Knox, Captain.Served under Wolfe at Quebec. Wrote an account of the campaigns in North America from 1757 to 1769.WMHis first impression of Island of Orleans and surrounding country, 91; his description of fireships, 99; as to appearance and demeanour of French troops, 163, 164; on Murray's order that civilians should leave the city, 250.Bib.:An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, 1757-60.See alsoParkman,Montcalm and Wolfe.
Knox College.Presbyterian Theological College, established, 1844.Index:REstablished by Free Church Presbyterians, a secondary school at first, 155.Bib.: Caven,Historical Sketch of Knox CollegeinCanada: An Ency., vol. 4.
Knutsford, Henry Thurston Holland, first Viscount(1825- ). Represented Midhurst in Parliament, 1874-1885, and Hampstead, 1885-1888; secretary of state for the colonies, 1887-1892.Index:MdMacdonald's letter to, on Confederation, 158.
Kondiaronk.FHuron chief, wrecks peace negotiations with Iroquois, 222.LTreachery of, 216; becomes friend of the French, 235.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac.
Kootenay District.In British Columbia.Index:DFirst explored by David Thompson, 58.
Kuprianoff, Ivan Andreevich.DSucceeds Wrangell in Russian America, 1836, 45.
L'Alouette.ChOne of De Caën's vessels, 156.
L'Ange, Captain.ChMeets Champlain on his return from the Upper Ottawa, 78.
L'Anticoton.ChPamphlet against Jesuits, 153.
L'Avenir.Newspaper, of Montreal.COrgan ofClub démocratique, 26, 27.EOrgan of theParti Rouge, 108.BLOrgan of the Radicals of Lower Canada,—demands universal suffrage, etc., 343.
Laas, Captain de.WMIn battle of Ste. Foy, 263.
La Barre, Joseph Antoine Lefebvre de.Governor of La Guyane in 1665; and in 1682 arrived in Quebec as governor of Canada. His administration marked by hopeless incompetence; recalled, 1685.Index:LSucceeds Frontenac as governor, 168; a feeble administrator, 185; prejudiced at first against the bishop, 188; convokes a special assembly, 190; asks for more troops, 191; his expedition against Iroquois, 193; makes terms of peace, 193; recalled, 193.FGovernor, arrival of, 171; summons conference on Indian question, 172; applies for troops, 172; criticized in despatches by intendant, 173, 174; takes to illegitimate trading, 175; disparages discoveries of La Salle, 176; seizes Fort Frontenac and Fort St. Louis, 177, 179; instructed to restore to La Salle all his property, 180; his unwise instruction to Iroquois, 180; decides to make war on Senecas, 181; corresponds with Colonel Dongan, governor of New York, 182; leads expedition, 183; arranges ignominious terms of peace, 186; recalled, 188; unfitness for his position, 189; results of his weak policy, 198, 209.Bib.: Parkman,FrontenacandLa Salle.
Laberge, C. J.CA Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; on Dorion, 28; kept in opposition by Radical programme, 29.
Labrador.The name has been popularly applied to the whole territory bounded by the Atlantic, Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay, which includes not only the Labrador coast-strip, but also a portion of the North-West Territories. Also known at one time as New Britain. The name is properly applied to the strip of coast from Cape Chidley to Blanc Sablon, forming a dependency of the colony of Newfoundland. On various theories as to origin of name,seeGanong,Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence(R. S. C., 1889). The boundaries have long been in dispute between Newfoundland and Canada, and the territory has several times changed hands. The Labrador coast was first discovered by the Northmen, in the tenth century. Cabot sailed along the coast in 1498, and Corte-Real in 1500. The interior remained practically unexplored till traversed by officers of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1840. There are a few posts of the Hudson's Bay Company on the coast. The southern portion is inhabited by a primitive race of fishermen; in the north are several missions of the Moravian Brethren, first established there in 1764.Index:DrCanadians petition for its restoration to Canada.Bib.: Cartwright,Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador; Hind,Explorations in Interior of Labrador; Packard,The Labrador Coast; Stearns,Labrador; Dawson,Canadaand Newfoundland; Grenfell,Labrador; Hubbard,A Woman's Way through Unknown Labrador; Gosling,Labrador, Its Discovery and Development.
Labrèche, L.EMember of theParti Rouge, 108.
La Caffinière, De.FCommander of squadron sent against New York, 234.
La Canardière.FFormer name of Beauport flats, 293.WMFrench position on Beauport shore, 94, 105, 134.
Lac aux Claies.SRenamed Lake Simcoe in honour of Governor Simcoe's father, 207.SeeSimcoe.
Lac de Soissons.ChName given by Champlain to Lake of Two Mountains, 75.
La Chaise, François d'Aix(1624-1709). Born at the castle of Aix in Forez. Entered Society of Jesus, and provincial of his order when selected by Louis XIV as his confessor in 1675. Retained that difficult position up to the time of his death.Index:LHis report on the liquor question, 174; his letter to Laval, 238.
La Chesnaye.SeeAubert de la Chesnaye.
La Chesnaye Settlement.FIroquois raid on, 226.LRavaged by Iroquois, 228.
Lachine.Said to have been named by La Salle's men, in derision of his dream of a westward passage to China. The land was granted by the Sulpicians to La Salle as a seigniory in 1666; and from here he set forth on his memorable explorations, in 1669. Twenty years later, this was the scene of a terrible massacre by the Iroquois. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Lachine became of importance as the starting-point of the brigades of the fur traders, bound for the far West.Index:LOrigin of the name, 148; massacre of, 225.FDescription of massacre at, 10, 224, 225.Bib.: Parkman,La SalleandFrontenac; Girouard,Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle.
Lachine Canal.BLConstruction of, provided for by government in 1841, 98.Bib.: Rheaume,Lachine and Origin of its Canal(Women's Can. Hist. Soc.Trans., vol. 2).See alsoCanals.
Lachine Railway.ECommenced in 1846, 99.
La Colonbière, De.LOn zeal and devotion of Laval, 23; preaches Laval's funeral sermon, 40, 265; his account of Laval, 256, 257.
Lacombe, Albert(1827- ). Born at St. Sulpice, Quebec. Ordained priest, 1849, and immediately left for the western field. Laboured among the Crees and other western tribes for many years, and devoted much time to the study of their languages. Vicar-general of the diocese of St. Albert.Bib.:Dictionnaire et Grammaire de la Langue des Cris.See alsoPilling,Bibliography of Algonquian Languages.
La Corne de St. Luc, Louis Luc.Stationed at Fort St. Frederic (Crown Point), 1741-1747; at La Présentation in 1752; and the following year sent to take command of the posts west of Lake Superior. In 1758 mentioned at Quebec; and the following year back once more at La Présentation. In 1761, one of the seven survivors of the wreck ofL'Auguste. Remained in Canada after the conquest, and in 1775 raised a company of Indians to act against the Americans.Index:DrAccused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38; member of Council appointed under Quebec Act, 91.WMUnable to cope with Sir William Johnson's army, 146.HdRepulsed by Haldimand at Fort Ontario, 26; one of the few saved in wreck ofL'Auguste, 40.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and WolfeandPontiac.
La Corne, Pierre.Accompanied Joncaire on an embassy to the Indians of Niagara, 1720. Sent to Acadia with De Ramezay, 1747. Took part in the action at Grand Pré. Returned to Quebec, but again sent to Nova Scotia to induce the Acadians to remove from the province. After the failure of the attempt, returned to Quebec, and took an active share in the military expeditions of the next ten years. Distinguished himself at the siege of Quebec, 1759, where he had command of a body of local troops.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia;Historical Documents relating to the Province of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Lacoste, Sir Alexandre(1842- ). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1863. A member of the Legislative Council of Quebec, 1882; and in 1884 called to the Senate; appointed Speaker, 1891. Chief-justice of the Court of Appeal of Quebec, 1891-1907. Sworn of the Privy Council, and knighted, 1892. Administrator of Quebec, 1898.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Lacoste, Louis(1798-1878). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated at St. Sulpice College, Montreal, and called to the bar of Lower Canada. Sat in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, 1834-1838, and in the Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1843-1861. Elected a member of the Legislative Council, 1861. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867.
La Dauversière, Roger de.FOne of the founders of Montreal colony, 32.
La Durantaye.SeeMorel de la Durantaye.
Lady Maria.DrBritish vessel on Lake Champlain, 154.
La Famine.FLa Barre's army encamps at, 184.
Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de(1757-1834). Sailed for America in 1777, with a number of other French officers, and appointed by Congress a major-general. Met Washington at Philadelphia, and a close friendship sprang up between the two. Wounded at Brandywine. Given command of a division of Washington's army. In 1778 appointed to the command of an expedition against Canada, which ended in a fiasco. Served with distinction at Monmouth, and later in Virginia. Secured from France an auxiliary force of 6000 men to assist the Americans. Afterthe close of the war, commanded a division of the French army in the war against Austria, 1792, but removed by the Jacobins, and fled to Belgium. Captured, and imprisoned by the Austrians, and not set free until 1797. After Waterloo, sat in the Chamber of Deputies, 1818-1824; visited the United States in the latter year; and in 1830 instrumental in placing Louis Philippe on the throne.Index:HdHis letter to Canadians, 128; Pillon's treasonable correspondence with, 278.Bib.:Mémoires, etc., de Lafayette; La Bédollière,Vie Politique du Lafayette; Cloquet,Souvenirs de la Vie Privée du Lafayette.See alsoCyc. Am. Biog., with further bibliog.
Lafitau, Joseph-François.Jesuit missionary in Canada for many years. Afterwards returned to France, where he became a professor of belles-lettres. Chiefly remembered because of his invaluable work on the manners and customs of the Indian tribes of Canada in the early years of the eighteenth century.Bib.:Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains.
Laflamme, Rodolphe(1827-1893). Born in Montreal. Entered public life as member for Jacques-Cartier in Dominion House, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1876; resigned with the government, 1878.Index:EMember ofParti Rouge, 108.CLiberal leader in Quebec, 25, 20; protests against Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years.
La Flèche, College of.LLaval studies at, 19, 20.
La Flèque.ChOne of De Caën's vessels, 156.
La Fontaine, Sir Louis-Hippolyte, Bart.(1807-1864).BLHis name associated with responsible government, ix; espouses cause of Reformers in Lower Canada, 46; no sympathy with Rebellion, 47; his birth and parentage, 47; education—practises law in Montreal—his marriage, 47; in politics, 47-48; arrested for complicity in Rebellion, but released, 49; on the union, 57; opposes union of the provinces, 61; offered and refuses solicitor-generalship, 61; meets Hincks, 63; defeated in Terrebonne, 70; favours ministerial responsibility, 70-71; reconciled to the union, 71; his refusal to accept office leaves French-Canadians without representation in executive, 1841, 78, 79; elected for York,116-117; Bagot's letter to, offering attorney-generalship of Lower Canada, 123-124; declines appointment, 125; referred to in Draper's speech, 127; his speech in reply to Draper, 128; takes office, 132; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 133; re-elected in York, 134; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance with Baldwin, 142-143; personal appearance, 147-148; attacked by LondonTimes, 150; relations with Metcalfe, 164-176; Kaye's description of, 169; Hincks' comments on Kaye, 170; interview with Higginson, 172-173; his published memorandum, 173-176; his work in the Assembly, 178-179; seconds resolution to remove capital to Montreal, 182; his act for securing independence of Legislative Assembly, 184; reorganization of judicial system of Lower Canada, 184-185; resigns office, 1843, 199; interview with Metcalfe, 201; draws up official statement of reasons for resignation of ministers, 201-205; Metcalfe's statement, 205-209; announces resignation in Assembly, 213; returns to practise law in Montreal, 217; Wakefield on, 219; his health proposed at Toronto banquet, 221; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, 236; resigns as Queen's Counsel, 250; elected in Terrebonne, 251; his proposed resolution on use of French in the Legislature, 255; Draper's overtures to, 258-263; his contention for responsible government, 273; seconds Baldwin's amendment to address on responsible government, 277; his speech, 277; elected, 1848, for both Montreal and Terrebonne, 279; forms with Baldwin the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281, 284; interview with Elgin, 285-286; re-elected, 286; secures a pardon for Papineau, 288; attacked by Papineau, 289; his reply, 290-292; his bill amending judicial system of Lower Canada, and the general law of amnesty, 302-303; his bill for redistributing seats in the Legislature is defeated, 303; the Rebellion Losses Bill, 303, 305-334; his political views, 339, 340; relations with George Brown, 342; opposition of Papineau and the Radicals, 342, 343; not in favour of secularization of Clergy Reserves, 348; his views on Seigniorial Tenure, 350-351, 353; votes against Mackenzie's motion for abolishing the Court of Chancery, 352; his letter to Baldwin, 353; his retirement from public life, 354; banquet in his honour at Montreal, 1851, 354; his farewell speech, 354-357; his resignation, 357; appointed chief-justice, of Lower Canada, and created a baronet, 358; his second marriage, 358; his death at Montreal, Feb. 26, 1864, 358; value of his political work, 239-260.BBrought into Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with Metcalfe, 19; his wise leadership, 24; introduces resolutions on Rebellion Losses questions, 35; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his retirement, 262.EDenounces Union Act, 24; accepts the union and turns it to the advantage of his compatriots, 32; conflict with Metcalfe, 33-34; as opposition leader, 44-45; returned in 1848, 50; his plans thwarted by Papineau, 51, 108; forms administration with Baldwin, 52, 53; his resolution on Rebellion Losses Bill, 67-68; takes part in the debate, 69-70; mob attacks his house and burns his library, 74; second attack by mob, 76-77; his retirement, 1851, and dissolution of government, 85; his part in the establishment of the parliamentary system, 90; his attitude towards Clergy Reserves question, 102, 103, 162-164; his resignation, 104, 107; practises law, 105; becomes chief justice of Court of Appeals of Lower Canada, 105; receives baronetcy, 105; his rank as statesman and jurist, 105; his death, 105, 220; his conservative influence, 138; his views on Seigniorial Tenure question, 185, 187; as a constructive statesman, 236.CSides against the government, 6; statesmanlike attitude towards Union of 1841, 16; forms alliance with Baldwin, 16, 97; forms ministry, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again in 1846, 18; standing as a statesman, 23; his party splits in two, 25-26; protests against Union Act of 1840, 96; his fight for ministerial responsibility, 97; long lease of power, 99; wins constitutional battle, 100; his retirement from politics, 132.PRefuses seat in Draper ministry, 72; joins Papineau's party, 78; supports him in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 88; his character, 109; ridiculed by theMercury, 123; relations with Papineau in 1847 and after, 167-180; split in Liberal party causes retirement, 179-180; his farewell speech, 179.RForms opposition party with Baldwin, Hincks, and others, 122.McAddresses revolutionary meetings, 328.MdGiven seat in administration by Bagot, 18; resigns, 1843, 18; attacked by extreme Reformers, 22; forms administration with Baldwin, 30; elevated to the bench, 46-47.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Morgan,Cel. Can.; Taylor,Brit. Am.; David,Biographie et Portraits; Hincks,Reminiscences.
La Forest.FLeft in charge of Port Nelson, 346.
La Franchise, Sieur de.ChLetter from in Champlain's first narrative, 14.
La Galissonnière, Rolland-Michel Barren, Comte de.Came to New France as administrator of the government until the arrival of the governor, Marquis de la Jonquière. Returned to France, 1749; the same year appointed one of the commissioners on behalf of the French government, to settle the boundaries of Acadia. Head of the department of nautical charts at Paris. Commanded theFrench fleet at Minorca, 1756, and defeated the British under Admiral Byng. Died in Nemours, France, 1756. Is said to have furnished money and supplies to the Abbe de la Loutre to enable him to carry on his work in Acadia.Index:WMForesaw danger from British colonies, 21.Bib.:Mémoire sur les Colonies de la France dans l'Amerique Septentrionale. For biog.,seeParkman,Montcalm and Wolfe;Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Tyrrell,PapersinNova Scotia Documents.
La Grange-Trianon, Mlle. de.FBecomes wife of Frontenac, 63.
Laguide, Madeleine.FNiece of Talon, wife of François Perrot, 97.
La Hontan, Louis Armand de Lom d'Arce, Baron de(1666-1715). Arrived in Canada in 1683; spent some time at Quebec, and also travelled extensively in the West. Embodied the result of his Canadian experiences in a volume of travels, which, especially his extraordinary story of the Rivière Longue, has been the subject of much controversy. Visited Newfoundland in 1692 and 1693; and afterwards travelled in Portugal, Spain, and Holland.Index:FOn treatment of captured Indians at Fort Frontenac, 216; on interview between Frontenac and Denonville, 233; declines to go on embassy to Iroquois, 261; his account of attack on Quebec by Phipps, 285.Bib.:Nouveaux Voyages dans l'Amérique Septentrionale, La Haye, 1703. Published in English, London, 1735. For other editions,seeThwaites's edition of theVoyages, Chicago, 1905.See alsoRoy,Le Baron de Lahontan(R. S. C., 1894).
Laird, David(1833- ). Born at New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island. Represented Queens County, in House of Commons, 1873-1876; became minister of the interior, 1873; and in 1876 appointed lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories. Succeeded by Edgar Dewdney in 1881. Appointed Indian commissioner for the western provinces and territories, 1898.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who; Rattray,The Scot in British North America.
Lajoie, Antoine Gerin(1824-1882). Born in Yamachiche, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet College, and while there wrote the songLe Canadien Errant. Studied law and called to the bar, 1848. One of the founders of theInstitut Canadien, 1849. Took up journalism and was editor ofLa Minerve, 1845-1852. Appointed a French translator to the Canadian Assembly, and later made assistant to the librarian of Parliament. Retired from the public service, 1880.Bib.: Works:Cathéchisme Politique, ou Elements du Droit Public et Constitutionne du Canada;Jean Renard.
La Jonquière, Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel, Marquis de.Rear-admiral under d'Anville in the disastrous expedition against Acadia, 1746. Commanded another expedition with a similar purpose, 1747, which was defeated by Anson and Warren. Captured and held for a time in England as prisoner of war. Governor of Canada, 1749-1752. His administration marked by nothing that would further the welfare of the colony; but rather by a determined effort to enrich himself at the expense of the country.Bib.: Parkman,Half-Century of ConflictandMontcalm and Wolfe.
Lake Champlain.SeeChamplain, Lake.
Lake George.South of Lake Champlain. This beautiful lake was known to the Indians as Horicon, and to the French as Lac St. Sacrament. The outlet of the lake, after circling through the forest and passing over a series of leaps in the falls of Ticonderoga, flows nearly two miles and enters Lake Champlain just above Fort George. Lying on the recognized thoroughfare, north and south, this lake has been the scene of many memorable conflicts, in the Indianand colonial wars.Index:ChChamplain's expedition against Iroquois arrives at, 53.WMBattle at, 22; commanded by Fort William Henry, 43.Bib.: Reid,Lake George and Lake Champlain; Smith,Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony.
Lake of the Woods.On the international boundary, west of Lake Superior. Probably discovered by Jacques De Noyon, about the year 1688. Fort St. Charles was built by La Vérendrye, on the western shore of the lake, in 1732. His son Jean, with the Jesuit missionary Aulneau, and a number of voyageurs, were murdered by the Sioux on an island in the lake, in 1736. In addition to its present name, which is a translation of the name given it by the French, Lac des Bois, it has also borne several other names, Lac des Sioux, Lac des Isles, Lake of the Sandhills, etc.
Lalemant, Charles.First superior of Jesuit missions in Canada; arrived at Quebec from France in 1625, with Enemond Massé and Jean de Brébeuf. They were the guests of the Récollets for two years, until their own home on the banks of the St. Charles was built. Lalemant'sRelationof 1625 affords a graphic picture of the life of the little settlement at Quebec, and the early beginnings of the Jesuit missions.Index:ChJesuit, director of missions, 152; his letter to Provincial of Récollets, 154; wrecked off Canseau Island, 200; professor in College of Rouen, 207; conducts seminary for young Indians, 229; first parish priest, 238; administers last rites to Champlain, 261, 263.Bib.: Douglas,Quebec in Seventeenth Century; Relation, 1625; Le Clercq,Établissement de la Foy; Parkman,Jesuits in North America.
Lalemant, Gabriel(1610-1649). Jesuit missionary; laboured with Brébeuf at the mission of St. Ignace, among the Hurons, where he was killed by the Iroquois in 1649. A Parisian by birth, and his family belonged to the class ofgens de robe.Index:LSufferings and death of, 5, 62; mentioned, 16.Bib.: Ragueneau,Relations des Hurons, 1649; Parkman,Jesuits in North America.
Lalemant, Jérôme(1593-1673). Superior of Jesuit missions in Canada, 1645-1650, and 1659-1665. A missionary to the Hurons until 1645, when called to Quebec to assume the office of superior. Sailed for France in 1650, and returned in 1659 to resume the office of superior. Appointed grand vicar, and his name suggested for bishop of Quebec.Index:LHis opinion of Laval, 35; his exaggerated account of the earthquake, 42-45.Bib.:Journal des Jesuites; Parkman,Jesuits in North America; Douglas,Old France in the New World.
La Loutre, Louis Joseph de.Sent to Canada by the Society of Foreign Missions at Paris, 1737. Missionary to the Micmac Indians, 1740. Vicar-general of Acadia under the bishop of Quebec. A determined enemy of British supremacy in Acadia. After the fall of Fort Beauséjour, escaped and fled to Quebec. The following year embarked for France, but on the voyage was taken prisoner by a British vessel and kept in confinement for eight years. Returned to France when peace concluded in 1663. Died in obscurity.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Richard,Acadia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.See alsoAcadians, Expulsion of the.
Lambert, Captain.BkCommander ofIphigénie, and subsequently ofJava, 123; his death, 123.
Lamberville, John de(1633-1714). Jesuit missionary to the Onondagas; forced to leave his mission in 1687, because of Denonville's expedition against the Iroquois. Remained at Cataraqui as chaplain for a time, and at Denonville's request returned to the Onondagas to arrange a treaty of peace. Succeeded in this mission, and resumed his ministry at Cataraqui. In 1688 carried to Montreal, suffering from a severe attack of scurvy. The following year returned to France, as procurator of the mission. Died in Paris.Index:FJesuit father, missionary to the Iroquois, 144, 188, 208.LDescribes the death of Garakontié, 73, 74; his position imperilled, by action of governor and intendant, 215.Bib.: Campbell,Pioneer Priests of North America; Parkman,FrontenacandJesuits in North America.
Le Milletière, Dubois de.WMPerishes with his men on fireship, 98.
La Minerve.Montreal newspaper, established 1826.Index:PMorin's seditious articles in, 101; denounces every one opposed to Papineau, 122-123.BLPraises policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 142; discusses debate in Imperial Parliament on colonial government, 232; La Fontaine's speech in reply to Papineau, printed in, 292.CPraises Cartier, 88.
Lamontagne.ChInterpreter, 144.
La Montagne.A settlement near Montreal.Index:LSettlement of Christian Indians at, 9, 74.
Lamotte.WMChief of the Follis-Avoines, 41.
La Motte, Pierre de St. Paul, Sieur de.Came to Canada with the Carignan Regiment, 1665. Built Fort Ste. Anne, at the northern extremity of Lake Champlain, 1666. Two years later took the place of Zacharie Dupuis as commandant at Montreal. Returned to France, 1670.Index:LFoundation stone of the parish church of Montreal laid on his behalf by Philippe de Carion, 88.
La Motte Cadillac, Antoine de.Son of Jean de La Motte, Sieur de Cadillac, de Launay et de Montet. Served for a time in the army, and about 1683 came to Canada in search of fortune or adventure. Married Marie-Thérèse Guyon at Quebec in 1687; stationed for several years at Port Royal; returned to Quebec, and sent by Frontenac in 1694 to command the post at Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a post at Detroit, went to Quebec in 1709, sailed for France, and in 1713 sent out to Louisiana as governor.Index:FPost commander at Michilimackinac, 340.Bib.:Cadillac Papers(Michigan Hist.Papers, 1903); Sulte,Les Tonty(R. S. C., 1893); Roy,Le Baron de Lahontan(R. S. C., 1894); Verreau,Quelques Notes sur Antoine de Lamothe de Cadillac; Parkman,Old RégimeandFrontenac.
La Mouche.LNephew of Huron chief, deserts to the Iroquois at Long Sault, 71.
Lampman, Archibald(1861-1899). Educated at Trinity University, Toronto, graduating in 1882; appointed to a clerkship in the post-office department at Ottawa the following year, and remained there up to the time of his death. Put the best of himself into his poems, in which he interpreted with rare discernment and charm the spirit of the woods and fields of his native country.Bib.: Works:Among the Millet;Lyrics of Earth; Poems, ed. by Duncan Campbell Scott, with biog. sketch. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men; MacMurchy,Canadian Literature.
Lancaster, Joseph(1778-1838). Founded the Lancasterian system of education. In 1798 began teaching poor children on the Madras system; and gradually introduced improvements. In 1818 came to America, and at one time conducted a school in Montreal. Published several books on his system of education.Index:WFounder of Madras system of national schools, 86.See alsoMadras schools.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Landry, Pierre Armand(1846- ). Born in Dorchester, New Brunswick.Educated at St. Joseph's College, Memramcook; studied law and called to the bar of New Brunswick, 1870. Member of the Assembly, 1878-1883; elected to the House of Commons, 1883; appointed judge of the County Court, 1890; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, 1893.Index:MdHis motion of regret that sentence of death passed upon Riel not commuted, 280-281.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men.
Lands, Public.McEvils of methods of granting, 74; list of grants in first thirty-five years, 74.BkGrants made near Niagara to previously disloyal persons, 64.WDissatisfaction over management of, in New Brunswick, and movement to bring under provincial control, 18-30, 38, 48.TImproper sales of, 51-52.SLand boards attempt to check speculation, 102; discontinued, 104; grants of, dealt with by Executive Council after discontinuance of boards, 101-103, 104; grants of, made to officers of the government, 215.
Langelier, François Charles Stanislas(1838- ). Born at Ste. Rosalie, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar, 1861. Joined the staff of Laval, and became dean of the law faculty, and member of the council. Entered public life in 1871; returned for Montmagny, 1873, and for Portneuf, 1878, in Legislature; sat for Megantic, 1884; and for Quebec Centre, 1887, in Dominion House. Held the offices of commissioner of crown lands, and provincial treasurer, in the Quebec government, 1878-1879.Index:COne of the founders ofLe Parti Nationaland its organLe National, 30.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men.
Langevin, Sir Hector Louis(1826-1906). Born at Quebec. Entered Parliament in 1867, as member for Dorchester; subsequently represented, successively, Charlévoix, and Three Rivers. Appointed secretary of state, 1867; minister of public works, 1869; postmaster-general, 1878; and again minister of public works, 1879; resigned 1891.Index:MdSecretary of state in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; his organizing ability and great local influence, 140; announces death of Sir John A. Macdonald, 325-326.TDelegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to Quebec Conference, 76; member of first Dominion ministry, 129.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Langhorn, John.SSecond Church of England clergyman to arrive in Upper Canada, 158.
Langlade.SeeMouet de Moras de Langlade.
Langlois, Françoise.ChWife of Pierre Desportes, 146.
Langlois, Marguerite.ChWife of Abraham Martin, 146.
Langlois, Noël.ChSettler from Normandy, 252.
Langoissieux, Pierre.ChRécollet, assumes monastic habit, 149; returns to France, 209.
Languedoc.WMBattalion of regular troops, 29, 105, 118, 192.
La Noüe.SeeRobutel.
Lanjuère, de.LLife of Olierby, 135.
Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, fifth Marquis of.Born in 1845. Educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford; succeeded to marquisate, 1866. After holding minor offices in the government, became under-secretary for war in 1872, and in 1880 under-secretary for India. In 1883 appointed governor-general of Canada; and at the end of his term, 1888, went to India as viceroy. On his return, became secretary for war in 1895, and in 1900 foreign secretary. Since the death of the Duke of Devonshire, has been the leader of the Conservatives in the House of Lords.Bib.:Who's Who.
Lapause, De.WMSent to erect defences at fords of Montmorency, 112; accompanies Lévis to the West, 147; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 261.
La Peltrie, Marie Madeleine de(néede Chauvigny). Daughter of the Seigneur de Vaubougon, in Normandy; married early in life, and while still young was left a widow with a large fortune. Filled with religious zeal, devoted herself and her fortune to the founding of the Ursuline convent in Canada. In 1639 sailed for Quebec, and with her companions began there the important work of ministering to the sick and educating Indian girls. With tireless energy, carried on the work for thirty-two years, dying in November, 1671, a few months before her lifelong friend and co-worker, Marie de l'Incarnation (q.v.).Index:FArrival of, at Quebec, 28; accompanies Maisonneuve to Montreal, 33.LHer piety, 92; Ursuline convent established by, 125; death of, 153; appearance and character, 153, 154.Bib.: Douglas,Old France in the New World; Parkman,Jesuits in North AmericaandOld Régime.
La Pérouse, Jean François de Galaup, Comte de(1741-1788). French admiral.DExplores North-West Coast in 1788, 25.Bib.:Voyage autour du Monde; Marcel,Vie de La Pérouse.
La Perrière.WMCommanded to evacuate Johnstone's redoubt, 140.
La Place, Jacques de.ChJesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.
La Potherie.SeeBacqueville.
Laprairie.On south shore of St. Lawrence, above Montreal.Index:FAttack on, by war party under John Schuyler, 281; serious encounter at, between Canadian forces and party under Peter Schuyler, 312.
La Rabeyre, De.LFrench officer, put to death by Iroquois, 227.
La Ralde, Raymond de.ChAccompanies De Caën to Quebec, 138; returns to France, 141; appointed admiral of Company's fleet, 154.
La Riborde, Gabriel de.Récollet missionary; arrived from France in 1670, and sent to Cataraqui as chaplain to the garrison. Was in the West with La Salle and Hennepin, in 1679-1680.Index:LWith Tonti and Membré at Fort Crèvecœur, 149; murdered by the Illinois, 150.Bib.: Parkman,La Salle.
La Rochebeaucour, De.WMSecond aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; forms cavalry corps, 87; commands Bougainville's cavalry, 222; brings provisions into Quebec, 232.
La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François Alexandre Frédéric, Duc de(1747-1827). Chiefly remembered because of his valuable and entertainingTravels, "full of keen, fair-minded observation regarding every variety of detail of life in America as this exiled French nobleman found it, told in a readable style, not without an occasional touch of humour." Exiled from France in 1768; returned, for several years, and went into retirement until after Waterloo. Made a peer of France at the Restoration.Index:DrNot allowed to visit Lower Canada, 290.SVisitor to Upper Canada, 56; his observations, 71, 73, 74; describes opening of Legislature, 92, 93; high opinion of Simcoe's secretary, 178; describes Colonel Smith's house, 179; on scarcity of servants, 182; entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 187, 230; on Simcoe's household, 187; Simcoe objects to some of his remarks, 188; on Simcoe's military talent, 225.Bib.: Works:Voyage dans les États-Unis d'Amerique fait en 1795-97;État des Pauvres en Angleterre;Le Bonheur du Peuple.
La Rochelle.French seaport, on the Atlantic, long a stronghold of the Huguenots.Index:ChMerchants of, contraband traders, 140.
La Rouette.ChPilot, accompanies Champlain in his expedition against the Iroquois, 52.
La Salle, Jean Baptiste de(1651-1719). Abbé; canon of Rheims.Index:LFounder (1684) of the order of Christian Brothers, 125.
La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de(1643-1687). Sailed for Canada in the spring of 1666; granted by the Sulpicians the seigniory of Lachine, from which, in 1669, he set out with Dollier de Casson and Galinée upon the first of those explorations towards the west and south for which he was to become famous. Meeting Jolliet at the western end of Lake Ontario, Dollier de Casson and Galinée decided to make their way to the upper lakes, while La Salle turned south and explored the Ohio. His later explorations have been the subject of long controversy—the point in dispute being whether he explored the Mississippi before or after Marquette and Jolliet. In any event, he first descended the river to its mouth, 1681-1682. Upon his return, sailed for France, and in 1684 set out with four ships to establish a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. This unfortunate expedition culminated in the murder of La Salle by his own men.Index:FSent to invite Indians to conference, 79; first commandant of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 86; reports Perrot's defiant proceedings to Frontenac, 92; his views on sale of liquor to Indians, 123; obtains grant of Fort Frontenac from the king, 156; obtains exclusive right of trading in Mississippi region, 158; difficulties encountered by, 159, 161; relations with Frontenac, 162; discoveries disparaged by La Barre and also by the king, 176; financial affairs, 178; his forts and other property seized by La Barre, restored to him, 179; king takes him under his special protection, 180.LSells liquor to Indians, 116; obtains letters of nobility, and concession at Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 145; birth and character, 147; explorations, 148-153; goes to France, 151; misfortunes and death of, 152; reports sermon of Abbé Fénelon, 160.WMDiscovers mouth of Mississippi, 19.Bib.:Memoir, in French,Hist. Coll.ofLouisiana, 2d Ser., vol. 2; letters and other documents, in Margry,Découvertes; Shea,Voyages up and down Mississippi; Parkman,La Salle; Winsor,Nar. and Crit. Hist.; Falconer,Discovery of Mississippi; Griffin,Discovery of Mississippi; Sparks,La SalleinLib. of Am. Biog.; Gravier,Découvertes; Harrisse,Notes pour Servir; Joutel,Journal Historique; Chesnel,Histoire de Cavelier de la Salle; Guénin,Cavelier de la Salle; Sulte,La Morte de la Salle; Girouard,Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle.
La Sarre Regiment.WMOne battalion of, sent to Canada, 12, 29; in battle of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261.
Lascelles' Regiment.WMIn centre under Murray, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259.
La Taille.ChAccompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41.
La Terrière, Pierre de Sales.Came to Canada from France, 1766; appointed agent at Quebec for the St. Maurice forges, 1771; his place of business in front of the lower town market, facing the church of Notre Dame; in 1775 appointed inspector of works, and removed to the forges, on the banks of the St. Maurice, a few miles above Three Rivers. Left an interesting account of the works, in hisMémoires de Laterrière. Implicated in the American invasion of 1776, and arrested.Index:HdInspector of St. Maurice forges, 48; arrest of, 277; dislike of Haldimand, 277; suspected of supplying Americans with petards and cannon-balls from St. Maurice forges, 277-278; his defence of Du Calvet, 284-287; his description of Haldimand, 293.Bib.: Christie,History of Lower Canada.
La Terrière de Sales.Represented Saguenay in Assembly, 1844-1854; appointed to Legislative Council, 1856.Index:EVotes against secularization of Clergy Reserves, 164.
La Tesserie, De.LMember of the Sovereign Council, 158.
Sir Wilfrid LaurierSir Wilfrid Laurier
Latour, Abbé Bertrand de.LOn the humility of Laval, 33; on the evils flowing from the sale of liquor to the Indians, 36; on mental characteristics of Canadian children, 100; on the virtues of Laval, 187.Bib.:Mémoire sur la Vie de Laval.
La Tour, Charles Amador de.Son of Claude de la Tour. Came to Acadia in 1610 with his father. Driven out of Port Royal by the English; built a post near Cape Sable, on what is now known as Port Latour. In 1632, when Acadia was restored to France, Razilly came out with Charnisay to strengthen the colony. Razilly died in 1636, and a bitter conflict followed between Charnisay and La Tour, both of whom claimed to represent the king in Acadia. Charnisay had rebuilt Port Royal, and La Tour occupied a fort at the mouth of the St. John. The outcome of the quarrel was an order for the arrest of La Tour. Charnisay attacked La Tour's fort, but was driven off. When he blockaded the harbour, La Tour escaped to Boston, returned with English ships, and drove Charnisay to the shelter of Port Royal. The latter's opportunity came, however, later. He attacked the fort during La Tour's absence. La Tour's wife made a gallant defence, and Charnisay succeeded in the end only by resorting to treachery. He carried Madame La Tour to Port Royal, where she died in 1645. Some years later, after the death of Charnisay, La Tour brought this curious drama to a conclusion by marrying the widow of his rival. He had already obtained restitution from the king, who made him governor of Acadia; and some years later showed his powers of persuasion by obtaining a generous grant of land from Cromwell, who had, in 1654, taken possession of the colony. Died about 1666.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime; Hannay,History of Acadia; Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada.
La Tour, Claude de.A Huguenot gentleman; came to Port Royal in 1610 with Poutrincourt; in 1614 had a trading-post on the Penobscot. Sailed for France in 1627, and on his return the following year, with supplies for the defence of Acadia, captured by Kirke and carried to England. There married one of the queen's French maids of honour, and was persuaded to throw in his lot with the English. Promised to win over his son Charles (q.v.), but the latter scornfully refused to change his allegiance. Afterwards built a fort at the mouth of the St. John, for the French, to whom he had once more transferred his services.Index:ChCaptured by Kirke, 177.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime; Hannay,History of Acadia; Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada.
Lattaignant, Gabriel de.ChAssists in forming Company of New France, 168; made a director, 170.
L'Auberivière, François Louis de Pourroy de.Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, 1739-1740, succeeding Dosquet. Died at Quebec, 1740.Index:Lbishop of Quebec, 12.
Laurier, Sir Wilfrid(1841- ). Born at St. Lin, Quebec. Studied law at McGill University, and called to the bar, 1864. Entered public life in 1871 as member for Drummond and Arthabaska in the Quebec Assembly; three years later returned to the House of Commons for the same constituency. Entered the Mackenzie Cabinet, 1877, as minister of inland revenue. In 1887 leader of the opposition; and in 1896, upon the defeat of the Tupper government, called upon to form an administration, himself taking the office of president of the Council. Received the honour of G. C. M. G. in 1897, and the same year called to the Imperial Privy Council.Index:McJustifies Upper Canada Rebellion, 30, 31.MdHis administration repeals Franchise Act of 1885, 260; succeedsBlake as leader of Liberal party, 1887, 261, 263; lukewarm towards policy of commercial union, 296; his reply to Macdonald's appeal to the electorate, 1891, 311; finally disposes of unrestricted reciprocity, 317; his speech in Parliament on death of Macdonald, 326-329.COn the Quebec radicals, 27-28; one of the founders ofLe Parti Nationaland its organLe National, 30; on Cartier, 116-117.Bib.:Discours sur le libéralisme politique; Barthe,Discours de Laurier, depuis 1871 à 1890. For biog.,seeWillison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party; Fréchette,Wilfrid Laurier; Moreau,Sir Wilfrid Laurier; David,Laurier et son Temps; Morgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.
Lausaunne.HdThe resort of savants, 3.
Lauzon, Jean de.Born, 1582. Governor of New France, 1651-1656; had already been associated with the interests of the colony by reason of his position as president of the Company of New France, and had used his office to acquire the island of Montreal and Point Lévis opposite Quebec. His administration as governor made odious not only by a long series of public mistakes, but by his too obvious intention of using the office to enrich himself and his sons. Returned to France in 1656; and mentioned in contemporary narratives as late as 1660.Index:ChIntendant of Company of New France, 170; objects to return of Récollets, 225.FGovernor, 38; returns to France, 42.Bib.: Douglas,Old France in the New World; Parkman,Old Régime.
Lauzon-Charny, Charles de.Son of Jean de Lauzon, and administrator of New France after the departure of his father in 1656. During his father's governorship, had been invested with the high-sounding but empty title ofGrand Maître des Eaux et Forêts de la Nouvelle France. Returned to France in 1656; entered the church; and returned in 1659 with Laval, who made him a member of the Ecclesiastical Council.Index:LDirector of Seminary, 55; grand vicar, accompanies Laval to France, 134.Bib.: Douglas,Old France in the New World.
Laval, Anne Charlotte.LOnly sister of Bishop Laval, 19.
Laval, Charles François Guy(Fanchon).LNephew of Laval, educated by him at Quebec, 140.
Laval-Montmorency, François de(1623-1708).LAppointed apostolic vicar with title of bishop of Petræain partibus, 7; opposes liquor traffic, 10; founds Seminary at Quebec, 10; created bishop of Quebec, 12; not fully appreciated in his lifetime, 15; his noble birth, 17; his devotion to St. François Xavier and St. François d'Assisi, 18; a scholar at College of La Flèche, 19; inherits patrimony of Montigny, and called for a time Abbé de Montigny, 19; yields patrimony to his younger brother, Jean-Louis, 19, 21; admitted to congregation of the Holy Virgin, 20; receives tonsure at nine years of age and made canon of Evreux at fifteen, 20; leaves La Flèche at nineteen and goes to the College of Clermont at Paris, 21; death of his two elder brothers, 21; his mother desires him to marry, 21; appointed archdeacon of cathedral of Evreux, 22; his zealous performance of his duties, 23; goes to Rome in expectation of an appointment as one of three bishops for Asia, 23; resigns his archdeaconry, 23; becomes inmate of Hermitage of de Bérnières at Caen, 24, 25; recommended by Jesuits as vicar apostolic for Canada, 26; consecrated as such by papal nuncio, 26; arrives at Quebec, June 16, 1659, 26; his authority questioned, 27; demands written recognition of his authority, 28; suspends the Abbé de Queylus, 28; manner and personal appearance, 28, 29; attention to the sick, 33; his different places of residence in Quebec, 33; friction with Governor D'Argenson, 34; his efforts to prevent sale of brandy to the Indians, 36-39; sails forFrance, obtains recall of D'Avaugour, and military reinforcements for colony, 39; his influence in the creation of the Sovereign Council, 40; returns to Canada, 41; founds Seminary, 47, 48; his regulations therefor approved by the king, 50; obtains authority to collect tithes, 50; receives flattering letters from the king and Colbert, with gift of money, 52; resides at Seminary, 55; opposed to permanent livings for clergy, 55; his personal income transferred to the Seminary, 56; imposes on himself many privations, 56; affiliates Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57; acquires seigniory of Beaupré and exchanges it for Île Jésus, 58; baptizes Iroquois chief, 65; visits various settlements of Christian Indians, 74; bears testimony to the high character of De Tracy, 81; describes church at Quebec in letter to Pope, 84; approves of works of piety instituted by Jesuits, 86; encourages devotion to the Holy Family, 86; his visits to Montreal, 87; his wise views, 98; watches over instruction of youth, 99; establishes boarding school at St. Joachim, 100; encourages Brotherhood of Ste. Anne, 101; builds first sanctuary of Ste. Anne at Beaupré, 101; makes pilgrimage to Beaupré, 101; his instructions to missionaries, 105-107; receives Récollets with benevolence, 111; his zeal for primary education, 124; appointed bishop, 129, 136; his letter to the Propaganda, 131; has manager appointed for his abbey of Lestrées, 138; rents it to Berthelot, 138; exchanges Island of Orleans for Île Jésus, 138; visits his family in France, 139; family troubles, 139; renews connection of Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 140; returns to Canada, 141, 169; sails for France in connection with liquor traffic question, 173; erects parish of Notre Dame de Montreal, 175; joins it to Seminary of St. Sulpice, 175; his interest in chapel of Bonsecours, 178; bows to king's decision on tithes question, 181; returns to Canada, 184; resists attempt to connect his diocese with archbishopric of Paris, 184; bestows all his property on the Seminary of Quebec, 185; letter to the king, 187; visits parishes and missions, 189, 190; illness, 190; letter to king as to need for reinforcements, 192; establishes chapter of diocese, 197; sails for France, 198; resigns as bishop in favour of Saint-Vallier, 200; returns to Canada, 202, 220; physical suffering, 205; letter to Saint-Vallier, 206; disagreement with Saint-Vallier on the subject of the Seminary, 208; his return to Canada delayed, 211; returns, 219, 220; receives his successor, 221; his conduct during siege of Quebec, 231; his grief over the policy adopted in regard to the Seminary, 235; his escape from burning building, 240; his labours in extreme age, 244; his admiration of the Charron brothers, 247; his habits and practices described by Brother Houssart, 251-256; by De la Colombière, 256, 257; his death, 263; miraculous cures attributed to, 264; burial in cathedral and subsequent transfer of remains to Seminary, 265, 266.FArrival of, as vicar apostolic and bishop of Petræain partibus, 43; sends De Queylus back to France, 43; disagrees with Governor D'Argenson, 45; also with D'Avaugour, 46; sails for France, 1662, 46; procures recall of D'Avaugour and appointment of Mézy, 48; returns to Quebec, September, 1663, 48; establishes Quebec Seminary, 48; and Lesser Seminary, 49; quarrels withMézy, 50; sails for France to settle question of bishopric, May, 1672, 70; made bishop of Quebec, and returns to Canada, 1675, 71; establishes Ecclesiastical Court, 111; curtails honours paid to governor in church, 112; king's instructions on the subject, 113; Frontenac's estimate of bishop's revenue, 114; objects to trading permits issued by governor, as involving selling of liquor to Indians, 116; gains the king over to his views, 116; sends grand-vicar to France to uphold his policy, 118; goes to France to press his views, 1678, 125; effect of his elevation to rank of bishop, 164; not favourable to permanent curacies, 165, 190; rejects offer of Récollets to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; determines to resign, 190; goes to France, 1684, 191; chooses Saint-Vallier as his successor, 191; describes Canada as "the country of miracles," 301.Bib.: Têtu,Esquisse Biographique de Laval;Esquisse de la Vie, etc., de Laval; Parkman,Old Régime; Gosselin,François de Montmorency-Laval; Colby,Canadian Types of the Old Régime;Le Vénérable François de Montmorency-Laval; Douglas,Old France in the New World; Dent,Can. Por.
Laval, Guy de.LAncestor of Bishop Laval, 17.
Laval, Henri de.LHis letter to his brother the bishop, 139; second letter, 141.
Laval, Hugues de.LFather of Bishop Laval, 17.
Laval, Jean-Louis.LBrother of Bishop Laval, 19; bad conduct of, 139.
Laval University.Founded, 1668, as the Quebec Seminary, and granted a royal charter in 1852, at the instance of Lord Elgin, then governor-general.Index:LIts origin traced to Quebec Seminary, 99.See alsoQuebec Seminary.Bib.: Hamel,Sketch of Laval UniversityinCanada: An Ency., vol. 4; Roy,L'Université Laval et les Fêtes du Cinquantenaire.
Lavalette.ChA Basque, fishes on Acadian coast as early as 1565, 59.
La Vallée, de.ChGodfather of young Hurons, 233.
La Valtrie, Séraphin Marganne, Sieur de(1643-1693). A native of St. Benoit de Paris. Obtained a lieutenancy in the Lignières Regiment; took service under De Tracy, 1664, and came to Canada the following year. Granted the seigniory of Lavaltrie in 1672; sent to the western posts as commandant, and replaced by La Durantaye, 1683; accompanied Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687. Killed, 1693.Index:FSeignior, commands militia; in 1687 in attack on Iroquois, 209; killed by Iroquois in 1693, 323.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac.
Laverdière, Charles Honoré(1826-1873). Educated at Laval University. Studied for the church and ordained priest. Joined the faculty of Laval, and became university librarian.ChOn question of Champlain's tomb, 261-262.Bib.: Edited theWorksandVoyagesof Champlain; and completed Ferland'sCours d'Histoire du Canada; author ofHistoire du Canada;Samuel de Champlain; edited, with Abbé Casgrain, theJournal des Jesuites, 1645-1668.
La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de(1685-1749). Son of René Gaultier, Sieur de Varennes, governor of Three Rivers. Served in the New England campaign of 1704, and the following year in Newfoundland. In 1707 with the army in Flanders, and wounded at Malplaquet in 1709. Returning to Canada, engaged in the fur trade, for some years on the St. Maurice, and 1727-1728 on Lake Nipigon. There conceived the idea of exploring the unknown country beyond Lake Superior, to discover the Western Sea, a project to which he devoted the remainder of his life. Left Montreal for the West in 1731; built forts on Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, and in the succeeding years penetrated to Lake Winnipeg, Red River, and the Assiniboine. In 1738 made a journey to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and the following year one of his sons penetrated to the Saskatchewan. In 1742, unable to go himself, sent two of his sons far to the south-west. They hoped, as he had always hoped, to reach at last the Western Sea, but were baffled by hostile tribes and the barrier of the Rocky Mountains. In 1743 returned finally to Montreal, broken in health and heavily in debt. Six years later died there. His sons begged to be allowed to continue his western explorations, buthostile influences made this impossible.WMDiscoverer of the Rocky Mountains, 19.LCarries explorations as far as the Rocky Mountains, 11.MSLeads the way inland from Lake Superior, 3; his search for Western Sea, 40; his reply to charge of making money in fur trade, 281.Bib.: Prud'homme,Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de La Vérendrye(R. S. C., 1905); Laut,Pathfinders of the West; Parkman,Half Century of Conflict; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.See alsohis journals inCanadian Archives Report, 1889; Richard'sSummary(Can. Arch., 1904); and Margry,Découvertes et Établissements des Français. HisJournalsare now being edited for the Champlain Society, Toronto.
La Vigne, Captain de.ChSails for France with Champlain, 141.
Laviolette.HdThree Rivers founded by, in 1634, 43-44.
Law.DrConfusion and abuse in administration of, 51-55.
Law, Captain John.SFirst sergeant at arms of the Upper Canada Assembly, 85; a retired officer of the Queen's Rangers, 85.
Law, John.RHeadmaster of Gore district Grammar School, Upper Canada, 4; Egerton Ryerson studies under, 5.
Lawrence, Charles.Entered the army as ensign, 1727; captain, 1742; and major, 1747. Accompanied Warburton's Infantry to Nova Scotia, and engaged in the French wars at Cobequid, 1749-1750; brigadier-general under Amherst at the siege of Louisbourg, 1758. Nine years earlier had been appointed a member of the Council of Nova Scotia; administered the government on the retirement of Governor Hopson, 1753; lieutenant-governor, 1754; and governor, 1756. The first Assembly met under his governorship, 1758. Responsible for the expulsion of the Acadians. Died at Halifax, Oct. 19, 1760.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Akins,History of Halifax; Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Hannay,History of Acadia; Richard,Acadia.See alsoAcadians, Expulsion of the.
Lawrence, Joseph W.TSupports Tilley in 1850, 10.
Laws, Captain.DrSent with seventy men to attack Arnold in rear, 129; completes discomfiture of enemy, 131.HdEffects arrest of Du Calvet, 285.
Le Baillif.ChUnder clerk at Tadoussac, 133; placed in charge of storehouse by Kirke, 195; a bad character, 202-204.
Le Baillif, George.ChRécollet missionary, 87; goes to France, as delegate from colony, 136.
Lebel, J. G.ECommissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.
Le Ber, Jeanne, daughter of Jacques Le Ber, of Montreal.Index:LBirth, baptism, and virtues of, 91; mortifications practised by, 92.
Le Ber, Pierre.LHouse of charity established by, 245.
Le Ber de Senneville, Jacques(1633-1706). One of the principal merchants of Montreal; married in 1658 Jeanne, sister of Charles Le Moyne. In 1673 engaged with Aubert de la Chesnaye in the fur trade at Cataraqui, and aroused the hostility of Governor Perrot of Montreal, who was also interested in the fur trade. In 1675 sold out his rights at Cataraqui to La Salle; and four years later acquired the seigniory of Senneville. Mentioned in 1691 as in a fur-trading partnership with Frontenac.Index:FImprisoned by Perrot, 92; La Barre's dealings with, 175.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac.
Le Borgne de Belle Isle, Emmanuel.ChTakes Fort St. Pierre, 236.
Le Brun de Duplessis, Jean-Baptiste.Born at Corbie, in Picardy, about 1730. Came to Canada about 1755 and joined the Béarn Regiment; practised as a notary in Quebec for many years. Died there some time after 1796.SeeR. S. C.,Trans., 1900, I, 129-130.Index:DrCarleton's account of, 68.
Le Canadien.Newspaper, published at Quebec.Index:BLOn the political situation in 1842, 116.CFirst French newspaper in Quebec, 95; suppressed by Governor Craig, 95.PEstablished in 1806 by Bédard, Panet, and other French-Canadian leaders, 28; suppressed by Sir James Craig, 29.
Le Caron, Joseph.ChRécollet missionary, 85; goes to country of the Hurons, 88; with Champlain visits the Tionnontates or Petuneux, 106; meets Father d'Olbeau at Three Rivers, 107; sails for France, 111; becomes commissary of the Récollets, in Canada, 112; performs first marriage ceremony in Canada, 113; proceeds to Huron country, 149; returns to France, 208; death of, 226.LMissionary labours of, 3.Bib.: Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Le Chausseur.FSecretary to Frontenac, 139.
Le Clercq, Chrestien.Récollet missionary in Canada, and historian of his order.Index:FOn great need for Récollet order in Canada, 72; on Schenectady massacre, 247; on "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 296.ChQuoted, 112, 114; praises virtue of early Canadian settlers, 258.Bib.:Établissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France, trans. by Shea, under the titleFirst Establishment of the Faith;Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspesie, trans. for the Champlain Society by Ganong, under the titleNew Relation of Gaspesia. Both these translations give in the introductions biographical details of the author as far as known.
Lecompte-Dupré, J. B.DrColonel of Quebec militia, 246.
Le Diable.WMName given to floating battery, 87, 104.
Le Du.SFrench priest, deported, 190.
Lee.WReceiver-general, New Brunswick, 69.
Le Faucheur.ChOne of the men landed by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, 174.
Le Foulon.Now known as Wolfe's Cove.Index:WMGuard of 100 men at, 160; Wolfe carefully examines from the river, 168; learns that it is poorly guarded, 171; effects landing at, 181.
Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Jean Baptiste(1632-1709). Son of Pierre Le Gardeur (q.v.). His father brought him to Canada at the age of four years. Resided in Montreal, 1642-1643; and in 1656 married Marguerite, daughter of Jean Nicolet, the explorer. In 1663 elected mayor of Quebec, but promptly resigned under official pressure, the policy of the government being opposed to anything approaching popular government. Raised a company of volunteers at Quebec in 1665, and accompanied the regulars to Three Rivers, which they were just in time to save from an Iroquois attack. In 1687 accompanied Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois.Index:FGoes to France on behalf of Montreal colonists, 36.ChActs as godfather to young Hurons, 233.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac.
Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Pierre.Arrived at Quebec from Normandy with his wife and family, 1636. Obtained a grant of land from the Company of New France, and engaged in the fur trade. In 1644 went to France to secure concessions for the Company of Habitants, which he had been instrumental in organizing. In 1647 granted the seigniories of Cournoyer and Repentigny, but did not live long to enjoy them, as he died the following year on his way to France.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac.
Le Gardeur de Tilly, Charles(1611-1695). Brother of Pierre Le Gardeur de Repentigny; a native of Normandy; came to Canada in 1636; and in 1648 made governor of Three Rivers. Married the same year Geneviève Juchereau. In 1660 granted the fief of St. Michel by the Company of New France; and transferred it to the Seminary in 1668. In 1673 acted for the governor, Frontenac, during his absence at Cataraqui, but afterwards fell into his bad graces.Index:LMember of Sovereign Council, 158, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, 167.FMember of Sovereign Council, 106.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac.
Legendre, Lucas.ChPurchases supplies for De Monts's second expedition to Quebec, 56.
Legislative Assembly.McComposition of, under Constitutional Act, 53; Goldwin Smith on, 54; irritation between, and Executive Council, 54, 55; Lord Durham on, 56, 58, 59, 60; true principle of government, 61, 63.SFirst of Upper Canada, list of members and their counties, 80; opening of, at Niagara, 82.
Legislative Council.McCreated by Constitutional Act, 52; Lord Durham criticizes and suggests revision, 57; attitude of Lower Canada Reformers to, 69; rejects three hundred and twenty-five bills in eight years, 73; Sir John Colborne on, 268; collision with Assembly, 276; should be elective, 277; Glenelg insists that it shall be non-elective, 324.SyIts constitution, 77, 175; its activity under Constitutional Act, 80; in Lower Canada English-speaking element dominant in, 81; demand that it should be made elective, 84; Sydenham's description of, 220; enlarged by Sir George Arthur with good results, 220; members opposed to union record their dissent, 231;SSuspicious of later Loyalist emigration, 57.DrAppointed under Quebec Act, first meeting of, 90; how composed, 269; its power of veto, 277; its sympathies with governor and against people, 277.HdIts welcome to Haldimand, 117-118; composition of, 175; statement made regarding power of, 188; sees Haldimand depart, 309; changes in membership of, at change of governor, 314.
Legislative Union.MdStrongly favoured by Macdonald; opposed by Maritime Provinces and Lower Canada, 107-109, 245.
L'Huillier, Raoul.ChDirector of Company of New France, 170.
Leisler, Jacob.FSeizes government of New York, 266.
Le Jeune, Paul.Superior of Jesuits in Canada. Came to Canada in 1632, and went on a mission to the Algonquians the following year; succeeded by Vimont as superior, 1639; appointed to the governor's Council, 1640; returned to France the same year; proposed for bishop of Quebec.Index:LBishopric of Quebec offered to, 25.FPreaches funeral sermon on Champlain, 27.ChCelebrates mass in house of Mme. Hébert, 148; his letter on education of Indian children, 230, 231; describes first service in church, 239; preaches funeral sermon over Champlain, 261; advises Mme. Champlain, 264.Bib.:Relations, 1632-1640; Parkman,Jesuits in North America; Douglas,Old France in the New World.
Lelièvre, S.ECommissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.
Lemaire.LServant in the Seminary, Laval's account of, 250.
Lemaistre, Simon.ChDirector of Company of New France, 170.
Lemaître.LSulpician, comes out inSt. André, 31; his attentions to those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.
Le Marchant, Sir John Gaspard(1803-1874).HBecomes governor of Nova Scotia, 1852, 143; his connection with the Foreign Enlistment Act, 149-152.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Lemoyne, Mme. Jacques.LLand bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.
Le Moyne, Paul, Sieur de Maricourt(1663-1704). Son of Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Born in Montreal. Accompanied De Troyes and Iberville on the expedition against the Hudson Bay forts, Moose Factory, Rupert, and Albany, in 1686; and left in charge of the captured posts when the leaders returned to Quebec. Again served with Iberville on the bay in 1689, in thecapture of theHampshire. The following year brought a party of voyageurs to help in the defence of Quebec against Admiral Phipps. Once more with his brother Iberville on Hudson Bay, in 1694, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson. Inherited much of his father's remarkable influence over the Iroquois, and negotiated an important treaty with them about the beginning of the eighteenth century.Index:FAccompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; arrives at Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 292; with his brother, Iberville, in Hudson Bay, 343.LTakes part in expedition to Hudson Bay, 204.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West.See alsoIberville.
Lemoyne, Simon.ChJesuit, professor in College of Rouen, 207.
Le Moyne de Ste. Hélène, Jacques(1659-1690). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville, Bienville, and other members of this noted family. Trained, like Iberville, for the navy; returned to Canada, and in 1686 accompanied De Troyes on the Hudson Bay expedition. Took part in the raid on Schenectady in 1690; and mortally wounded during the siege of Quebec by Phipps.Index:FAccompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 208; commands in war party against Schenectady, 235; mortally wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 299.LTakes part in expedition to Hudson Bay, 204; killed in siege of Quebec, 231.Bib.:SeeIberville.
Le Moyne de Serigny, Joseph(1668-1734). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville, Bienville, and St. Hélène. Accompanied Iberville to Hudson Bay, 1690, and left in command of Fort Albany after its capture. Again in the bay with Iberville in 1694 and in 1697. Given command of Fort Nelson the latter year. Joined Iberville in Louisiana in 1700, and associated with him in the development of the colony. Reached high rank in the navy, and was governor of Rochefort at the time of his death.Index:FGoes to France on affairs of Hudson Bay, 345.Bib.:SeeIberville.
Le Moyne.SeeBienville; Iberville; Longueuil.
Le National.Newspaper published at Montreal.Index:CFounded as organ ofLe Parti National, in 1872, 30.
Leonard, Samuel.TEnglish schoolmaster, 5.
Leopard and Chesapeake.BkAffair of, 82-86.
Leroux, Laurent(1758-1855). Western fur trader.Index:MSBuilds post on Great Slave Lake, 18; sends Sutherland and the "English Chief" to northern tribes, 18; with Mackenzie at Chipewyan, 33; Mackenzie's return, 48; post on Great Slave Lake, 49; sent to Beaver Indians, 49.Bib.: Morice,Dict. Hist. des Canadiens de l'Ouest; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Le Roy, Marguerite.ChMother of Champlain, 1.
Le Sage, Captain.WMRepulses landing of English, 107.
Lesage, Marguerite.ChWife of Nicolas Rivert, 146.
Lescarbot, Marc.Born at Vervins, near Laon, France, about 1570. Studied law and called to the bar in 1599. The previous year delivered two Latin orations before the papal legate sent by Clement VIII to arrange the terms of the treaty of Vervins. Through Poutrincourt (q.v.), who had been one of his clients, induced to sail for Port Royal, 1606; and spent twelve months in the New World, returning to France in 1607. While at Port Royal, took an active part in the work of building, gardening, etc., spent much of his time hunting and fishing; and in the evening read and composed many of the poems afterwards included in hisMuses de la Nouvelle France. On his return, set to work to prepare his account of Acadia. Spent the years 1612 to 1614 in Switzerland; married in 1619. Beyond this year, nothing is known of hislife.Index:ChArrival of, at Port Royal, 35; useful in the colony, 37; returns to France, 37.Bib.:Histoire de la Nouvelle France, Paris, 1609; 2nd ed., 1611; reprinted 1612; 3rd ed., 1618; reprint of 1612 issue, 1866. In 1907 the Champlain Society, Toronto, published a new edition, with an English translation and notes by W. L. Grant, and an introduction by H. P. Biggar.See alsoDemarsy,Notes sur Marc Lescarbot; Parkman,Pioneers of France; Hannay,History of Acadia.