Le Sire.ChClerk in De Caën's company, 138.
Leslie, Alexander(1740?-1794). British general.Index:DrIn command at Charleston, S. C., 197; embarks his force with large number of refugees, 204; joins Carleton at New York, 205.
Leslie, James.BLVictim of election frauds in 1841—elected for Verchères, 1842, 116; president of Executive Council, 1848, 284; a radical, 284; given seat in Legislative Council, 285; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years.
Lesseps, Ferdinand de(1805-1894). Eminent French engineer.Index:ChUndertakes Panama Canal, 6.Bib.: Chambers,Biog. Dict.
Leslie, James(1802-1885). Born in Dundee, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1820, settling first at Kingston, and afterwards at Toronto. A member of the first city council of Toronto. Arrested and imprisoned in connection with the Rebellion of 1837. Purchased theExaminer, 1844, and conducted it for ten years. One of the founders of the Clear Grit party.Index:EProprietor of the TorontoExaminer, and a leader of the Clear Grits, 110-111.McPresident of Canadian Alliance Society, 258; delivers rejoinder to governor, 300; refuses to sign "declaration of independence," 331.BLeader of the Clear Grits, 39.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian RebellionandLast Forty Years.
Lestrées, Abbey of.LBestowed by king on diocese of Quebec, 136.
Le Sueur, Jean de St. Sauveur.ChComes to Quebec, 252; Godfather to young Hurons, 223.
Le Tardif, Olivier.Born in Normandy, 1601. Came to Canada, 1620, and employed as an interpreter at Quebec. Married Louise Couillard, 1637.Index:ChInterpreter, 144; remains in Quebec during English occupation, 208.
Letellier de St. Just, Luc(1820-1881). Born at Rivière Ouelle, Quebec. Called to the Senate for the division of Grandville, 1867; a member of the ministry, 1873; and in 1876 appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec; dismissed from office, 1879.Index:MdAppointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 247; quarrels with and dismisses the provincial ministry, 247-248; Macdonald brings the matter before Parliament, 248-249; his dismissal on the advice of the Dominion Cabinet, 249-250; his death, 250; political reasons for his dismissal, 251.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Willison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Le Testu, Captain.ChMember of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43.
Le Valois, Father.LRecommends Saint-Vallier to succeed Laval, 199.
Lévis, Gaston-François, Chevalier de(1720-1787). Entered French army in 1735; named second in command to Montcalm, 1756; sailed for Canada the same year. On the death of Montcalm at Quebec, succeeded to the command of the French forces, and won the battle of Ste. Foy, 1760. After the capitulation, returned to France, and served under Condé against Prince Ferdinand. Created a marshal, 1783, and the following year a duke and peer of France.Index:WMSecond in command to Montcalm, 2; his birth and descent, 8; military service 9, 10; character, 11; at battle of Carillon, 55, 60; confidenceof Montcalm in, 85; persuades Montcalm to extend line of defence to Montmorency River, 105; his great activity, 110, 118, 126; his bravery, 137; praises courage of troops, both regulars and Canadians, 143; congratulated by Vaudreuil on victory at Montmorency, 144; sent to defend western frontiers, 147; his absence from principal scene of conflict has disastrous results, 147; sends encouraging news from Montreal, 157; his presence and counsel much desired by Montcalm, 165; his absence on eve of battle greatly felt by Montcalm, 195; Montcalm bequeaths his papers to, 219; arrives at Jacques Cartier and takes command, 227; disapproves of retreat, 227; marches army back in hope of relieving Quebec, 229; his regret for death of Montcalm, 233; hears of capitulation of Quebec, 234; decides to march on Quebec in the spring, 241; his efforts to supply needs of his army, 242; occupies Ste. Foy, 256-266; takes possession of General Hospital, 265; arrival of British fleet compels him to retire, 267; surrender at Montreal, 268; his high military qualities, 268.LFrench general, burning of his flags by, 12.HdDefeats Murray, 34; his final struggle, 36-37; surrenders, 38; account of having burned French flags, 39; not forgotten, 122.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Doughty,Siege of Quebec; Wood,The Fight for Canada; Bradley,Fight with France;Collection des Manuscrits du Maréchal de Lévis, ed. by Casgrain.
Lévis, Heights of.Opposite Quebec.Index:WMSkirmishing on, 102.
Lewis, John.TConfederation candidate, elected in Albert County, New Brunswick, 89, 107.
Lewis, Meriwether(1774-1809), andClark, William(1770-1838). American explorers. Sent by the United States Government, in 1803, to find an overland route to the Pacific by way of the Missouri. They ascended the Missouri in 1804, to the Mandan villages; wintered there; continued their journey in 1805, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and descended the Columbia River to its mouth. They spent the winter there, and retraced their steps in 1806 to the Missouri and St. Louis. Their party consisted of fourteen soldiers, nine young men from Kentucky, two boatmen, an interpreter, a hunter, and a negro servant of Captain Clark.Index:DAt Clatsop, 44; on the Columbia, 59; their overland expedition, 60, 64, 66; mouth of the Columbia the objective, 66; objects of the enterprise, 66; personnel of the expedition, 67; route followed by, 67; information collected, 67; winter at Fort Clatsop, 67.Bib.:History of the Expedition to the Pacific Ocean, Philadelphia, 1814; new ed., New York, 1843. In addition to other reprints, three recent editions are: the Chicago edition of 1902, with introd. by Dr. J.K. Hosmer; the edition of 1893, in 4 vols., with copious notes and other critical equipment by Dr. Elliott Coues; and the even more elaborate edition prepared by Dr. R.G. Thwaites, New York, 1905, 8 vols. For biog. of Lewis and Clark,seeJefferson'sLife of LewisinOld South Leaflets, no. 44, and in the Hosmer edition;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Lexington.HdSkirmish at, 103.
Liard River.A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in the Yukon district, south-west of Frances Lake, about lat. 61°, long. 131°. Its length is about 550 miles. Explored by McLeod in 1834, and by Campbell in 1840. The Upper Liard is known only by Indian report. Fort Simpson, of the Hudson's Bay Company, is at the mouth of the main river; and Fort Liard at the confluence of Black River and the Liard, not far from the point where British Columbia, the Yukon, and the North-West Territories meet.Index:DOperations of Hudson's Bay Company on, 123.
Libel.McMackenzie's bill on, 163.
Liberal.Newspaper published at Toronto.Index:BRadical journal, founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235.
Liberal Party.BGrowth of, 209; overthrows Sir John A. Macdonald's government, and Ontario coalition government, 209-210.SeeReform Party.
Libraries.The first public library in Canada was the Quebec library, founded in 1779 largely through the efforts of Haldimand. After many vicissitudes, the library was absorbed by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. The first college library was that of the Seminary at Quebec, 1668; Montreal College library was opened in 1767; and King's College library in 1790. Legislative libraries were established in each of the provinces at an early date. In 1841 the libraries of Upper and Lower Canada were combined, and from this year dates the establishment of the library of Parliament. The first circulating library in Upper Canada was founded at Niagara in 1800. Similar libraries existed in Montreal as early as 1824, and at Kingston in 1836; the Red River library was founded at Fort Garry in 1847.Index:HdFirst in Canada established by Haldimand, 190; merged in 1869 into Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 190; objects and cost of, 191; appreciation of, 191.RPublic school libraries established by Dr. Ryerson, for use by the community, 185-187.MSOne established by Roderick Mackenzie at Fort Chipewyan, 26.BLW. L. Mackenzie maintains a circulating library, 13.EProvided for in Upper Canada after 1841, 88.SFor Upper Canada, Simcoe recommends government to establish, 46; plan not adopted, 175.See alsoBooks.Bib.: Bain,Public Libraries of CanadainCanada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Licorne.WMFrigate in which Montcalm embarked at Brest, 12.
Lieutenant-governor.McOffice of, Durham's view of power of, 56, 57; surroundings of, in 1838, 61; position in both Upper and Lower Canada, 62.
Lieutenants.SIntended to be analogous to lords-lieutenant in England, appointed by Governor Simcoe for the principal counties in Upper Canada, 197; measure not approved by secretary of state, 197; appointments not continued by later governors, 198.
Ligneris.WMForce gathered by, and Aubry, dispersed, 146.
Lincoln, Abraham(1809-1865). Fourteenth president of the United States.Index:BBelieved by George Brown to be favourable to renewal of Reciprocity Treaty, 192.Bib.: For biog. sketch, and bibliog. of lives,see Cyc. Am. Biog.; Larned,Lit. Am. Hist.
Lincoln, Benjamin(1733-1810). American general.Index:SUnited States commissioner, entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 184, 229.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Lindsay, W. B.SyMade clerk of Legislative Assembly, 334.
Lindsay, William.TElected for the county of Carleton, New Brunswick, 89, 107.
Linschot.ChHis definition of the territory of New France, 211.
Lippincott, Captain.DrHangs Joshua Huddy, 198.
Liquor Question.BAgitated by Brown and theGlobe, 75; the Canada Company and cheap whiskey, 75; the movement in and out of Parliament, 75-76.See alsoBrandy question; Stills; Cas reservé.
Lisgar, John Young, Baron(1807-1876). Born at Bombay. Entered Parliament in 1831; became lord of treasury in 1841, and secretary of the treasury, 1844-1846; chief secretary for Ireland, 1852-1855; and lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1855-1859. In 1861 sent to New South Wales as governor-general. Seven years later came to Canada as administrator;and the following year appointed governor-general. Succeeded by Lord Dufferin in 1872.Index:CHis arrival in Canada, 89; expresses views of Little Englanders—advises Canada to declare her independence, 89.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent,Can. Por.
Literary and Historical Society of Quebec.PFounded by Lord Dalhousie, 41.Bib.:Seelist of publications, from 1829, inLit. Am. Hist.;alsoWurtële,List of Lectures, Papers, etc., 1829-1891.
Little Belt.BkBritish corvette, fired on by United States frigatePresident, 173.
Littlehales, Edward B.SAccompanies Simcoe as major of brigade, 47; clerk of Council, 79; aide-de-camp to governor, 177; describes the site of the present city of London, 200, 201.
Livingstone.DrOf Montreal, his disaffection, 79; commands rebel Canadians at Quebec, 132.
Livingstone, Philip(1716-1778).DrPresident of Continental (American) Congress, 201.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Livius, Peter(1727?-1795). Resided at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. A member of the Council under the royal government; quarrelled with the governor and went to England to lay his complaints before the crown. Complaints dismissed, but appointed chief-justice of New Hampshire. At once transferred to Quebec as chief-justice; held office from 1777 to 1786; retired and went to England, where he died.Index:DrAppointed chief-justice, 184; his character and abilities, 185; disagrees with Carleton, 188; carries dispute to Privy Council, 188.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
Logan, Sir William Edmond(1798-1875). Born at Montreal, of United Empire Loyalist descent. Educated at the University of Edinburgh. After some years spent in business in England, and incidentally in studying the geological formation of the coal-fields of Wales, returned to Canada, and in 1842 appointed the first director of the Geological Survey. In 1863 issued an elaborate summary of the work accomplished by the Survey up to that time. Retired in 1870.Bib.:Geology of Canada. For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.; Harrington,Life of Sir William E. Logan.
London.City of Ontario; founded by Peter McGregor, in 1826.Index:SSite of present city, selected by Simcoe as best place for capital of Upper Canada, 200, 205.
London Conference.SeeWestminster Conference.
Long Point.Lake Erie, north shore.Index:SChosen by Simcoe as arsenal for Lake Erie, 204.
Longueuil, Charles Colmer Grant, Baron de.SyOwner of "Alwington," 294.
Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de(1625?-1685). Son of an innkeeper of Dieppe. Came to Canada in 1641. In 1657 granted the seigniory of Longueuil. In De Tracy's expedition against the Iroquois, in 1666, commanded the Montreal militia, and was with Frontenac at Cataraqui in 1673. La Barre sent him to the Iroquois, 1682, to persuade them to meet him in council at Montreal. When, two years later, La Barre led an abortive expedition against the Iroquois, he was again compelled to depend upon Le Moyne's influence with the Iroquois to patch up a peace.Index:FSent to invite Onondagas to a conference, 183, 184.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac.
Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Baron de(1656-1729). Son of Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil (q.v.) Wounded, in 1687, in the Iroquois raid on Lachine.Governor of Montreal. Administered the colony in 1725, before the arrival of Beauharnois.Index:FCommands militia in attack on Iroquois, 1687, 209.EBarony conferred on, in 1700, 181.
Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Baron de(1687-1755). Son of preceding. Administered the colony in 1752, after the departure of La Jonquière.Index:DrIn command of militia, in 1777, 187.
Loquin.ChCompany's clerk at Quebec, 139.
Longworth, John(1814-1885). Born at Charlottetown. Called to the bar of Prince Edward Island, 1838. Elected to the Assembly, 1846. Occupied offices in several successive administrations. Drafted the "No Terms Resolution" of the Assembly in connection with Confederation. Appointed prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1883.Bib.: Campbell,History of Prince Edward Island.
Loranger, Thomas Jean Jacques(1823-1885). Born in Ste Anne d'Yamachiche, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet College; called to the bar, 1844. Sat in the Assembly, 1854-1863; held office in the Macdonald-Cartier ministry, 1857-1858. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court, 1863; retired, 1879. Subsequently engaged in the consolidation of the statutes of Quebec. Created by the pope a commander of the Order of Pius IX.Index:CConservative leader in Quebec, his character, 25.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years.
Lorette.LSettlement of Christian Indians at, 74.WMBritish abandon their position at, 249.
Lorimer, Dr.HdConsulted by Haldimand as to sanitary measures, 66, 70.
Lorin, Henri.FAuthor ofLe Comte de Frontenac, referred to, 109, 126, 128, 142, 165, 174, 216, 231, 250.
Lormel, Captain de.ChBrings out settlers, 252.
Lorne.SeeArgyll.
Lotbinière.SeeJoly de Lotbinière; Chartier de Lotbinière.
Louche, de.WMTakes direction of fireships, 98.
Loudon, James(1841- ). Born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada College and Toronto University, graduating 1862. Appointed to the staff of the university; professor of mathematics, 1875; and president of the university, 1892, succeeding Sir Daniel Wilson. One of the original fellows of the Royal Society of Canada. Retired from presidency of university, 1906.Index:BLQuoted on Baldwin's University Bill, 293.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827-1906.
Loudon, John Campbell, fourth Earl of(1705-1782). General.Index:WMMade commander-in-chief of British forces in America, 33.HdCommands Royal Americans, 11; his opinion of Pennsylvanians, 11.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley,Fight with France.
Louis XIII, King of France(1601-1643). Succeeded his father, Henry IV, in 1610.Index:FClose relations of Frontenac family with, 62.ChDemands restitution of Acadia, 212; plot against, 215.LDedicated France to the Virgin Mary, 87.Bib.: Larousse,Dictionnaire Universel.
Louis XIV, King of France(1638-1715). Succeeded his father, Louis XIII, in 1643.Index:FHis war with Holland, 148; absolutism of his rule 151-153; desires to have permanent curacies (curés fixes) established in Canada, 164; private life of, 166; pronounces La Salle's discoveries useless, 176; later takes him under his special protection, 180.LRecommends creation of bishopric for New France and appointment of Laval thereto, 131; stipulates that archbishop of Rouen shall be metropolitan, 133; yields the point, 134; bestowsabbey of Lestrées on new diocese, 136; his decision on liquor question, 174; grants 8000 francs annually to Canadian clergy, 182; later reduces amount, 183; his disagreement with Pope Innocent XI, 201.Bib.: Voltaire,Siècle de Louis XIV; Saint-Simon,Mémoires.
Remains of the King's Bastion, LouisbourgRemains of the King's Bastion, Louisbourg
Louis XVI, King of France(1754-1793). Succeeded to the throne in 1774.Index:SPublic mourning ordered in Upper Canada for death of, 193.Bib.: Larousse,Dictionnaire Universel.
Louisbourg.A seaport on the south-east coast of Cape Breton. Formerly the chief stronghold of France in America. The fortress, named after Louis XIV, was begun in 1790; twenty-five years were spent in fortifying it; and the cost was estimated at thirty million livres. Captured by the British under Pepperell and Warren in 1745; ceded back to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; and again captured by the British under Amherst and Boscawen, in 1758.Index:WMGuards Gulf of St. Lawrence, 17; composition of garrison, 30; capture of, 71; expedition against Quebec, sails to, 85.ChCommonly known as Port aux Anglais, 236.See alsoCape Breton; Boscawen; Wolfe; Amherst.Bib.: Parkman,Half-Century of ConflictandMontcalm and Wolfe;Lettre d'un Habitant, ed. by Wrong; Archibald,First Siege of Louisbourg(R. S. C., 1887); Bourinot,Cape Breton and its Memorials; Wood,Logs of the Conquest of Canada.
Louisbourg Grenadiers.WMOn British right, at Quebec, 189; re-embark after fall of Quebec, 236.
Louise, Princess.Daughter of Queen Victoria; born 1848.Index:EComes to Canada with her husband, the Marquis of Lorne, 122.
Louisiana.HdSecretly transferred to Spain by France, 64; Spanish rule unpopular, 77; revolution in, 79; counter-revolution, 81; contemplated invasion of, 81.LColony sent to, 152.BkCession of by France to Spain, 38; re-ceded to France, 38; purchased by United States, 42; acquisition of, changes attitude of United States towards Great Britain, 43.Bib.: Le Page du Pratz,Histoire de la Louisiane. For further material,seeLit. Am. Hist.
Lount, Samuel(1791-1838).McMember for Simcoe, 316; election corruption, 317; given command of rebels, 360; arrives at Montgomery's tavern, 362; his account of the flag of truce, 369; his first engagement, 373; his second engagement, 379; leaves country, 380; executed, 435; his fidelity, 435; petitions for commutation, 435; effect of his execution, 436; monument to, 436.BLHanged for his share in the Rebellion of 1837, 44-45.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion; Kingsford,History of Canada.
L'Ouverture, Toussaint.BkEstablishes independent republic in St. Domingo, 39, 40; death of, 40.
Louvigny, Louis de la Porte, Sieur de(1652-1730). Accompanied Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687; sent by Frontenac to relieve La Durantaye in 1690; in command at Three Rivers in 1701; two years later commanded an expedition to Detroit; major of Quebec, 1706; sent to Michilimackinac in 1713; four years later at Detroit, and led an expedition against the Fox Indians; at Quebec in 1724 aslieutenant du roi.Index:FSent with reinforcements to Michilimackinac, 241.Bib.:Cadillac Papers(Michigan Hist.Coll., vol. 33); Parkman,Frontenac.
Lovett, John.BkSecretary to General Van Rensselaer, letters of, 263-265, 286.
Low, Albert Peter(1861- ). Born in Montreal. Educated at McGill University, graduating in 1882 with honours. Appointed to Geological Survey1881, and promoted to geologist, 1891. Spent many years in exploring the Labrador peninsula, and is the chief authority on its geography and geology. Appointed director of the Survey, and deputy minister of mines, 1907.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Lowell.SWhite settler among Grand River Indians, murdered by Isaac Brant, 191.
Lower Canada.McCrisis approaching in, 287; Imperial commissioners' report, 323; against responsible government, 325; events leading to Rebellion, 327; asks other provinces for support, 329; crisis arrives, August, 1837, 344; arrest of editors, 344; condition of, in 1837, 347; rebellion in, 358.BLPopulation of, at time of conquest, 1; its character, 1; British immigration, 8; racial conflict, 8; political situation after 1815, 9, 16-21; reorganization of its judicial system, 184-185.BkPopulation of, 45.SyDesire of majority to have the province wholly French, 68; Pitt's expectations regarding, 68; governors of, ally themselves with English-speaking element, 69; rupture between the two races inevitable, 86, 87; Rebellion, 87.Bib.: Kingsford,History of Canada; Christie,History of Lower Canada; Garneau,History of Canada; McMullen,History of Canada; Bibaud,Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Anglaise; Political and Historical Account of Lower Canada, by a Canadian, London, 1830.
Lowther, Catherine.WMWolfe's attachment to, 70, 72; Wolfe entrusts her portrait to Captain Jervis, 175.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec; Willson,Life and Letters of James Wolfe; Wood,The Fight for Canada.
Loyal American Regiment.DrCommanded by Beverley Robinson, 202.WCommanded by Beverley Robinson, 3; Lemuel Wilmot a captain in, 3.
Loyalist. Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick.WAttacks Wilmot and Fisher, 74-75; libel case arising out of, 75.
Loyalist Corps.HdFormed, 253.DrPractice of purchase of commissions prevented in, 217; six disbanded and settled in Nova Scotia, 218.
Loyalists, United Empire. Name applied to the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to Great Britain, and rather than submit to the new republic, migrated to Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. No adequate provision having been made for them by the mother country, in the treaty of Paris (1783), the Loyalists were compelled in most cases to abandon all their worldly possessions, and start life anew in the pioneer settlements of the north. May 18, 1783, one great section of the refugees landed at the mouth of the St. John River, and built a town, first named Parrtown, later St. John. Other settlements were made, about the same time, at various points on the coasts of Nova Scotia, as well as on St. John's Island (Prince Edward Island). The bulk of the migration to what was then Quebec (now Ontario and Quebec) took place in 1784, the eastern Loyalists going north by way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu, and settling in the Eastern Townships; those of the West crossing the boundary at Niagara and other points, and spreading throughout the backbone of the future province of Upper Canada.Index:BLand grants to their children fall into hands of speculators, 53.SSettlement of Upper Canada by, 1; Carleton's interest in, 51; their sufferings, 52, 54; claims for losses paid to, 55; settlements of, during and after war, 56; pretenders among, 57; those from England not generally good settlers, 58; assisted by government, 60; their hardships, 61; their mode of life, 62-69; names of those who had joined British side before treaty of 1783, registered, 70; clauses of treaty of Paris respecting, not carried out by United States,118; consequently further emigration of to Canada, 119.SyConstitutional Act an attempt to placate, 68.BkRations issued to, from Fort Niagara, 58; Brock (1804) observes and reports on comfortable condition of many of them, 65.DrEmigration of, 64; commended to Carleton's special care, 194; their pitiable condition, 196; twenty regiments of, in Carleton's command, 202; their consternation on learning of proposed terms of peace, 206; left unprotected by treaty of peace, 213; large number of, embark for Nova Scotia, 214; Carleton continues occupation of New York till all have left the country, 215, 216; their emigration to different British provinces, 218; widows of, apply for pensions, 218, 219; effect of their settlement in Canada, 221, 244, 248; increase of their numbers in western Canada, 224; two distinct waves of emigration, 236; settlements of at Niagara, and Sorel, 236, 237; claim representative institutions, 237; those in Kingston district petition for church establishments, 238; their destitute condition, 238; their political weight underestimated by Dorchester, 248; the Seigniorial Tenure system unsuited to, 256; Dorchester's suggestion for conferring distinction on, 260.EExtravagant land grants to, 144; Durham on, 144-145; settled along Niagara River, 194.MSIn the wilderness, 11.RMethodist preachers in Upper Canada of Loyalist stock, 38; included many of the influential families, 62; Ryerson's history of, 270, 274, 279.HEmigrate to the loyal western colonies, 13, 17.BLCome to Maritime Provinces and Canada, 4-5; their numbers and character, 5; in Lower Canada, 17; support Common School Bill, 105;MdDread possibility of revolution, 20.TSevere treatment of, 3; they settle in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 3-4, 35.HdCome to Canada, 125; houses built for, 138, 182; military service of, 136, 137; at Niagara, 152; employed on fortifications of Quebec, 183; in Vermont negotiations, 200, 202, 206; at Cataraqui, 236, 265; Washington's severity towards, 249, 250; arrangements for their reception in Canada, 250, 254; not less patriotic than the opposite party, 251; brutal treatment of, 252; compared with Jacobites, 253; Haldimand's care of, 254; lands allotted to, 255; surveys made for, 263; flock into Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 263; their advent viewed with alarm by French Canadians, 264; fed and clothed by government for three years, 265; not fully appreciative of assistance given, 266; difficulty of dealing with, 267-271, 348; some impostors among, 268, 306.McHardships suffered by, on account of naturalization laws, 140-141; bills for their relief, 142-143.Bib.: Sabine,Loyalists of the American Revolution; Ryerson,Loyalists of America; Campbell,Travels in North America; Canniff,The Settlement of Upper Canada; Casselman,United Empire Loyalists of the County of Dundas, Ontario; Haight,Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago; Bourinot,Builders of Nova Scotia; Frousac,Rise of the Loyalists;Loyalists of New York in the American RevolutioninColumbia University Studies; Curwen,Journal and Letters; Myers,The Tories or Loyalists in America; Eardley-Wilmot,Loyalists' Centennial Souvenir; St. John,The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada by the United Empire Loyalists; Denison,United Empire Loyalists; (R. S. C., 1904); Van Tyne,Loyalists in the American Revolution; Shortt and Doughty,Constitutional Documents of Canada.
Ludovica.ChName proposed by Champlain for Quebec; 124.
Lumagne.ChMerchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, 221.
Lumber Trade.BkCanadian, great increase of, 125.
Lundy's Lane, Battle of(1814). British troops, including Canadian militia, numbered 1600 at the beginning of the battle, later increased to 2800, under the command of Sir Gordon Drummond; United States troops about 4000,under General Jacob Brown. The engagement opened in the evening, and continued late into the night; the Americans finally withdrew from the field.Bib.: Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.See alsoWar of 1812.
Lusignan, Paul Louis Dazemard de.Commanded Fort St. Frédéric (Crown Point) in 1749, when the Swedish naturalist, Peter Kalm, visited the place; and remained there for several years. Served under Montcalm at the siege of Quebec.Index:WMRelieves Montcalm, 120.
Luth, De.LRoyal engineer, directs erection of fortifications, 214.
Lymburner, Adam(1746-1836). Born in Kilmarnock, Scotland. Came to Canada about 1776, and settled at Quebec, where he succeeded to the business of his brother John, who had been lost at sea in 1775. For many years a member of the Executive Council, and took an active part in public affairs. Died in London at the age of ninety.Index:DrProceeds to England with petition for political changes, 243; arrives in England, 251; opposes division of province, 257.SRecommends system of representation adapted to strengthen English-speaking minority, 2; heard at bar of House of Commons, 6.BkSent to England to oppose division of Canada into two provinces, 49.Bib.: Lucas,History of Canada; Bradley,Making of Canada; Shortt and Doughty,Constitutional Documents of Canada.
Lynch, John Joseph(1816-1888). Born near Clones, Ireland. Studied in Dublin, and entered the Lazarist order. Came to America in 1847; laboured as a missionary in Texas, 1847-1848; became president of the Lazarist College of St. Mary, Missouri, 1848; coadjutor to the bishop of Toronto, 1859; and bishop, 1860. In 1870, consecrated archbishop of Toronto and metropolitan of Ontario. His jubilee celebrated in 1884.Index:RHis policy as to separate schools, 235-236; proposed as member of Council of Public Instruction of Upper Canada, 236.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron(1772-1863). British statesman.Index:MdDenounces Rebellion Losses Bill, 241.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Lyonne, De.ChJesuit, founder of missions at Nipisiguit and Chedabucto, 235.
Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, Earl(1817-1887). British diplomatist.Index:BBritish ambassador at Washington—suggested that he confer with Canadian agent on reciprocity, 192.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Lyons.STeaches school at Hay Bay, 167.
Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer, Baron(1803-1873). Novelist and statesman.Index:EColonial secretary,—his views on the duties of colonial governors, 4.DHis series of despatches, 1858, on government of British Columbia, 231-235.TOn the Confederation question, 63.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Escott,Edward Bulwer, First Baron Lytton of Knebworth.
Lyveden, Robert Vernon, Baron(1800-1873). British statesman.Index:BDwells upon defencelessness of Canada, 184.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Mabane, Adam(1734-1792). Born in Scotland. Studied medicine at Edinburgh University; came to Canada, and practised his profession in Quebec. In 1764 appointed a judge, and presided over the first civil court held in Quebec. Member of the provincial Council; and in 1766 surgeon of the garrison of Quebec.Index:DrMember of Council, protests against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39; appointed judge, 183.HdHead of military hospital, 178; intimate friend of Haldimand, 300, 304; made judge and member of Legislative Council, 305; not in favour underDorchester régime, 314, 315; his headstrong temper, 332; his letter to Haldimand, 340; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342.Bib.: Bradley,Making of Canada; Shortt and Doughty,Constitutional Documents of Canada.
M'Afee, Samuel.McAids Mackenzie's escape, 400.
Macallum, A.RIn charge of union school at Hamilton, 195.
McBride, Richard(1870- ). Born in New Westminster, British Columbia. Educated at the public and high schools, New Westminster. Elected to the British Columbia Assembly, 1898; minister of mines in Dunsmuir administration; premier of British Columbia, 1903.Bib.:Canadian Who's Who.
McCarthy, Charles Justin.RMartyr of early Canadian Methodism, 41.
McCarthy, D'Alton(1836-1898). Born in Dublin, Ireland. Came to Canada with his parents, 1847. In 1858 called to the bar; in 1871 a bencher of the Law society; and in 1872 made a Q. C. In 1876 elected to Parliament for Cardwell, as a Conservative, but in 1889 severed his connection with the party on the question of the Jesuits' Estates Act. In 1896 member of Parliament for North Simcoe. Index:MdOpposes commercial union, 295.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Hopkins,D'Alton McCarthyinMen of the Day.
Macartney, Captain.WMRescues French soldiers from floating ice, 251.
Macaulay, Sir James Buchan(1793-1859). Born at Niagara, Ontario. Served in the Glengarry Fencibles during the War of 1812. In 1822 called to the bar and rose rapidly in his profession. A strong opponent of William Lyon Mackenzie, and in 1826 appeared as counsel against him. In 1829 became judge of the King's Bench; chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1849-1856; and subsequently of the Court of Error and Appeal. Chairman of the commission to revise and consolidate the statutes of Canada and Upper Canada. Knighted, 1859.Index:McDefends destroyers ofColonial Advocate, 115; offers compensation, 117; Mackenzie's opinion of, 118; violates secrecy of private letters, 121; taunts Mackenzie, 123; Mackenzie retaliates, 124; writes venomous pamphlet, 125; Mackenzie's reply, 126.Bib.: Read,Lives of the Judges; Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Macauley, John.BLInspector-general, retires and succeeded by Hincks, 119.
McClelan, Abner Reid(1831- ). Born in Hopewell, New Brunswick. Educated at Mount Allison Academy. Engaged in mercantile life. Represented Albert County in the Assembly, 1854-1867; chief commissioner of public works, 1866-1867; appointed to the Senate, 1867; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1896-1902.Index:TElected as Confederation candidate in Albert, New Brunswick, 89; chief commissioner of public works in Mitchell government, 105; elected for Albert, 107.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
McCulloch, Dr.BLDefeats La Fontaine in Terrebonne; affiliated with Draper, 82.
McCulloch, J. R.SyPolitical economist, 13.
McCully, Jonathan(1809-1877). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1837 called to the bar, and practised in Halifax, 1849. In 1860 appointed solicitor-general; from 1847 to 1867 member of the Legislative Council; and served as chairman of the Board of Railways; delegate to the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences, 1864; appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867; and in 1870 judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia.Index:HLeader of Liberal party in Nova Scotia, 1864, 177; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 177; editsMorning Chronicle, 186; firm advocate of Confederation, 186.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Macdonald, Andrew Archibald(1829- ). Born in Brudenell, PrinceEdward Island. Engaged in business as a general merchant. Sat in Prince Edward Island Assembly, 1853-1860; represented Kings South in Legislative Council, 1863-1873; member of Executive Council, 1867-1871 and 1872-1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1884-1889. Called to the Senate, 1891.Index:TDelegate to Quebec Conference, 77.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Macdonald, Archibald.MSHis account of the voyage of the third party of Red River settlers in 1813, 162-163; in charge at Red River, 173; colonists demand that he hand over field pieces, 173-174.Bib.: Bryce,The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists.
Macdonald, Donald Alexander(1816-1896). Born in St. Raphael's, Quebec. Engaged in business as railway contractor. Represented Glengarry in the Assembly of Canada, 1857-1867, and after Confederation in the House of Commons, 1867-1875. Postmaster-general in the Mackenzie administration, 1873-1878; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1875-1880. After his retirement lived at Montreal.Bib.: Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
MacDonald, Hugh.Born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, 1827. Studied law and called to the bar, 1855; made a Q. C., 1872. In 1859 elected member for Inverness to the provincial Legislature. Member of a delegation, including Joseph Howe, that visited England in 1861 to represent the views of those opposing the Confederation of the British North American provinces. In 1867-1873 a member of the Dominion Parliament, and in 1873 president of the Privy Council. On Nov. 5, 1873, appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia; retired 1893.Index:HDelegate of Anti-Confederation party, goes to England with Howe and Annand to oppose Confederation, 192; expenses paid by subscription, 219.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Macdonald, Hugh.MdFather of Sir John A. Macdonald, native of Sutherlandshire, removes to Glasgow, and in 1820 emigrates to Canada, 1; settles at Kingston, 2; moves to Hay Bay, thence to Stone Mills, on Bay of Quinte, 2; unsuccessful in business, he returns to Kingston, 1836, and secures position in Commercial Bank, 2; his death, 1841, 2; his character, 2.
Macdonald, Hugh John(1850- ). Born in Kingston, Ontario; second son of Sir John A. Macdonald. Educated at Queen's and Toronto Universities; called to the bar, 1872; and practised for some years with his father and James Patton. In 1882 removed to Winnipeg, and entered into partnership with J. S. Tupper. In 1890-1891 represented Winnipeg in the House of Commons; in 1896 minister of the interior in the Tupper administration; in 1897 leader of the Conservatives in Manitoba; and from Jan. 8 to Oct. 29, 1900, premier of the province.Index:MdSecond son of Sir John A. Macdonald—represents Winnipeg in Dominion Parliament, 10; premier of Manitoba, 10.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Macdonald, John Alexander.MdEldest son of Sir John A. Macdonald—accidentally killed when quite young, 10.
Macdonald, Sir John Alexander(1815-1891).HAttends Charlottetown Conference, 1864, and proposes union of all the provinces, 178; premier of first Dominion Cabinet, 198; Tupper writes him as to Howe's political plans, 207; Tilley and Tupper urge him to visit Nova Scotia, 209; visits Halifax with Sir Georges Cartier, Peter Mitchell, and William Macdougall, 210;Acadian Recordersuggests violence, 210; Howe denounces the suggestion, 210-212; arrives in Halifax, and guest of Sir Hastings Doyle, 213; meets Howe, 213; appears before committee of Legislature, 213-214; urges Howe to put an end to the agitation for repeal of the union, 215-218; persuades Howe to enter Dominion Cabinet, 225; his public letters, 257; contrasted with Howe, 287; correspondence with Howe on Pacific Railway policy, 299-300.RHis University Bill, 1847—its terms, 155-157; withdrawn, 156; referred to, 161; amends Separate School Bill, 231; supports Ryerson's stand as to separate schools, 233.DAnd the Pacific Scandal, 321.CHis alliance with Cartier, 31, 33; his first appearance in Parliament as an uncompromising Tory, 31; opposed to La Fontaine, 32; votes against settlement of Seigniorial Tenure, 32; opposes Indemnity Bill, 32; and the Pacific Scandal, 53; his resignation, 53; at Quebec Conference—favours legislative union of provinces, 57; defends proposed constitution, 59-60; forms first Dominion administration, 67; resists demand for disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 74; sympathizes with Roman Catholic minority, 76; presents Militia Bill, 1862, 87; helps Cartier to establish political union, 100; freedom from racial or religious prejudice, 100; his qualities, 101-102; strained relations with Cartier, 102-103; Cartier's knowledge of service to, 111; receives knighthood, 124, 129; explains Wolseley's quarrel with Cartier, 130.EBecomes receiver-general in Sherwood ministry, 43; his statesmanlike qualities, 43-44; re-elected, 1848, 50; his political sagacity, 110; rivalry with George Brown, 114; on provincial representation, 118; on the dissolution of Parliament in 1853, 127; on the Representation Bill, 132, 133; Liberal-Conservative party owed its birth to his inspiration, 137; persuades Sir Allan MacNab to agree to coalition government, 139, 141; attorney-general in MacNab-Morin ministry, 140; his views on Clergy Reserves, 163; takes charge of bill for secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 168; Hincks enters his ministry, 223; one of the builders of the British Empire—honours conferred upon him, 225; monuments erected to his memory, 226.BRelations with George Brown, x; leads his party, 42; frames bill for settlement of Clergy Reserves, 60; reveals political sagacity, 69; on the character of the union, 82; bitter relations with George Brown, 87-91; offers seat in Cabinet to John Sandfield Macdonald, 100; the "Double Shuffle," 107-108; moves want of confidence in Sandfield Macdonald government, 1863, 146; Brown's motion for constitutional changes, 1864, takes him by surprise, 150; his account of negotiations between George Brown and government as to Confederation, 151, 154-156; his connection with, 152,. 154-155; announces agreement, 153, 160; favours nominative Senate, 164; describes new constitution, in Confederation debate, 170-171; announces in Parliament decision of government to carry Confederation at once and send mission to England, 182; explains intentions of government, 183; on defence of Canada, 183, 184-185; goes to England, 186; relations with George Brown, 189-192; asked to form government, 1865, 189; interview with Brown, 189-191; his proposal that Belleau be premier accepted by Brown, 191; virtual leader of government, 191; charged with using Brown as a stepping-stone to his own political ambition, 199; benefits by Brown's entry into ministry, 199, 200; Holton describes his path as "studded all along by the gravestones of his slaughtered colleagues," 201; on friendly terms with Holton, 202; his essential conservatism, 202; relations with Macdougall and Howland, 202, 209; with Joseph Howe, 203-206, 210; his ideal of a legislative union, 207; anomalous position of his Liberal colleagues, 209-210; his government overthrown, 210, 235.BLCo-operates in founding United Empire Association, 228; elected in 1844, 252; enters ministry as receiver-general, 276; re-elected, 279; offers Baldwin chief-justiceship of Common Pleas, 357; Hincks in his Cabinet, 359.MdAssigned foremost place among Canadian statesmen, i; national recognition of his services after his death by creation of peerage for his widow, i; memorial tablet in St. Paul's Cathedral, and statues in Canadian cities, i; his personal popularity, i-ii; his personality made Confederation possible, ii; Canada's debt to him, iii-iv; his birth and ancestry, 1; brought to Canada in 1820, 1; boyhood days at Kingston and on the Bay of Quinté, 2; his debt to his mother, her strong personality, 2; educated at Kingston Grammar School, 3; Mowat's tribute, 3; studies law, 4-5; called to the bar, 1836, 5; begins practice at age of twenty-one, 5; Oliver Mowat and Alexander Campbell students in his office, 6; called out as a volunteer in Rebellion of 1837, 7; defends Schoultz and Ashley, 8-9; his first visit to England, 1842, 9; takes Alexander Campbell into partnership, 9; elected alderman for Kingston, 10; marries his cousin, Miss Isabella Clark, Sept. 1, 1843, 10; their children, 10; enters public life, 1854, as member for Kingston, 11-12; hisfirmbelief from the beginning that Canada's prosperity depended on permanent connection with the mother country, 12; impelling motives of his long public career, 13; unsettled problems in 1844, 13-14; Confederation movement, 14; difficulties of his position, 15-16; his election address, 23; takes little part in discussions during his first session, 25; Draper recommends him for position of commissioner of crown lands, 26; had no sympathy with political creed of Family Compact, 27; becomes receiver-general, 27; his views on university endowment, 28-29; Alexander Campbell's letter to, 31; opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 36; refuses to join the annexation movement, 40; strong supporter of British American League, 40; acts as moderating force in conflict over Rebellion Losses Bill, 42, 43; his character contrasted with George Brown's, 53, 54; conceives idea of Liberal-Conservative party, 62, 63; appointed attorney-general for Upper Canada, 63; introduces bill for secularization of Clergy Reserves, 65; Pope's pen-portrait of his appearance and character, 73; supports measure proposing to make Legislative Council elective, 75; has no desire and makes no effort to hasten Sir Allan MacNab's resignation, though circumstances force him into leadership, 76-77; resigns from the MacNab-Taché ministry, 78; reasons for resignation, 79, 80; forms an administration with Taché, May 24, 1856, 80; his quarrel with George Brown, 80-81; challenged by Colonel Rankin, 81-82; his views on the separate school system, 82; on the resignation of Taché, forms an administration with Cartier, 83; becomes premier of the province of Canada on Nov. 26, 1857, 83; dissolves House and appeals to people on questions of separate schools and representation by population, 84; makes proposition to Sandfield Macdonald, which is rejected, 84, 85; forms administration with Cartier as premier, 86; the "Double Shuffle," 86, 87; becomes less opposed to representation by population, 89; forms administration with Sir E. P. Taché, which lasts only a few weeks, 90; buries the hatchet and forms coalition with Brown to work for Confederation, 93, 100-102; anticipates results of Confederation, 103; attends Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences, 104-114; though strongly in favour of legislative union, modifies his views after discussion at Quebec Conference, and accepts scheme of a federal union, 107-108, 245; introduces in Parliament the resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference, 118, 119; one of commissioners to British government in regard to Confederation, 120; upon death of Taché, is called upon to form a ministry, but Brown refusing to act with him, or with Cartier, they sit together under the nominal presidency of Sir Narcisse Belleau, 122, 123; his answer to Lord Monck on delay in Confederation, 124; his wariness and skill in presenting Confederation resolutions, 126, 127; made a K. C. B. in recognition of hisservices in Confederation negotiations, 128, 267, 344; first prime minister of Dominion of Canada, 131; his second marriage, 131; granted a special audience by the queen, 132; returns to Canada, 132; difficulties in formation of first Dominion Cabinet, 133; list of members, 134-135; his party adopts name of Liberal-Conservative, 138; seeks able colleagues, 139, 140; results of first Dominion election, 141; sends Tupper to oppose Howe and his movement for repeal, 143; visits Halifax for purpose of winning Howe over to Confederation, 144; Howe persuaded to enter Dominion Cabinet, 145; acts passed by first Dominion Parliament, 151; on verge of ministerial crisis over Intercolonial Railway, 153, 154; his desire to annex North-West Territories, 156; difficulties in accomplishing it, 157-163; introduces bill for establishment and government of province of Manitoba, 161; taken seriously ill, 161; returns to Ottawa, 163; goes to Washington as member of commission, 163, 165, 169; his reluctance to become a member of the commission, 171-173; objects to any permanent sale of the fisheries, 174-175; his connection with, and reasons for withdrawal of Fenian Raid claims, 175-178; on decision in San Juan boundary dispute, 179-181; on the fisheries question, 182-184; signs Washington Treaty, 185; moves ratification of certain clauses of Washington Treaty, 186-190; general election of 1872, 193et seq.; the "Pacific Scandal," 200et seq.; his defence, 208, 209; sends in his resignation, 210; leads opposition, 211; his resolution in favour of a national policy, 217, 225; puts the new policy before the country, 220-223; urges preferential trade with mother country, 227; again in power, 1878, 228; inaugurates the national policy and reverts to transcontinental railway scheme, 234; crosses continent on Canadian Pacific Railway, 238; firm in his conviction that Riel should be hanged, 243, 244, 280; brings Letellier difficulty before Parliament, 248-250; Ontario boundary dispute, 254-258; introduces Franchise Act of 1885, 258-260; country's devotion to, 262, 263; qualities which maintained loyalty and devotion of his followers, 263-265; Confederation honours cause a break in his friendship with Cartier, 267, 268; introduces bill to adjust representation in House of Commons, 273; election of 1882, 273-276; resolutions on home rule in Ireland, 277; contrasted with Blake, 277-279; election of 1887, 279-283; adoption of jubilee address to queen, 283; compromises with Canadian Pacific Railway over their monopoly of transportation, 285; takes a constitutional stand on Jesuits' Estates Act, 289; commercial union policy, 291et seq.; contemplates a general election, 300-302; takes steps to renew commercial intercourse with United States, 303; his last appeal to electors of Dominion, 304-311; makes the most of contents of Farrer pamphlet, 313-314; throws himself with energy into election campaign of 1891, 314; for fourth time his government is sustained, 315; receives a chill while attending demonstration at Napanee, 319; attends opening of the session, 320; suffers a slight stroke of paralysis, 320; his last appearance in the House, 320; suffers a final stroke on May 29, 1891, 321; and dies on June 6, 1891, 321; funeral, 321, 322; tribute from Queen Victoria, 322; memorial service in Westminster Abbey, and tablet to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral, 322-323; a summing up of his work and influence, 333-353; a practical politician, 333-336; his political methods, 335-338; his personal magnetism, 339; anecdotes of, 340-341; not an orator, but an effective debater, 341-342; proposed preferential trade in 1879, 342; in favour of Imperial federation, 343; letter to, from Cecil Rhodes, 349; kept in touch with Imperial affairs, 344; Imperial honours bestowed on, 344-345; a self-made man, 345; tributes to his statesmanship, 346; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 347-348; a peacemaker, 348; Lord Dufferin on,348-349; a poor man, 349-350; sum raised for, in 1870, 351; statues to, in many Canadian cities, 351; his greatness and shortcomings, 351-353.TAt Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76, 78; at Westminster Conference, 121; presented to the Queen, 124; forms first Dominion ministry, 127-128, 129; forms second ministry, 136; his national policy, 137.Bib.: Pope,Memoirs of Sir John Alexander Macdonald; Macpherson,Life of Macdonald; Collins,Life and Times of Macdonald; Adam,Life and Career of Macdonald; Hopkins,Life of Macdonald; Biggar,Anecdotal Life of Macdonald; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Taylor,Brit. Am.;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Macdonald, John Sandfield(1812-1872). Born in St. Raphaels, Glengarry. In 1840 called to the bar, and practised in Cornwall. In 1841 elected to the Parliament of the recently united provinces of Upper and Lower Canada; and in 1849 solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin government. In 1852-1854 Speaker; and attorney-general in the brief Brown-Dorion ministry; premier in 1862, and resigned, 1864. Formed the first government of the Province of Ontario, 1867; defeated in the House and resigned, 1871.Index:EReturned in elections of 1848, 50; his discourtesy to Lord Elgin, 127-131; Hincks succeeds in humiliating him, 135-136.BOffered seat in Cabinet by John A. Macdonald, 100; enters George Brown's ministry, 102; called on to form government, 1861, 142; an enthusiastic advocate of the "double majority," 142; in Confederation debate, 182-183; asks Brown to go on mission to Washington to discuss reciprocity, 192, 196.MdUpholds principle of "double majority," but later throws it overboard, 79; separate schools established by his administration, 1862-1863, 82; refuses John A. Macdonald's offer of a seat in the Cabinet, 1858, 84, 85; leads the moderate "Reformers," 84-89; forms ministry with Sicotte, 1862, 88-89; government defeated same year on vote of want of confidence, 89; refuses to resign, and reconstructs government by joining forces with Brown, Dorion, and the Rouges, 89; resigns, March, 1864, 90; objects to passing of resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference without submitting them to the people, 119; becomes leader of provincial government in Ontario at Confederation, 141; his character, 141-142.TResigns in 1864, 68.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Taylor,Brit. Am.
Macdonell, Alexander.Represented Lord Selkirk's interests as governor of the Red River Settlement. Had been for some years in the employment of the Hudson's Bay Company. Left the Red River Settlement, 1821, when it was discovered that he had been lining his own pockets at the expense of Selkirk and the settlers. Popularly known asGouverneur Sauterelle, or the Grasshopper Governor.Bib.: Bryce,ManitobaandThe Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Ross,Red River Settlement.
Macdonell, Alexander.MSSheriff of the home district, Upper Canada, 133; Selkirk puts him in charge of the Baldoon Settlement, near Lake St. Clair, Upper Canada, 133.
Macdonell, Alexander.MSSent by North West Company, with Duncan Cameron, to Red River, to break up the Red River Settlement, 172-173; leads attack on the colonists, 175.Bib.: Bryce,The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists.
Macdonell, Alexander(1769-1840). Born at Glen Urquhart, Scotland. Raised a Roman Catholic regiment of which he was appointed chaplain and saw service in Ireland; after the regiment had been disbanded, succeeded in bringing the men to Canada in 1803-1804, and obtained for them an extensive tract of land on the St. Lawrence, in what is now Glengarry County. When the War of1812 was threatened, assisted in raising the Glengarry Fencibles and accompanied them into action. In 1826 consecrated bishop of Kingston. In 1839 returned to England to promote a scheme of emigration from the Highlands, and died at Dumfries the following year.Index:BkRecommended as chaplain of Glengarry corps, 97.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Macdonell,Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada.
Macdonell, George(1770-1870). Member of the well-known Glengarry family of that name. Served for several years in the King's Regiment; instrumental in organizing the Glengarry Fencibles in 1811, of which he was given command. Served with distinction in the War of 1812, particularly in the capture of Ogdensburg and the battle of Chateauguay.Index:BkBecomes colonel of Glengarry Fencibles, 180.Bib.: Lucas,Canadian War of 1812; Macdonell,Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada.See alsoWar of 1812.
Macdonell, John.SSpeaker of first Assembly of Upper Canada, 80, 85.
Macdonell, Lieutenant-Colonel John.Born in Glengarry; son of Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Macdonell, of the 1st Glengarry militia. Present at the capture of Detroit and mentioned in despatches. In 1812 aide-de-camp to Sir Isaac Brock, and took an important part in the battle of Queenston Heights, where he was killed. At the time of his appointment to General Brock's staff was acting attorney-general of Upper Canada.Index:BkProposes to raise corps from among Scottish settlers in Glengarry, 97; his report on American fort at Detroit, 190; Brock makes him his aide-de-camp, 230; carries summons for surrender of Detroit, 251, 255; death of, at Queenston Heights, 306.Bib.: Lucas,Canadian War of 1812; Edgar,Ten Years of Upper Canada; Macdonell,Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada.See alsoWar of 1812.
Macdonell, Miles(1767-1828). Governor of Assiniboia. Born in Scotland. Came to America with his father, Colonel John Macdonell, in 1773; and entered the army. In 1794 lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Volunteers, and captain in 1796. Appointed by Lord Selkirk governor of his projected colony on Red River, and arrived there with a party of colonists in 1812. Opposition on the part of the North West Company culminated in an attack, June 11, 1815, by the Company's agents, on the colonists, and Macdonell, to avoid bloodshed, surrendered. A threatened trial at Montreal fell through, and returned to Red River Settlement, where for nearly twelve years was one of its leading pioneers.Index:MSQuoted on Selkirk's Red River scheme, 100; a United Empire Loyalist, settled in Glengarry, Upper Canada, 150; sent for by Selkirk to take charge of the Red River Colony, 150; sails for Scotland, 150; at Stornoway in the Hebrides, 151; at York Factory, 153-155; at the Red River, 157; winters at Pembina, 158; returns to the Forks, 158-159; difficulties in feeding the colonists, 161; beginning of troubles with the North West Company, 161-164; goes to meet new settlers, 163; summoned to Montreal to answer charges, 164; his proclamation, 169; and its effect, 170-171; sends John Spencer to seize North West Company's provisions at Souris River, 171-172; is arrested and taken to Montreal, 174.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay CompanyandThe Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Ross,Red River Settlement; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West.
MacDonnell, Alan.BAddresses Toronto Board of Trade on importance of acquiring North-West Territories, 216.
Macdougall, William(1822-1905). Born in Toronto. Educated at VictoriaCollege, Cobourg; admitted as a solicitor in 1847, and as barrister, 1862. Engaged in journalism; founded theCanada Farmerin 1848, and theNorth Americanin 1850. A member of the Assembly from 1858 to 1867; of the Dominion Parliament, 1867-1882; and of the Ontario Legislature, 1875-1878. In 1862-1864 commissioner of crown lands; and provincial secretary, 1864; minister of public works in first Dominion government, 1867; attended the Westminster Conference, 1866-1867; commissioner to London for the acquisition of North-West Territories, 1868; lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 1869; and member of the Ontario Boundary Commission.Index:BLOne of the leaders of the new Radicalism,—editor of theNorth American, 341.EA leader of the Clear Grits, 110.BA leader of the Clear Grits, 39; a young lawyer and journalist, 40; edits theNorth American, 40; denounces George Brown, 40; secretary of Reform Convention, 1859, 137; suggests joint authority for federal purposes, in Confederation debate, 137; enters coalition ministry, 159; defeated in North Ontario, 160; elected in North Lanark, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; relations with Macdonald, 202-203; defends his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202, 209; his work on theGlobe, 245.HAccompanies Macdonald to Halifax, 1868, 210; meets Joseph Howe, on his way to Fort Garry to assume duties of governor, 227; blames Howe for fomenting trouble, 227.COn mission for purchase of Hudson's Bay Company's territories, 68; attempts to enter North-West as lieutenant-governor, 69.RGraduate of Victoria College, 144.MdMinister of public works, 134; agrees to maintenance of coalition, 137; lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 1869, 138; accompanies Macdonald to Halifax, 144; quarrels with Howe, 153, 154; introduces series of resolutions on acquisition of North-West Territories, 156; sent to London to negotiate annexation of territories, 156-157; appointed lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 158; refused admittance to the territory, 159.TEnters coalition government, 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76; enters first Dominion government, 128, 129.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Morgan,Can. Men.
Macé, Sister de.LHer labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.
McEvoy, J. M.SHis pamphlet onThe Ontario Townshipquoted, 89.
McGee, Thomas D'Arcy(1825-1868). Emigrated from Ireland to the United States, 1842, and became editor of the BostonPilot; returned to Ireland and editedThe Nation, the Young Ireland's party organ; fled to New York; came to Canada in 1857. Established and edited theNew Erain Montreal; elected to Parliament for the same city; president of Executive Council, 1862-1863; minister of agriculture, 1864-1867. Took a leading part in the movement for the Confederation of the provinces. Shot by a Fenian, P. J. Whelan, in Ottawa, April 9, 1868,Index:BOn Confederation movement, xi; his speech on Confederation—names founders of movement, 129, 130, 147; in Taché's government, 1864, 149.MdTakes part in debates on resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference, 118.THis work for Confederation, 65, 67; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76.Bib.: Works:Canadian Ballads;Popular History of Ireland;Notes on Federal Governments;Speeches and Addresses Chiefly on Subject of British American Union;Poems, with biog. sketch by Mrs. J. Sadlier. For his minor publications in Canada, and works published before coming to Canada,seeMorgan,Bib. Can.For biog.,seeTaylor,Brit. Am.andThomas D'Arcy McGee: Sketch of his Life and Death; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years.
McGill, James(1744-1813). Born in Glasgow, Scotland. Emigrated to Canada. For some years engaged in the western fur trade; and in partnership with his brother, Andrew McGill, acquired a large fortune. Sat in Lower Canada Parliament for several years, and in the Legislative and Executive Councils. An officer of the Montreal militia, and in 1812 brigadier-general. Devoted a large part of his wealth to various institutions in Montreal, and was the founder of the university that bears his name.Index:BkFounder of McGill University, 100.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.See alsoMcGill University.
McGill, John(1752-1834). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Virginia in 1773. Espoused the royal cause in the Revolution; in 1777 a lieutenant in the Loyal Virginians, and in 1782 a captain in the Queen's Rangers. In 1783 came to St. John, New Brunswick, and in 1792 to Upper Canada. Became a member of the Executive Council, 1796, and of the Legislative Council, 1797. In 1801 appointed inspector-general of accounts.Index:SAccompanies Simcoe as commissary of stores, 47; appointed by Simcoe purchasing agent for military supplies, 212; temporarily superseded, but later confirmed in appointment, 213.
McGill, Peter(1789-1860). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in 1809; became a wealthy merchant of Montreal. President of the Bank of Montreal, 1834 to 1860. In 1841 appointed to the Legislative Council; Speaker, 1847; a member of the Executive Council. In 1834-1838 chairman of the St. Lawrence and Champlain Railway Company; in 1840-1842 mayor of Montreal. A governor of McGill University; and of Montreal general hospital.Index:SyMember of Constitutional Association, 112.EPresident of Legislative Council and member of Sherwood administration, 45; his vote helps to keep government in power, 45.BLMember of Legislative Council, 1841, 83.Bib.: Taylor,Brit. Am.; Dent,Last Forty Years.
McGill University.Founded through the far-sighted liberality of James McGill, a merchant of Montreal, who in his will left his property of Burnside and £10,000 to found the college. It was granted a royal charter in 1820, and opened in 1829. The original bequest proving insufficient to complete the college buildings, a further sum was given by William Molson for that purpose. A new charter was obtained in 1852. The period of greatest development of the university dates from 1855, when J. W. Dawson was appointed principal. The university has been fortunate in receiving generous bequests from wealthy citizens of Montreal, notably from Peter Redpath, Sir W. C. Macdonald, and Lord Strathcona.Bib.: Dawson,Historical Sketch of McGill UniversityinCanada: An Ency., vol. 4;Ency. Brit.; Ency. Amer.
McGillivray, Simon.One of the leading partners of the North West Company. Signed the agreement of 1821 under which the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies were amalgamated.Index:MSHis declaration that "Lord Selkirk must be driven to abandon his project, for his success would strike at the very existence of our trade," 172; arrested by Selkirk at Fort William, 189.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
MacGillivray, William.Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, and entered the service of the North West Company. In 1786-1787 had charge of the North West Company post at Lac des Serpents, in opposition to Roderick McKenzie of the rival Company. In the spring, the two traders with their men set out together for their respective headquarters at Grand Portage, and arrived there side by side, the crews singing in chorus, to the no small amazement of the Grand Portage people. MacGillivray and McKenzie were ever after firmfriends. The former became a partner of the North West Company in 1790; signed the agreement of 1804; and was one of the most influential of thebourgeois. Fort William was named after him in 1807. Made a legislative councillor of Lower Canada in 1814, in recognition of his services to the government during the War of 1812. Returned to Scotland before the fusion of the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company; bought an estate in Argyllshire, and died there about 1825.Index:MSFriendly rivalry with Roderick Mackenzie, of the X Y Company, 15; buys Pond's share in North West Company, 58; Fort William named after, 100.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie Nord-Ouest.
M'Govoch.DrDischarged soldier, offers testimony in Walker case, 35; tried for perjury and sent to prison, 38.
Machray, Robert(1831-1904). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen and Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1855; and priest, 1856; in 1858 elected dean of his college; vicar of Madingley till 1865, when appointed bishop of Rupert's Land; in 1893, on the union of the Anglican churches in Canada, became archbishop of Rupert's Land and primate of all Canada. Professor of ecclesiastical history and liturgiology in St. John's College, Winnipeg, and chancellor of the University of Manitoba.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.; Machray,Life of Archbishop Machray; Mockridge,Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
McIntosh, John.McMackenzie's brother-in-law, 482; house attacked by mob, 482.
MacIntyre, Duncan.MdDirector of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 236.
Mack, Karl Freiherr von(1752-1822).BkAustrian general, surrender of, 72.
Mackay, Alexander.Accompanied Alexander Mackenzie on his memorable journey of 1793 to the shores of the Pacific. In charge of Île à la Crosse House, 1797-1799; signed the Montreal agreement of 1804, as one of the partners of the North West Company; joined the Pacific Fur Company, 1810, and sailed to Astoria with Franchère that year. Murdered on theTonquin, near Nootka, in 1811.Index:MSWith Mackenzie on expedition to Pacific, 67; at Astoria, 67; killed on theTonquin, 67.DEngaged by Astor for the Pacific, 95; slain by Indians on theTonquin, 95; his widow marries Dr. John McLoughlin, 95; succeeds Douglas in command of northern posts, 187.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.See alsoDouglas; Mackenzie;Tonquin.
McKay, James.Born in Edmonton, Alberta. Educated at the Red River Settlement. For a time in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. A member of the Council of Assiniboia and of the North-West Council. Appointed to the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870. Minister of agriculture, 1875-1878. Died, 1879.
McKay, Joseph William(1829-1900). Born at Rupert House, Hudson Bay. Crossed the mountains to Fort Vancouver in 1844; had charge of various trading posts west of the mountains, and rose to the rank of chief trader; also made important explorations in what is now the province of British Columbia. Became one of the first members of the Legislative Assembly of Vancouver Island, 1855. Retired from the Company's service, 1879. Appointed to the Department of Indian Affairs of Canada in 1883.Bib.: Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names.
McKee, Colonel.SIndian superintendent in the west, 126, 141, 210.BkHis influence over the Indians, 280.
Mackellar.WMChief engineer, accompanies Wolfe in reconnaissance of Island of Orleans, 93.
Mackenzie, Alexander(1822-1892). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Kingston, Canada, in 1842; in 1848 started in business at Sarnia as builder and contractor; in 1852 editor of theLambton Shield, a reform newspaper; member for Lambton in the provincial Parliament 1861-1867; and from 1867 to 1892 a member of the Dominion Parliament. In 1873 became premier and minister of public works, the first liberal premier of the Dominion. In 1878 his government defeated by the Conservative party. Leader of the opposition until 1880, when he resigned on account of ill-health, but remained in Parliament for some years, being elected for East York in 1882 and 1887. Declined knighthood three times.Index:McHis letter in reference to George Brown, 496.MdLeader of opposition in succession to George Brown, 150; Supreme Court organized under his administration, 1875, 151; moves an amendment to the address, 208; called upon to form a ministry, 1873, 211; pessimistic over the Canadian Pacific Railway scheme, 234, 235; replaced in leadership by Edward Blake, 235, 261.EPremier of Liberal government under which simultaneous voting was required by law, 133.BSigns requisition to George Brown to stand for Kent, 61; votes against proposal that three members of opposition should enter the government, 157; opposes Reformers taking seats in coalition ministry, but holds that they should give Confederation an outside support, 199, 204; on George Brown's character, 243; on Brown's relations with the parliamentary leaders after retirement, 247-248; on Brown's last days, 257; character of his speeches, 259.DHis connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway negotiations, 321.THis Cabinet, 90; opposes coalition idea, 128; his ministry resigns, 136.Bib.: Works:Speeches in Scotland and Canada;Life and Speeches of George Brown. For biog.,seeBuckingham and Ross,Life of Alexander Mackenzie; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Leggo,History of the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin in Canada; Stewart,Canada under the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin.