial responsibility, 75-76; his quarrel with the Baptists, 77-78; advocates compulsory education, 79-80; and a central, undenominational college, 82; the election of 1843, 84-85; resigns from the Cabinet, 86-87; attacks Lord Falkland through the newspapers, 90; assumes editorial management of theNova ScotianandMorning Chronicle, 90; his first editorial, 91; described by Annand, 92; he lampoons Falkland in verse, 93; political tour of the province, 94; his speech at Cornwallis, 95-96; complimentary addresses, 96-97; speeches in the Legislature, 1845, 97-98; attacks Falkland in Legislature, 100-101; justifies his action in letter to his constituents, 101-102; again offered seat in the Council, 103; declines the offer, 104; moves his family from Halifax to Musquodoboit, 104-105; wins the election of 1847, 106-107; his character, 109; becomes provincial secretary in Uniacke government, 111; secures responsible government for Nova Scotia, 113; his reply to the manifesto of the British American League, 114-115; advocates railway from Halifax to Windsor, in 1835, 117; 120-121; favourable to government ownership of railways, 120, 123; sails for England to explain Intercolonial Railway project to the government, 125; his letters on the subject to Earl Grey, 125-126; his Southampton speech, 1851, 127-128; obtains Imperial guarantee of railway, 130-132; secures co-operation of New Brunswick and Canada, 134-138; predicts transcontinental railway, 135; given public dinners at Toronto and Montreal, 138; elected for Cumberland County, 1851, 139-141; brings down railway measures, 141; Intercolonial scheme blocked, 141-143; reverts to his original policy of building railways in Nova Scotia as a government work, 143; raises a provincial loan in England, 144; railway measures passed by Legislature, 145; becomes chief commissioner of railways, 146; visits United States to secure recruits for British army, 151-155; defeated by Tupper in Cumberland, 1855, 156; returned by acclamation for Hants County, 1856, 157-158; his open letter to Gladstone, 159; attacks Irish Roman Catholics, 160-162; results in defeat of government, 163-167; Liberals returned to power in 1859, 168; and Howe becomes premier, 169; appointed fishery commissioner for carrying out provisions of Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 170; defeated, with his party, in election of 1863, 171; opposes Confederation, 173; an Imperial federationist, 174; declines to take part in Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; offered editorship of New YorkAlbion, 182-183; his articles against Confederation, 186, 189; outlines grounds of his opposition, 190-191; continues the fight in London, 192; correspondence with W.J. Stairs, 192-197; works up Anti-Confederation sentiment in Nova Scotia, 199; his Bridgetown meeting, 200-202; sweeps the province in both Dominion and Provincial elections, 202; fight for repeal of the union, 203; meets Tupper inLondon, 205; hesitates as to further agitation for repeal, 207-210; rebukesAcadian Recorderfor suggesting violence to Sir John Macdonald, 210-212; meets Macdonald at Halifax, 213; correspondence with Macdonald, 215-216; interview with Annand, 217-218; refuses overtures of repealers, 219-223; conference at Portland with A.W. McLellan, and Sir John Rose, 223-224; enters Dominion Cabinet, 1868, 225; re-elected in Hants, 226; visits Winnipeg, 1869, 227; correspondence in relation to Red River Rebellion, 227; his character as a statesman contrasted with that of Sir John Macdonald, 228-229; becomes lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1873, 229; visits England and the continent, 1838, 231; advocates ocean steamship service, 232-235; challenged by Dr. Almon, 236; and by John C. Haliburton, 236; justifies acceptance of the challenge in letter to his sister, 237-241; the duel, 241-242; letters to his wife and to the people of Nova Scotia, 242-244; Sir Rupert D. George's challenge, 244; his practical interest in the Micmacs, 245; opposes prohibition, 248-250; his speech at Boston, 1851, 250; his tribute to Edward Everett in 1857, 251; his Detroit speech of 1865 on trade relations, 252-254; acts as member of Prince Edward Island Land Grants Commission, 254-255; as a man of letters, 257-270; his poems, 260-268; oration at Shakespeare tercentenary, 264; his friendship for Haliburton, 267; his social qualities, 271; secret of his popularity, 272-274; his influence upon public men and public life, 277-278; his religious views, 279-280; his family, 282; as governor of Nova Scotia, 283-284; his death, 284; funeral, 285-286; estimate of his public work, 287-290; opposed to Pacific Railway policy in 1872, 299-300.EA consistent advocate of British connection, 22; on parliamentary government, 51, 90; the father of responsible government in the Maritime Provinces, 92; a constitutional agitator, 92; accuses Hincks of breach of faith in Intercolonial Railway scheme, 101; on Imperial honours and offices for distinguished colonials, 221; becomes lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 221; a constructive statesman, 236.BIn Dominion government—relations with Sir John Macdonald, 203.SyAdvocates responsible government, 107, 257; approves of Sydenham's propositions, 261; editor ofNova Scotian, 110.TGoes to England in Intercolonial matter, 55; second mission to England, 57; advocates Confederation, 62, 63; discusses tariff with Tilley, 70, 71; quoted for and against Confederation, 117.Bib.: Works:Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe, ed. by Chisholm;Poems and Essays. For biog.,seeFenety,Life and Times of Joseph Howe; Bourinot,Builders of Nova Scotia; Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia; Dent,Can. Por.; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Howe, William, Viscount(1729-1814). Brother of George Augustus, Viscount Howe (q.v.), and Admiral Lord Howe. Commanded light infantry under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Succeeded Gage as commander-in-chief in America, 1775. Commanded forces at Bunker Hill. Defeated Washington at White Plains, 1776, and at Brandywine, 1777. Recalled, 1778. Became governor of Berwick, and later of Plymouth.Index:HdReplaces Gage as commander-in-chief, 110; his estimate of Loyalists, 268.DrOrders reinforcements to Quebec, 92; abandons Boston and occupies New York, 160; his weak conduct of campaign, 160; Germain's neglect to inform him of his plan of campaign, 172.WMCalls for volunteers for first landing at Wolfe's Cove, 176; captures posts at Samos and Sillery, 183.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Rhodes,History of the United States.
Howland, Sir William Pearce(1811-1907). Born at Paulings, New York. Came to Canada in 1830. Represented West York in the Legislature, 1857-1868. Member of Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862, as minister of finance; receiver-general, 1863-1864; postmaster-general, 1864-1866; minister of finance, 1866-1867. Minister of inland revenue in first Dominion Cabinet, 1867. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1868; retired, 1873; knighted, 1879.Index:MdMinister of inland revenue in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; defends his political attitude, 137; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 138; heads syndicate offering to build Canadian Pacific Railway, 237.BPresents address to Elgin, 36; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; defends his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202, 209; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 202.TInvited to join first Dominion ministry, 128; minister of inland revenue, 129.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Morgan,Can. Men; Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
Howe's Pass.SeeHowse Pass.
Howse Pass.In Rocky Mountains; source of North Saskatchewan River. Discovered by Duncan McGillivray, 1800. Named after Joseph Howse, of the North West Company.Index:DIts discovery, 58.
Hubert, Jean François.Bishop of Quebec, 1788-1797.Index:DrBishop of Quebec, his views on education, 227, 228; recognizes reasonableness of not permitting priests to be brought from France, 257.
Hubou, Guillaume.ChEarly settler, remains in Quebec during English occupation, 196, 208.
Huddy, Captain Joshua.DrHanging of, 198.
Hudson, Henry.Made four notable voyages: the first, in 1607, for the Muscovy Company, in search of a north-eastern passage to China; the second, in 1608, for the same Company, and in search of the same passage; the third, in 1609, at the expense of the Dutch East India Company, begun, like the two former, in search of a north-eastern passage, but changed to a quest of a north-western passage; the fourth, in 1610, in search of a north-western passage, the expense borne by three English gentlemen. In his first voyage, explored the coast of Spitzbergen; in the second, part of Nova Zembla; in the third, the Hudson River; and in the last, Hudson Strait and part of the bay. Wintered, 1610-1611, at the foot of James Bay, and on the return voyage was set adrift with eight companions in a small boat, and never again heard of.Bib.: Asher,Henry Hudson, the Navigator; Read,Historical Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West.See alsobibliog. list in Asher.
Hudson Bay.Explored by Henry Hudson, 1610, and named after him. Explored by Sir Thomas Button, 1612; Jens Munk, 1619; Foxe and James. 1631. In 1668 the first trading-ship of the Hudson's Bay Company entered the bay, and their first fort was built at the mouth of Rupert River.Index:FEnglish claim to, disputed by France, 204; La Barre instructed to check English encroachments in, 205; expedition under De Troyes captures English forts, 205; Iberville's exploits in, 342-350; English possessions in, restored by peace of Ryswick, 349.LExpedition against English forts in, 204; later exploits of Iberville in, 233.Bib.: Asher,Henry Hudson, the Navigator; Gosch,Expedition of Jens Munk; Christy,Voyages of Foxe and James; Coats,Geography of Hudson's Bay; Robson,Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay; Dobbs,Account of Countries Adjoining Hudson's Bay; Gordon,Report on Hudson's Bay Expedition; Wakeham,Second Hudson Bay Expedition; Low,Expedition to Hudson Bay; Berrier,Report on Expedition to Arctic Islands; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.See alsoGeneral Indexes to Reports of Geol. Survey; Henry Hudson; Hudson's Bay Company.
Hudson's Bay Company.Organized by a number of English gentlemen, who sent out a trading expedition to Hudson Bay, in theNonsuch, in 1668. This initial venture proved so successful that two other ships were sent out in 1670; and the same year King Charles granted a charter incorporating them as "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay." For many years the operations of the Company were confined to the shores of Hudson Bay, but the pressure of competition eventually forced them inland, and at the height of their power they had established trading-posts from Labrador to the Pacific, and from California almost to the Arctic. In 1821, the rival North West Company (q.v.) was absorbed; and in 1869 the company surrendered to Canada its territorial rights in British North America.Index:F203; trading done and posts established by, 204; redress claimed by, for losses inflicted by the French, 343.DrIts territory not included in Canada, 7.BDeputation of Red River settlers sent to England to complain of misgovernment by, 212; Gladstone admits charter of Company not valid, 212;Globeon company's misgovernment of North-West Territories, 213-214; attacked in series of letters in theGlobe, signed "Huron," 215-216; Toronto Board of Trade on, 216; George Brown on, 219; Canada takes over North-West Territories, and compensates Company therefor, 220-221.MSEarly policy of, 1; attitude of natives to, 2; opposition of Montreal traders (afterwards North West Company), 2, 3; sends Hearne inland, 3; averse to conflict with North West Company, 5; builds posts in Assiniboine and Red River country, 5, 6; absorbs North West Company, 8; policy towards natives, 51; sends George Clarke to explore, 56; his incompetence, 56; then sends Philip Turner, 1791, 56; legal basis of its title, 143-145; Selkirk purchases tract of land in Red River valley, 146; Parliamentary Report of 1857, 212; union of the Companies, 213-214; takes over management of Selkirk colony, 222; establishes Council of Assiniboia, 223; notable leaders after the union of the Companies, 220-223; its influence on side of government, in Rebellion of 1837, 242; its license to trade renewed, 271; the Report of 1857, 271; opposition to further renewal, 271; evidence taken by committee, 272-278; committee's report, 279; defended by Sir George Simpson before Parliamentary committee, 272-278.DInfluence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; operations typical of British colonial policy, 11; established in the interior, 12; conserves British interests in Western America, 17, 18; charged with neglecting to search for route to Pacific, 51; absorbs North West Company, 1821, 73, 93; birth of, 73; provisions of its charter, 73-74; its trade and explorations, 74; its organization, 75-76; its Western department, 76-77; trade routes, 77-78; its farms on Puget Sound, etc., 78; grist mills and other enterprises, 78; supplies Russians with flour, etc., 78; opens coal mines on Vancouver Island, 78; influence of these industries on settlement, 79; treatment of Indians, 79-81; trading-posts, 82; brigades and "York boats," 82; famous officers of, 83-86; ambitious designs on Pacific coast and beyond, 114; attempt to establish post on Stikine River, 119-120; permission obtained from Russians to build post on Taku River, 121; operations on Liard and Yukon, 123-125; invades California before 1830, 126; builds post at junction of Sacramento and Jesus Maria rivers, 126; establishes post on San Francisco Bay, 127; sells post and retires from San Francisco Bay, 127; meets competition of American traders and companies, 134-136; attitude towards Oregon settlers, 143-144; license to trade of 1821 renewed in 1838, 191; its provisions, 192;acquires Vancouver Island, 194; attitude towards settlement there, 194-195; quarrels with settlers, 198-199; Report of Committee, 1857, 201-202; license to trade in British Columbia revoked, 1858, 229; relations towards British Columbia government, 1858, 233-234; Douglas's relation towards, 263; defends its policy, 264-265; officers of Company at Victoria, 265; influence with natives, 266-267; builds first Protestant church at Victoria, 1855, 269.CCartier and MacDougall sent to England by Canadian government in 1869 to negotiate purchase of Company's territories in North-West, 68; Company asks exorbitant price, 68; persuaded by Lord Grey to accept £300,000, 68.BkIts voyageurs assist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210.MdIts claims investigated, 83; terms upon which it agreed to transfer to the crown its rights to North-West Territories, 156; protest against unauthorized proceedings in Red River Settlement, 157.SeeNorth-West Company; X Y Company; Fur Trade; Selkirk.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Willson,Great Company; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Bryce,Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Ross,Red River Settlement; Hargrave,Red River; Begg,History of the North-West.
Huet, Paul.ChRécollet missionary, 87; sails for Canada as assistant commissary, 112; accompanies Champlain to France, 116; returns to Canada, 116; goes to Three Rivers, 149.
Huguenots.ChHad larger share of trade, 110; proposal to exclude, 110; disagreements with Récollet missionaries, 150; their psalm-singing on board ship objected to, 156; fanaticism of, 224; their doubtful loyalty, 254; not permitted to settle in Canada, 255.
Hugues.LPriest, comes to Canada, 41.
Hull, William(1753-1825). Born in Derby, Conn. Educated at Yale University, and called to the bar, 1775. Served with distinction during the Revolutionary War; major-general of militia in Massachusetts and a member of the federal Senate; appointed governor of Michigan, 1805; commander of the north-western army of the United States, 1812. Surrendered Detroit to General Brock, 1812; tried by court-martial, and sentenced to be shot; sentence commuted. Resided at Newton, Mass., until his death.Index:BkMarches north, 203; crosses Detroit River and occupies Sandwich, 208, 213; his proclamation to the people of Canada, 213, 217, 235; his baggage and stores captured, 218; his supplies under Major Van Horne captured, 237; re-crosses river to Detroit, 238; summoned to surrender, and refuses, 251; surrenders with his whole army, 255; sent to Montreal as prisoner of war, 261, 265; released on parole, 283; makes bad impression on English officers, 283; court-martialled, sentenced to death, but sentence remitted, 283, 284.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Campbell,Life and Services of General William Hull; Cruikshank,General Hull's Invasion of Canada in 1812(R. S. C., 1907-1908).
Humbert.WCandidate in St. John County, opposes responsible government, 64.
Hume, Joseph(1777-1855). Born at Montrose, Scotland. Studied medicine; entered the service of the East India Company, 1797; returned to England, 1808. Entered Parliament, 1812, but on account of his independent principles compelled to resign his seat. Again elected, 1818, and continued a member of the House of Commons until his death. A strong Radical in his opinions and effected many useful reforms.Index:BLCorrespondence with Mackenzie and Papineau, 229.McLays Mackenzie's petition before the House, 222; presents case against Upper Canadian officials, 231; suggests independenceof Canada, 250; his "baneful domination" letter, 262-263; thanked by Mackenzie, 289; predicts civil war, 326; letter to Mackenzie, on the Rebellion, and question of amnesty, 475-479; urges amnesty for Mackenzie, 480.SyAn associate of Sydenham's, 13; proposes reduction of corn duties, 39; his speech on union resolutions in House of Commons, 122.BAttacks Metcalfe's policy, 23.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.