Monument to Laura Secord, Lundy's LaneMonument to Laura Secord, Lundy's Lane
Beaumont.A village in Bellechasse County, on the St. Lawrence.Index:WMTroops landed at, 100; proclamation affixed to church door, 101.
Beauport.A village two miles below Quebec.Index:WMDefended by entrenched camp, 80; headquarters of intendant and commissary of stores, 88; hasty abandonment of camp at, with all its stores, 228.
Beaupré, Seigniory of.LAcquired for Seminary of Quebec, 58; chapels and churches erected to Ste. Anne at, 101, 102; pilgrimages to, 102, 103.
Beauséjour.A fort built by the French in 1750-1751, on Chignecto Bay, three miles from the British Fort Lawrence. A little tidal stream, the Missaguash, ran between—nominally marking the dividing line between British and French territory. The fort was captured by the British under Monckton, in 1755, and renamed Fort Cumberland.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley,Fight with France; Hannay,History of Acadia; Murdoch,History of Nova Scotia: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Beaver.DFirst steamship on the Pacific, 1835, 47; carries party to build Fort Camosun (Victoria), 178; north to Forts Taku and McLoughlin, 178; returns to Victoria, 179; to Fort Vancouver, 180; history of ship, 180-181.Bib.: McCain,History of the S.S. Beaver.
Beaver Club.Founded in Montreal in 1775 by the partners of the North West Company. It opened with nineteen members, and at one time the registry showed ninety-three members, with eleven honorary members. Among them were such famous fur traders and explorers as Alexander Mackenzie and his cousin Roderick, the three Frobishers, Alexander Henry and his nephew of the same name, Simon McTavish, James Finlay, Simon Fraser, John Stuart, and David Thompson. The motto of the club was "Fortitude in Difficulties." No one was admitted who had not made a journey to the North-West and wintered there. The club entertained many distinguished guests, including Sir John Franklin, Lord Selkirk, Washington Irving, and the Earl of Dalhousie. The club was disbanded in 1824 after the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. An effort to revive it in 1827 proved unsuccessful.Index:MSFounded by the partners of the North West Company, 139; lavish hospitality and boisterous banquets, 139.BkFamous social club at Montreal, 99.Bib.: Hetherington,Canada's First Social Club, inUniv. Mag., April, 1910.
Beaver Dam, Battle of.In War of 1812. FitzGibbon commanded a detachment of the 49th Regiment, with several hundred Indians. Boerstler, with a party of 600 men, advanced from Fort George by way of Queenston to surprise him, but was ambushed by a body of Indians. FitzGibbon, who had been warned of the approach of Boerstler by Laura Secord, advanced with his men of the 49th and demanded the surrender of the Americans, who, believing themselves surrounded by a superior force, capitulated. The engagement took place June 24, 1813.See alsoWar of 1812.Bib.: Lucas,Canadian War of 1812; Hannay,War of 1812: FitzGibbon,A Veteran of 1812; Curzon,Laura Secord, the Heroine of 1812: Cruikshank,The Fight in the Beechwoods; Thompson,Jubilee History of Thorold.
Beckwith, John A.TConfederate candidate in York, 108.
Becquet, Romain.LClerk of Ecclesiastical Court, arrested, 163.
Bédard, Elzéar.For some years a member of the Assembly of Lower Canada.Moved the celebrated Ninety-Two Resolutions, 1837. Puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837; suspended, but afterwards reinstated. Died, 1849.Index:PMoves the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 117; deserts Papineau, 117; appointed judge by Gosford, 117.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Bédard, Pierre Stanislas(1762-1829). Educated at the Seminary of Quebec; studied law, and appointed advocate, 1790. Elected for Northumberland to the first Legislature of Lower Canada, 1792. In 1806, with a number of other French-Canadians in the Assembly, foundedLe Canadien, to represent the views of the popular party. In 1810 the paper seized, and Bédard and his associates arrested on a charge of treasonable practices. Released the following year. In 1812 appointed judge of the District Court of Three Rivers. Retired in 1829 on account of ill health.Index:PLeader of French-Canadians in Lower Canada Assembly, 27; opposes property tax, 27; establishesLe Canadien, 28; considered by Sir James Craig a dangerous revolutionist, 28; sent to jail, 29; released and charges withdrawn, 29; moves resolution as to ministerial responsibility, 96.CClaims liberty of the press, 95; sent to jail, 95; released, 96; asks for ministerial responsibility, 96.BkArrested, 127; demands trial, 128; released, 145.Bib.: Parent,Pierre Bédard et Ses Deux FilsinJournal d'Instruction Publique, 1859; Christie,History of Lower Canada; De Gaspe,Memoires; Dionne,Pierre Bédard et Ses Fils; Dionne,Pierre Bédard et Son Temps(R. S. C., 1898).
Bedard, Dr. William.TLife-long friend of Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.
Beer, Henry(1835-1886). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Elected to the Assembly, 1870; a member of the ministry, 1872; Speaker of the Assembly, 1877; mayor of Charlottetown, 1885-1886.
Begbie, Sir Matthew Baillie(1819-1894). Educated at Cambridge; and called to the English bar in 1844. Judge of the colony of British Columbia and judge of the Vice-admiralty Court, 1858-1870. Chief-justice of British Columbia, 1870-1894, and also judge of the Admiralty district of British Columbia, 1891-1894. Knighted, 1875.Index:DFirst judge in British Columbia—arrives November, 1858, 239; born in Edinburgh, 1819, 239; succeeds to chief-justiceship of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 239; his services to the colony, 239; his notable journey, 1859, to Upper Fraser, 254; his character, 255.Bib.: Begg,History of British Columbia; Nicolls,Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie.
Begon, Michel, Sieur de la Picardière(1674-1740). Filled the office of inspector-general of marines, in France, 1707-1710. In the latter year appointed intendant of Canada, but did not arrive in Quebec until 1712. Returned to France, 1726, and for some years acted as intendant of justice in Normandy.Bib.: Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle-France(R. S. C., 1903).
Belcher, Jonathan(1711-1776). Second son of Governor Belcher of Massachusetts. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in England; called to the English bar. Appointed chief-justice of Nova Scotia, 1754. President of the Council of Nova Scotia and administrator of the government, 1760. Chiefly instrumental in securing for Nova Scotia a representative Assembly.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Belcour, De.WMBrings promise of supplies to Ramezay, 227.
Belette.DrCaptain of armed boat, assists Carleton's escape at Sorel, 113.
Bell, Dr.WConducts Madras system of schools in New Brunswick, 86.
Bell, Alexander Graham(1847- ). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University and London University; came to Canada in1870. Professor of physiology in Boston University, 1872. Patented his invention of the telephone, 1876; and has also invented the photophone, induction balance, telephone probe, and graphophone. In 1898 appointed regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1909-1910 engaged in aeroplane experiments.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Who's Who, 1910;Addresses before Canadian Club of Ottawa, 1910.
Bell, Hugh.HMember of Uniacke administration, Nova Scotia, 1848, 110.
Bell-Smith, Frederic Marlett(1846- ). Born in London, England. Educated there, and came to Canada, 1866. Founder and first president of the Canadian Society of Artists, Montreal, 1867; director of Alma College 1881; member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1888; director of the Toronto Art School, 1889-1891. President of the Ontario Society of Artists.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Belleau, Sir Narcisse(1808-1894). Born in the city of Quebec and educated there. In 1852 a member of the Legislative Council, and in 1857-1862 Speaker. Mayor of Quebec, 1860, when King Edward VII, as Prince of Wales, visited Canada, and knighted on the occasion. In 1862 appointed minister of agriculture in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry; and in 1865 premier and receiver-general in a coalition government. Appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, 1867; resigned in 1873.Index:BSucceeds Sir E. P. Taché as titular head of coalition government—proposed by J. A. Macdonald, and accepted by George Brown, 191; Macdonald the virtual leader of government, 191.CHis connection with British North America Act, 102-103..MdNominal head of government, 1865, 123.Bib.: Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Dent,Last Forty Years.
Belleville. Town of Ontario on the Bay of Quinte. Founded by Captain Myers in 1790.Index:BLEarly municipal government of, 298; riot over Rebellion Losses Bill, 318.
Bellomont, Richard Coote, Earl of(1636-1701). Member of Parliament, 1688-1695; and served in Ireland, 1689. In 1695 appointed governor of New York, and afterwards of Massachusetts.Index:FCorresponds with Frontenac, 355.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Belmont, François Vachon de.Came to Canada from France in 1680, and joined the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, of which he was superior, 1698-1732. Died the latter year. Left aHistory of Canada, which was published in the first series of Historical Documents of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec.Index:FOn number of captives taken at Lachine, 226; on excessive use of brandy, 312; and footnote.LHis large donations to religious objects, 135; preaches funeral sermon on Laval at Montreal, 265.
Bénédiction.ChEnglish vessel seized by French, 221.
Bennett, George.BAn employee of theGlobe, 256; shoots George Brown, 257; on Brown's death, is tried and found guilty of murder, 258; his mind disordered by misfortunes and intemperance, 258.
Bentham, Jeremy(1748-1832). English writer on jurisprudence and ethics.Index:SyAn associate of Sydenham's, 13.Bib.:Works, ed. by Bowring and Burton, 1843. For biog.,seeDict. Nat. Biog.
Bentivoglis.Papal Nuncio.Index:ChAuthorizes establishment of church in Canada, 84.
Bering, Vitus(1681-1741). Born at Horsens, Denmark. Joined the Russian navy in 1704; and in 1725 sent by Peter the Great to explore the waters east of Kamchatka, and examine the American coast. After a three-years' journeyoverland, reached the eastern coast of Siberia, built vessels there, and in 1728 followed the coast north to the Arctic, proving that Asia and America were not united. In 1733 set out again on the long overland journey, hampered with a huge retinue, and it was not until 1741 that his ships were ready at Petropaulovsk. Sailed to the east, reached and explored the American coast, and was wrecked on what was afterwards known as Bering Island, where he died, Dec. 8, 1741.Index:DHis explorations, 39, 40; his death, 1741, 40.Bib.: Lauridsen,Vitus Bering; Muller,Voyages from Asia to America; Laut,Vikings of the Pacific.
Bering Sea Question.Arose out of a dispute as to the seal-fisheries of Bering Sea. Several Canadian sealers were seized by the United States in 1886, on the plea that these waters constituted amare clausum, or closed sea. Similar seizures were made in 1887 and 1889. Finally the British and United States governments agreed to submit the question to arbitration. The Commission met at Paris in 1893. Lord Hannen and Sir John Thompson represented British interests; the United States was represented by Judge Harlan and Senator Morgan. The other arbitrators were Marquis Visconti Venosta of Italy, Gregora W. Gram of Sweden, and Baron de Courcel of Belgium, who presided. The decision was in favour of Great Britain, and contrary to the claim of the United States to jurisdiction over the waters of the Bering Sea and the seals visiting the coasts and islands of Alaska. Regulations were provided for the better protection of the fisheries; and the United States was required to compensate the Canadian sealers for the unlawful seizure of their vessels.Index:DInfluenced by Russian occupation, 38; settled under Paris award, 1897, 283; history of dispute 340-341.
Berkeley, George Cranfield(1753-1818). Entered the navy, 1766; accompanied Cook in survey of coast of Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1766-1769; and was on theVictoryat Ushant, 1778. In 1786 surveyor-general of ordnance, 1786; and vice-admiral on the Halifax station, 1805-1807, during which time occurred the affair between theChesapeakeand theLeopard.Index:BkGave instructions in matter of deserters enlisted inChesapeake, 83; recalled, 85.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Berlin Decrees.Issued by Napoleon, November, 1806, to the following effect: The British Isles were in a state of blockade; intercourse with them was prohibited; all British subjects within French authority were to be held as prisoners of war; all British property, private and public, was declared to be prize of war; also merchandise from Britain; merchants whose property had been captured by British cruisers were to be indemnified from the product of such seizures; no British ships were to be admitted into any port of France, or her allies; every vessel eluding this rule was to be confiscated. The object of the decrees was to close the continent against British commerce. The British government retaliated by issuing an order-in-council, refusing to neutrals the right of trading from one hostile port to another.Index:BkDirected by Napoleon against commerce of Great Britain, 81, 82, 105, 171, 172.Bib.:Dict. Eng. Hist.; Green,Short History of the English People; Kingsford,History of Canada.
Bernard, Hewitt(1825-1893). Entered the Canadian public service, 1858; deputy-minister of justice, 1867; resigned, 1876. In 1872, created I. C.; and the same year made C. M. G. In 1878 appointed assistant commissioner to France and Spain to negotiate commercial treaties. Aide-de-camp to Lord Monck, 1868, and to Lord Stanley, 1888.Index:TConfidential secretary to the Quebec Conference, 77; acts as secretary to Confederation delegates in London, 121.Bib.: Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Bernardin, of Siena, Saint.LOn the guidance of Providence, 35-36.
Bernetz, Chevalier de.WMCommands battalion of Royal Roussillon Regiment, 12; second in command of the town (Quebec), 86.
Bernières, Henri de(1635-1700). Born in France. Came to Canada with Laval in 1659. Curé of Quebec, 1660-1687; and grand-vicar of the bishop of Quebec. First superior of the Seminary of Quebec, 1663, holding that position till 1688 and from 1693 to 1697.Index:FGrand-vicar of bishop of Quebec, 111.LHead of retreat at Caën, 24; first superior of Quebec Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; administers diocese in Laval's absence, 134; claims ecclesiastical rights, 163; made dean of Chapter, 197; his death, 239.Bib.:Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Gosselin,Henri de Bernières.
Bernières, Jean de.LHis "Hermitage," 24, 25.
Berry Brigade.WMIn battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 258.
Berthelot, François.LLaval's relations with, 138.EHis seigniory of St. Laurent made an earldom in 1676, 181.
Berthier, Alexandre(1638-1709). Born in France. Came to Canada in 1665; and in 1666 commandant at Fort St. Jean, and led expeditions against the Iroquois. In 1672 granted the seigniory of Berthier in Bellechasse County, Quebec.Index:FCommands militia in campaign against Iroquois, 209.Bib.: Charlevoix,History of New France.
Bethune, Alexander Neil(1800-1879). Born in Glengarry, Ontario. In 1823 ordained deacon, and in 1824, priest. In 1847 archdeacon of York (Toronto), and in 1867 consecrated coadjutor bishop of Toronto; succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Bishop Strachan.Bib.: Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.;Cyc. Am. Biog.; Mockridge,The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Bethune, John.Born in Scotland, 1751. Emigrated in his early years to South Carolina, and was chaplain of the loyal militia. In 1786 resided in Montreal; minister of the Presbyterian church there; afterwards appointed to a mission in Glengarry.Index:SPresbyterian minister, reputed author of petition, for repeal of Marriage Act, 161, 162; the first Presbyterian minister to arrive in Upper Canada, 164; received stipend from the government, 164.Bib.: Taylor,Brit. Am.; Macdonell,Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada.
Betts.TProposes construction of European and North American Railway, 26, 27.
Beveridge.TSeconds the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.
Biard, Pierre(1565-1622). Came to Port Royal in 1611, with Masse—the first of their order in New France. The relations of the Jesuits with Poutrincourt and his son Biencourt were far from cordial; little or no progress was made with the conversion of the Micmacs; and in 1613 Biard sailed with Masse for Mount Desert, with an expedition sent out by Madame de Guercheville. They had hardly begun the new settlement, when Argall swooped down, seized their ship, plundered their property, and carried Biard and some of his companions prisoners to Virginia. Argall brought the Jesuit back with him to Acadia the same year; the vessel in which he sailed was carried out to sea, and after a series of adventures Biard finally reached France and remained there.Bib.: Biard,Relation; Carayon,Première Mission des Jésuites au Canada; Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Bibaud, Michel(1782-1857). Educated at the College of St. Raphael.Index:LHistorian, his praise of Talon, 113.POn Papineau, 56.HdOn Haldimand,291.Bib.:Works:Épîtres, Satires, Chansons Epigrammes, et autre Pièces de Vers;Histoire du Canada et des Canadiens sous la Domination Anglaise. For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.
Bidwell, Barnabas.RElection contests, 63.
Bidwell, Marshall Spring(1799-1872). Born in New England. Came to Canada with his father, 1812, and practised law. In 1824-1835 a member of the Upper Canada Assembly; in 1829 elected Speaker of the House, and re-elected, 1835. One of the leaders of the popular party of Upper Canada, and his outspoken sympathy with the Rebellion of 1837-1838 resulted in his banishment.Index:McElected Speaker of the House, 151; defends Mackenzie, 181, 182; moves committee of inquiry, 184; moves Mackenzie's eligibility, 243; discountenances royal veto, 251; again elected Speaker of the House, 261; Head declines to make him judge, 377; defeated for the House, 380; refuses nomination to Convention, 343; gives legal advice to rebels, 343; his part in the Rebellion, 357; accepts voluntary exile, 358.ROne of the leaders of the popular party in Upper Canada Assembly, 66, 67.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andUpper Canadian Rebellion; Morgan,Cel. Can.;Cyc. Am. Biog.; Davin,The Irishman in Canada.
Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Charles(1583-1638?) Son of Jean de Biencourt. Accompanied his father to Port Royal in 1605. Returned to France in 1610; made vice-admiral in the seas of New France, and, somewhat unwillingly, brought with him to Acadia in 1611 the Jesuits Biard and Masse. While absent from Port Royal, the fort was attacked and burnt by Argall in 1613. Biencourt partially rebuilt Port Royal, and was still there in 1618. Returned to France some time before 1621, and appointed director of the Royal Academy of Paris, which position he held up to the time of his death.Bib.: Parkman,Pioneers of France; Patterson,Last Days of Charles de Biencourt(R.S.C., 1896).
Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Jean de, Baron de Saint Just(1557-1615). Had won distinction as a soldier in the service of France; and in 1604 sailed with De Monts and Champlain to Acadia. Was so charmed with Port Royal that he determined to make it his home. De Monts made him a grant of the lands about Annapolis Basin, which the king confirmed. Went back to France and brought out his family to the new settlement. Accompanied Champlain in his exploration of the Bay of Fundy. Jesuit missionaries were sent out to Port Royal, whom Poutrincourt, although a good Roman Catholic, found far from congenial. Their relations became more and more strained, and when Poutrincourt sailed to France in 1613, the Jesuits succeeded in having him thrown into prison. Regained his liberty and returned to Acadia, but found Port Royal in ashes. Returned to France and fell in the attack on Méry.Index:ChGoes with De Monts to Acadia, 19; lieutenant of De Monts at Port Royal, 34; joins Champlain in exploration and erects crosses on coast (Massachusetts), 35; returns to France, 37.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime.See alsoLescarbot; Champlain; De Monts.
Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de(1680-1768). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville. Accompanied Iberville to Hudson Bay in 1697, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson and the defeat of the English fleet. The following year sailed with his brother to the mouth of the Mississippi, where they laid the foundations of the colony of Louisiana. After the death of Iberville, became governor of the colony, and remained there for thirty-five years. Founded the city of New Orleans, and laboured unceasingly toadvance the interests of Louisiana.Index:FJoins war party against Schenectady, 235.Bib.: King,Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville; Reed,The First Great Canadian; Margry,Découvertes des Français.See alsoIberville.
Bierce.McPlans attack on Windsor, 446; lands at Windsor, 447; retreats, 447.
Big Mouth (Grande Gueule).FOnondaga orator, 184, 221.
Biggar, James L.RGraduate of Victoria College, 144.
Bignon.ChCrown lawyer in proceedingsreChamplain's will, 265.
Bigot, François.Born at Bordeaux, Jan. 30, 1703; son of Louis-Amable Bigot. Through his influence at court, obtained several lucrative offices in New France, which he turned to his own personal advantage. Arrived at Louisbourg in 1739. After the capture of Louisbourg in 1745, returned to France, where serious charges of misappropriating public funds had been brought against him, but his influence at court was still powerful enough to extricate him from this scrape, and to secure him the office of intendant of New France, 1748. Sailed for Quebec and arrived the same year. There elaborated a system of peculation, by which every branch of the public service was laid under tribute to enrich himself and his creatures, helping thereby to bring about the final loss of the colony. Returned to France after the conquest of Canada; thrown into the Bastille, and released only to be banished from France.Index:WMIntendant, appearance and character, 32; made profit of famine, 53; gambling habits, 54; reprimanded by minister, 88; hostility to Bougainville, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; letter to Bougainville, 165.HdDisliked, 52.Bib.: Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle-France(R. S. C., 1903); Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe.
Billings, Elkanah(1820-1876). Born in township of Gloucester, Ontario. Studied law, called to the bar, 1845, and practised in Ottawa. Appointed paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1856, and in the same year established theCanadian Naturalist.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Cyc. Am. Biog.; Ami,Brief Biographical Sketch of Elkanah Billings.
Billings, Joseph.Born in England, 1758. Accompanied Captain Cook on his last voyage on theDiscovery; and afterwards entered the Russian navy. Commanded an expedition to the north-west boundaries of Asia in 1785, and in 1786-1794 explored the coasts of Siberia and Alaska.Index:DVisits Unalaska, Nodiak, and Prince William Sound, 1790, 26.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bindon.DrMontreal merchant, treasonable proceedings of, 84.
Bizard.FOfficer of Frontenac, arrested by Perrot, 91.
Blachford, Frederic Rogers, Baron(1811-1889). Born in England. Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1844 registrar of joint-stock companies and commissioner of lands and emigration; from 1860 to 1871 permanent undersecretary of state for the colonies; and in 1871 made a privy councillor.Index:MdOn Macdonald's part in Westminster Conference, 126-127.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Black, John(1817-1879). Born in Scotland. Went to the Red River Settlement as legal adviser to Adam Thom, recorder of Rupert's Land, 1839. Subsequently entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company and rose to the position of chief trader. Went back to Scotland, 1852. Spent some time in Australia, and returned to the Red River Settlement as recorder of Rupert's Land, 1862. Appointed a delegate to Ottawa to present the views of the settlers on the taking over of the country by the Dominion government, 1870. Proceeded to Scotland, where he died.Bib.: Bryce,Manitoba.
Black, John(1818-1882). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to America withhis parents and studied for a time at Delaware Academy at Delhi, New York. Came to Canada and completed his theological course at Knox College, Toronto. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church and proceeded to the Red River Settlement, 1851. Remained in charge of the church at Kildonan until his death.Bib.: Bryce,John Black: The Apostle of the Red River.
Black, William(1760-1831). Born in England. In 1775 came to Canada and became a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. Founded the Wesleyan Church in Nova Scotia, and became general superintendent of British American Wesleyan missions.Index:WThe apostle of Wesleyan Methodism in Maritime Provinces, 137.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Black, William.WPresident of New Brunswick Assembly, 1831; refuses to furnish information, 19; member of New Brunswick Legislative Council, retires, 72.
Black, William.WOf Halifax, father-in-law of Judge Wilmot, 137.
Blackader, Hugh W.(1808-1863). Descended from Loyalist stock. Began to learn the trade of printer at the age of twelve. Acquired an interest in theAcadian Recorder, 1837, and continued to publish the paper until his death. Closely identified with the Reform movement and a strong supporter of Joseph Howe.Index:HCalled upon to prove publication of libel in theNova Scotian, 24.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Black Rock.BkOpposite Fort Erie, fortified, 197.
Blackfoot Indians.A Western confederacy, of Siksika stock. First described in the journal of Anthony Hendry, 1754-1755, and again by Matthew Cocking, 1772-1773. They were then known to the Crees as the Archithinue. Cocking also gives the following for the five tribes in the confederacy: Powestic-Athinuewuck or Water-fall Indians; Mithco-Athinuwuck or Bloody Indians; Koskitow-Wathesitock or Black-footed Indians; Pegonow or Muddy-water Indians; and Sassewuck or Woody-country Indians. Their habitat was then, and until comparatively recent times, in the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, on the upper waters of the Saskatchewan. They are now for the most part on reservations in Alberta.Bib.: Petitot,Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest; Grinnell,Blackfoot Lodge Tales;Hendry Journal(R.S.C., 1908);Cocking Journal(R.S.C., 1909); Franklin,Polar Sea; Catlin,North American Indians.
Blair, Andrew George(1844-1907). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Educated there, and called to the bar, 1866. In 1878 member of the New Brunswick Assembly for York; in 1879 leader of the opposition; and in 1883 premier of the province. In 1896 resigned and became minister of railways and canals in the Dominion government, under Laurier, retiring in 1903. In February, 1904, chairman of the Railway Commission of Canada, resigning in October of the same year.Index:TPremier of New Brunswick during Tilley's governorship, 138.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.;Who's Who, 1906.
Blair, Adam Johnston Fergusson(1815-1867). Member of the Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1848-1857; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860; receiver-general, 1863; member of Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1863-1864; president of the Executive Council, 1866. Appointed president of the Privy Council and a member of the first Dominion Cabinet, 1867.Index:MdPresident of Privy Council in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; agrees to support coalition, 137; his death, 138.BCalled upon to form ministry, but fails, 149.TMember first Confederation ministry, 129.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years.
Blake, Edward(1833- ). Born in Adelaide, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College and University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario, 1859. From 1867 to 1872 a member of Alexander Mackenzie's Dominion ministry; in 1875-1877 minister of justice and attorney-general; and 1877-1878 president of the Council. From 1878 to 1887 leader of the Liberal opposition in the House of Commons. In 1892 went to Ireland and elected member for South Longford in the British House of Commons; retired, 1907.Index:MdFavours attacks Canadian Pacific Railway scheme, 235; resigns leadership of Ontario Liberals, 1872, 152; attacks government on Redistribution Bill, 274; supports Costigan's Home Rule resolution, 277; contrasted with Macdonald, 277-279; mutual antagonism, 277-279; supports Landry's motion that Riel's sentence should have been commuted, 280; not favourable to commercial union, 296; refuses to run in election of 1891, 315; denounces policy of unrestricted reciprocity, 315-316.BHis speech at Aurora advocating Imperial federation, 235, 240.McOn when rebellion is justified, 26, 27.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Who's Who, 1910; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Ewan,Hon. Edward Blake; Taché,Men.
Blake, William Hume(1809-1870). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and emigrated to Canada in his youth. During the Rebellion in 1837, paymaster of the Royal Foresters. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. A member of the Legislative Assembly for East York, 1847, and solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1848-1849. In 1850 chancellor of Upper Canada, retiring March, 1862.Index:BLSpeaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; elected for York, 279; solicitor-general, 1848, 284; absent in Europe, 284; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 314-315; quarrel with MacNab, 315; burnt in effigy in Toronto, 318; raised to the bench, 337.EReturned in elections, 1847, 50; solicitor-general for Upper Canadian first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; father of Edward Blake; attacks Family Compact; bitter conflict with Sir Allan MacNab, 69.BSpeaks before Toronto Reform Association, 1811, 21; burnt in effigy, 36; in the fight for responsible government, 261.MdChallenged by John A. Macdonald, 36.McSolicitor-general, debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por., andLast Forty Years; Read,Lives of the Judges; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Blanchard, Hiram.HSupports Confederation, 186; member of Nova Scotia government, 1867, 198; elected to Legislature, but unseated, 202.
Blanchard, Jotham.HAssociated with Joseph Howe inThe Club, 10; in House of Assembly, 18.
Blanchet, F.BkArrested, 127; discharged, 128.
Blanshard, Richard. Appointed governor of Vancouver Island by Earl Grey; left England, 1849, and reached Victoria in March of the following year by way of Panama. Resigned office in 1850, and in 1851 returned to England.Index:DFirst governor of Vancouver Island, 1849, 203; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 203-204; nominates provincial government and leaves for England, 204.Bib.: Begg,History of British Columbia.
Bleury.PJoins Papineau party, 78.
Bliss, Daniel(1740-1806). Born in Concord, Mass. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, graduating in 1774. In 1778 proscribed as a Loyalist, and served with the British army as commissary. At the end of the war,moved to New Brunswick; appointed a member of the provincial Council, and later chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas.Index:WBecomes member of New Brunswick Council, 4.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Bliss, John Murray(1771-1834). Born in Massachusetts. Came to New Brunswick in 1786; called to the bar; and elected to the House of Assembly for the county of York. Appointed to the bench in 1816; became a member of the king's Council; and in 1824 administrator of the province for one year. Subsequently a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick.Index:WJudge of New Brunswick Supreme Court, 4.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Bliss, Jonathan(1742-1822). Born in Springfield, Mass. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge. Emigrated to New Brunswick in 1783. In 1785 elected a member of the provincial Legislature and appointed attorney-general. From 1809 to 1822 chief-justice.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Blue, Archibald(1840- ). Born in Orford, Ontario. From 1867 to 1881 engaged in journalism. In 1882 appointed secretary of the Ontario Bureau of Industries, which he organized. Deputy minister of agriculture, 1884, and director of the Bureau of Mines, 1891. Appointed Dominion census commissioner, 1900.Index:BWitnesses shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Bodega Bay.On the coast of California, lat. 38° 18' 20" N., long. 123° 2' 28".Index:DRussian colony there in 1812, 45.
Boileau, Maître.ChLawyer, employed to contest Champlain's will, 265.
Bolduc, Father.DJesuit missionary—supposed to be first priest on Vancouver Island, 178; at Whidby Island, 179.
Bolton, Colonel.HdCommander at Niagara, lost in foundering ofOntario, 163.
Bompas, William Carpenter(1853-1906). Born in London, England. Ordained deacon, 1859; priest, 1865; came to Canada latter year and assigned to the Mackenzie River district. In 1874 consecrated bishop of Athabaska. In 1884 transferred to see of Mackenzie River, and in 1891 to that of Selkirk. Author of a number of primers in the Athabaskan and Algonquian languages, as well as in Eskimo.Bib.:Diocese of Mackenzie River; Cody,An Apostle of the North; Machray,Archbishop Machray; Mockridge,Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland. For his native primers,seePilling,Bibliography ofAthabaskanLanguages.
Bond, William Bennett(1815-1906). Born in Truro, England. At an early age went to Newfoundland. Removed to Quebec, 1840; the same year admitted deacon, and ordained priest, 1841. For some time engaged as a travelling missionary; assistant to the rector of St. George's Church, Montreal, 1848; rector 1862; archdeacon of Hochelaga, 1871; dean of Montreal, 1874. In 1879 consecrated bishop of Montreal; in 1901 archbishop, and in 1904 primate of all Canada.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.;Who's Who, 1905; Mockridge,Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Bonne, Captain de.Born in France, and before coming to Canada served in the regiment of Condé. At the siege of Quebec, 1759, in command of the Quebec and Three Rivers militia, and took part in the battle of the Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy.Index:WMCommands Quebec and Three Rivers militia, 105.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec.
Bonnécamps, Joseph Pierre de(1707-1790). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit order, and came to Canada in 1741, when he was appointed instructor of hydrography at the Seminary of Quebec. Held that position until the fall ofQuebec in 1759. In 1765-1766 laboured among the French refugees on the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.
Bonnerme.ChPhysician, accompanied Champlain to Quebec, 41; death of, 46.
Bonnycastle, Sir Richard Henry(1791-1848). Born in England. Served in Canada in 1812, and engaged in the capture of Fort Castine. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 commanded the engineers in Canada West, and defended Kingston in 1838; knighted for distinguished service, 1837. Afterwards commander of engineers in Newfoundland.Bib.:The Canadas in 1841.For biog.,see Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bonsecours, Chapel of.LUnited to parish of Montreal, 176; commenced by Sister Bourgeois, 177; held in high honour, 178.
Bontemps, Captain.ChBrings out settlers, 252.
Books.SScarcity of, in Upper Canada, 175.See alsoLibraries.
Borden, Robert Laird(1854- ). Born in Grand Pré, Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1878, and practised at Kentville and Halifax; appointed Q.C., 1890. In 1896 elected for the city and county of Halifax to the Dominion Parliament, and for Carleton County, Ontario, 1905. In 1901 succeeded Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative party.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Borgia's House.WMWolfe occupies, 189; set on fire by Canadians, 193.
Boscawen, Edward(1711-1761). Born in England. Served at Porto Bello, 1739-1740; at Cartagena, 1741; and in the West Indies, 1747. Commanded on the North American station between 1755 and 1757, and in 1758 commander-in-chief of the fleet at the siege of Louisbourg. In 1759 defeated the French in Lagos Bay, and in 1760 commanded the fleet in Quiberon Bay.Index:WMIn command of naval forces at Louisbourg, 73.Bib.: Wood,Logs of the Conquest of Canada; Doughty,Siege of Quebec;Dict. Nat. Biog.See alsoLouisbourg.
Bossuet, Jacques Benigne(1627-1704). Churchman and orator; bishop of Meaux; took a leading part in the Gallican controversy.Index:LOn poverty and liberty, 123.Bib.: Works:Histoire Universelle; Oraisons Funèbres. For biog.,seeChambers,Biog. Dict.
Boston.BkFlags hung there at half-mast on declaration of war against Great Britain, 208.HdRebellious sentiment comes to head at, 84; Haldimand doubts wisdom of closing the port, 85; dangerous condition of affairs at, 95-96, 97-98; reception to General Gage, 96; Haldimand's removal to, 103, people of, revile Haldimand, 105; Haldimand's house at, 107; loss at Bunker Hill, 108; Louis Haldimand at, 109; Loyalists leave, 110; Haldimand's rank at, 121.LAmericans of, their designs against priests and missionaries, 11.
Boston.DAttacked by natives of Nootka, 1803, and crew murdered, 37.
Botsford, Bliss(1813-1890). Born at Sackville, New Brunswick. Educated at King's College, Fredericton; called to the bar, 1838, and practised at Moncton until 1870. A member of the New Brunswick Assembly, with brief intervals, from 1851 to 1870. In 1865 surveyor-general in the Smith ministry, and a member of the Executive Council, of which he was Speaker from 1867 to 1870. From 1870 to 1890 judge of the County Court.Index:TSurveyor-general in Smith government, 91; adds no strength to the government, 92; represents Westmoreland, 115.Bib.: Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Bouchard.LFounder of the Montmorency family, 16.
Boucher de Grosbois et de Boucherville, Pierre(1622-1717). Came to Canada in 1634 with his father; served as a soldier of the little garrison of Quebec in1641. Four years later settled at Three Rivers, and having made himself familiar with several Indian languages, employed as interpreter. For nearly a quarter of a century served the town of his adoption in various capacities, civil and military. Filled the office of governor of Three Rivers, with short intervals, from 1652 to 1667. Visited France in 1661-1662, received by Louis XIV, and given a patent of nobility, and on his return to Canada brought out a number of colonists. In 1667 retired to his seigniory of Boucherville. Left a brief but interesting history of New France, written in 1663, while he was still governor of Three Rivers, and published the following year.Index:LHis opinion of Laval, 29.Bib.:Histoire Veritable et Naturelle des Mœurs et Productions du Pays de la Nouvelle France. Paris, 1664. Reprinted, 1849, 1882, 1883, 1896. The last is in theTrans.of the Royal Society for that year, and is edited by Benjamin Sulte, with biographical and bibliographical notes.
Bouchette, Captain.DrConducts Carleton safely to Three Rivers, 113.
Bouchette, Joseph(1774-1841). Entered the naval service, 1791; in command of the forces on Lake Ontario; and served in the Royal Canadian volunteers. In 1813 on active service; and in 1814-1816 in England, where he published his topographical and geographical description of Canada. Employed as surveyor-general in delimiting the boundary line between Canada and the United States, 1817-1818.Bib.:Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada;British Dominions in North America.
Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes.PExiled to Bermuda for his participation in Rebellion of 1837, 138; commissioner of customs, Ottawa, 149; sides with Papineau, 149; arrested as a rebel, 149; his letter to Colonel Dundas, 150-153.
Boudon, Abbé Henri-Marie.LSucceeds Laval as archdeacon of Evreux, 23.
Boues, Charles de.ChVicar-general of Pontoise, contributes to building of Récollet convent, 117; syndic of Canadian missions, 148.
Bougainville, Louis Antoine, Comte de(1729-1811). Born in Paris. Educated for his father's profession of notary; and soon obtained recognition as an advocate in the Parliament of Paris. As a student displayed a remarkable talent for mathematics, and at the age of twenty-two wrote the first volume of a treatise on the Integral Calculus. His mathematical work recognized by the Royal Society in electing him to a fellowship. Joined the army in 1755, and the next year came to Canada as Montcalm's aide-de-camp. Played an important part in the siege of Quebec, and wrote an elaborate journal of the campaign, much of which appears to have been incorporated in Montcalm'sJournal, published by Abbé Casgrain. Returned to France in 1760, and after serving in Germany, joined the navy. From 1766 to 1769 made a voyage around the world; served in the West Indies during the Revolutionary War, and commanded the van of the French fleet in the action off Chesapeake Bay. Retired from active service, 1790; nominated by Napoleon to the Senate, and raised to the nobility.Index:WMAide-de-camp to Montcalm, 1; despatched to France to represent desperate state of colony, 62; commands Grenadiers along Beauport shore, 85; incurs Bigot's hostility, 88; ordered to protect country west of Quebec, 151, 158; interview with Montcalm at Beauport, 160; Vaudreuil writes that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; duped by Wolfe's strategy, 177; criticized by Chevalier Johnstone, 177; his promotion due to court favour, 177; disregards instructions of governor by changing commander at Le Foulon, 178; great reliance placed on him, 178; his failure to reinforce post at the Foulon, 178, 184; his failure to follow British fleet down from Cap Rouge, 184; held responsible for disaster, 210; his delay at Sillery, 211;arrives after battle, 222; his letter to Ramezay, regarding provisions, 226; holds his position at Cap Rouge while rest of army retreats, 229; on march to Quebec, hears of capitulation, 234; replaces Lusignan at Ile-aux-Noix, 245; congratulates Lévis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267.Bib.: Works:Traité du Calcul Intégral;Voyage autour du Monde;Essai Historique sur les Navigations Anciennes et Modernes(Acad. des Sciences Morales et Pol., Vol. I);Notice Historique sur les Sauvages de l'Amerique Septentrionale(ibid., Vol. III). His letters are printed in Doughty,Siege of Quebec; and his manuscript journals are in the Canadian Archives.See alsoDe Kerallain,La Jeunesse de Bougainville; Michaud,Biog. Univ.; Larousse,Grande Dict. Univ.; Casgrain,Montcalm et Lévis; Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Wood,The Fight for Canada; Hart,The Fall of New France, 1755-1760.
Boulay, Angelique Louise Talon du.WMWife of Montcalm, 5; her grief at his departure for Canada, 8.
Boulduc.FProsecutor of Prévoté, dismissed, 138.
Boullé, Eustache.ChBrother-in-law of Champlain, 134, 145; appointed by Champlain as his lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209; converted to Roman Catholicism, receives bequest from his sister, 267.
Boullé, Hélène.ChMarries Champlain, 66; spends four years in Quebec, 141; returns to France, 141; studies Algonquian language, 263; her life at Quebec, 263-264; enters Ursuline convent, 266; dies, 1654, 266.
Boullé, Nicholas.ChChamplain's father-in-law, secretary of the king's chamber, 66; pays his daughter's inheritance to Champlain, 67.
Boulton, D'Arcy.Born in England. Came to Canada, 1797, and settled at York, 1803. Called to the bar of Upper Canada by special Act of the Legislature, 1803; solicitor-general, 1805. While on his way to England, 1810, captured by a French privateer, and remained a prisoner in France until 1814. Appointed judge of Assize, 1818. Died in York about 1830.Bib.: Read,Lives of the Judges; Scadding,Toronto of Old.
Boulton, Henry John.Son of D'Arcy Boulton; born in England, 1790. Studied law and called to the English bar. Emigrated to Canada, 1816, and practised in Upper Canada. In 1818 appointed solicitor-general; attorney-general, 1829; elected to the Assembly for Niagara; removed from attorney-generalship by colonial secretary on account of his independent votes in Assembly, 1833; proceeded to England to vindicate his actions; appointed chief justice of Newfoundland, 1833; removed from office, 1838, and returned to Canada. Represented town of Niagara in Assembly, 1841-1844, and Norfolk County, 1848-1851.Index:McSolicitor-general, reprimanded, 152-153; dismissed from office of attorney-general, 232; threatens rebellion, 233; chief justice of Newfoundland, 235.EResponsible for amendment of Union Act, 123.BLRemoved from office of attorney-general, 16; in Clergy Reserves debate, 349.Bib.:Short Sketch of Upper Canada. For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.
Boundaries of Canada.DrNot defined by Constitutional Act, 260.
Bouquet, Henry(1719-1765). Born in Switzerland. Served in Holland, Sardinia, and with the Prince of Orange. Was Captain-commandant of the Swiss Guards at the Hague, 1748. Entered the British army; came to America in 1754; with Haldimand and the "Royal Americans"; and held a leading command for several years in the French and Indian wars. Died at Pensacola, Florida.Index:DrHis services in Pontiac's War, 6; death of, 6; Bouquet papers in British Museum, 7.HdLife-long friend of Haldimand, 5; hisearly military service, 6; his studious habits, 8; member of Swiss Guards at the Hague, 8; recommended for command in Royal American Regiment, 9; experiences ill-feeling between American colonists and British troops, 12; in Carolina, 13; his letters throw side-lights on the affairs in the colonies, 14-15; popular in military profession, 16; Indian warfare, 16; at Fort Pitt, 16; Haldimand advises him not to leave the service, 40; defeats Indians at Bushy Run, 58; thanked by the king and promoted, 58; death of, 58, 63; Haldimand laments his loss, 62; his tomb, 63; his papers preserved in Canadian Archives, 319; some of his letters missing, 338.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and WolfeandConspiracy of Pontiac;Canadian Archives Report, 1889.
Bourdages.PAssists Papineau in defeating motion for adoption of Lord Goderich's offer, 77.BkMade colonel of militia by Sir George Prévost, 158.
Bourdon.LBrings out a number of girls as colonists, 79.ChIndustrious settler, 252, 253.
Bourdon, Sister Anne.FOn divine protection of Quebec, 301.
Bourdon, Jean(1602-1668). Born in Normandy. Came to Canada, 1634. Engaged for some years as a civil engineer and land surveyor; sent on several embassies to the Iroquois; and in 1657 made a voyage towards Hudson Bay, but prevented by ice from entering the Strait. Mentioned as being at Quebec in 1665.
Bourgard.LOn the zeal of the missionaries, 61.
Bourgeoys, Marguerite(1620-1700). Born at Troyes, in Champagne. Entered the convent of the Congregation of Notre Dame at the age of twenty, and while there decided to devote her life to the colony of New France. Arrived in Quebec in September, 1653, and went on immediately to the new settlement of Montreal. In 1657 opened the first school, in a stable granted her by Maisonneuve. In the same year built a wooden chapel in Montreal. Founded the Congrégation do Notre Dame de Montreal in 1659, and in 1686 built the convent. In 1675, with funds obtained from France built the church of Bonsecours.Index:LEstablishes school at Ville Marie (Montreal), 9; her services to the sick on board theSt. André, 32; her labours in instruction of the young, 91; her educational work, 126; Abbé Verreau on influence exerted by, 127; founds Bonsecours Chapel, 177.FEstablishes Congrégation de Notre Dame, 29, 39; impressed on arrival by poverty of country, 39.Bib.: Ransonet,Vie de la Sœur Bourgeoys; Faillon,Vie de la Sœur Bourgeoys; Parkman,Jesuits in North AmericaandOld Régime; Colby,Canadian Types of the Old Régime.
Bourget, Ignace(1799-1885). Born at Point Lévis, Quebec. Ordained in 1822; vicar-general of Montreal, 1836; coadjutor bishop of the diocese, 1837; bishop of Montreal, 1840, and created the first cathedral chapter of that city. Founded several religious orders, colleges, and asylums, among others, in 1864, the institution for the deaf and dumb, Montreal. In 1862 created a Roman count and assistant at the Pontifical Throne. In 1876 archbishop of Martianopolis,in partibus.Index:CHis character, 80; dispute with Cartier, 80-83; calls on Cartier, 84.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Bourinot, Sir John George(1837-1902). Born in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Educated at Trinity University, Toronto. Chief official reporter to the Nova Scotia Assembly, 1861-1867, and in 1880 appointed chief clerk of the Dominion House of Commons. For many years honorary secretary of the Royal Society of Canada.Index:BLOn Baldwin's University Bill, 293; on Tory opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 313,Bib.; Works:Canada under British Rule;Federal Government in Canada;How Canada is Governed;Manual of Constitutional History of Canada;Parliamentary Procedure and Government in Canada;Canada;Builders of Nova Scotia. For biog.,seeRose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Bourlamaque, de.Born in France. Governor of Guadaloupe; sent in 1756 with Montcalm to Canada as third in command and colonel of engineers. In command at Ticonderoga in 1759; promoted brigadier-general, and took part in the defence of Quebec. Died, 1764.Index:WMThird in command, 12; holds Amherst in check, 131; evacuates Forts Carillon and Frederic and falls back on Ile-aux-Noix, 146; which he reports himself able to hold till fall, 158; joins army of Lévis on march against Quebec, 245; repairs bridges over Cap Rouge River, 248; occupies position at Lorette and Ste. Foy, 249; in battle of Ste. Foy, 256; wounded, 260.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec; Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Wood,The Fight for Canada.
Bouteroue, Claude de.Born in France. Came to Canada to act as intendant during the absence of Talon from 1668 to 1670. Returned to France, 1671, and died there, 1680.Index:LActs as intendant during Talon's absence, 116.Bib.: Charlevoix,History of New France.
Bouthillier.ChNegotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.
Bow River Pass.Through the Bow Range of the Rocky Mountains, head waters of Bow River.Index:DEntered by David Thompson, 1805, 58.
Bowell, Sir Mackenzie(1823- ). Born in England. Came to Canada with his parents, 1833, and engaged in journalistic work. In 1867 elected to the Dominion House of Commons for North Hastings. In 1878 appointed minister of customs, holding that office until 1891; minister of militia, 1892; and minister of trade and commerce, 1892-1894. In 1894 succeeded Sir John Thompson as premier, and resigned office in 1896. Created a K. C. M. G., 1895.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Bowen, Edward(1780-1866). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada in 1797; studied law and called to the bar in 1803. From 1809 to 1812 represented Sorel in the Assembly; and in the latter year appointed to the Court of King's Bench. In 1821 appointed a member of the Legislative Council, and in 1835 elected Speaker. In 1849 chief-justice of the Superior Court for Lower Canada.Index:EMade a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187.Bib.: Taylor,Brit. Am.
Bowes, Colonel.BkOf the 6th Regiment, assumes command on death of General Hunter, 69; leaves Canada, 73.
Bowring, Dr.SyAn associate of Sydenham's, 13; trade commissioner to France, 29.
Boyd, Colonel.TRepresents Charlotte County in New Brunswick Assembly, 102.
Boyd, John(1828-1893). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to New Brunswick, and engaged in business at St. John. In 1880 called to the Senate, and on Sept. 22, 1893, succeeded Sir S. L. Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick.Index:TSucceeds Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 138.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Braddock, Edward(1695-1755). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1710, and in 1743 major of the Coldstreams. Served in the expedition to L'Orient, 1746; and under the Prince of Orange in Holland, 1746-1748. Colonel of the 14th Foot at Gibraltar, 1753. In 1755 general and commander-in-chief in British North America; and on July 9, 1755, commanded the British expedition against Fort Duquesne, where he was defeated and mortally wounded.Index:WMDeath of, at Fort Duquesne, 22.HdHis defeat rouses Pennsylvania Assembly to vote military supplies, 13.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley,The Fight with France.
Bradstreet, Simon(1603-1697). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; and emigrated to Massachusetts, where he became assistant judge of the Court in 1630. In 1631 one of the founders of Cambridge, Mass.; from 1630 to 1679 assistant governor of Massachusetts; from 1679 to 1686 governor; and from 1689 to 1692 president of the administration of the colony.Index:FMade governor of Massachusetts, 266; on failure of expedition against Quebec, 301.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Bragg's Regiment.WMOn British right, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261.
Brandon House.Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1794, on the head waters of the Assiniboine River, about seventeen miles below the present city of Brandon. The buildings were burnt about 1814, and the post abandoned.Index:MSBuilt by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Brandy Question.FCondemned by Champlain, 25; subject of dispute between civil and religious authorities, 46, 115; king's instructions regarding, 116, 118, 120; question referred to a meeting of the principal inhabitants, 121; opinions expressed, 122, 123; king's decision thereon, 125; evils depicted, 335.LSale of liquor to Indians, 7, 36-39, 113; Frontenac's opinion and Colbert's instructions, 170, 171; conference on the subject, 172; Laval's attitude, 173-175; Dollier de Casson's testimony, 175.See alsoLiquor question.Bib.: Parkman,FrontenacandOld Régime.
Brant, Isaac.SSon of Joseph Brant, commits murder, 191; attacks his father and is killed by him in self-defence, 192.
Brant, Joseph(1742-1807). A Mohawk Indian chief, whose native name was Thayendanegea. Educated at an Indian school in Connecticut. Visited England in 1775. In the Revolutionary War sided with the British and rendered valuable service. Revisited England after the war. Translated the Book of Common Prayer and St. Mark's Gospel into the Mohawk tongue (London, 1787).Index:SMohawk Indian, distrusted by Simcoe, 75, 125; visits Philadelphia and received by Washington as Indian emissary, 121; part taken by, in subsequent negotiations, 124, 125; loss of influence with his own people, 125; his motives and policy, 126, 128, 129; kills his son Isaac in self-defence, 192.HdCommands scouting parties, 153; made a colonel of Indians on Haldimand's recommendation, 154; did not harm women or children, 154, 170; his success against rebel force under Lockerby, 169; advises reserve for Six Nation Indians, 258; highly esteemed by Haldimand, 300; Allan MacLean's opinion of, 308; visits Haldimand in London, 327.Bib.: Stone,Life of Brant; Cruikshank,Joseph Brant in the American Revolution; Eggleston,Brant and Red Jacket; Ke-che-ah-gah-me-qua,Life of Brant; Dent,Can. Por.
Brant, Molly.HdSister of Joseph Brant, her influence with Indians, 154; pensioned, 155.
Brantford.City of Ontario, on the Grand River. Named after Joseph Brant, the Mohawk chieftain. Founded about 1820.
Brassy.TOffers to build European and North American Railway, 25, 27.
Breadalbane, John Campbell, second Marquis of(1796-1862). Represented Okehampton in Parliament, 1820-1826, and Perthshire, 1832.Index:SyOffers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Brébeuf, Jean de(1593-1649). Born of a noble family of Normandy. Cameto Canada, 1625; spent the winter of 1625-1626 among the Algonquins. In the latter year, after a long and difficult journey by way of the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing, reached the villages of the Hurons, on Georgian Bay, where he established the first mission. Returned to Quebec in 1629, and in 1634 re-established the Huron mission. In 1640 made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission among the intractable Neutral Nation, north of Lake Erie. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, he was captured by the Iroquois, and burned at the stake with unmentionable cruelties. His skull is preserved in the Hôtel-Dieu at Quebec.Index:ChSails for New France on De Caën's vessel, 152; returns to College of Rouen, 207; returns to Canada, 228; goes to Huron country, 249.LSufferings and death of, 5, 62.Bib.: Parkman,Jesuits in North America; Ragueneau,Relation des Hurons, 1649; Colby,Canadian Types of the Old Régime.
Breda, Treaty of.Signed between England and France, 1667. Brought to a close the disastrous war with the Dutch. By its terms Nova Scotia was handed over to France.Bib.: Hertslet,Treaties and Conventions.
Brésolles, Sister de.LHer labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.
Bretonvilliers, De.LSulpician, makes liberal contribution towards erection of church at Montreal, 88; foundation stone laid on his behalf by M. Dollier de Casson, 89; devotes his fortune to religious work at Montreal, 135; succeeds M. Olier as superior of seminary in France, 162.
Briand, Jean Olivier(1715-1794). Born in France. Ordained priest, 1739; came to Canada, 1741; canon of Quebec Cathedral until 1760. In 1766 appointed bishop of Quebec, and resigned, 1784. Rebuilt the cathedral and palace, destroyed during the siege of Quebec, 1759.Index:LBishop of Quebec, 12.DrAppointed Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, 23.
Bride.ChEnglish vessel seized by French, 221.
Bright, John(1811-1889). British statesman and orator.Index:TFriendly to Anti-Confederation party, 123.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
British American League.MdFormed in 1849 in Montreal as a reply to the Annexation Manifesto—branches followed throughout the country, 40; its objects, 40-41; largely due to John A. Macdonald's inspiration, 95; Confederation one of its main objects, 95; commercial national policy another, 219.HHowe's correspondence with the president, George Moffatt, 113-115.BFormed in Upper Canada—convention held at Kingston, 1849, 37; its policy, 38; part of Conservative case for Confederation, 38.Bib.: Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
British Chronicle.Newspaper published in New York.Index:BEstablished by Peter and George Brown, 4; its objects, 4.
British Columbia.Area 372,630 square miles. Vancouver Island became a crown colony in 1849; ten years later the mainland was organized as a separate colony; in 1866 island and mainland became one; and in 1871 the colony became a province of the Dominion of Canada.Index:DOrganic existence since 1859, or including Vancouver Island, since 1849, 1; origin of name, 57; gold-fields, 22; created separate colony, 1858, 229; early government of, 231-235; revenue, 232; roads, etc., 232, 237-238, 249-253; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 233; character of early population, 241-243; formal establishment of colony at Fort Langley, 1858, 245-246; Hill's Bar affair, 248-249; plans for transcontinental road, 253-254; population in 1859, 256; agriculture, 256-257; financial problems, 258-262; dissatisfaction with dual governorship, 289; popular grievances, 290-291; views of Douglas, 291-293;Legislative Council, 294-297; union of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 297-300, 308; British Columbia Legislature meets for first time in Victoria, Dec. 17, 1867, 311; entry into Dominion, 311-316; terms of union, 313-315; first Legislative Assembly after the union, 315; transcontinental railway, 317-328; population, 1900,328; agriculture, 329-330; fisheries, 330-331; lumber, 332-333; minerals, 333-334; industrial problems, 335; oriental labour, 336-337; education, 338-340.MdOpposition to entry into Confederation, 149; difficulties removed, 149; terms of union, 149-150; union completed, July 20, 1871, 150; difficulties over building of Canadian Pacific Railway drive province to verge of secession, 215, 233-234.Bib.: Begg,History of British Columbia; Bancroft,History of British Columbia; Macdonald,British Columbia and Vancouver's Island; Macfie,Vancouver Island and British Columbia; Morice,The History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia; Herring,Among the People of British Columbia; Fitzgerald,The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island; Mayne,Four Years in British Columbia; Baillie-Grohman,Sport and Life in Western America and British Columbia; Métin,La Colombie Britannique; Indians of British Columbia(R. S. C., 1888); Langevin,Report on British Columbia.
British Law.SyAttempts to introduce after passage of Quebec Act, 65.SIntroduced into Upper Canada, 85.
British Legion.DrLoyalists commanded by Tarleton, 202.
British Newspapers.HdSympathy with rebels expressed in, 190.See alsoNewspapers.
British North America Act.The constitution of the Dominion; the Act by which the scattered colonies of British North America were united in one Confederation. Drafted at the Quebec Conference, 1864; discussed and passed in the form of resolutions, in the Legislature of Canada, 1865; put in final shape at the Westminster Conference, 1866; passed by the Imperial Parliament, and proclaimed, 1867. The essential feature of this Act, and that which distinguishes it most clearly from the Constitution of the United States, is the provision that all matters not specifically assigned to the provinces belong to the Dominion, the reverse being the case under the United States Constitution. Broadly speaking, the Act gives the Dominion exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation of trade and commerce, the postal service, customs and inland revenue, military and naval service, navigation and shipping, currency and coinage, banking, weights and measures, patents and copyrights, naturalization, Indians. To the provinces it gives exclusive jurisdiction over direct taxation, management and sale of public lands, timber, provincial prisons, hospitals, asylums, etc., municipal institutions, administration of justice, education.Index:MdConference in London—Macdonald's letter to Tilley, 125-126; the sixty-nine resolutions passed, 126; draft bill drawn up—completed bill submitted to House, and received royal assent, March 29, 1867, 127; royal proclamation fixes July 1 as date upon which it should come into force, 127; opposition develops in Maritime Provinces, 129; provides for Intercolonial Railway, 151; and acquisition of North-West Territories, 156; question of legislative union, 245; federal system introduced by, 250; provincial rights under, 253; the franchise, 258.CDelegation sent to London to see it through Parliament, 67; proposal to amend it in the interests of the New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77, 82; strained relations of Macdonald and Cartier over terms of, 102-103.HPassed by Imperial Parliament, 192; opposed by Joseph Howe, 192; its repeal sought by Nova Scotia Anti-Confederates, 204.TQuietly received in New Brunswick, 127.Bib.:Bourinot,Constitution of Canada; Houston,Constitutional Documents; Doutre,Constitution of Canada; Munro,Constitution of Canada; Ashley,Constitutional History of Canada; Gooch,Manual of the Constitution of Canada; Howland,The New Empire; Confederation Debates, 1865; Pope,Confederation Documents.
Brock, Daniel De Lisle.BkBrother of Sir Isaac, becomes chief magistrate of Guernsey, 70.
Brock, Elizabeth.BkSister of Sir Isaac, 71.
Brock, Ferdinand.BkBrother of Sir Isaac, served in Royal Americans, 6; death of, 7, 70.
Brock, Harriet.BkMarried to Sir Thomas Saumarez, 124.
Brock, Sir Hugh.BkSupposed ancestor of General Brock, 5.
Brock, Irving.BkBrother of Sir Isaac, 102; an able pamphleteer, 132, 140; estrangement between, and his brother William in connection with latter's failure, 163; reconciliation, 297.
Brock, Sir Isaac(1769-1812).BkBirth and descent, 6; enters army at age of fifteen, 7; joins 49th Regiment with rank of captain, and is sent to West Indies, 8; returns to England on sick leave, 9; senior lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, 10; takes part in expedition to Holland under Sir Ralph Abercromby, 13; his account of battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17; quartered in Jersey and visits home in Guernsey, 22; joins expedition to the Baltic, 24; his regiment ordered to Canada, 31; arrives at Quebec, 34; his regiment ordered to Upper Province, 48; his vigorous pursuit of deserters, 60; quells mutiny at Fort George, 61-63; assumes command at the fort, 64; recommends establishment of corps of veterans who on discharge might receive grants of land, 64; impressed by comfortable condition of loyalist settlers, 65; contrasts their character with that of settlers of the later (1793) immigration, 66; takes special interest in Sergeant-Major (afterwards Colonel) James FitzGibbon, 66; quartered in Quebec, 69; made a full colonel and goes to England on leave, 70; returns to Canada, 73; assumes chief military command at Quebec, 73; recommends strengthening of the fortifications of Quebec, 75, 94; differences with President Dunn, 77; leaves control of Indian affairs in Upper Canada to lieutenant-governor, 78; examines accounts of the deputy commissary-general, 78, 79; effects improvements in marine department, 80; tries to make Quebec impregnable, 86; dissatisfied with measures of defence adopted by the civil government, 94; letters to James Cuthbert of Berthier, 95, 98; confident that Canadians would vigorously resist American invasion, 97; leaves Quebec to take command in Montreal, 99; appointed acting brigadier-general 99; his social qualities, 101; returns to Quebec, 115; anxious for service in Europe, 123, 124; considers war with United States (1809) imminent, 124; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 126; ordered to Upper Canada, 133; his books, 135; literary tastes, 136; application for leave not entertained, 136-138, 155; correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor Gore respecting grant of land to Colonel Vesey, 138; high opinion entertained of, at headquarters, 141; pleasantly entertained by Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 143; anxiety as to management of Indians, 149-152; made major-general, 157; made president and administrator of Upper Canada in absence of Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 159; financial misfortune, 161; letter to his brother Irving, 163-165; his strong family affection, 163; his energy as administrator, 168; his opinion of theLittle Beltaffair, 173; his endeavours to avert Indian warfare, 176; sends plan of campaign to General Prévost, 177-179; recommends increase of naval force on lakes, 178; offered service in Spain, but does not accept it, 180; his plan for formation of flank companies adopted, 181;speech on opening of Legislature of Upper Canada, 183; measures proposed by, to Legislature, 184; recognizes presence of many persons of doubtful loyalty in the province, 185, 214; disappointed with action of Legislature, 185; urges importance of prompt seizure of Detroit and Michilimackinac, 195; selects Major-General Shaw to protect line between Kingston and Cornwall, 195; his Indian policy, 197; receives news of declaration of war, 203; establishes headquarters at Fort George, 204; instructs Captain Roberts to capture Michilimackinac, 210; commends militia in general order, 212; recognizes the great odds against Canada, 215; sends Colonel Procter to Amherstburg, 215; his proclamation in answer to Hull's, 217; proclamation as president of province, 219, 221; opens the Legislature, 222; hears of capture of Michilimackinac, 223; prorogues Legislature, 229; proceeds to western frontier, 231; meets Tecumseh for the first time, 245; describes him to Lord Liverpool, 247; forms three brigades, 247; decides on attacking Detroit, 248; summons Hull to surrender, 250; attacks, 251-254; his daring in battle, 253; takes Detroit and makes Hull's army prisoners of war, 255, 256; praises his army, 258; his message to his brothers, 260; his proclamation to inhabitants of Michigan territory, 261; armistice concluded by Prévost deranges his plans, 261; arrives at York, and is warmly welcomed, 262; letter to his brothers, 266-268; arrives at Kingston, 268; proposes to attack Sackett's Harbour, but is overruled by Prévost, 270, 271; letter to Prévost asking for reinforcements, 272, 273; replies to objections made by Prévost to Fort Wayne expedition, 275-277; instructed to evacuate Detroit, 277; extreme anxiety not to alienate Indians, 277, 278, 280; health, discipline, and morals of his army, 279; letter to his brother Savery, 280, 281; his force on Niagara frontier, 287; his account of capture of brigsDetroitandCaledoniaby Americans, 290-293; rejoicing in England over the victory at Detroit, 295; Brock made K.C.B., 296; Prince Rupert's high opinion of, 297; last despatch to Prévost, 298; in battle at Queenston Heights, 298-304; his death, 304; a national loss, 312; his burial and monument, 312, 313.BLSydenham ranked with, 112.Bib.: Tupper,Life and Correspondence of Sir Isaac Brock; Read,Life of Brock; Nursey,Isaac Brock; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812; Dent,Can. Por.See alsoWar of 1812.