Humphreys, Captain.BkCaptain ofLeopard, fires onChesapeake, 83.
Hundred Associates.SeeCompany of New France.
Hundredth Regiment.BkQuartered in Quebec and Montreal, 74; disaster to, by shipwreck, 74.
"Hungry Year."SYear 1787, so called from failure of harvest, 65, 69.
Hunt, Thomas Sterry(1826-1892). Born in Norwich, Conn. Came to Canada, 1847, at the invitation of Sir William E. Logan, to accept the position of chemist and mineralogist to the Geological Survey, which he held until 1872. Also occupied the chair of chemistry in Laval University, 1856-1862; and in McGill University, 1862-1868. In 1872 professor of geology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Author of several scientific works, and a large number of papers contributed to learned societies and scientific periodicals. Died in New York.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Hunter, Peter(1746-1805).BkLieutenant-governor of Upper Canada and commander of forces in British North America, 45; calls attention of home government to lack of proper accommodation for provincial government and Legislature, 50; a Scotsman, previously governor of Barbados, 51; death of, 69.Bib.: Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Rattray,The Scot in British North America.
Hunter.BkBritish sloop, her boats capture United States schoonerCayahoga, with stores of General Hull, 218.
Hunter, Captain of.WMObtains information as to movements of French provision boats, 172.
Hunters' Lodges.McConvention of, 440; attack on Prescott, 442.
Hunting Permits.FIssue of, sanctioned, 125; number to be issued annually limited, 128; issue of, becomes a form of patronage, 129.
Huntington, Herbert.HAppointed to Executive Council, Nova Scotia, 47; sent as delegate to England, to urge concession of responsible government, 51, 56; candidate for speakership, 1843, 75; advocates non-sectarian education, 82; member of Uniacke government, 110; finance minister, 112; acts as Joseph Howe's second in duel, 236.Bib.: Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Huntington, Lucius Seth(1827-1886). Born at Compton, Quebec. Studied law, and engaged in journalism, in the Eastern Townships. Elected to the Legislature for Shefford, 1861; solicitor-general, 1863-1864. Advocated independence of Canada. Became president of the Council, in the Mackenzie government, 1874-1875; and postmaster-general, 1875-1878. Defeated for Shefford, 1882, and retired from public life. Died in New York.Index:CBrings charges against government in connection with Pacific Scandal, 53.MdPrefers his charges in the House of Commons, 201-203.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Buckingham and Ross,Alexander Mackenzie; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Willison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Huot, P. G.COne of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24.
Huron Indians.Name applied by the French to a confederacy of four Iroquoian tribes. When French missionaries and explorers first went among them,they occupied the country about Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. They had been at enmity with the Iroquois for many years, and had repeatedly ravaged their country. Finally the Iroquois determined to make an end of the Hurons. They invaded their country in force in 1648, and in 1650 had destroyed all their villages, killed most of the inhabitants, and driven the remnant far to the westward. A few of the Hurons escaped to Quebec, and settled at the mission of Lorette. In the seventeenth century their population was estimated at from 20,000 to 35,000. In 1905 there remained a total of 832, in Canada and the United States.Index:FDestruction of, by Iroquois, 26, 35; join Frontenac's expedition to Cataraqui, 79; dread being abandoned to Iroquois, 222.LExtermination of, by the Iroquois, 39; devotion displayed by a band of, 64; desert Dollard at Long Sault, 70; burnt by their enemies, 72.ChChamplain visits country of, 88; their cultivation of the soil, 89; their language very widely spoken, 90; their mode of life, 94; customs and beliefs, 95-100.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians; Parkman,Old Régime.
Huron, Lake.Area 23,200 square miles. Discovered by Le Caron, 1615, and first seen by Champlain the same year. The route of missionaries, explorers, and fur traders lay along the north shore of the lake, or the south shore of Manitoulin Island, to Michilimackinac and Sault Ste. Marie, at the western end.
Huskisson, William(1770-1830). British statesman.Index:SyCriticizes British commercial policy, 12; president of Board of Trade, 15; colonial secretary, 16; resigns, 16; commends Poulett Thomson's speech on Navigation Acts, 17; his proposals in regard to silk industry, 18; death of, 25.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Hutcheson, Major.HdHaldimand's secretary, 108, 110, 112; in charge of Louis Haldimand, at Boston, 294.
Hutchinson, Richard.TOf Miramichi, member of Smith government, New Brunswick, represents lumber interests, 91, 92.
Hutchinson, Thomas(1711-1780).HdGovernor of Massachusetts, quoted, 84.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'(1661-1706). Third son of Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Entered the French navy, returning to Canada in 1683. Three years later accompanied De Troyes in the expedition against the English on Hudson Bay, and took part in the capture of Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Returned to Quebec in 1687; and the following year was again on the bay. In 1689 captured theHampshire, and brought her to Quebec with her cargo of furs. In 1690 took part in the raid on Schenectady; and the same year captured Fort Severn on Hudson Bay. In 1694 sailed to the bay with a French fleet, and captured Fort Nelson. Two years later captured Pemaquid; and, sailing to Newfoundland, captured St. John's and raided the villages along the coast. In 1697 again sailed to Hudson Bay, defeated a superior fleet, and recaptured Fort Nelson. The following year sailed from Brest in command of an expedition to discover the mouth of the Mississippi and plant a colony there, in both of which he was successful. The remaining years of his life spent in building up the colony of Louisiana.Index:FAccompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; joins war party against Schenectady, 235; arrives from Hudson Bay with two captured vessels, 325; takes Fort Pemaquid, 331; exploits in Hudson Bay, 342-350; sails for France, and returns with two French ships, 343; captures Fort Nelson, 345; sails forFrance, 346; attacks English settlements in Newfoundland, 346; takes St. John's, 347; in his shipPelicansuccessfully engages three English vessels, 349; sails for France, 349.LCommands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204; his exploits in Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, 232; subsequent services and death of, 233.Bib.: Reed,First Great Canadian; Parkman,Half Century of Conflict; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Colby,Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Desmazures,Histoire du Chevalier d'Iberville; Gayarre,History of Louisiana; Margry,Découvertes des Français; Wallace,Louisiana under the French; Martin,History of Louisiana; Bacqueville de la Potherie,Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale; Jerémie,Relation du Detroit et de la Baye d'Hudson(Bernard,Recueil de Voiages au Nord).See alsobibliography at the end of Reed's work.
Ihonatiria.ChJesuit mission to Hurons founded at, 228.
Île à la Crosse.Lake and trading-post. The lake is on the upper waters of the Churchill River, in about long. 108°. Its name is derived from the Indian game of lacrosse, which was very popular there. The first trading-post was built on a peninsula on the western side of the lake by Thomas Frobisher in 1776. Other forts were built there later by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, the lake being a strategic point in the western fur trade.
Île-aux-Coudres.On north shore of the St. Lawrence, above Murray Bay.Index:WMArrival of British advance squadron at, 83; camp established on, 89; capture by Canadians of two British officers on, 89.
Île-aux-Noix.WMFortified post on Lake Champlain frontier, 146, 158, 233.
ÎleJésus.At the junction of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence.Index:LSeigniory of Beaupré exchanged by Laval for, 58; obtained by Laval in exchange for Island of Orleans, 138.
Île Percé.LRécollet mission at, 111.
Île Royale.A large island in Lake Superior, United States territory. Mentioned in Carver'sTravelsand other early narratives.
Illinois Indians.Of Algonquian stock. First mentioned in the JesuitRelationof 1660 as living south-west of Green Bay. They ranged throughout the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, and down the west bank of that river as far as the Des Moines; and have been described by Allouez, Marquette, Hennepin, Rasles, and other early French explorers. Harassed on one side by the Sioux and Foxes, and on the other by the Iroquois, their numbers were reduced from six or eight thousand, at the end of the seventeenth century, to less than two thousand about 1750. The murder of Pontiac by one of their warriors brought upon them a war of extermination. To-day only a handful remain, in Oklahoma.Index:FAllies of the French against the Iroquois, 144.LLa Salle forms alliance with, 148.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians.
Immaculate Conception.LChurch at Quebec placed under patronage of, 85.ChChurch of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance consecrated under name of, 240; feast of, observed by people of Quebec, 240.
Immigration.McTo colonies in 1820, state of, 88.See alsoIrish Immigrants.
Imperial Conference.Held in London, 1887. Canada was represented by Sir Alexander Campbell and Sandford Fleming. Among the questions discussed were those of inter-Imperial defence and trade, the Pacific cable, etc. Another conference was held in Ottawa in 1894 (seeColonial Conference, 1894); and another in London in June, 1896, Canada being represented by Sir Mackenzie Bowell and Sandford Fleming. At an adjourned meeting in October, 1896, Sir Donald Smith and Hon. A.G. Jones represented the Dominion, Mr. Fleming being present in an advisory capacity. On the occasion of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee, 1897, another conference was held in London, Joseph Chamberlain presiding, and the self-governing colonies being represented by their premiers. Again, in 1902, the colonial premiers met in London, under the presidency of Joseph Chamberlain. The London Conference of 1907, presided over by Lord Elgin, discussed various Imperial questions, but was chiefly memorable because of the decision to hold similar meetings every four years, and to provide a permanent bureau at London devoted specifically to the interests of the Empire.
Imperial Federation.Advocated by Thomas Pownall, governor of Massachusetts Bay, in 1764. He proposed a scheme by which "Great Britain may be no more considered as the Kingdom of this Isle alone, with many appendages of provinces, colonies, settlements, and other extraneous parts, but as a grand marine dominion, consisting of our possessions in the Atlantic and in America united into one Empire." Subsequently proposed by Joseph Howe, in 1855, and again in 1863; also by Thomas Chandler Haliburton and other Canadian statesmen and writers.Index:BElgin's conception of, 33; advocated by Edward Blake, 240.HJoseph Howe a pioneer in the movement for, 174.Bib.: Denison,Struggle for Imperial Unity; Macphail,Essays in Politics; Brassey,Imperial Federation and Colonization; Ewart,Kingdom of Canada,Imperial Federation, etc.; Parkin,Imperial Federation; Young,A Pioneer of Imperial Federation in Canada; Milner,Speeches in Canada;The Empire and the Century; Argyll,Imperial Federation.
Imperial Federation League.Formed in Canada at a meeting in Montreal, in May, 1885. A conference to the same end had been held in London, in July, 1884. The league in Canada changed its name, in 1896, to the British Empire League in Canada, at the suggestion of Sir Charles Tupper.SeeDenison.
Incarnation, Marie de L'.SeeMarie de L'Incarnation.
Inches, Dr.TAttends Sir Leonard Tilley in his last illness, 145.
Independence.BGeorge Brown writes Macdonald of widespread sentiment in England in 1864 in favour of British American colonies securing complete autonomy, 167; and the Canada First party, 236, 237, 238, 239; advocated by Goldwin Smith, 238, 239.PAdvocated by Papineau, 167.McDeclaration of, July, 1837, its history, 330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330; object of Association of Canadian Refugees, 449.
Indians.ChSuperstitions of, 10, 12; council held to consider best policy to adopt in dealing with them, 108-111; murders committed by, 115; their great esteem for Champlain, 159; difficulty of educating their children, 233.STheir general friendliness to Upper Canada settlers, 62; their good conduct rewarded, 62; lands allotted to on Grand River, 74; schools and churches provided for, 74; Simcoe's estimate of, 75; engagements made with, faithfully kept, 76; their lands encroached upon by Americans, 119; their defeat of expedition under St. Clair, 121; great council of, 122, 124; failure of negotiations with American commissioners, 123-125.WMGenerally friendly to France, 17; appearance of, on field of battle, 31; swell army of Montcalm at Fort Carillon, 38; their habits in camp, 39; Christian Indians different from the pagans, 39; attack British boats, 40; general meeting of, called by Montcalm, 40-42; repulse British force on left bank of Montmorency, 129; scalp the wounded after battle, 142; paid well for prisoners, but less amount forscalps, 150; fly from battlefield, 202; form part of Lévis's army, 245; in battle of Ste. Foy, 265.HdTheir lands secured by treaty, 12; allies of the French, 13, 16, 21; help Pouchot at Niagara, 25; Sir William Johnson's following of, 28, 29; irregular traffic with, prohibited, 32, 54; fears of an uprising among, 55; impressed by enlistment of French-Canadians under British flag, 57; in Florida, 66, 71, 73; Haldimand's treatment of, 91-93, 131, 145, 146, 147, 150, 153, 157, 258-259, 266, 347; uncertain allies, 126, 137, 170, 260; rebels try to gain for France, 127-128, 134, 136, 279; indignant at terms of peace between Britain and colonies, 256-257; American cruelty towards, 307.FMenacing attitude of, 17; defrauded by traders, 18, 154; not readily receptive of Christian doctrine, 167.DrThose with Burgoyne worse than useless, 178; ignored in treaty of peace between Britain and American colonies, 231; their lands invaded by frontiersmen, 233; attacked by American troops, 234; trouble with western tribes, 249, 262, 276.LViolent effects of intoxicating liquor upon, 36, 37; three of the nations sue for peace, 53; conversion of, very precarious, 62; difficult to civilize them, 63, 126; sincere devotion of many, 64.SeeAbnaki; Algonquian; Cree; Creek; Delaware; Déné; Etchemin; Huron; Illinois; Iroquois; Micmac; Ottawa; Tête de Boule.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians; Brinton,The American Race; Bancroft,Native Races of the Pacific States; Catlin,Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians; Drake,Aboriginal Races of North America; Lafitau,Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains; Maclean,Canadian Savage Folk; Morgan,Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines; Schoolcraft,Indian Tribes of the United States.
Indian Department.SIn Upper Canada, independent of the governor, 126-127.
Indian Posts in West.DrTemporary retention of, by Great Britain, 231.
Inflexible.DrLargest vessel of flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.
Inglis, Charles(1734-1816). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to America; taught school in Pennsylvania for a time, and then took holy orders. In 1764 became assistant to Dr. Auchmuty, rector of Trinity Church, New York, and in 1777 succeeded him as rector. His sympathies being with the mother country, removed to Nova Scotia after the Revolution, and thence to England. First bishop of Nova Scotia, with jurisdiction over practically all British North America, 1787. One of the notable events of his episcopate was his establishment of King's College, Windsor. In 1793 his huge diocese divided by the creation of the diocese of Quebec, of which Jacob Mountain (q.v.) became first bishop.Index:DrAppointed bishop of Nova Scotia with jurisdiction over Quebec, 241.Bib.: Mockridge,The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Inglis, John.MSOpposes sale by Hudson's Bay Company of land in Red River valley to Selkirk, 146.
Ingraham, Captain.DExplores coast of Queen Charlotte Islands in 1791, 25; describes geography and natural history of the islands and language, manners, and customs of the natives, 25.
Innocent XI, Pope(1611-1689). Benedetto Odescalchi; elected pope, 1676.Index:LMisunderstanding with Louis XIV, 20.
Institut Canadien.A literary and scientific society, founded at Montreal in 1844, and incorporated in 1852. It included among its early members most of the leaders of the more progressive and independent element in Quebec political life, among them A. A. Dorion, Eric Dorion, Joseph Doutre, Rodolphe Laflamme, and Wilfrid Laurier. The success of the parent society led to thefounding of similar Instituts throughout the province. Although popular among the laity, these societies encountered the determined opposition of the Roman Catholic Church, led by Bishop Bourget of Montreal. The outside societies yielded to clerical pressure, but the Montreal Institut stood upon its rights. The fight went on for many years, but finally most of the Roman Catholic members dropped out, and the books and papers were transferred to the Fraser Institute.Bib.: Willison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Intendant.An office created originally by Richelieu, in France, and transferred to New France. The first intendant of Canada was Robert, appointed in 1663, who was succeeded two years later by the ablest occupant of the office, Jean Talon. The intendant was charged with the supervision of practically all the civil affairs of the colony, including the administration of justice, but his most important function, from the point of view of the court, was to act as a virtual spy upon the acts of the governor. Inevitably, harmony was impossible between these two officials, and the history of New France is punctuated with their perpetual quarrels.Index:FJean Talon appointed as, 51; office revived, 105; Jacques Duchesneau appointed, 108; Jacques de Meulles, 171; Jean Bochart de Champigny, 207.See alsounder names of individual intendants.Bib.: Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle France(R. S. C., 1903); Parkman,Old Régime; Munro,The Office of Intendant in New FranceinThe American Historical Review, October, 1906.
Intendant's Palace.BkIn Quebec, completely destroyed in siege of 1775, 90.
Intemperance.SA prevailing vice in Upper Canada, 71, 72.SeeLiquor question; Brandy question.
Intercolonial Railway.Surveys proposed by the government of Canada in 1863. Three engineers were to be appointed, one by the Imperial government, one by Canada, and one by the Maritime Provinces. They all nominated the same man, Sandford Fleming, by whom the surveys were accordingly carried out. The railway was made a condition of the union of the Maritime Provinces with Canada, and the work of construction was pushed forward, the line being formally opened July 1, 1876. In 1871 the Prince Edward Island Railway was begun, and in 1873 it became a portion of the Intercolonial system. Other extensions and branches were built or acquired, the line finally running from Sydney and Halifax to Montreal.Index:MdNegotiations for, begun, 45, 117; arranged for, by British North America Act, 151; difficulty in selecting route, 152,153; northern route finally adopted, 153.EProject to combine with Grand Trunk, 100; history of negotiations after failure of larger scheme, 100-101.HRecommended in Durham's Report, 118; company formed in London, 118-119; "Robinson Line" surveyed, 119; Joseph Howe's connection with (seeunder Howe); new route proposed, 141-143; Imperial guarantee refused, 143.BLBrought under consideration, 1849, 287; Hincks on, 332.BMembers of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone, 143; George Brown a convert to the scheme, 166; opposed by Dorion, 175.CCartier advocates roundabout route, for military and political reasons, 49-50; Major Robinson's report, 49.TProposal to build through St. John Valley, 26; delegates consult British government, 26; arrangements made with Jackson. 27; British government refuses to guarantee interest, 45; St. John to Shediac line, 46-47; history of, 53-58, 90, 111-112, 116, 119, 122.Bib.: Fleming,The Intercolonial; Fleming,Historical Sketch of the Intercolonial RailwayinCanada: An Ency., vol. 2.
Interpreters.ChBrûle, Marsolet,et al., 144.
Irish Immigrants.EMeasures for their relief, 1847-1848, 46-47; bring plague to Canada, 47-48; prominent victims, 48; Elgin persuades British government to reimburse Canada for expenses incurred in relief work. 48-49.
Iroquet.Algonquian chief.Index:ChUrges Champlain to attack the Iroquois, 48; his son meets Champlain, 51; a leader of the Hurons, 69; chief of the Petite Nation—captures small party of Iroquois, 102; adopts an Iroquois prisoner as his son, 104.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime.
Iroquois.A confederation of tribes, at first five, the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, to which the Tuscarora was added after 1726, as well as the remnants of many other tribes. They were known to the English colonists as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations. They called themselvesOñgwanonsioñni, "we are of the extended lodge." When they first came into contact with Europeans, they occupied the country between Lake Champlain and the Genesee River, and this remained their home territory, but they ranged far and wide, carrying their conquering raids eastwards to the Kennebec, westwards to Lake Michigan, north to the Hudson Bay watershed, and south to the Tennessee. They numbered about 16,000 in 1677, and after dropping to 10,000 in the next century, they returned to their original strength at the opening of the twentieth century. About two-thirds are on reservations in Canada; the remainder in New York.Index:FChamplain joins Hurons and Algonquians in attacking, 9, 10, 14; nearly exterminate Hurons, 26, 35; demand establishment of French colony in their country, 40; their confederacy, of what tribes composed, 41; attack remnant of Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; checked at Long Sault on the Ottawa by heroism of Dollard and his companions, 44; Governor Courcelles marches against, 52; similar expedition led by Tracy, 53; invited by Frontenac to conference, 79; consent to make a peace including Indian allies of French, 82; under La Barre's administration, seize canoes of French traders, 181; La Barre's expedition against, 183; Denonville's, 207-214; capture of a number of peaceful Iroquois for king's galleys, 215; reprisals, 218, 219; massacre of Lachine, 224; send envoys to meet Frontenac, 238; native eloquence, 239; worsted in skirmish on Ottawa River, 243; Mohawk opinion of Schenectady massacre, 248; ill-treat embassy from Frontenac, 262; renew their attacks, 307; party of, destroyed at Repentigny, 308; three prisoners burnt alive, 309; another party surprised and destroyed, 319; expedition against (Mohawks), 321; peace negotiations, 337; Onondaga orator, Teganissorens (Decanisora), 338; Frontenac's campaign against, 350.ChChamplain assists his Indian allies against, 49; originally settled on the St. Lawrence, 50; form great confederation of five tribes, 50; attacked by Montaignais, assisted by Champlain, near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; again, by Hurons, assisted by Champlain, on the Oswego River, 102; make an attack near Quebec, 139; embassy sent to, 163.HdDestroy mission at Three Rivers, 43; in general alliance with British, 148; country of, pillaged by Butler's Rangers, 151.WMTraditional foes of the French, 16.LDestroy Huron mission, 5; converted settlements of, 9; their extermination of the Hurons, 39; heroic resistance offered to, at the Long Sault, 72; depredations committed by, 191; La Barre's expedition against, 193; threatening attitude of, 213; Denonville's expedition against, 215; negotiations with, 216; descend on Lachine, 225; ravage surrounding country, 227; Frontenac marches against, 233.BkTheir lands encroached upon by Americans, 149; attacked by United States troops at Tippecanoe, 174-176; their bitter sense of wrong, 177; obtain grant of land on the Grand River, 189;effect on, of Hull's advance into Canada, 214; greatly impressed by the capture of Detroit, 263.SeeSenecas; Mohawks; Onondagas; Cayugas; Oneidas.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians; Schoolcraft,Indian Tribes; Morgan,League of the Iroquois; Colden,History of the Five Nations; McKenzie,The Six Nations Indians in Canada; Hale,Iroquois Book of Rites; Parkman,Old Régime,Jesuits in North America,Frontenac, andHalf Century of Conflict; Fiske,New France and New England.
Irving, Jacob Æmilius(1797-1856). Born at Charleston, South Carolina. Entered the army at an early age; severely wounded at Waterloo; presented with freedom of Liverpool for gallant conduct during the French war. Came to Canada, 1834; served during the Rebellion of 1837; appointed first warden for the district of Simcoe; appointed to the Legislative Council of Canada, 1843.Index:BLAppointed to Legislative Council, Upper Canada, 177.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
Irving, Paulus Æmilius(1714-1796). Served under Wolfe at Quebec; administered government of Canada, 1765; appointed lieutenant-governor of Guernsey, 1771; and afterwards governor of Upnor Castle, Kent.Index:DrBecomes administrator, 23; protests, as member of Council, against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
Isbister, Alexander K.(1820-1883). Born in the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company; employed by the Company, 1838-1840, in the Mackenzie River district. Went to England, about 1841; educated there, and practised law in London. A half-breed himself, he ably pressed the cause of the Indians and half-breeds upon the attention of the British government. Also gave evidence before the parliamentary Committee of 1857. For some years master of the Stationers' School in England and Dean of the College of Preceptors. Left a large sum of money to found scholarships in connection with the University of Manitoba.Index:BA native of the North-West Territories—his good work on behalf of the Red River Settlement, 212; Brown's high opinion of, 212; suggests annexation by Canada of western territory, 213.Bib.:Report on Hudson's Bay Company, 1857; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Isis.DrBritish war vessel, arrival of, 137.
Isle aux Noix.On the Richelieu River.Index:HdFortifications of, 125, 133; Sherwood and Ira Allen in conference at, 204; refugees transported to, 250.
Jack, William Brydone(1819-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at St. Andrews University. Came to New Brunswick as professor of mathematics at King's College, 1840. When King's College received its charter as University of New Brunswick in 1861, appointed president. Retired from office, 1885.
Jackson.TBritish Member of Parliament, and capitalist, his company offers to build railways in New Brunswick, 26; visits the province, 27; agreement with government, 27.
Jackson, Francis James(1770-1814). British diplomatist.Index:BkSucceeds W. Erskine as British minister at Washington, 122.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Jackson, Sir Richard Downes.Served in Peninsular campaign; commander-in-chief of forces in Canada. Administrator, 1841-1842. Died at Montreal.Index:BLCarries on government after Sydenham's death, 113.SyCommander of forces, appointed administrator for Lower Canada, 194.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
Jacob, Dr., of Salisbury.SyMaternal grandfather of Sydenham, 4.
Jacques.ChEnglish vessel seized by French, 221.
Jacques Cartier River.A tributary of the St. Lawrence, north shore, above Quebec.Index:WMRetreat of French army to, 212, 216, 217; retreat described as disorderly flight, 217.
James Bay.Southern extension of Hudson Bay, discovered in 1610, by Henry Hudson who wintered there, 1610-1611, with theDiscovery. The bay was named after Captain Thomas James of Bristol, who explored the west coast in 1631.
Jameson, Anna Brownell(1794-1860). Author. Married Robert Jameson, afterwards vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity of Upper Canada.Index:EOn Upper Canadian schoolmasters, 87; compares conditions on both sides of boundary, to the detriment of Canada, 191-192.Bib.: Works:Diary of an Ennuyée;Characteristics of Women;Visits and Sketches;Essays;Sacred and Legendary Art;Legends of the Madonna;History of Our Lord;Early Italian Painters;Sketches in Canada;Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada. For biog.,seeDent,Can. Por.;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read,Lives of the Judges.
Jameson, Robert Simpson.A member of the English bar. Reporter in Lord Eldon's Court, 1824. Married Anna Brownell Murphy, 1826. Judge in the Island of Dominica, 1829; retired, 1833, and returned to England. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada by the Imperial government, 1833, and took up his residence at York. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1833. Member of the Assembly, 1835-1837. Appointed vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity. Died in Toronto, 1854.Bib.: Read,Lives of the Judges.
Jamet, Father Denis.ChRécollet missionary and commissary of the order in Canada, 85; returns to France, where he remains, 111, 112.
Jarvis, F. S.SyGentleman usher of black rod, 334.
Jarvis, William.SRecommended by Simcoe as clerk of Council, 46; provincial secretary, 79, 178.
Jarvis, W. B.McLoyalists retreat under, 373.
Jay, John(1745-1829). American statesman and jurist.Index:DrNegotiates treaty with Great Britain, 283, 286.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Jay's Treaty.Between Great Britain and the United States; negotiated Nov. 19, 1794. Provided for the evacuation by Great Britain of the western posts; the settlement by commission of pecuniary claims between the two countries; the appointment of a joint commission to determine the identity of the St. Croix River; and closer commercial relations. Negotiated by John Jay on behalf of the United States, and Lord Grenville representing Great Britain.Index:SBetween Britain and the United States, 142.DrCopies of, circulated in Canada, 290; ratified, 291.Bib.: Hertslet,Treaties and Conventions.
Jefferson, Thomas(1743-1826). Third president of the United States.Index:DrHis hostility to Great Britain, 273, 274, 281; his defeat for the presidency, in 1797, 298.BkPurchases Louisiana from France, 41, 42; his embargo on United States ships trading to British ports, 85, 108; withdraws embargo, 114; confident of easy conquest of Canada, 259, 285.DHis influence in determining policy of United States as to the Pacific coast, 64-66; sends Lewis and Clark overland to Pacific, 66.Bib.: HisWorks, ed. by Henry A. Washington, were published by order of Congress, in 9 vols., 1853.See alsoRandolph,Memoirs, Correspondence and Miscellanies of Jefferson. For biog.,seeRandall,Life of Jefferson; Tucker,Life of Thomas Jefferson; Parton,Life of Thomas Jefferson;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Jemseg.On Jemseg Creek, Queen's County, New Brunswick.Index:FFor a time headquarters in Acadia, 270.
Jenkins, William.TTeacher in Gagetown Grammar School, New Brunswick, 5; conducts large school in Quebec, 6; visited by Sir Leonard Tilley in 1858, 6; dies in 1863, 6.
Jersey Volunteers.DrLoyalists, 202.
Jervis, John.SeeSt. Vincent.
Jesuits' Estates Act.Passed by the Mercier government in Quebec, 1888. Following the suppression of the Society of Jesus by the pope, in 1773, the property of the order in Canada became vested in the crown, and was set apart for purposes of education in the province of Quebec. By the British North America Act, it was vested in the provincial government. The Mercier Act authorized payment of $400,000 as compensation to the Jesuits for the lands confiscated by the crown. An agitation in Ontario for disallowance of the Act, was followed by a formal motion in the Dominion House, by Colonel O'Brien, but only thirteen members voted for disallowance.Index:MdOrigin, 286; claimed by Society of Jesus, 286; Act passed by Quebec Legislature authorizing payment for lands Jesuits held before the conquest, 286, 287; motion favouring federal disallowance, proposed, 288, 289; motion defeated, 289; agitation ends by formation of Equal Rights Association and later by the Protestant Protective Association, 289.DrProposal to apply revenues of, to educational purposes, 230; General Amherst's claim to, 230.BLRevenue from, 18.BkAppropriation of property a grievance with French-Canadians, 77.Bib.: Willison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party; Grant and Hamilton,Principal Grant; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Jesuit Missions.LZeal of the missionaries compared with that of the Apostles, 61; among the Iroquois, 64-67; wide extension of, 103; to the Algonquians, destroyed by drunkenness, 175.FPure lives of missionaries produces good effect, 168.Seeunder names of individual missionaries.Bib.: Parkman,Jesuits in North America.See alsoJesuits.
Jesuit Relations.The Relationswere published in Paris, by the provincial of the order, in small annual volumes. The original narratives were written in Canada, or in one or other of the remote mission fields, by the devoted missionaries, and are invaluable as a record of the condition and character of the various Indian tribes in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Index:ChPromoted immigration to Canada, 250; describe religious condition of the colony, 256-258; also last days of Champlain, 262, 263.FParkman on, 30; Rochemonteix on, 30; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 30; their influence in securing support for the missions, 30-31.Bib.:Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 1610-1791, ed. by Thwaites, Cleveland, 1896-1901, 73 vols.;Relations des Jesuites, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols.
Jesuits.The first missionaries of the order, Lalemant, Masse, and Brébeuf, arrived in Canada in 1625. Work among the Algonquians began that year; and among the Hurons in 1626. The mission to the Iroquois dates from 1642. With the Iroquois mission are particularly associated the names of Jogues, Le Moyne, Ragueneau, Frémin, and De Carheil; and with the mission to the Hurons, those of Brébeuf, Lalemant, Chabanel, Garnier, and Chaumonot.See alsounder names of individual missionaries.Index:HdTheir mission at Three Rivers, 43; an unworthy member of the order, 48-49; suspected of sympathy with rebels, 130, 181; engage in the ginseng trade, 148; vestibule of their church turned into theatre, 306-307.FArrival of, 17; return after restoration ofCanada to France, 25; Frontenac's attitude towards, 113; their missions, 166.LTheir devotion to the cause of missions, 4, 5; recommend Laval as vicar apostolic, 26; re-establish mission in Iroquois country, 73; place church at Quebec under patronage of Immaculate Conception, and St. Louis, 85; works of piety instituted by, 86.DrExpelled from France, controversy respecting their property in Canada, 23; petition the king for restoration of their property, 35.ChRécollets decide to ask assistance of, 150; not favoured by the traders, 152; arrival of, at Quebec, 153; their convent robbed by English, 196; embark for Tadousac on board Kirke's ship, 196; sail for France, 206; take charge of Quebec mission on restoration of the country to France, 225; establish their convent of Notre Dame des Anges, 227; their convent at Quebec, 228, 229; give banquet to Emery de Caën, temporary governor, 228; found missions at Three Rivers and in Huron country, 228; also at Miscou and Cape Breton, 229.DAs factors in spread of civilization in America, 2-3.Bib.:Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman,Jesuits in North America; Rochemonteix,Les Jésuites et la Nouvelle France; Kip,Early Jesuit Missions; Campbell,Pioneer Priests of North America.
Jetté, Sir Louis(1836- ). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1857. Practised in Montreal. Entered public life in 1872 as member for Montreal East, defeating Sir Georges E. Cartier. Appointed puisne judge of Supreme Court of Quebec, 1878; and the same year became professor of civil law in Laval University; later dean of the faculty. Member of the commission for revision of the civil code of Quebec, 1887; and of the Alaskan Boundary Commission. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1898, and for a second term in 1903. Chief-justice of the Superior Court of Quebec, 1909.Index:COne of the founders ofLe Parti National, and its organLe National, 29-30; defeats Cartier in Montreal East, 84.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Jews.BkResolution of Lower Canada Assembly excluding, 104; further discussion of question, 116.
Joannes.WMTown mayor of Quebec, strikes insubordinate officers, 230; protests against order to propose capitulation, 230, 231; goes to British camp with articles of capitulation, 231, 232.
Jogues, Isaac(1607-1646). Born at Orleans, France. Entered the Society of Jesus, and sailed for Canada in 1636. Set out almost immediately for the Huron mission. From there sent to the Tobacco nation; and in 1641 visited the Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie, and stood upon the shores of Lake Superior. Went to Quebec the following year, and on the return journey captured by a party of Mohawks and carried off to the Iroquois country. After being repeatedly tortured, escaped at Fort Orange, with the help of the Dutch governor, and sailed for France, arriving at Rennes in 1643. After an interview with the queen regent, Anne of Austria, returned to Canada the following year, and sent as an ambassador to the Mohawks, 1646. Concluded a treaty of peace, and returned to Quebec. Sept. 27 of the same year, again set out for the Iroquois country, this time as a missionary. The attitude of the Indians had changed, and on Oct. 18 he was tomahawked as he entered one of the lodges at Tionnontoguen.Index:ChProfessor in college of Rouen, 207.LSufferings and death of, 5, 62.Bib.: Campbell,Pioneer Priests of North America; Parkman,Jesuits in North America; Martin,Isaac Jogues; Withrow,Adventures of Isaac Jogues(R. S. C., 1885).
John and Thomas.FVice-admiral's ship in Phipps's squadron, 281.
Johnson, Guy(1740-1788). Deputy to Sir William Johnson, as superintendent of Indian affairs, and succeeded latter in office after his death. Served under Amherst against the French, in 1759. At the opening of the Revolutionary War, abandoned his home in Amsterdam, New York, and brought his family to Montreal, and later went to England. Returned in 1776, and served in New York. Also with Brant in the Mohawk Valley, two years later. His estates confiscated by the New York Assembly, 1779.Index:HdHis letter to Lord George Germaine, 155; removed from his position of Indian agent, 156.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Johnson, John.TReturned for St. John, 25.
Johnson, John M.(1818-1868).TSolicitor-general, New Brunswick, 32-33; member of Fisher ministry, postmaster-general, 43; attorney-general, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected for Northumberland as Confederation candidate, 107; goes to England as Confederation delegate, 120; his views on County Courts, 125.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Johnson, Sir John(1742-1830). Son of Sir William Johnson (q.v.). Appointed major-general of militia, 1774. Fled to Canada, 1776, and served under St. Leger against Arnold the following year. After the close of the Revolutionary War, became superintendent-general of Indian affairs in British North America.Index:DrCommissioned to raise regiment, 151; advises Dorchester in regard to Upper Canada, 258; his claims to be first governor of that province, 259; Indian agent in Upper Canada, 302.SDisappointed at not being made governor of Upper Canada, 99; head of Indian department, 127.HdMade Indian agent, 156; raises King's Royal Regiment of New York, 156; Haldimand's instructions to, in regard to smallpox, 231; his consent necessary to marriage, 237; Haldimand stands sponsor to child of, 296; MacLean's opinion of, 308.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Cyc. Am. Biog.; Myers,The Tories or Loyalists in America.
Johnson, Sir William(1715-1774). Born in Ireland. Came to America, in 1738, to take charge of the estates of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren. Appointed Indian agent in 1744, and obtained unrivalled influence over the Six Nations. In 1755 became superintendent of the affairs of the Six Nations. The same year made major-general and commander-in-chief of the expedition against the French. Defeated Dieskau at Lake George, and received the thanks of Parliament, a baronetcy, and a vote of £5000. Served with Abercrombie in 1758, and in 1759 captured Niagara from the French. Accompanied Amherst to Montreal in 1760. Mainly instrumental in settling and developing the Mohawk Valley.Index:DrQuiets discontent of Six Nations, 5, 6.HdTakes possession of Fort Niagara, 26; takes precedence of Haldimand, 27; his influence with Six Nations Indians, 27; his Indians not allowed to attack La Galette, 28; retires for the winter, 29; leaves Oswego for Montreal, under Amherst, 35; his opinion on enlistment of Canadian corps, 57; takes Niagara, 121; his Indian widow, 154; death of, 155; Indians' opinion of, 157; leave granted to, to hold western posts for England, 257.WMCaptures Fort Niagara, 146.Bib.:Language, Customs, and Manners of the Six Nations(Phil. Soc. of Phila.Trans., 1772);Correspondence(Doc. Hist. N. Y.); Reid,Story of Old Fort Johnson. For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.; Stone,Life of Sir William Johnson; Buell,Sir William Johnson; Bradley,The Fight with France; Parkman,Montcalm and WolfeandConspiracy of Pontiac;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Johnson-Clarendon Treaty.MdAttempt to settle Alabama question by, 167; United States Senate refuses to ratify treaty, 167.Bib.: Hertslet,Treaties and Conventions.
Johnston, Hugh.WAppointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 1843, 72; resigns, 1845, 76; retires, 1848, 116.
Johnston, Sir W.CChief-justice of Quebec, 119; his views on French-Canadian cooking, 119.
Johnstone, Chevalier.WMAide-de-camp to Lévis, 139; his redoubt evacuated, 140; with Montcalm on night preceding battle, 175; his opinion of Bougainville, 177; on brave rally of Canadians, 203; on demoralization of French troops, 207; on Vaudreuil and proposed capitulation, 209; on the flight to Jacques Cartier, 217; on battle of Ste. Foy, 261, 263, 264.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec.
Johnstone, James William(1793-1873). Born in Jamaica. Came to Nova Scotia, studied law in Annapolis, and practised in Kentville and Halifax. Appointed solicitor-general and a member of the governor's Council, and became the recognized leader of the Conservative party in Nova Scotia. Resigned his seat in the Council in 1843 to contest Annapolis for the Assembly, and represented the county until 1864, when appointed judge in Equity. On the death of Howe in 1873 made lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Died in England the same year.Index:HAppointed solicitor-general, 1834, 57; becomes member of Executive and Legislative Councils, 1838, 57; leader of party opposed to responsible government, 58; his birth, ancestry, and character, 58; Sir Colin Campbell's chief adviser, 71; obnoxious to the Liberals, 71; opposes Howe's views as to responsibility of ministers to the Assembly, 75; makes public declaration as to dual responsibility of ministers, to the governor and the Legislature, 76; joins the Baptists, 77-78; defends denominational schools, 83; the election of 1843, 85-86; W. B. Almon called to Executive and Legislative Councils, 86-87; secures majority in new Legislature, 87; contest with Howe, 89-90; makes speech against Howe, 98; carries measure for simultaneous polling, 104; resigns with his government, 1848, 107; member of Railway Convention at Portland, 1850, 121; opposes government railways, 144; moves vote of want of confidence, 165, 167; forms new government, 167; his party defeated in elections of 1859, 168; the chief-justiceship, 168; leader of the opposition, 171; becomes attorney-general in 1863, and judge in Equity, 1864, 172; favours Confederation, 174; introduces bill prohibiting sale of intoxicants to Indians, 247-248.TAdvocates Confederation in Nova Scotia Assembly, in 1854, 62.Bib.: Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Bourinot,Builders of Nova Scotia; Rattray,The Scot in British North America; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Johnstone's Redoubt.WMFrench position on Beauport shore, 133, 136, 140.
Joint High Commission, British-American, 1898-1899. Met in Quebec, Aug. 23, 1898, and again in Washington, Nov. 10. The meetings continued until Feb. 20, 1899, ending in a disagreement. Canada was represented by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Sir Richard Cartwright, Sir Louis Davies, and John Charlton; the United States by Gen. J. W. Foster, Hon. George Gray, Hon. C.W. Fairbanks, Hon. John A. Kasson, Hon. N. Dingley, and T. Jefferson Coolidge; and Newfoundland by Sir J. S. Winter and Hon. A. B. Morine. Lord Herschell acted as chairman. Among the questions discussed were reciprocity, the Atlantic fisheries, the Alaskan boundary, the seal fisheries, war vessels on the Great Lakes, the bonding privilege, alien labour laws, and mining rights.Bib.: Willison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Jolliet, Louis(1645-1700). Born at Quebec; son of a wagon-maker in the employ of the Company of New France. Educated by the Jesuits, and tookminor orders, but renounced his clerical vocation to engage in the fur trade. Sent by Talon to discover copper-mines on Lake Superior, and met La Salle on his return journey, 1669, near the site of the city of Hamilton. In 1673 set out with Jacques Marquette (q.v.) to discover the Mississippi. Leaving Michilimackinac on May 17, they coasted the north shore of Lake Michigan, to the foot of Green Bay, ascended Fox River to Lake Winnebago, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, which they reached a month after leaving Michilimackinac. Descended the great river, passing the mouths of the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and Arkansas, and turned back from a village of the Arkansas Indians on July 17; returning to Lake Michigan by way of the Illinois. Jolliet was unfortunate enough to lose the records of his journey at the foot of the Lachine rapids, almost within sight of Montreal. Made a journey to Hudson Bay in 1679; and the following year received a grant of the Island of Anticosti, where he settled with his family. In 1694 explored the coast of Labrador. On his return made royal pilot for the St. Lawrence, and hydrographer of the colony.Index:FDiscoverer of Mississippi, 155.WMDescends Mississippi, 19.LFollows course of Mississippi, 11; abandons priestly career and becomes explorer, 59; his exploration of Mississippi, 146; his burial, 147.Bib.: Parkman,La Salle; Faillon,Colonie Française en Canada; Margry,Découvertes et Établissements des Français; Gagnon,Louis Jolliet.See alsoMarquette.
Jolliet, Zachary.FHis December journey from Michilimackinac to Quebec, 240.
Joly de Lotbinière, Sir Henri Gustave(1829-1908). Studied law and called to the bar, 1855. Elected to Assembly for Lotbinière, 1861. Took a prominent part in opposition to Confederation. In 1867 elected for both Dominion and Quebec Houses, and sat in both up to 1874. Led opposition in Assembly until 1878, when he was called upon to form a ministry. His government defeated in 1879, and in 1885 dropped out of public life for a time. Returned for Portneuf in 1896, and became controller of inland revenue; the following year called to the Cabinet as minister of inland revenue. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, 1900.Index:MdLiberal leader in Quebec, sustained in provincial election by majority of one, 249; his connection with the Letellier case, 249.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Jones, Alfred Gilpin(1824-1906). Born at Weymouth, Nova Scotia, of United Empire Loyalist stock. Built up great shipping industry at Halifax. Entered public life as an opponent of Confederation. Represented Halifax in Dominion House 1867-1872, 1874-1878. Became minister of militia, 1878. Defeated in general election of that year, and again in 1881; elected in 1887, but defeated in 1891. Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia 1900-1906.Index:HAsked by Howe to attend conference with Sir John Rose, on financial situation, 223; his reasons for declining, 224; leader of Anti-Confederate party in Nova Scotia, 224.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Morgan,Can. Men; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Jones, John Paul(1747-1792). Born in Scotland; son of John Paul, of Arbigland; assumed name of Jones. Entered American navy, 1775. Captured theSerapis, 1779. Entered Russian naval service, 1788, with rank of rear-admiral. Died in Paris.Index:HdMentioned in Haldimand's correspondence, 245.Bib.: Sherbourne,Life of Paul Jones; Mackenzie,Life of Paul Jones; Hamilton,Life of Paul Jones;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Jones, Jonas(1791-1848). Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. Served as an officer of militia during the War of 1812-1814, attaining the rank of colonel. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1815. Elected to the Assembly for Leeds and Grenville, 1821, 1825, and again in 1832. A strong supporter of the union of Upper and Lower Canada. Appointed a puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837.Bib.: Read,Lives of the Judges.
Jones, Peter.RHis visit to England in 1831, 90.
Jonquest, Étienne.ChMarries Anne Hébert, 113; death of, 117.
Jordan, John.WMember for St. John in New Brunswick Assembly, 105; referred to in Wilmot's speech, 105.TDefeated in St. John County in 1850, 11.
Joseph, Saint.LChapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84; patron saint of Canada, 87.ChJesuit mission in Huron country, 93; French colony placed under patronage of, 150.
Jotard.HdEditor of Mesplet's publications, 277.
Journal de Québec.CCauchon writes for, 24; praises Cartier in, 88.
Journal Tenu à l'Armée.WMQuoted, 169; severe criticism of Montcalm, 205; Canadians praised, 196; quoted as to loss on French side, 205.
Juan de Fuca.DHis real name Apostolos Velerianos, 9; expedition to North-West Coast, 9; authenticity of hisVoyage, 9, 19; his name rescued from oblivion, 23.Bib.: Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names.
Juan de Fuca Strait.Between Vancouver Island and United States mainland.Index:DIts discovery, 9, 14, 19; rediscovered by Kendrick, 25.Bib.: Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names.
Jubilee.ChGranted by pope, celebrated in Quebec, 1618, 114.
Juchereau, Jean.ChA settler from La Ferté Vidame, in Thimerais, 252.
Juchereau, Mère.FReports repulse of some of Phipps's men at Rivière Ouelle, 291; on flag incident, 296; on divine protection of Quebec, 301.LOn Laval's patience in trial, 240.
Juchereau de St. Denis.FWounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.
Judah, Henry Hague(1808-1883). Born in London, England. Came to Canada, and called to the bar, 1829. Represented Champlain in the Assembly, 1843-1844. Appointed one of the Commissioners under the Act abolishing the Seigniorial Tenure, 1854.Index:ECommissioner under Federal Tenure law, 186.
Judges.BkBill for exclusion of, passed by Lower Canada Assembly, but thrown out by Council, 104; further discussion of question, 116; instructions from Great Britain regarding, 117, 126; Act of Exclusion passed, 145.
Judicature.EMeasures relating to, passed by second La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86-87;SAct for establishing Superior Court for Upper Canada passed, 92; amended, 94.SyBill passed by Special Council, 255.BLRevisions of system, 286, 300-301; terms of the Act, 292, 302-303, 339.
Jurisdiction, Question of.LIn New France, 163.
Justices of the Peace.SeeMagistrates.
Kaministiquia, or Kaministikwia, Fort.At mouth of river of same name, north-west shore of Lake Superior. Built by Zacharie Robutel de La Noüe, in 1717. La Vérendrye wintered there in 1731, while making preparations for his western explorations. The site abandoned in favour of Grand Portage, which became for many years, under both French and British rule, the jumping-off place for the western fur country. Fort William was afterwards built on or near the site of the old French fort.
Kane, Paul(1810-1871). Born in Toronto. Received his first training under Drury, the drawing-master at Upper Canada College. Spent the years 1836-1840 in the United States; and then sailed for Europe, where he studied art in Italy and throughout the continent. Returned to Toronto in 1845, and shortly after set out on a tour of the western territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. Visited many of the tribes, from Lake Superior to the Pacific, and brought back with him in 1848 several hundred sketches, from which he painted a series of oil pictures of Indian life and western scenery. Some years after, published a narrative of this journey, illustrated from his own sketches.Bib.:Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America. For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.;Cyc. Am. Biog.; MacMurchy,Canadian Literature.
Kaye, John W.BLQuoted on Metcalfe, 156, 158; on La Fontaine and Baldwin, 169-171; on Metcalfe, 176, 186, 236, 237.BDefends Metcalfe's attitude towards political parties in Canada, 24.Bib.: Works:Life and Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe;Administration of East India Company;Lives of Indian Officers;Life of Sir John Malcolm.
Keefer, Thomas Coltrin(1821- ). Born at Thorold, Ontario. Engaged in the enlargement of the Welland Canal, 1841-1845, and then transferred to the Ottawa River works, 1845-1849. Made a survey of the St. Lawrence rapids, 1850; and prepared the report and plans which resulted in the building of the Victoria bridge at Montreal. Instrumental in securing the deepening of the St. Lawrence channel and the adoption of the standard gauge on Canadian railways. Served as Canadian commissioner at the London exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and the Paris exhibition of 1878, and also on the International Deep Waterways Commission. Author of a number of articles and papers on engineering and public questions.Bib.: Works:Philosophy of Railways;Canals of Canada;Report on Victoria Bridge;Canadian Waterways.See alsoin Bourinot's bibliography (R. S. C., 1894). For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.
Kempt, Sir James(1764-1854). Commanded brigade in Peninsula, 1812; and division at Waterloo, 1815; governor of Nova Scotia, 1820-1828; and governor of Canada, 1828-1830. Made a privy-councillor, 1830; master-general of ordnance, 1834-1838; general, 1841.Index:BLHis efforts at conciliation, 20.PSucceeds Lord Dalhousie as governor, 70; his attitude towards Canadians, 70; his report, 1829, on the political situation in Lower Canada, 71.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Kendrick, Captain John.American seaman. Trading on North-West Coast, 1787-1793. Killed in Sandwich Islands, 1793.Index:DVoyage to North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 24; credited with rediscovery of strait of Juan de Fuca, 25.
Kennebec River.A river of the state of Maine, rising in Moosehead Lake; about 200 miles long.Index:DrArnold's march up, 107.
Kennedy, Captain.BAgitates through newspapers and Toronto Board of Trade importance of acquiring and settling North-West Territories, 216; writes Lord Elgin on same subject, 216.
Kennedy, Sir Arthur Edward(1810-1883). Governor of Vancouver Island, 1863-1867. Subsequently governor of Queensland. Died in Brisbane.
Kennedy, William Nassau(1839-1885). Born at Darlington, Ontario. Served as a lieutenant in the Ontario Rifles with the Red River Expedition, 1870. Settled in Winnipeg, and appointed registrar of deeds, 1872. A member of the North-West Council, 1873; mayor of Winnipeg, 1875-1876. Organizedthe Winnipeg Field Battery and subsequently colonel of the 90th Rifles. Accompanied the CanadianVoyageursto Egypt, as paymaster of the contingent, 1885. Served through the campaign, but died at London on his way home to Canada.
Kennedy's Regiment.WMOn British right, 189.
Kenny, Sir Edward(1800-1891). Born in Kerry County, Ireland. Emigrated to Nova Scotia. Summoned to the Senate at Confederation. Became receiver-general in federal ministry, 1867-1869; president of the Privy Council, 1869-1870. For a time acting lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Vacated his seat in the Senate, 1876.Index:MdReceiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; represents Irish Roman Catholics, 135.Treceiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129.HMember of first Dominion Cabinet, 198.
Kent and Strathern, Edward Augustus, Duke of(1767-1820). Fourth son of George III and father of Queen Victoria. Sent to Canada, 1791; served in West Indies, 1794; returned to Canada, 1796; commander-in-chief of forces in British North America, 1799-1800; governor of Gibraltar, 1802-1803; field-marshal, 1805.Index:SCommands 7th Fusiliers in garrison at Quebec, 47; visits Simcoe at Navy Hall, 183; visits Niagara Falls, 183; is entertained by Robert Hamilton at Queenston, 184.DrArrival of, 270; popularity of, 275; service at Halifax, 276.MSStationed in Canada, 98; his friendship for Alexander Mackenzie, 98.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Kent Lodge.Near Quebec.Index:HdFormerly Montmorency House, Haldimand's summer residence, 345.
Kentucky.DrMovements on foot in, for separation from other American states, 247, 249.
Kerr.TElected as Confederation candidate for Northumberland, N. B., 107; moves the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.
Kerr, D. S.WCouncil for Doak and Hill in libel case, 75.
Kerr, W. J.McAttempts Mackenzie's assassination, 218; tried and convicted, 220.
Ketchum, Jesse.McElected to the Assembly, 150; delivers rejoinder to governor, 300.
Kicking Horse Pass.Through Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 51°, length 104 miles, and elevation at watershed 5300 feet. This pass is followed by the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was explored and named by Dr. Hector, of the Palliser expedition, in 1858.
Killaly, H. H.Represented town of London in first Parliament after the union of 1841; chairman of the board of public works, 1841-1844, and 1844-1846.Index:SyMade president of board of works for united province, 333.BLCommissioner of public works, 1841, 76; a moderate Liberal, 78; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 133, 134.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years.
Killian, Doran.TRecruits Fenian army in New York, 105; his force arrives at Eastport, 105.
King, Dr.McAids Mackenzie's escape, 389.
King, Rev. Wm.BMoving spirit in negro settlement in Upper Canada, 113.
King's American Regiment.DrCommanded by Fanning, 202.
King's College (New Brunswick).WCharter granted by George IV, 1828, 49; endowed by New Brunswick Legislature, 49; controlled by Church of England, 49-50, 51; proposed amendments to charter, 51-56; amendment bill finally passed, 56; becomes University of New Brunswick, 86; originated inCollege of New Brunswick and chartered, 1800, 86.TProposal to convert into agricultural school, 20; cause of its unpopularity, 21, 48; terms of the Act of 1859, 48-49.SeeNew Brunswick, College of; New Brunswick, University of.
King's College (Nova Scotia).An academy opened at Windsor, Nova Scotia, 1788. The following year an Act passed for "the permanent establishment and effectual support of a college at Windsor," and £400 per annum granted towards its maintenance. Under this act, King's College opened in 1790. Received royal charter, 1802.Index:HFounded by Church of England, 81.EDirectly under control of Church of England, 93.Bib.: Partridge,University of King's CollegeinCanada: An Ency., vol. 4; Akins,Brief Account of the Origin of King's College; Hind,University of King's College.
King's College (Upper Canada).Granted royal charter, Mar. 15, 1827.Index:MdProposed government subsidy in connection with university scheme, 29; college and its property secularized, becoming University of Toronto, 30; replaced as Church of England College by University of Trinity College, 30.BLConceived by Simcoe, land grant made, royal charter granted, Strachan president of, 191-192; opposition to terms of charter, amendments, building erected, teaching begins, 1843, 192-193; its land grant, 194; Baldwin proposes transfer of its property to University of Toronto, 195, 293; Strachan opposes transfer, 195, 196.EIts history and connection with the university question, 93-94.RStrachan secures royal charter, 72; and becomes first president, 73; terms of charter, 73-74; inauguration, 1843, 147; its financial position, 147; council of, charged with control of grammar schools, 248-249.SeeToronto University.Bib.: Hopkins,Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Bethune,Memoir of Bishop Strachan; Robinson,Sir John Beverley Robinson.
King's Printer, Upper Canada.SLouis Roy, first incumbent of office, 172; Roy succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.
King's Royal Regiment of New York.HdRaised by Sir John Johnson, 156; Beverley Robinson colonel of, 201; disbanded and receive grants of land, 255.
Kingsford, William(1819-1898). Came to Canada from England in 1837. Qualified as a civil engineer in Montreal, and practised his profession for some years. The author of many pamphlets, in addition to his monumental history, the preparation of which he took up late in life, and completed shortly before his death.Index:LOn Dollard's exploit, 75.Bib.: Works:Impressions of the West and South during a Six Weeks' Holiday;Canadian Canals;Canadian Archæology;Early Bibliography of Ontario;History of Canada, 10 vols. For list of Dr. Kingsford's contributions to periodicals,seeR. S. C.Trans., 1894, 47-48. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men; MacMurchy,Canadian Literature.
Kingston.City of Ontario, founded by United Empire Loyalists, 1783.Index:MdSir John A. Macdonald's early life in, 2; practises law there, 5; elected alderman of, 10; asked to be Conservative candidate for, 11; elected for, 12; constituency represented by Macdonald, with one short break, throughout his whole public career, 12, 16, 31, 211; its rivalry for seat of government, 39; meeting at, protests against Rebellion Losses Bill, 42; dissatisfied with selection of Ottawa as capital, 85; difficulty over visit of Prince of Wales, 1860, 88; Macdonald defeated in, 1878, 228.SGovernment of Upper Canada organized at, 79; rejected by Simcoe in favour of York as arsenal for Lake Ontario, 204; Simcoe spends winter of 1794-1795 at, 211; growth of the town, 211.BLSelected by Sydenham as capital, reasons for the choice, 73; its history, 73-75; the legislative building, 85-86; Assembly passes resolutiondeclaring city not suitable as seat of government, 147; reception to Metcalfe, 155; not satisfactory as capital, 180; Harrison member for, 182; serious trouble between Orangemen and Roman Catholics, 187; severe fire of 1812, 298; special powers granted to magistrates of, 298, 300.SyChosen as seat of government, 282, 292; accommodation at, for Legislature and government offices, 293.BkAn important military post, 56; differing views of Dorchester and Simcoe respecting, 56; Brock stations deputy quartermaster-general at, 80.SeeFrontenac; Cataraqui.Bib.: Machar,Old Kingston.
Kinnear.WSolicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1846, 116; joins the government, 116; proposed for judgeship, 130.
Kirby, William(1817-1906). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Came to Canada, 1832, but educated at Cincinnati, Ohio. Settled at Niagara, Ontario, 1839, where edited and published theMailfor twenty years. Collector of customs at Niagara, 1871-1895.Bib.: Works:The United Empire;Le Chien d'Or;Pontiac;Canadian Idylls;Annals of Niagara. For biog.,seeMacMurchy,Canadian Literature.
Kirke, Sir David(1596-1655?). Born in Dieppe, son of a Scottish merchant. Went to England, and, with his two brothers, given command of an expedition against the French in Canada, 1627. Appeared before Quebec, but Champlain, who was then in charge, refused to surrender. Returned down the river, met and defeated the French squadron under DeRoquemont, in July, 1628, and reappeared before Quebec the following year, when the garrison, reduced to starvation, was forced to surrender. Knighted by Charles I, 1633, and obtained a grant of lands in Newfoundland. Appointed governor of the island; removed by Cromwell; and returned in 1652.Index:ChCommands expedition against Quebec, 173; acts under authority of Sir William Alexander, 176; his letter to Champlain, 176; sails for Europe, 179; spends several days in Quebec, 204; accused by Champlain of intolerance, 205, 206; learns of treaty of peace between England and France, 207.FCaptures Quebec, 21.Bib.: Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada; Parkman,Pioneers of France;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Kirke, Sir Lewis.Born 1599. Accompanied his brother Sir David Kirke on his expeditions to Canada and Newfoundland. Fought on the side of Charles during the Civil War. Commanded a troop of horse at the battle of Edgehill; took part in the siege of Gloucester and in the battle of Newbury; knighted by the king, 1643; made governor of Bridgenorth Castle; heavily fined under Cromwell for his loyalty to Charles. After the Restoration appointed captain and paymaster of the corps of gentleman-at-arms.Index:FLeft in charge of Quebec, surrenders it to French on conclusion of peace, 23.ChResides in Fort St. Louis after capitulation, 158; demands surrender of Quebec, 188-190; grants articles of capitulation, 191, 192; receives keys of the fort, 195; hoists English flag, 196; his courteous treatment of Champlain, 199; shows religious intolerance, 206.Bib.: Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada; Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Kirke, Thomas.Born 1603. Brother of Sir David and Sir Lewis Kirke. Accompanied them on their expeditions in Canada and Newfoundland. Killed during the Civil War, fighting on the side of Charles.Index:ChDemands surrender of Quebec, 188-190; signs articles of capitulation, 192; takes Emery de Caën prisoner, 220.Bib.: Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada.
Kirkpatrick, Sir George Airey(1841-1899). Born in Kingston. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; studied law, and called to the bar, 1865. Sat forFrontenac in Dominion House, 1870-92; Speaker, 1883-1887; member of Privy Council, 1891; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1892-1897; K. C. M. G., 1897.Bib.: Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Morgan,Can. Men.
Kishon(the Fish).FIndian name for governors of Massachusetts, 253.
Knox, Henry(1750-1806). American general, in Revolutionary War.Index:DrCommissioner on American side for exchange ofprisoners, 208.Bib.: Drake,Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox.