Old Fort, near Annapolis Royal From the John Ross Robertson collectionOld Fort, near Annapolis Royal From the John Ross Robertson collection
Anglican Church.SeeChurch of England.
Anglin, Timothy Warren(1822-1886). Born in Ireland. Came to St. John, New Brunswick, 1849. EstablishedWeekly Freemanthat year. Elected to New Brunswick Legislature for St. John, 1860. Opposed Confederation. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867, for Gloucester. Elected Speaker, 1874, and again in 1878.Index:CDemands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73.TElected for St. John to New Brunswick Assembly on Anti-Confederate ticket, 85; member of Smith government, 91; his influence, 93; differences with colleagues in railway matter, 94; resigns his seat, 1865, 95; defeated for county of St. John, 1866, 109.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.
Angus, Richard Bladworth(1831- ). Born at Bathgate, near Edinburgh. Came to Canada, 1857, and joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal. Rose steadily in the service of the bank, and in 1869 became general manager. President of the Bank of Montreal, 1910; and director of the Canadian Pacific Railway.Index:MdDirector of Canadian Pacific Railway syndicate, 236.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Anian, Strait of.Dr. Ruge says that the name arose through a misunderstanding of Marco Polo's book (bk. 3, ch. 5). His Ania "is no doubt the present Anam, but the Dutch cartographers thought that this land was in north-east Asia, and called the strait that was said to separate the continents the Strait of Anian." The name appears for the first time on Gerh. Mercator's famous maritime chart of 1569.Index:DHistory of search for, 2; De Fuca's voyage to, 9; Carver's River of Oregon, 20.Bib.: Soph. Ruge,Fretum Aniam; Dawson,Canada.
Annand, William(1808-1892). Born in Halifax County. Entered the Nova Scotia Assembly as one of the members for Halifax, 1836; financial secretary in Howe's ministry, 1860-1863. An active opponent of Confederation. Formed the first Anti-Confederate or repeal government in Nova Scotia, 1867; retired in 1874 to accept the position of immigration agent at London, where he died.Index:HElected to represent Halifax in Nova Scotia Legislature, as Joseph Howe's colleague, 1836, 29; assumes control ofNova Scotian, 74-75; publishesMorning Chronicle, 75; advocates central non-sectarian college for Nova Scotia, 82; becomes financial secretary of province, 169; Wm. Miller brings action against for libel, 188; goes to London, 1866, as Anti-Confederate delegate, 192; becomes head of Nova Scotia government, 202; member of repeal delegation to London, 1868, 204; turns against Howe, 208, 209, 217; receives vote of thanks from Nova Scotia Legislature, 218.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Annapolis Royal.When Nicholson, with his fleet and New England troops, captured Port Royal in 1710, he changed the name to Annapolis Royal, in honour of Queen Anne. It was besieged the following year by the Acadians with their Micmac and Penobscot allies, but the New England garrison held the fort. Under treaty of Utrecht, 1713, ceded to England by France. In 1744 Paul Mascarene successfully defended the place against Du Vivier.See alsoPort Royal.Bib.: Calnek and Savary,History of the County of Annapolis; Nicholson,Journal of the Capture of Annapolis(N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 1).
Anne, Saint.LChapel dedicated to, in the church at Quebec, 84; chapels erected to, at Beaupré, 101; relic of, 102.
Annexation to United States.A fitful movement, never reaching serious proportions, and generally the result of temporary or local dissatisfaction with political conditions, or of commercial depression. Goldwin Smith was for many years its prophet.Index:MdFavoured by small wing of Reform party, 23; manifesto issued by business men of Montreal, its causes, 39, 40, 95; opposition to Confederation raises hopes of American party, 118; movement in Nova Scotia, 145; movement in British Columbia, 149; Goldwin Smith, the gloomy prophet of, 293; advocated by Edward Farrer, 312-313.McW. L. Mackenzie not in favour of, 10.BLManifesto of 1849, 336; Sir John Abbott on, 336; advocated by many of the Radicals of Lower Canada, 343.CAdvocated by Democratic party in Quebec, 26; said by Elgin to be popular among commercial classes in 1849, 44; countenanced by Sir John Abbott and L. H. Holton, 44-45; what it would mean for Quebec, 64.BThreatened by repeal of Corn Laws in 1846, 31, 32; the Montreal Manifesto, 36-37; sentiment for, charged against Clear Grits, 42; opposition charged with, in Confederation debate, 185; Brown holds that Reciprocity scheme designed to promote, 194; charge of, denied by Canada First party, 237.ESentiment for, in 1847, 5; Elgin on, 58; Montreal Manifesto, 80-82; advocated by theParti Rouge, 109; Elgin's efforts to counteract movement, 189-190; Durham on, 192-193; conditions favouring movement, 194-195; repeal of Reciprocity Treaty designed to promote, 202.PThreatened in Ninety-Two Resolutions, 92-93; advocated in 1848, and since Confederation, 96; advocated by Papineau, O'Callaghan, and their friends, 97.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years; Weir,Sixty Years in Canada; Kirby,Counter Manifesto to the Annexationists of Montreal; Denison,The Struggle for Imperial Unity.
Anse des Mères.WMFrigates stationed at, 87; British vessels anchored at, 124.
Anstruther's Regiment.WMIn the attack on Quebec, 135; secures Sillery road, 183; detachment keeps Bougainville's corps in check, 189.
Antell.DrA disaffected Montrealer, 122.
Anticosti. The first mention of the island is in Cartier's narrative of his first voyage, 1534. The following year he again visited the island, which he named Isle de l'Assomption. On the origin of the present Indian name,seeW. F. Ganong's note, Royal SocietyTrans., 1889, II, 51. Placed under jurisdiction of Newfoundland in 1763; transferred to Canada, 1774.Bib.: Huard,Labrador et Anticosti; Guay,Lettres sur l'île Anticosti; Schmitt,Monographie de l'île d'Anticosti;Lewis,Menier and his Island.
Apprenticeship, System of.LAdopted with new-comers, in New France, 78.
Archambault, Louis.CConfirms statements as to Cartier's action in connection with alleged alterations in British North America Act, 103.EMember of Seigniorial Commission, 186.
Archibald, Sir Adams George(1814-1892). Educated at Pictou Academy. Studied law; in 1838 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island; and to that of Nova Scotia in 1839. Elected to the Nova Scotia Assembly for Colchester, 1851. Attorney-general of Nova Scotia, 1860-1863. Delegate to the various Conferences leading up to Confederation. Became secretary of state for the provinces in first Dominion ministry. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1870-1872; and of Nova Scotia, 1873-1883. Knighted, 1885.Index:Md.Secretary of state for provinces in first Dominion ministry, 135; succeeds MacDougall as lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 161-162.HBecomes solicitor-general and member of Executive Council of Nova Scotia, 1856, 157; attorney-general, 1860, 169; leader of the opposition, 176; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; supports Confederation, 186; goes to England as delegate to complete Confederation, 189; his interview with Joseph Howe, 189; member of first Dominion ministry, 1867, 198; retires from ministry, and succeeded by Howe, 226.CFirst lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 130.TDelegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; secretary of state in first Dominion ministry, 129.Bib.:Expulsion of Acadians(N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 5). For biog.,seeDent,Can. Por.; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Archibald, Samuel George William(1777-1846). Born in Colchester County, Nova Scotia. Studied law and practised in Nova Scotia; obtained a seat in the Legislature; became Speaker, solicitor-general, and afterwards attorney-general of the province. Chief-justice of Prince Edward Island, 1824-1828, remaining Speaker of the Nova Scotia Assembly and solicitor-general, during the whole term of his incumbency of the chief-justiceship.Index:HContributes toThe Clubin Howe'sNova Scotian, 10; in House of Assembly, 18; leader of popular party, 35; becomes Speaker, 57; appointed Master of the Rolls, 74.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Archives.Provision was made by the Parliament of Canada, in 1872, for an Archives Branch, and Douglas Brymner was appointed Dominion Archivist. His first report appeared in 1873. The earlier reports were of a preliminary nature, but in 1884 the first of the important series of calendars was included in the report. Abbé Verreau made a special report on historical material in Europe bearing on Canadian history, published in 1874. A report on manuscript material in the colonial archives at Paris, by Edouard Richard, was published as a supplement to the report for 1899. Dr. Brymner died in 1902, and Arthur G. Doughty was appointed Dominion Archivist in 1904. The report for 1905, in 3 vols., represented a new departure; the publication of calendars was abandoned, and replaced by volumes containing series of documents relating to definite subjects, systematically arranged. The archives were moved into a special building in 1907. In 1910 began the issue of a series of publications, containing historical journals and other special material. Provincial archives, of a more or less distinct character, have also been established in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Alberta.Index:HdQuoted, 254; Haldimand collection in, 319.
Arctic Archipelago.Embraces the islands lying north of the mainland of Canada. Transferred to the Dominion by an Imperial order-in-council, Sept. 1, 1880.Bib.: Johnson,Canada's Northern Fringe.
Argall, Sir Samuel.Born in Walthamstow, England. A type of the founders of British colonial dominion. Sent, May, 1609, with a small vessel to the new settlement at Jamestown, Va., to trade and fish. The following year took out Lord Delaware to Jamestown, arriving in time to save the colony from starvation. In 1812 carried off Pocahontas to the settlement of Jamestown. Later in the year sent with a vessel of 14 guns to destroy the French settlements on the north coast, regarded as infringing on the Virginia patent. Captured Mount Desert, St. Croix, and Port Royal. On return voyage forced the commandant at New Amsterdam to recognize English suzerainty by hauling down the Dutch flag and running up the English. May, 1617, made deputy governor of Virginia. In 1620 served against the Algerine pirates under Sir Robert Mansell. Knighted in 1622. In 1625 admiral of a squadron cruising after a hostile Dunkirk fleet, and took some prizes. In October, 1625, with the futile expedition against Cadiz under Lord Wimbledon. Died, 1626.Bib.: Argall's own narrative; Parkman,Pioneers of France; Calnek and Savary,History of the County of Annapolis.
Argenson, Pierre de Voyer, Vicomte d'(1626-1710). Succeeded Jean de Lauson as governor of New France, 1658. His governorship marked by personal quarrels with Laval, and a series of humiliating raids throughout the colony by the Iroquois. Recalled in 1661.Index:FArrives as governor, 43; on Laval, 45.LHis opinion of Laval, 29; hostility to Maisonneuve, 176.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime; Douglas,Old France in the New World.
Argyll, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of(1845- ). Married H. R. H. Princess Louise, 1871; succeeded to dukedom, 1900. Represented Argyllshire in Parliament, 1868-1878. Governor-general of Canada (as Marquis of Lorne), 1878-1883. Founded Royal Society of Canada, 1881.Index:MdRefers Letellier difficulty to Imperial government, 249-250.Bib.: Works:Memories of Canada and Scotland;Imperial Federation;Canadian Pictures;Passages from the Past. For biog.,seeDent,Can. Por.;Who's Who; Collins,Canada under the Administration of Lord Lorne.
Arkansas River.LReached by Jolliet and Marquette, 146.
Armistice.In War of 1812.Index:BkEffects of, 261-263, 269, 272; termination of, 270; position of enemy strengthened during its continuance, 272.
Armour, John Douglas(1830-1903). Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar, 1853; made Q.C., 1867; Bencher of the Law Society, 1871. Appointed a puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario, 1877; raised to the chief-justiceship, 1887. Chief-justice of Ontario and president of the Court of Appeal, 1890. Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902; in the same year represented Canada on the Alaska Boundary Commission.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.
Armstrong, Lawrence.Came to Nova Scotia as lieutenant-colonel of General Philipps's regiment. Appointed to the governor's Council, 1720. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1724; held office until 1739. Served in America for more than thirty years. Committed suicide, 1739.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia;Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Arnold, Benedict(1741-1801). A druggist at New Haven, Conn. When the War of Independence broke out, in 1775, organized an expedition against British on Lake Champlain. The same year led a body of picked men to Quebec by way of the Kennebec and Chaudière. After the unsuccessful assault on Quebec, was in several small engagements near Montreal; finally driven out of the province. Given command of Philadelphia; took offence at slights put upon him by Congress, and attempted to betray West Point to Clinton. Afterwards commanded a corps of American refugees on the British side; settled for a time in the West Indies; died in London.Index:DrCaptures and abandons Fort St. Johns, 83; his early life, 104; assigned command of expedition against Quebec, 105; constitution of his force, 106; his march through the wilderness, 107-109; assisted by thehabitants, 110; crosses St. Lawrence and lands at Wolfe's Cove, 110; sends summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; retires to Pointe aux Trembles, 111; repulsed and wounded in attack on Quebec, 128; surrender of his men, 131; is transferred to Montreal, 132-135; advances to meet Foster, 142; burns château of Senneville, 143; his narrow escape, 147; in command of American ships on Lake Champlain, 155; defeated near Crown Point, 156.SApplies for grant of land in Upper Canada, 104.HdHis repulseat Quebec, 112; the invasion, 127; his "Address to the People of America," 227; commissioners sent to Montreal to confer with, 276; furnishes list of rebels to Clinton, 281.See alsoMontgomery; Ethan Allen; American Invasion.Bib.: Arnold,Life of Benedict Arnold; Todd,The Real Benedict Arnold; Sparks,American Biography; Codman,Arnold's Expedition to Quebec; Henry,Arnold's Campaign against Quebec; Smith,Arnold's March from Cambridge to Quebec; Jones,The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Arnoux.WMKing's surgeon, Montcalm carried into house of, 218.
Aroostook War, 1839.WArose out of unsettled boundary question between Maine and New Brunswick, 135.Bib.: Sprague,The North-Eastern Boundary Controversy and the Aroostook War.
Arrangement of 1830.Provided that United States vessels should have access to ports in the British West Indies, in return for a similar privilege granted to British vessels in the ports of the United States.
Arthur.Clergyman.Index:STeaches school at Niagara, 167-168.
Arthur, Sir George(1784-1854). The last lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1838-1841. The chief event of his tenure of office was the suppression of the Upper Canadian Rebellion. Had been successively governor of Honduras and Van Diemen's Land previous to his Canadian appointment; and on leaving Canada appointed to the governorship of Bombay.Index:McGovernor of Upper Canada, 435; disregards clemency petitions, 435; learns of intended attack on Canada, 441; renews reward for Mackenzie's capture, 445; proposes exchange of prisoners and refugees, 463; United States refuses, 463.BkOrganizes military gathering at Queenston Heights, 313.SySucceeds Sir F. B. Head, 109; reactionary in his views, 109-110; his attitude towards responsible government, 125-126; cautioned by colonial secretary, 127; instructed to act in harmony with new governor-general, 144; meets him at Montreal, 153; explains his position and views, 156-161; receives governor-general at Toronto, and hands over seal of province, 197.RHis efforts to repel American attacks, 117; Ryerson disappointed in, 118; proposes division of Clergy Reserves, 119.SeeRebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada).Bib.: Kingsford,History of Canada; Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion; Bradshaw,Self-Government in Canada; Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
Asgill, Sir Charles(1762-1823). A lieutenant in Cornwallis's army, 1780. Taken prisoner at Yorktown, condemned to death by the Americans, to avenge death of a Revolutionary officer. Marie Antoinette having been interested in his fate, interceded, and Asgill was released. Afterwards served in the Low Countries and in Ireland.Index:DrChosen by lot for retaliatory hanging, 198.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron(1774-1848). Entered Parliament in 1806. Opposed measures against American commerce. President of board of trade and master of mint, 1834. Raised to peerage, 1835. Commissioner at Washington for settlement of boundary dispute, 1842.Index:BLSettles difficulties between Great Britain and the United States, 118.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Ashburton, John Dunning, First Baron(1731-1783).Index:DrOpposes Quebec Act in House of Commons, 65.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Ashburton Treaty.Negotiated between Great Britain and the United States, 1842, Lord Ashburton acting for the former and Daniel Webster on behalf of the latter. Provided for the settlement of the international boundary between Maine and Canada. Of the territory in dispute, the United States got about seven-twelfths and Canada five-twelfths. Also provided for the determinationof the boundary in the St. Mary River and thence to the Lake of the Woods; for the free navigation of the St. John River; for the suppression of the slave trade, and for the extradition of criminals.Index:SySydenham takes part in negotiations leading to, 336.WBoundary question settled by, 135.TSettlement of, checks projected railway from St. Andrews to Quebec, 53.BLSettlement of, 118.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years; Winsor,Narrative and Critical History,Vol. vii; White,The Ashburton Treaty, inUniv. Mag., October, 1907;The Ashburton Treaty: an Afterword, inUniv. Mag., December, 1908; Houston,Canadian Constitutional Documents; Hertslet,Treaties and Conventions.
Assembly.SeeHouse of Assembly.
Assiniboia.One of the provisional districts carved out of the North-West Territories, in 1882. Now included in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, principally in the latter.
Assiniboine Indians.A tribe of the Siouan family; first mentioned in the JesuitRelationof 1640. They separated from the parent stock early in the seventeenth century, and moved north and north-west to the region about Lake Winnipeg. Later they spread over the country west of Lake Winnipeg, to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. Their population was estimated at 8000 in 1829. One-half this number perished in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. They are now settled on reservations in Alberta, and in Montana.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians.
Assiniboine River.Discovered by La Vérendrye in 1736. Fort Rouge was built at the mouth of the river in that year, as well as Fort La Reine, near the present city of Portage la Prairie. From the latter fort, two years later, La Vérendrye set forth on his memorable journey to the Mandan Indians on the Missouri. Before the close of the century, both the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company had trading establishments at various points on the river. First named Rivière St. Charles; afterwards Rivière des Assiliboilles, and Stone Indian River; finally settling in present form.Bib.: Bryce,Assiniboine River and its Forts(R. S. C., 1892); Dawson,Canada and Newfoundland; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Hind,Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions.
Association of Canadian Refugees.McFormed in 1839, 448; object of, independence of Canada, 449; ended further expeditions against Canada, 449.
Astor, John Jacob(1763-1848). Founder of Astor Fur Company.Index:BkSends news of declaration of war in 1812, 204.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Astor Fur Company.Index:DFounds Astoria, 64.See alsoPacific Fur Company.
Astoria.Established by Pacific Fur Company, 1811. Turned over to the North West Company, 1813, and renamed Fort George. The scene of Washington Irving's delightful narrativeAstoria. The fort stood on the banks of the Columbia River, near its mouth.Index:DAcquired by North West Company, 71, 149; in possession of United States after War of 1812, 133-134; claimed by United States, 150; American flag raised over, 150.Bib.: Franchère,Voyage to the North-West Coast of America; Cox,Adventures on the Columbia River; Ross,Adventures of First Settlers on Columbia River;Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Bradbury,Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811.
Astorians.Name applied to members of the two expeditions fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to found trading establishment at the mouth of the Columbia.One party sailed around the Horn in theTonquin; the other went overland by way of the Missouri and the Columbia.Index:DTheir influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; their first vessel, theTonquin, captured by natives and the crew murdered, 1811, 37; the overland expedition, 71.See alsoPacific Fur Company;Tonquin.
Atahualpa.DVessel, attacked by Milbank Sound savages, 1805, 37.
Atalanta.HdVessel in which Haldimand embarked for England, 309.
Atalante.WMFrench frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.
Athabaska.One of the provisional districts formed out of the North-West Territories in 1882; area about 122,000 square miles. Now divided between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, forming the northern half of each.
Athabaska Lake.First discovered by Peter Pond, about 1778. Ten years later the first trading post on the lake was built by Roderick McKenzie of the North West Company, and named Fort Chipewyan. It was afterwards moved to the north side of the lake.Index: Frobisher's men penetrate to, 5; importance of in fur trade, 21, 24; called Lake of the Hills, 24.
Athabaska Pass.Discovered by David Thompson of the North West Company, in January, 1811. The pass was used thereafter by the traders as a route from the Athabaska to the Columbia.Index:DDiscovered by David Thompson, 58.
Athabaska River.Rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains, close to the head waters of the north branch of the North Saskatchewan, and after a course of 765 miles empties into Athabaska Lake. Discovered by Peter Pond in 1778.Index:MSPond builds post on, 21; named also Elk River and Rivière à la Biche, 21.
Atkins, D. A.SOpens school at Napanee, 167.
Attignaouantans.ChHuron tribe (the Bears), 88, 91.
Attigninonghacs.ChHuron tribe devoted to the French, 92.
Aube-Rivière, François Louis de Pourroy de l'.Appointed bishop of Quebec, Aug. 16, 1739. Arrived at Quebec, Aug. 12, 1740, and died of fever on the 20th of the same month.Index:LBishop of Quebec, 12.
Aubère, Father Joseph.ChJesuit missionary, his labours in Acadia, 236.
Aubert, Joseph.ChDirector of the Company of New France, 170.
Aubert de Gaspé, Philippe(1786-1871). French-Canadian writer.Index:LHis description of Canadians, 118.Bib.: Works:Les Anciens Canadiens, translated into English by Mrs. Pennie, and by C. G. D. Roberts;Mémoires. For biog.,seeCasgrain,Biographies Canadiennes; Roy,Étude sur "Les Anciens Canadiens" (R. S. C., 1906).
Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles(1630-1702). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1655. Chief clerk of the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 1665. Engaged in the fur-trade at Cataraqui, 1674. In 1677 obtained a grant of Ile Dupas. In 1679 made a visit to Paris, and in 1683 back again at Cataraqui. In 1696 prepared an important memoir on the commerce of the colony.Index:LHis description of Canadians, 117-118; his liberality on occasion of Quebec fire, 186.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime.
Aubert de la Chesnaye, Jacques.FTrader, La Barre's dealings with, 175.
Aubry.WMForce gathered by, and Ligneris, dispersed, 146.
Aubry.ChPriest of De Monts's expedition, at Ste. Croix, 25.
Auckland, George Eden, Earl of(1784-4849).Index:SyPresident of board of trade, when Poulett Thomson was vice-president, 26.
Auguste.HdTransport ship wrecked in St. Lawrence, 40.
Aulneau, Jean-Pierre.Jesuit missionary, with La Vérendrye in his western explorations. Murdered by Sioux on an island in the Lake of the Woods, May, 1736.
Aumont, Maréchal d'.ChChamplain serves under, 1.
Austerlitz.BkBattle of, its significance, 72-73.
Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d'.SeeRuette d'Auteuil.
Avaugour, Pierre Dubois, Baron d'.Governor of New France, 1661-1663, succeeding D'Argenson.Index:FGovernor, 45; disagrees with clergy on liquor question, 46; describes earthquake, 46.LHis attitude on liquor question, 10, 38; recalled, 39; his report on Canada, 40.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime.
Aylesworth, Sir Allen Bristol(1854- ). Born in Newburgh, Ontario. Educated at Newburgh High School and at the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1878; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed one of the British Commissioners in connection with the settlement of the Alaska boundary, 1903; elected to the House of Commons, 1905; postmaster-general, 1905; minister of justice, 1906; British agent in connection with the Fisheries case before the Hague Tribunal, 1910.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men.
Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth, Baron(1775-1850). Entered the army, 1787; served in the West Indies, in Holland, and in the Peninsula under Wellington. Reached the full rank of general, 1825, and in 1830 became the governor-general of Canada; returned to England, 1835.Index:BkPresent with Brock at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17.BLPays official salaries from the war chest, 21.PHis influence did not extend beyond Quebec—hostility towards French-Canadians, 39-40; his conciliatory attitude, 75-76; at open war with the Assembly, 77-78; remonstrates with Assembly, 86; refuses to interfere in factional strife in Montreal, 87; held responsible by Papineau and his friends for cholera epidemic, 88-89; bitterly attacked in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 95; attacked by Papineau, 100, 105; criticizes the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 106.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Aylwin, Thomas Cushing(1806-1871). Born in Quebec city. Studied law and called to the bar, 1828. First entered public life, 1841, as member for Portneuf. After filling the office of solicitor-general in two administrations, raised to the bench, 1848.Index:SyOpposed to union of provinces, 235.BLMember for Portneuf, his relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cuvillier for speakership, 1841, 87; his attitude as to debt for public works, 99; denounces government, 130; becomes solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 134; elected for Quebec, 1844, 252; his bitter attack on Metcalfe on his elevation to peerage, 257; solicitor-general, 284.EOne of opposition leaders in 1847, 45; returned in 1847 elections, 50; solicitor-general for Lower Canada in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; member of Seigniorial Court, 187.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years.
Babbitt, Samuel.TMaster of Madras School, Gagetown, New Brunswick, 5; also clerk of the parish, 5.
Baby, James(1762-1833). Born at Detroit. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and in 1784 travelled in Europe. On his return the following year engaged in the fur trade at Detroit. On the formation of the province of Upper Canada in 1791, appointed a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils. Simcoe made him lieutenant for the county of Kent and judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Commanded the 1st Regiment of Kent militia in the War of 1812. In 1815 succeeded McGill as inspector-general of accounts for UpperCanada.Index:BkHis house occupied by General Hull, 209, 229.SMember of Legislative and Executive Councils, 79.Bib.: Daniel,Nos Gloires Nationales; Morgan,Cel. Can.
Baby, Louis François Georges(1834-1906). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1857; made a Q.C., 1873. Represented Joliette in Dominion House, 1872-1880; minister of inland revenue, 1878-1880. Appointed puisne judge of Superior Court of Quebec, 1880; transferred to Queen's Bench, 1881.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Morgan,Can. Men.
Back, Sir George(1796-1878). Entered the navy as midshipman in 1808; accompanied Franklin on his Arctic expeditions of 1818, 1819-1822, and 1824-1827. Promoted lieutenant, 1822, and commander, 1827. In 1833-1835, led an expedition through what is now northern Canada, to the shores of the Arctic, to ascertain the fate of Captain Ross. The expedition resulted in the exploration of Great Fish River, which was renamed Back River in honour of the explorer. In 1836 explored the Arctic coast, between Regent Inlet and Cape Turnagain. Twice granted the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society; knighted, 1839; promoted admiral, 1857.Bib.: Works:Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition;Narrative of Expedition in H.M.S. Terror. For biog.,seeDict. Nat. Biog.
Badeaux.DrHis account of American invasion, 89.
Badgley, William(1801-1888). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called to the bar, 1823. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1847-1855; member of the Executive Council for Lower Canada, 1847-1848; appointed attorney-general. Judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1855-1863; assistant judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Quebec, 1863-1864; puisne judge of the same Court, 1866-1874.Index:EMade a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187.SMember of Constitutional Association, 112.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
Badin, Father.LCompanion of Father Marquette, 62.
Bagot, Sir Charles(1781-1843). Born in England. Educated at Rugby and Oxford; entered Parliament, 1807, becoming under-secretary for foreign affairs. Minister plenipotentiary to France, 1814; and to the United States, 1815-1820. Privy councillor, 1815; ambassador to St. Petersburg, 1820; and to the Hague, 1824. Governor-general of Canada, 1841-1843. Died in Kingston soon after retiring from office.Index:SyFollows Canadian line of policy, 351; finds country tranquil, 355.BLHis letter to Lord Stanley on La Fontaine's arrest, 49; succeeds Sydenham, 113; a Tory of the old school, 113; previous career, 113; his policy, 113-114; studies political conditions, 114-115; his popularity in Lower Canada, 115; plans a coalition government, 117; his speech from the throne, 122; anxious to bring Baldwin and La Fontaine into Cabinet, 121; his letter to La Fontaine, 122-124; denounced by Tory press, 140-142; difficulties of his position, 141; his illness, 149; subjected to bitter attacks and censure, 149-152; asks for and obtains his recall, 152; his death, May 19, 1843, 152; denounced even in death, 153; on responsible government, 162, 163, 164; Kaye on, 171; lays corner-stone of King's College, 193.EHis political attitude as governor, 30; friendly towards French-Canadians, 30-31.RSupported by Ryerson, 122; favourable attitude towards popular government, 126; question of popular education, 163.BRelations of Peel government with, xii; friendly attitude towards French-Canadians, 16; attacked by Tories for bringing La Fontaine and Baldwin into Cabinet, 16; his action denounced by Peel and Duke of Wellington, 17, 18; recalled at his own request, 18; his death, 18.CConcedes responsible government, 17.MdSucceeds Sydenham, 17; bringsReform leaders into Cabinet, 18; resigns government, 18.Bib.: Richardson,Eight Years in Canada; Kingsford,History of Canada, Dent,Last Forty YearsandCan. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bagot, Father.LDirector of Jesuit college of La Fléche, 20.
Baie de Chaleur.In west coast of Gulf of St. Lawrence, on boundary between Quebec and New Brunswick. Discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534, described in his narrative, and so named because he found it as warm there as in sunny Spain.
Baie St. Paul.A village in Charlevoix County, sixty miles below Quebec.Index:WMSettlements near burnt by Wolfe's orders, 150.
Bailiffs.DrAccused of instigating litigation, 53.
Baillie, Thomas.WCommissioner of crown lands for New Brunswick, 1824-1851, 21; his income exceeded that of the lieutenant-governor, 21; his enormous pension, 22; protests against reduction of his salary, 62; surveyor-general, retires, 69; elected to Assembly for York, 103; retires from government and pensioned, 116.
Bailly, Mgr.DrCoadjutor bishop of Quebec, on education in Canada, 229.
Bailly, François.LMaster mason of Montreal church, 88.
Bain, James(1842-1908). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with his parents at early age; educated at the Toronto Academy and the Toronto Grammar School. Spent some years in London engaged in the publishing business. Returned to Canada, 1882; appointed chief librarian of Toronto Public Library, 1883.Index:BkDiscovers list of Brock's books, 135.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men.
Baldoon.A settlement near Lake St. Clair in Upper Canada, made by Lord Selkirk, 1803, and named after one of his own estates.Index:MSHighland colonists in Prince Edward Island settled at, 133; Alexander Macdonell in charge of, 133.
Baldoon Street.Built by Selkirk settlers, from Baldoon to Chatham on the River Thames.Index:MSConnected Baldoon and Chatham, 33.
Baldwin, C. T.Born in Ireland. Entered the army; served throughout the Peninsular War; afterwards in the West Indies; for a time in the service of the emperor of Brazil. Emigrated to Canada. Served during the Rebellion of 1837-1838, in command of a regiment of militia. A magistrate, and in political life a follower of Robert Baldwin. Died, 1861.Index:BPresents address to Elgin, 36.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
Baldwin, Robert(1804-1858).Index:BLName associated with responsible government, ix; a "man of one idea," ix; his ancestry, 23; born, May 12, 1804, at York, 25; early years, 25; studies law, 25; called to the bar, 1825, 26; political views, 27; in public life, 28; drafts Willis petition, 29; enters the Legislature, 31; defeated in next election, 31; his marriage, 32; appointed to Council by Head, 38; recommended by Colborne for a seat in Legislative Council, 38-39; death of his wife, 39; his letter to Peter Perry, 39; disapproves of an elective Legislative Council, 40; resigns from Council, 41; sails for England, 42; his connection with Rebellion of 1837, 44-45; enters into correspondence with La Fontaine and other Lower Canada leaders, 63; offered by Sydenham solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, and accepts, 63; made an executive councillor, 64; resigns office, 64; his action condemned, 64; his motives, 64-67; elected in two constituencies, 69; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 76; his views, 76-77; his letter to Sydenham on personnel of new Cabinet, 78-79; calls meeting of Reform party, 79; commends reconstruction of ministry, 79-80; his resignation, 80; censured by Poulett Scrope, 80; his uncompromising attitude in matter of responsible government, 81; his attitude in the Legislature, 85; his speech on responsible government, 1841, 92-94; supports Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; sides with French-Canadians on question of public works, 99; opposes Municipal Government Bill, 102; his relations with Hincks, 103; his resolutions on responsible government, 108-110; proposes candidature of La Fontaine in York County, 116; Bagot anxious to bring him into the Cabinet, 121; referred to in Draper's speech, 127; replies to Draper, 128-130; withdraws amendment, 132; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 134; his defeat in Hastings—account of the election, 134-136; beaten in York, 136; elected for Rimouski, 137; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance with La Fontaine, 142-143; personal appearance, 148; references to in petition to governor, 166, 167; Kaye's description of, 169, 170-171; Davies on, 172; his part in the Assembly, 178-179; moves resolution to remove capital to Montreal, 182; his speech, 183; his bill for the discouragement of secret societies, 185-188; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 187; his University of Toronto Bill, 190-197; resigns office, 199; his interview with Metcalfe, 201; the official statements of La Fontaine and Metcalfe, giving their respective versions of the causes of the ministers' resignation, 201-209; presents to Assembly the reasons for his resignation, 213-214; returns to practise law in Toronto, 217; Wakefield on, 219; heads the agitation against Metcalfe in Upper Canada, 220; guest of honour at Toronto banquet, 220-221; his speech, 221; address before Reform Association, 221-223; speaks at public meetings, 225; address from his constituents of Rimouski, 225; tours Lower Canada, 226; his political views, 229-230; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, 236; his speech in Toronto, May, 1844, 238; attacked by Buchanan, 239-240; criticized by Ryerson, 242, 243, 245-246; resigns as Queen's Counsel, 250; elected in York, 252; his University Bill, 256; moves vote of censure against the governor-general, 256; attacks Metcalfe in the Assembly, 257; referred to in Caron's letter, 260; correspondence with La Fontaine as to Draper's proposals, 261, 262, 263-265; his speech at public dinner given him in November, 1846, 268-269; his tour of Western Canada, 269; on responsible government, 273; moves amendment to address, 277; aids in foundation of Emigration Association, 278; elected in York, 279; in second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281-284; proposes Morin for Speaker, 283; interview with Elgin, 285; re-elected, 286; his Municipal Corporations Act and University Act, 292-300; revision of judicial system in Upper Canada, 300-301; his part in Rebellion Losses Bill, 310, 311-312; burned in effigy in Toronto, 318-319; his boarding house in Montreal attacked by the mob, 324; petitions for removal of Navigation Act, 337; his political views, 339-340; his relations with George Brown, 342; his attitude on secularization of Clergy Reserves, 348-349; his resignation, 352-353; MacNab's tribute, 353; defeated in York and retires finally from public life, 357; lives in retirement at "Spadina," 357; made a C.B., 357; offered chief-justiceship of Common Pleas, 357; and nomination for seat in Legislative Council, 358; failing health compels him to decline both offers, 358; his death, Dec. 9, 1858, 358; value of his public work, 359-360.SyHis premature demand for strict party government, 187; consulted by Sydenham in regard to Clergy Reserves question, 247; made solicitor-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283; advises Sydenham as to choice of returning officers and polling places, 290; his defection from Sydenham's government, 294, 296; opposes some of the most beneficial measures of government, 296; loses for a time sympathy of Reformers, 299, 307; Sydenham's remarks upon hismanœuvres, 305-307; opposes Sydenham's Bill for local self-government in Upper Canada, 323.RResigns, 122; forms party with Hincks, La Fontaine, and others, 122; moves resolutions on responsible government, 122-123; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126, 128; his scheme for a provincial university, 149-152; his resignation, 152; his University Bill of 1849, 157-159, 160; secures disallowance of School Bill of 1849, 182.EOn responsible government, 28; his political attitude, 30; forms ministry with La Fontaine in 1842, 31; his greatest desire the success of responsible government, 32; his conflict with Metcalfe, 34; in opposition, 45; returned in elections of 1847, 50; on parliamentary government, 51; sent for by Elgin, 52; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 53; remains in office until 1851, 85; sound views on parliamentary practice, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical statesmanship, 93; carries measure for creation of University of Toronto, 93, 94; views on Clergy Reserves, 102-103, 160, 162-163, 164; his resignation and its causes, 103-104, 112; his retirement from politics, 104, 107; and death, 1858, 104, 220; his strong views on Imperial connection, 229-230; his value as a statesman, 236.PAlliance with La Fontaine, 168.CForms alliance with La Fontaine, 16; called to Council by Bagot, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again, 1846, 18; "great reformer and good man," 97; his influence with La Fontaine's against racial antagonisms, 97; with La Fontaine, 99; wins constitutional battle, 100; circumstances which led to his retirement from politics, 132.BCalled to Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with Metcalfe, 19; "father of responsible government," 21; criticized by Ryerson, 22-23; his views obnoxious to Metcalfe, 23; his wise leadership of Reformers, 24; forms administration with La Fontaine, 33; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 36; legislation of his ministry, 39; government defended by George Brown, 42; his retirement, 44, 47, 48; approves of MacNab-Morin coalition, 78; leader of movement for responsible government, 261; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his retirement, 262.MdBrought into Cabinet by Sir Charles Bagot, 18; resigns, 1843, 18; criticized by extremists in his own party, 22; resigns from La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 46; approves coalition of 1854, 64; cause of his resignation, 78-79.McDefends Judge Willis, 133; supported by Mackenzie, 159; elected to the Assembly, 159; on banks in politics, 170; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294; goes to England, 305; opposed by Head, 305; accompanies flag of truce, 368; retires from Executive Council, 408; Mackenzie defeats government of, 492.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Davin,The Irishman in Canada; Baldwin,Correspondence(Toronto Public Library Mss.).
Baldwin, William Warren.Born in Ireland. Came to Canada 1798, and finally settled in York, now known as Toronto. Represented Norfolk in the Legislature of Upper Canada. Died 1844.Index:BLComes to Canada 1798, 23; practises medicine at York, 24; opens a classical school, 24, 106; practises law, 25; his marriage, 25; father of Robert Baldwin, 25; purchases "Spadina," 26; political views, 26-27; chairman of public meeting in Willis affair, 28; president of Constitutional Reform Society, 42; member of Legislative Council, 177.McUpholds Judge Willis, 132; protests against his removal, 133.Bib.: Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Scadding,Toronto of Old.
Baldwin Reformer.BOrigin of the name, 78.
Ball.DrThe maiden name of Dorchester's mother, 29.
Ball.FFirst given in Canada, 59.See alsoAmusements.
Ballot.SySydenham an early advocate of, 18.
Bancroft, George(1800-1891). Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in Germany. Secretary of the navy, 1845; ambassador to Great Britain, 1846-1849; and in 1867-1874 minister at the court of Berlin.Index:LOn La Salle, 153.ChOn the difficulties encountered by missionaries, 87.Bib.:History of the United States. For biog.,seeHowe,Life and Letters of George Bancroft; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Bank of Upper Canada.Established 1823 with a capital of $41,364, which had increased in 1859 to $3,126,250. Its headquarters were in Toronto. After a long, prosperous career the bank stopped payment in 1866, the chief cause being the collapse in real estate in Canada West in 1857-1858.Index:McIncrease of capital vetoed, 215; run on, 340.Bib.:SeeBanking.
Banking.The first bank established in Canada was the Bank of Montreal, which dates from the year 1817. The Bank of Quebec was established in 1818; and the Bank of Canada the same year. All three were chartered in 1822. A Banking Act was passed in 1841, providing a uniform system of banking. The Act of 1850 prohibited banks other than those incorporated by Parliament or royal charter from issuing notes. It also provided for a deposit with the government to be held as a guarantee; also for bank statistics. Further provisions designed to place banking on a more secure footing were incorporated in the Act of 1871. Further banking legislation was passed in 1881 and in 1890.Index:SySydenham's plans for establishment of bank of issue, 327-329; idea partially adopted by Sir F. Hincks, as finance minister of Dominion, 330.McReport of House on system of, 161.Bib.: Johnson,First Things in Canada; Shortt,Early History of Canadian Banking; Breckenridge,Canadian Banking System; Hague,Banking and Commerce; Historical Sketch of Canadian Banking, in Canada: An Ency., vol. 1;History of the Bank of Nova Scotia; McLachlan,The Nova Scotia Treasury Notes; Walker,History of Banking in Canada.
Banner.Newspaper, published at Toronto.Index:BFounded in 1843 by Peter and George Brown, 3, 5; champions government by the people, 5; on disruption of Scottish Church, 6; controversy with theChurch, 6-7; defines its political principles, 9; becomes theGlobe, 10; Peter Brown writes for, 243.
Baptist Church.Like several other religious denominations in Canada, it had its origin in Nova Scotia. Some Baptists were living in Lunenburg as early as 1753. In 1800 the first Baptist Association was formed at Granville, Nova Scotia, and by 1850 there were Baptist Associations in many parts of the province. In 1828 the Nova Scotia Baptist Educational Society was established. The first church was built in Montreal, 1830; and in 1834 the Baptist Seminary of New Brunswick was founded at Fredericton. In 1852 the Baptist Missionary Society of Canada was established. Since then the Baptists have grown rapidly in all the provinces, and several Baptist colleges and institutions have been established, notably Acadia and McMaster Universities (q.v.). The Baptist Church was organized in British Columbia in 1877.Index:WFirst founded in Fredericton, 1813, 10; represented by one member in Legislative Council, 69.Bib.: Wells,History of the Baptist Denomination in Canada, inCanada: An Ency., vol. 3; Hill,Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada.
Baranof, Alexander Andrevitch(1747-1819). Governor of Russian America. Had been manager of a glass factory at Irkutsk, Siberia; grew tired of the monotonous though profitable business, and engaged in the fur trade of eastern Siberia. Appointed governor of the principal Russian trading company inAmerica, 1790. Nine years later, the different companies were united, and Baranof moved his headquarters from Kadiak to New Archangel (Sitka), where he built a strong fort, with a shipyard, foundry, churches, and hospitals. Even a library and picture-gallery were afterwards added to this little outpost of Russian civilization. In 1818 sailed for home, and died at sea on the voyage.Index:DHis rule at Sitka, 44; his character, 44; his death, 1819, 45,Bib.: Laut,Vikings of the Pacific.
Barbarie, A.WReferred to in Wilmot's speech, 104.TRepresents Restigouche in New Brunswick Assembly, 18.
Barclay, Robert H.Born in Scotland. Took part in the battle of Trafalgar. Sent to Canada, and commander of British naval force on Lake Erie in 1813. On Sept. 10, 1813, defeated by the American fleet under Perry. Subsequently court-martialled, but acquitted. Died, 1837.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Cyc. Am. Biog.See alsoWar of 1812.
Barclay, Thomas(1753-1830). Born in New York. In 1775 served in the British army during the American Revolution, and in 1777 became major. At the end of the war moved to Nova Scotia; entered the House of Assembly, and for some time Speaker. Appointed adjutant-general of militia; served as a commissioner under Jay's Treaty; appointed consul-general at New York for the Northern and Eastern states.Index:BkDeclares war to be inevitable, 202.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Barker, T. B.TFounder of business firm of St. John, 8.
Barkley, Charles William(1759-1832). Served in the East India Company; sailed on a trading voyage for sea-otter skins to the North-West Coast, 1787. Brought his bride with him, the first white woman on the North-West Coast. Discovered and named Juan de Fuca Strait the same year, and carried his cargo of furs to China. In 1792 made another voyage to the North-West Coast, again accompanied by his wife, who kept interesting journals of both voyages. Died at North Crescent, Hartford. Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, discovered and named by him.Index:DHis two voyages to North-West Coast, 23; his wife first woman to visit North-West Coast, 23.Bib.: Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names.
Barnsfare, Captain.DrCommands battery at Près de Ville, 127.
Baronets of Nova Scotia.An order created by James I, in 1625, for the purpose of "advancing the plantation of Nova Scotia." The scheme, which King James had deeply at heart, was designed to assist Sir William Alexander in his ambitious plans of colonization in the New World, by offering a special inducement to men of position in Scotland to take tracts of land in Nova Scotia, and to bring out numbers of colonists to settle upon them.See alsoStirling.Bib.: Duncan,Royal Province of New Scotland and her Baronets; Bourinot,Builders of Nova Scotia; Patterson,Sir William Alexander(R. S. C., 1892); Mackenzie,Baronets of Nova Scotia(R. S. C., 1901);Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts Relating to the Colonisation of Nova Scotia and the Institution of the Order of Knights Baronet of Nova Scotia; Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada.
Barré, Isaac(1726-1802). Born in Ireland. Served under Wolfe against Rochefort in 1757, and at Quebec in 1759, being at Wolfe's side when he fell. Entered Parliament, 1761, and a member until 1790. In 1763-1764 adjutant-general and governor of Stirling; in 1764-1768, vice-treasurer of Ireland and a privy councillor; in 1782, treasurer of the navy.Index:DrOn Quebec Act, 67.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Barren Grounds.The region of northern Canada, lying between the Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay, and from the northern timber-line to the Arctic. First visited by Samuel Hearne in 1770-1772. Late explorers who traversed portions of the country are Franklin, in 1821; Back, in 1833; Dease and Simpson, in 1839; Richardson in 1848; and Anderson in 1855. Within more recent years, Warburton Pike, J. B. Tyrrell, J. W. Tyrrell, D. T. Hanbury and Caspar Whitney have explored parts of the Barren Grounds.Bib.: Hearne,Journey to the Northern Ocean; Franklin,Narrative; Back,Arctic Land Expedition; Simpson,North Coasts of America; Richardson,Arctic Searching Expedition; Anderson,Descent of Great Fish River, inRoyal Geog. Soc. Journal, 1856 and 1857; Pike,Barren Grounds; Tyrrell,Across the Sub-Arctics; Hanbury,Northland of Canada; Whitney,On Snowshoes to the Barren Grounds.
Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount(1717-1793). Entered Parliament, 1740. Lord commissioner of Admiralty, 1746; a privy councillor, 1755; chancellor of the exchequer, 1761; treasurer of the navy, 1762; secretary of war, 1765-1768; joint postmaster-general, 1782.Index:HdInforms Haldimand he owes promotion to the king, 83; summary sent him of Haldimand's expenses, 107; compliments Haldimand, 113; promises Haldimand pay as inspector-general, 329.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Barron, Commodore(1769-1851). Born in Virginia. In command of theChesapeake, on board which were some British deserters, 1807. On the refusal of Barron to give them up, the British frigateLeopardattacked and compelled his surrender. Court-martialled and suspended from rank and pay for five years. Fought and killed Commodore Decatur in a duel, 1820. Became senior officer of the navy, 1839.Index:BkEnlists deserters from British ships on boardChesapeake, 83, 85.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.;Correspondence between the late Commodore Stephen Decatur and Commodore James Barron.
Barter.LPractised in colony in early days, 122.
Barthe, J. G.Member for Yamaska in Canadian Assembly, 1841-1844.Index:BLTakes part in Rebellion of 1837; afterwards editsL'Avenir du Canada; member for Yamaska; offered and refuses seat in Cabinet, 236.
Basques.A pre-Aryan race, occupying the border-land between France and Spain. Assertions have repeatedly been made that they made voyages to America, and discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, before Cartier, and even before Cabot, but these have never been substantiated. All the evidence goes to show that they frequented the Newfoundland fisheries in the sixteenth century, but not earlier.Index:ChContraband traders, 140; threaten French on St. Pierre Island, 174.Bib.: Dawson,The St. Lawrence Basin; Reade,The Basques in North America(R.S.C., 1888); Howley,Old Basque Tombstones at Placentia.
Bathurst, Henry, third Earl(1762-1834). Succeeded to the title, 1794. Entered Parliament, 1793; president of the board of trade, 1807; foreign secretary, 1809; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1812. Directed Britain's colonial policy during the important administrations of Prévost, Sherbrooke, and Dalhousie, in Lower Canada, and of Gore and Maitland, in Upper Canada. Lord president of the Council, 1828-1830; one of the original members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1833.Index:SyColonial secretary, his despatch on Clergy Reserves question, 240.BkHis despatch praising Brock and his officers and announcing bestowal of K. C. B. on Brock, 296.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.;Courts and Cabinets of George IV.
Batiscan.ChMontagnais chief, 68.
Batoche.MdStorming of rebel camps at, 242.See alsoRiel Rebellion, 1885.
Battle of the Plains.SeeQuebec, Siege of, 1759.
Battleford.A town on the North Saskatchewan, at the mouth of the Battle River. In the Rebellion of 1885, it was threatened by Poundmaker's warriors, and relieved by Otter's column. The battle of Cut Knife Creek was fought about thirty-five miles from Battleford.See alsoRiel Rebellion, 1885.
Bay of Quinte.SeeQuinte, Bay of.
Bayfield, Henry Wolsey(1795-1885). Born in Hull, England. Entered the navy, 1806. Had a distinguished career in the navy, and served in Canadian waters, 1814. Subsequently assisted in the survey of the upper St. Lawrence, and appointed Admiralty surveyor, 1817. During his tenure of office surveyed Lakes Erie, Huron, and Superior, with their connecting waters, and almost the whole eastern coast of Canada, including Labrador. Made vice-admiral, 1856, and admiral, 1867. Resided for fourteen years in Quebec, when he removed to Charlottetown. Received the thanks of the Parliament of Canada for his services, 1854. Died in Charlottetown.
Baynes, Edward.Born in England. Served in the West Indies, at the Cape, in the East Indies, and in Malta. From 1794 to 1806 aide-de-camp to Sir James Craig, and in 1807 adjutant-general of the forces in Canada. In the War of 1812 served on the Niagara frontier. Died, 1829.Index:BkAdjutant-general, writes Brock from Quebec, 134, 136, 137, 138, 145; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 145; notifies Brock that he may have service in Spain, 180; letter to Brock in immediate expectation of war, 205; letter on declaration of war, 208; on improvement in militia, 284.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of(1805-1881). British statesman.Index:BLOn Rebellion Losses Bill, 327, 328, 330.Bib.:Speeches and Letters; O'Connor,Life of Beaconsfield; Monypenny,The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bayning, Charles Townshend, first Baron(1728-1810).DrHis criticism of Quebec Act, 66, 67.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bayonne Decree.BkMade by Napoleon; sequestered all American vessels arriving in France as British property or under British protection, 122.
Bearn Regiment.Established 1595, and served with distinction in a number of European campaigns. Landed at Quebec, June, 1755, with the regiment of Guienne and a portion of the Languedoc battalion, and added to its laurels at Fort Frontenac, Niagara, Oswego, Carillon, Fort William Henry, and Ticonderoga. In 1759, on the Plains of Abraham, it occupied the place of honour, having been placed by Montcalm in the centre of his line.Index:WMRegular French troops, 29; in battle of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec; Wood,The Fight for Canada.
Beauchesne.ChClerk, received gifts from Indians, 115.
Beaucour, de.FBrave conduct of, in command of party against Iroquois, 319; superintends improvements in fortifications of Quebec, 326.
Beaudoncourt, Jacques de.LOn the brandy question, 39; his account of escape of Gannentaha mission, 66.
Beauharnois, Charles, Marquis de(1670-1749). Entered French navy, 1686, and rose to the rank of admiral in 1748. In 1726 appointed governor of New France, which position he held until 1747. Took a deep interest in Western exploration, and was a firm friend of La Vérendrye.Bib.: Parkman,Half Century of Conflict; Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle-France(R. S. C., 1903).
Beauharnois, François de(1665-1746). Born in France. Became intendantof New France in 1702 and held the position until 1705. In 1707 granted the barony of Beauville. Appointed intendant de l'armée navale, 1706; intendant of marines, 1710; intendant générale des armées navales, 1739.Bib.: Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle-France(R. S. C., 1903).