Steeves, William Henry(1814-1873). Born at Hillsborough, New Brunswick. Represented Albert County in the Assembly, 1846-1851; member of Legislative Council, 1851-1867; surveyor-general, 1854-1855; commissioner of public works, 1855-1856, and 1857-1863; member of Intercolonial Railway Council, 1862; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864; and Quebec Conference, 1864; called to the Senate, 1867.Index:TMember of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; delegate to England, 56; New Brunswick delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Steinhauer, Henry Bird(1804-1885). A full-blooded Chippewa Indian. Born in the Ramah Indian settlement, Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Adopted in early life by a Pennsylvania family whose name he took and by whom he was educated. About 1840 went to the North-West with the Rev. James Evans. Established himself at Norway House, where he remained for fifteen years. Assisted Evans in his invention of the Cree syllabic characters. Translated almost the whole of the Old Testament, and the greater part of the New Testament, into Cree. About 1858 removed to Whitefish Lake and established the Methodist mission there.
Steuben, Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand, Baron von(1730-1794). Served through Seven Years' War. In 1777 offered his services to the Continental Congress, and attached to main army under Washington, who made him inspector-general. Promoted major-general at Yorktown.Index:SStores guarded by, captured by Queen's Rangers, 34.HdSent as envoy to demand surrender of western forts, 259.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Stevens.WMHostage, escapes from Quebec, 125.
Stevenson, Captain.SAccompanies Simcoe to Canada, 47.
Stewart, Alexander(1794-1868). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Engaged in West India trade. Afterwards studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1822. Elected to the Assembly, 1826; member of the Legislative Council, 1837; and of the Executive Council, 1840. In 1846 appointed Master of the Rolls and judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court.Index:HHis independent attitude in Nova Scotia Assembly, 18, 35; standing in public life of the province, 35; deserts popular party, 41; delegate of Legislative Council to England to oppose representative government, 52, 56.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Stewart, Sir William(1774-1827). British general.Index:BkIn command of marines in expedition to Baltic, 24, 29; organizes Rifle Brigade, 25.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Stikine River.Rises in northern British Columbia and flows into the Pacific, through Alaskan territory, after a course of 335 miles. The name is a corruption of the Thlinkit wordsta-hane, meaning "the river." The mouth of the river was visited by Captain Cleveland in 1799. The Russians built Fort Dionysius there, in 1834, on the site of the present town of Wrangell. Three years later, the post was acquired by the Hudson's Bay Company, and renamed Fort Stikine. The upper waters of the river were visited by J. McLeod, of the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1834. The river was explored in 1863 by Lieutenant Pereleshin, of the Russian navy; and in 1866-1867 by the surveyors of the Western Union Telegraph Company.Index:DAttempt to establish Hudson's Bay Company fort there in 1834 frustrated by Russians, 119-120; Russianshand over their fort at mouth of river to Hudson's Bay Company, 121.Bib.: Blake,Geographical Notes upon Russian America and the Stickeen River; Dawson,Report on Yukon District(Geol. Survey Report, 1887-1888).
Stills.STaxes imposed upon, by Legislature of Upper Canada, 92.
Stirling, Sir William Alexander, Earl of(1567?-1640). King James gave him a patent, September, 1621, to the territory now embracing the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and the Gaspé peninsula. To further the colonization of his huge domain, Alexander instituted the baronetcy of New Scotland, or Nova Scotia. In 1628 the first colonists were landed at Port Royal.Index:ChEquips vessel to operate against French colonies, 176; grant to, of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc., 223.SeeBaronets of Nova Scotia.Bib.: Biggar,Early Trading Companies of New France; Rogers,The Earl of Stirling's Register of Royal Letters Relative to the Affairs of Scotland and Nova Scotia; Alexander,An Encouragement to Coloniesin Laing,Royal Letters Relating to Colonization of New Scotland; Patterson,Sir William Alexander(R.S.C., 1892); Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada.
Stisted, Sir Henry William. Educated at Sandhurst and entered the army as ensign, 1835. Served through the Persian War and the Indian Mutiny. Made major-general, 1864, and divisional commander of the troops in Upper Canada, 1866. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1867; held office until July 14, 1868. Returned to England; knighted, 1871. Died in England, 1875.Bib.: Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
Stobo, Robert.WMFormer hostage with French, acts as guide to Carleton above Quebec, 124; said to have pointed out Le Foulon to Wolfe, 168.
Stoney Creek, Battle of. Took place on June 5, 1813, when the American troops, under Generals Chandler and Minder, were defeated by the British forces under Colonel (afterwards General) Harvey. The defeat was decisive, the two American generals being captured. It was a turning-point in the Niagara campaign.Bib.: Lucas,Canadian War of 1812; Richardson,War of 1812; Brymner,Battle of Stoney Creek.See alsoWar of 1812.
Stopford, Major.DrCommands force at Chambly, 93.
Strachan, John(1778-1867). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Graduated at King's College, Aberdeen, 1796. Came to Canada, 1799, and opened a school at Kingston. Ordained deacon, 1803, and priest, 1804. Became rector of York, 1812; archdeacon, 1827; and bishop of Toronto, 1839. Appointed to the Executive Council, 1815; and to the Legislative Council, 1818; remained a member of the former until 1836, and of the Legislative Council until 1841.Index:RComes to Canada, 1799, to inaugurate educational policy, 36; his character, 37; takes orders in Church of England, and appointed rector of York, 37; called to Executive Council, 37, 46; his ambitious plans, 38; becomes archdeacon of York, 1827, 46; his commanding influence, 46; asserts pretensions of Church of England, 49; proposes sale of Clergy Reserves, 50; his sermon, 1826, 50-51, 63; his educational policy, 52; chairman of Board of Education, 58; asks legislative aid for theological students, 59; development of his policy, and of opposition to it, 61-63; outlines his views in sermon on death of bishop of Quebec, 67; visits England, 72; has bill introduced in Imperial Parliament for sale of portion of Reserves, 72; secures charter of King's College, 72-73; becomes first president, 73; his letter to Horton on church establishment in Upper Canada, 72; his ecclesiastical chart, 74; counter chart prepared by Dr. Lee, 75; evidence laid before parliamentary committee, 75; his speech before Legislative Council, 1828, 75-76; Ryerson's reply, 76-79; his fight for denominational schools, 243.SHis arrival in Canada, 170; becomes bishop, 171.SyBishop of Toronto, his opposition to Sydenham's Clergy Reserves Bill, 247.BDenounces bill for secularization of King's College, 8; his environment, 260.BLHead of Home District Grammar School, 25, 106; Robert Baldwin one of his pupils, 25; and King's College, 192-193; leads opposition to Baldwin's University Bill, 195, 196; referred to by George Brown, 224; leads agitation against Baldwin's University Bill, 295; raises funds for an Anglican ministry, 295-296.ESecures charter for King's College, 93; deeply incensed at secularization of King's College, 94; his mistaken policy, 94-95; establishes Trinity College, 95; his uncompromising attitude in settlement of Clergy Reserves, 150; induces Sir John Colborne to create and endow forty-four rectories, 154; his report on this question, 156; dominant influence in Legislative Council, 157; opposes division of the Reserves, 159, 160; his final discomfiture, 169.McProposes provincial university, 95.MdFirst bishop of Toronto, opposes secularization of King's College, 29-30; also opposes secularization of Clergy Reserves, 59.WHis charter for King's College, Upper Canada, 51.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent,Can. Por.; Bethune,Memoir of Bishop Strachan; Mockridge,The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Strathcona and Mount Royal, Donald Alexander Smith, Baron(1820- ). Born in Archieston, Morayshire, Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1838, and spent thirteen years at various trading-posts on the Labrador coast. Moved to the North-West, becoming chief factor, 1862; and afterwards resident governor and chief commissioner. Appointed by the Dominion government, in 1869, special commissioner to investigate the Riel Rebellion. Member of first Executive Council of the North-West Territories, 1870; represented Winnipeg in Manitoba Legislature, 1871-1874; elected for Selkirk to Dominion House, 1871, 1872, 1874, 1878; and represented West Montreal, 1887-1896. Appointed high commissioner for Canada in London, 1896. Knighted, 1886, and in 1897 raised to the peerage.Index:DDugald McTavish succeeds, at Montreal, 1870, 265; drives last spike of Canadian Pacific Railway, Nov. 7, 1885, 326.MSServes under Sir George Simpson in Hudson's Bay Company, 228; chief factor (1861), 228; serves in Labrador, 228.MdTakes part in debate on Pacific Scandal, 210; feels that the future of the West depends on Macdonald's return to power, 236; public spirit shown by, in building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 237.Bib.: Willson,Lord Strathcona; Morgan,Can. Men;Who's Who.See alsoRiel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
Street, George F.WSolicitor-general of Brunswick, 34.
Street, John Ambrose.WSupports the governor of New Brunswick, 46.TAttorney-general and leader of government, 19; introduces railway resolutions, 26, 53.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Strickland, Samuel(1804-1867). Born at Reydon Hall, Suffolk; brother of Agnes Strickland, Mrs. Traill, and Mrs. Moodie. Entered the army, and reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Emigrated to Canada, 1826.Bib.:Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West. For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Strong, Sir Samuel Henry(1825-1909). Born in Dorsetshire, England. Came to Canada studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849. Member of the commission for consolidating the statutes, 1856. Appointed vice-chancellor of Ontario, 1869; transferred to the Court of Error and Appeal, 1874; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; and chief-justice, 1892-1902. Knighted, 1893.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Morgan,Can. Men.
Stuart, Andrew.SyMember of Constitutional Association, 112.PDeclares the French Canadians to be "a race of gentlemen," 49; one of Papineau's followers, 197.
Stuart, Archdeacon.SyConducts funeral service of Lord Sydenham, 344.
Stuart, George Okill(1807-1884). Born in York, Upper Canada. Grandson of the Rev. John Stuart,q.v.Educated at Kingston and Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Mayor of Quebec, 1846-1850; elected to represent Quebec in the Assembly, 1852; defeated at the general election, but again returned, 1857. Appointed by the Imperial government judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of Quebec, 1873.
Stuart, James.ChErects fort in Cape Breton, 200.
Stuart, Sir James(1780-1853). Born at Fort Hunter, New York. Educated at King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia. Appointed assistant secretary to the government of Lower Canada in 1800; and solicitor-general, 1801. Entered the House of Assembly, for Montreal, 1808; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1825; and in 1831 suspended from office by Lord Aylmer, and suspension confirmed by colonial secretary; a few months later the injustice of the decision admitted, and offered the chief-justiceship of Newfoundland, but declined the position. Appointed chief-justice of Lower Canada by Durham in 1838. Created a baronet, 1841.Index:SyPraised byColonial Gazette, 140; consulted by Sydenham, 191; accompanies him to Upper Canada, 195.EChief-justice of the Court of Appeal of Lower Canada, and succeeded in 1853, by Sir L. H. La Fontaine, 105.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Stuart, John.MSChief factor of Hudson's Bay Company in New Caledonia, 221; accompanies Simon Fraser down the Fraser, 222; his intellectual tastes and correspondence, 222.DAccompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down the Fraser, 60; succeeds Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 98; still in command in 1821 when Companies amalgamated, 98; goes to Mackenzie River, 1824, 99.Bib.: Fraser,Journalin Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.
Stuart, Rev. John.SFirst Church of England clergyman to arrive in Upper Canada, conducts school at Montreal, and then moves to Cataraqui (Kingston), 158; opens first school in the province, 166.HdSchool-teacher at Montreal, 235; becomes rector at Cataraqui (Kingston), 236; supervises education of Indians, 265.
Sturgeon Lake.On the Saskatchewan. A notable place in the annals of the Western fur trade. Here the traders from Montreal built a post about 1772; and in 1774 Samuel Hearne built a rival post for the Hudson's Bay Company. The latter, Cumberland House, remained an important centre of the fur trade for many years, and is still in operation. By way of this lake, the fur traders' route lay north to Frog Portage and the Churchill River.Index:MSFrobishers build trading-post there in 1772, 4; its strategic importance, 4.
Subercase, Lieutenant.FIn command at Lachine, on occasion of massacre, 225; sent to island of Orleans to watch Phipps, 303.LAnxious to attack Indians at Lachine, 226.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime.
Suete.WMA swamp, near Ste. Foy, 252.
Sullivan, John(1740-1795). Commanded northern army during Revolutionary War in 1776; served in Canada; and took part in the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown.Index:HdLays waste Iroquois settlements, 151.DrIn command of American army at Sorel, 145.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Sullivan, Robert Baldwin(1802-1853). Born in Bandon, Ireland. Came to Canada with his father, 1819, and settled at York. Studied law and called to the bar, 1828. Practised for a time at Vittoria, in the county of Norfolk. Elected mayor of Toronto, 1835. Appointed to the Executive Council by Sir Francis Bond Head, 1836. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1839; member of the first Executive Council after the union of Upper and Lower Canada; continued in office under the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration. Resigned office with his colleagues, 1843; defended the course of the ministry against Sir Charles Metcalfe in a series of letters in theExaminer, under thenom de plumeof "Legion." Again took office as provincial secretary in the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1848; judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1850.Index:BLEnters into law partnership with Baldwin, 32; his character, 32, 77; president of the Council, 1841, 76; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; member of Legislative Council, 83; defends the government, 130-131; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 133, 134; defends La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, in Metcalfe crisis, 214; speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; in political controversy, 238, 243-244; provincial secretary, 284.BWrites series of letters, over signature of "Legion," on responsible government, 211; provincial secretary in Baldwin-La Fontaine government, 211; his address on resources of North-West Territories, 211; urges importance of British settlement of North-West, 211; and responsible government, 261.SyIntroduces union resolutions in Legislative Council, 209, 228; president of Council under union, 283; duties and salary, 334.RHis connection with university scheme, 153.EProvincial secretary in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Dent,Upper Canadian RebellionandLast Forty Years; Read,Lives of the Judges.
Sullivan, William Wilfrid(1843- ). Born at New London, Prince Edward Island. Educated at Central Academy and St. Dunstan's College, Charlottetown. Engaged for a time in journalism; studied law and called to the bar, 1867. Elected to the Assembly; held office as attorney-general; premier, 1879-1889; chief-justice of Prince Edward Island, 1889.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men.
Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duc de(1560-1641). Trusted counsellor of Henry IV of France.Index:ChFalse report of his death, 64.Bib.:Memoires, 1634-1662.
Sulpicians.A Canadian order, founded by Jean Jacques Olier, in 1640, as part of the threefold religious settlement of Ville Marie. Named after Olier's parish of St. Sulpice, in Paris. After Maisonneuve had laid the foundations of Montreal, the Sulpicians built their Seminary, and became proprietors of the island, much of which still remains in their possession. They encouraged settlement on their seigniory, and in 1666, when Queylus was superior, granted a large tract of land at Lachine to La Salle. Among the notable members of the order in its early days were the Abbé Fénelon and Dollier de Casson, the latter the historian of the order.Index:FReligious order, come to Montreal with Maisonneuve, 42; work of colonization done by, 56; Frontenac friendly to, 74; seigniors of the island of Montreal, 97; their missions, 166, 168.LFour priests of the order come to Canada, 25; peculiarly devoted to the Virgin Mary, 85; build new chapter house, 90; acquire island of Montreal and seigniory of St. Sulpice, 108, 135; large contributions of, to work of evangelization, 136; parish of Montreal attached to, 175; send petition to the king, 183; union with Foreign Missions of Paris, 221.SyIncorporation of Seminary of, 255.CTheir quarrel with Bishop Bourget, 80.Bib.: Dollier de Casson,Histoire de Montreal; Faillon,Colonie Française en Canada; Parkman,La Salle.
Sulte, Benjamin(1841- ). Born at Three Rivers. Served as a volunteer in the Fenian Raids, 1865-1866; employed in the Department of Militia and Defence, 1870-1903; president of Royal Society of Canada, 1904.Index:HdOn Haldimand, 291-292.Bib.: Works:Les Laurentiennes;Chants Nouveaux;Melanges d'Histoire;Histoire des Canadiens-Français;Pages d'Histoire du Canada;Histoire de la Milice Canadienne;Bataille de Châteauguay. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Sumner, Charles(1811-1874). American statesman, and leader in the anti-slavery movement. Elected to Senate, 1851; chairman of committee on foreign affairs, 1861.Index:BVery favourable to Reciprocity Treaty, 226.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Sunday.SLittle observed in Simcoe's time, so far as transaction of public business was concerned, 198.
Superior, Lake.Area 31,800 square miles. Discovered by Étienne Brulé, in 1622. In the next quarter century the devoted Jesuit Fathers penetrated to the shores of the lake. Jogues and Raymbault preached the Faith at the outlet of the lake in 1641; Ménard attempted a mission on the south shore in 1661; and a few years later Allouez explored most of the same side. Radisson and Chouart penetrated to the western end of the lake and beyond in 1661; and Du Lhut covered much the same ground in 1678-1681. From that time, the shores of the lake became familiar ground to missionaries, explorers, and fur traders.Bib.: Kohl,Wanderings round Lake Superior; Agassiz,Lake Superior; Butterfield,History of Brulé's Discoveries.
Supreme Court of Canada.Created by Act of Parliament in 1875. Consists of a chief-justice and five puisne judges, who, also constituted the Exchequer Court until 1887, when the latter was separated. The first chief-justice was Sir William Buell Richards, 1875-1879; succeeded by Sir William Johnston Ritchie, 1879-1892; Sir Samuel Henry Strong, 1892-1902; Sir Henri Elzear Taschereau, 1902-1906; and Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, since 1906.Index:MdBill for establishment of, shaped, 1868-1870, but not passed until 1875, 151.
Surprise.DrBritish frigate, arrival of, 137.
Sutherland.WMBritish frigate, with five other vessels, passes up the river, 123; Wolfe on board of, opposite Cap Rouge, 166; his last proclamation from, 172; Wolfe's conversation with Jervis on board of, 175; signal given from, for movement of the army, 179.
Sutherland, Thomas J.McPlans occupation of Navy Island, 412; his lack of discretion, 412; starts for Michigan, 418; reaches Detroit, 427; meets Handy, 427; lands on Bois Blanc Island, 428; taken by Loyalists, 431; found guilty, but released, 431.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Sutton, H. T. Manners.SeeCanterbury.
Suze, Treaty of.Signed April 24, 1629. Under its terms peace was declared between France and England; the former French possessions in America to revert to France. The conditions were not fulfilled until three years later.Index:ChSigned by England and France, April 24, 1629, 183; ancient possessions of England in America given to France by, 213.Bib.: Hertslet,Treaties and Conventions.
Sweatman, Arthur(1834-1909). Born in London, England. Educated at Christ College, Cambridge. Headmaster of Hellmuth College, London, Ontario, 1865-1872; rector of Grace Church, Brantford, 1872-1876; archdeacon of Brant,1876-1879. Succeeded Dr. Bethune as bishop of Toronto, 1879; and in 1907 elected archbishop and metropolitan, and primate of all Canada.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.; Mockridge,The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Swiss.HdTheir bravery, 7, 8; take up lands in English colonies, 9; scheme to form them into a regiment, 9.
Switzerland.HdDangerous situation of, 4.
Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett Thomson, first Baron(1799-1841).SyRepresented (as Charles Edward Poulett Thomson) city of Manchester in House of Commons, 2; his liberal views, 3; birth, 4; enters office of his father's firm at St. Petersburg, 5; introduced to best society there, 5; returns to England, 6; foreign travel, 6; linguistic acquirements, 6; returns to St. Petersburg, 7; visits central, southern, and eastern Russia, 7; spends part of winter at Vienna, 8; his journals, 8; death of his mother, 8; yields to prevalent mania for speculation, 10, 14; adopts new economic views, 12; becomes associated with philosophic Liberals, 13; candidate for representation of Dover in Commons, 13; incurs heavy expenses, 14; elected, 15; votes for reduction in duty on corn, 15; his view of politics, 16; his speech on the Navigation Acts, 17; advocates ballot and repeal of usury laws, 18; supports repeal of Test and Corporation Acts, 18; a believer in free trade, 18; moderate in his views, 19; suffers from gout, 20; spends winter in Paris and meets many able men, 20; speaks on parliamentary reform, 21; on the national system of taxation, 22, 23; recommends income tax, 24; made vice-president of Board of Trade, and treasurer of navy, 25; tariff reform and vested interests, 27, 29; takes little part in framing Reform Bill, 28; but devotes much attention to the public accounts, 28; negotiates commercial treaty with France, 29; his excessive labours, 30; elected both for Manchester and for Dover, 31; elects to sit for Manchester, 31; an advocate of commercial freedom, 33-38; great dinner given to, at Manchester, 37; his views on banking, 38; on the corn duties, 39; on free trade, 41; president of Board of Trade in reconstructed government, 43; Greville's description of, 43, 44; returns to office with Melbourne (1835), 46; re-elected (over Gladstone) for Manchester, 48; a departmental worker rather than an active politician, 49; description of, by Thomas Raikes, 49; makes commercial treaty with Austria, 50; founds school of design and promotes international copyright, 51; provides for regulation of railway charters, 53; collects statistics, 54; Lord Melbourne's estimate of his abilities, 56; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, in preference to chancellorship of the exchecquer, 57-59; instructor for Canada in principles of responsible government, 83; his tact in dealing with that question, 104; makes important changes in draft bill for reunion of provinces, 124; news of his appointment received in Canada, 129; appointment not acceptable to all parties, 129-132; Reformers of Upper Canada disposed to favour him, 133; article inColonial Gazetteon his mission, 136-141; his views on question of French nationality, 137; on parties in Upper Canada, 138; on responsible government, 139; his instructions, 141; Lord John Russell's letter accompanying instructions to, 141-144; large discretion intrusted to him, 144; sails in frigatePiquefrom Portsmouth, 147; arrival at Quebec, 147; his reflections on shipboard, 147, 148; sworn in, 149; his proclamation, 149, 150; address of the Quebec Committee of Trade, 152; meets Sir George Arthur at Montreal, 153; his task, to place Cabinet government in Canada on stable basis, 179, 187; forced to exercise an unusual measure of political control, 188; opposed by ultra-Tories and ultra-Radicals, 189; consults with Chief-Justice Stuart of Lower Canada, 191; summons Special Council of Lower Canada to consider question of union, 192; proceeds to Upper Canada, 195; describes navigation of the St. Lawrence, 196; arrives at Toronto and takes over government of province, 197; his significant reply to address of Toronto corporation, 198; calls for a return of revenue and expenditure of province, 198; describes condition of things in Upper Canada, 200-203; speech on opening of Upper Canada Legislature, 203, 204; thought too sympathetic with French-Canadians, 205, 233; carries union resolutions in Upper Canada Legislature, 203-210; his personal influence very marked, 210, 211; acknowledges support given to him by Reformers and moderate Conservatives, 213, 214; reports to the colonial secretary on the state of Upper Canada, 215-226; unpopular with French-Canadians, 233; decides to attempt settlement of Clergy Reserves question, 238; his message on the subject to the Legislative Assembly, 245, 246; secures passing of bill, 248; is non-committal on subject of responsible government, 249; his report on session to colonial secretary, 250, 251; goes to Montreal to meet Special Council, 253; describes situation in Lower Canada, 253-255; proceeds to Nova Scotia, 257; reports on situation there, 259-263; fails to anticipate full action of responsible government in the colonies, 263, 264; visits New Brunswick at request of Sir John Harvey, 264; returning to Canada, visits Eastern Townships, 265; tour through Upper Canada, 265-268; well received everywhere, 267; proposes to fix capital of united provinces at Kingston, 268; not so popular in Lower Canada, 269; notified that royal assent had been given to Union Act, 271; raised to peerage as Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 272; his strong desire that Union Act should provide a municipal system for Canada, 273-275; favours Kingston as seat of government, 281; authorized to proclaim Union, 282; appoints 10th of February, 1841, as date, 282; becomes from that date governor-in-chief of united province, 282; issues proclamation to people, 282; issues writ for general election, 282; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 284; changes electoral limits of Montreal and Quebec by attaching suburbs to adjoining counties, 285, 286; unable to give French-Canadians representation in his Cabinet owing to their rooted opposition to union, 288; supported by moderate Reformers, 291; his difficulty with Baldwin, 294-296; much aggrieved by Baldwin's action, 299; his analysis of the Legislature of 1841, 303, 304; his belief in theory of responsible government, 312, 313; his efforts to improve financial conditions, 315, 320; promises in speech from throne Imperial loan in aid of public works, 320; his views on emigration, 321; his satisfaction over passing of Local Government Bill, 325; interest in public works, 326; his plan for a bank of issue, 327; plan not suited to Canadian conditions at the time, 329; partial adoption of, many years later, 330; reorganizes public departments and Executive Council, 331-335; takes part in extradition and boundary negotiations with the United States, 336; serious illness, 337; sends resignation to take effect on close of session, 338; his confidence in the solidity of his work, 338; his absorption in his work, 339; receives Grand Cross of Bath, 340; meets with fatal accident, 341; his fortitude in suffering, 342; his last words to the Legislature, 342; his high opinion of Lord John Russell, 343; his death, 343; buried at Kingston, 344; eulogy of, by Dr. Ryerson, 346, 347; by Joseph Howe, 348, 349; general support given to his ideas by home government, 350; his special qualifications for his work in Canada, 352-355; gradually gains favour with French-Canadians, 355; his administration marks transition from the old system to the new, 356.BFrench-Canadians complain they are outraged by, 15-16.EHis character, 2, 14; appointed governor-general to complete the union and establish responsible government, 26-29; his qualities, 29; his death, 30; his canal policy,96-97; his proposed settlement of Clergy Reserves, 156-157.CSent to Canada to carry out some of Durham's recommendations, 12; his character, 12; attitude towards Canadians, 12; secures approval of union scheme, 12-13; persuades Upper Canada to modify conditions of union, 14; wins the elections, 15; his constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial responsibility, 97; asked to disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99.RComes to Canada, supported by Ryerson, 122; his policy, 122; draws up resolutions on responsible government, 123-126; his influence on political life, 131; interview with Ryerson, 163; his death, 163.HVisits Nova Scotia, and discusses political situation with Joseph Howe and other leaders, 68.PHis views as to political situation in Nova Scotia, 24; requests La Fontaine to enter Draper ministry, 72; referred to by Papineau, 171; his aim in bringing about union of the Canadas to crush the French-Canadians, according to La Fontaine, 174-175.BLIn period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada as governor-general, 59; his previous career, 59; becomes Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 59; takes over government, and lays his plans before the Special Council, 59-60; his special project the union of the Canadas, 60-61; visits Upper Canada, 61; appoints Baldwin solicitor-general of Upper Canada, 63; his attitude towards responsible government, 64-67; union project, 67-71; describes a journey in Canada in 1839, 74-75; summons Legislature, 1841, 75; appoints Legislative and Executive Councils, 75, 83; correspondence with Baldwin as to personnel of Cabinet, 79-80, 81; succeeds in carrying on the government, 85; on the luxurious surroundings of colonial legislators, 86; absent from meeting of the Houses, 86; his speech from the throne, 89; his public policy, 90; his views as to his constitutional position, 97-98, 137; legislation as to municipal government, 100-105; the resolutions on constitutional government, 109-111; his death, Sept. 19, 1841, 111; Turcotte and McMullen on, 111-112; his character, 111-112; referred to in La Fontaine's speech, 128; changes boundaries of constituencies of Montreal and Quebec for political purposes, 146; this and other legislation of his repealed in 1842, 146-147; on responsible government, 161, 162, 163; dissatisfaction with his selection of Kingston as capital, 180; his instructions, 230; and Ryerson, 241; his application of the constitutional system, 274; municipal legislation under, 299.McOn state of province, 406; would not have fought against rebels, 407; praises Reformers, 407; opposition from Family Compact, 407; gives responsible government, 409; surprised people had not rebelled sooner, 477.MdAdvocate of responsible government, 17; his death, 17; secures passage, by Assembly, of Act secularizing Clergy Reserves, 1840, but on being sent to England, it is disallowed on technical grounds, 59-60.WHis despatch to Lord John Russell on the Executive Council, 113.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Scrope,Memoir of Life of Sydenham.
Sydney.An important seaport of Nova Scotia; formerly the capital of the colony of Cape Breton. Founded in 1784, and the seat of the local government until 1820, when the island was united to Nova Scotia. Incorporated as a town in 1886, and received a city charter in 1904.Bib.:Nelson's Ency.
Sydney, Thomas Townshend, first Viscount(1733-1800). Entered Parliament, 1754; lord of the treasury, 1765; war secretary, 1872; and home secretary, 1783. The office of home secretary then included the colonies.Index:DrSecretary of state, discusses with Carleton future of Canada, 224; his correspondence with Carleton, 242; succeeded in colonial office by Grenville, 248.HdDu Calvet's petition to, 284-288; Haldimand's intercourse with, 310, 315, 322, 326, 337; speech to, 327.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Syndics.FLocal representatives without votes, provided for in first council, 37.
Taché, Alexandre Antoninus(1823-1894). Born in Rivière du Loup, Quebec, and educated at Quebec and Montreal. In 1845 volunteered as a missionary to the Indians on the Great Lakes, and in the same year ordained to the priesthood. Founded several missions, schools, colleges, and convents in the North-West. In 1853 became bishop of St. Boniface, and in 1871 made archbishop.Index:CHis missions, 69; warns government of trouble with half-breeds, 70; his visit to Rome, 70; recalled to placate half-breeds, 70.MdWarns Sir Georges Cartier of trouble in North-West, 157-158; on causes of rebellion, 240.Bib.: Works:Sketch of the North-West of America;Vingt Années de Missions dans la Nord-Ouest. For biog.,seeDavid,Vie de Taché; Benoit,Vie de Mgr. Taché, Archevêque de St. Boniface; Dent,Can. Por.
Taché, Sir Étienne Pascal(1795-1865). Born in St. Thomas, Quebec. Served during the War of 1812-1815. Studied medicine, practising until 1841. Entered Parliament, and in 1848 became commissioner of public works. Held the position of receiver-general from 1849 to 1856. Appointed to Legislative Council, 1856; subsequently elected Speaker; shortly after became premier, with John A. Macdonald as attorney-general and leader of the lower House. In 1858 visited England; knighted by Queen Victoria; appointed to the honorary rank of colonel in the British army, and made an aide-de-camp to the queen. For a few months in 1864 became premier in conjunction with Macdonald, but on the defeat of the government retired from public life.Index:CReplaces Morin in Liberal-Conservative administration, 33; with Cartier, induces Grand Trunk to extend line from Quebec to Rivière du Loup, 49; intrusted by Lord Monck with duty of forming a Cabinet, 68; alliance with Upper Canadian Conservatives, 99.BLChief commissioner of public works, in second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284; in Assembly for six years (1841-1846), held office of deputy adjutant-general, given seat in Legislative Council, 284-285.EChief commissioner of public works in La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; his historic saying as to British supremacy in America, 56; a Liberal leader in Lower Canada, 109; receiver-general in Hincks-Morin government, 113; retains same office in reconstructed ministry in 1853, 126.BChallenges Brown to publish Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral in theGlobe, 44; said to have advised Roman Catholics to oppose secularization of Clergy Reserves, 48; forms ministry, 1864, 149; leads coalition government, 159; presents case for Confederation in Upper Chamber, 169; his death, July 30, 1865, 189; his character, 189; his prejudice against the Rouges, 200.RIntroduces Separate School Bill, 230.MdTakes Morin's place in the Cabinet, 74; forms administration with Macdonald, 1856, 80; failing health forces him to resign, 83; induced to leave his retirement, and form another administration with Macdonald, which lasts only a few weeks, 90-91; chairman of Confederation Conference held at Quebec, 104; his death, 122.THis government weak, and defeated in 1864, 69; delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; president of Conference, 77.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Taylor,Brit. Am.
Tadoussac.A town in Saguenay County, Quebec, situated at the confluence of the Saguenay River with the St. Lawrence. Founded in 1599 by Chauvin, and visited by Champlain in 1603 and 1609. In the days of the early Frenchcolonists, a centre of the seal fisheries and the fur trade.Index:ChChamplain arrives at, May 24, 1603, 10; derivation of name, 10; early date at which fishing vessels resorted thither, 59; seat of the fur trade, 119; Récollet mission at, 167.
Tait, Sir Melbourne McTaggart(1834- ). Born at Melbourne, Quebec. Educated at St. Francis College, Richmond. Studied law in Montreal, and graduated B. C. L. at McGill University, 1862; called to the bar, 1863; practised at Melbourne and afterwards at Montreal. In 1882 created Q. C.; in 1886 became a fellow-in-law in McGill University; in 1887 appointed judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; in 1894 acting chief-justice; and in 1906 chief-justice. On the completion of the sixtieth year of Queen Victoria's reign in 1897, knighted.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Talbot, Thomas(1771-1853). Rose to the rank of colonel in the British army, and for a time attached to the staff of Governor Simcoe. Resigning his commission, obtained in 1801 a grant of 5000 acres on the north shore of Lake Erie for the purposes of a settlement, and devoted himself to its development. Brought out a band of colonists from England, and others followed. Port Talbot became the centre of an ever-widening region of cultivated land, until before his death twenty-eight townships had been settled as the result of his efforts.Index:SAide-de-camp to Simcoe, 177; returns to Ireland, later returns to Canada, and forms a settlement in western Ontario, 178.Bib.:Six Years in the Canadas. For biog.,seeDict. Nat. Biog.; Dent,Can. Por.; Taylor,Brit. Am.See alsoCoyne,The Talbot Papers(R. S. C., 1907).
Talbot Settlement.SeeTalbot, Thomas.
Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice, Prince de(1754-1838). French statesman.Index:BkForeign secretary under Napoleon, 81.Bib.: For biog.,seeworks of Taine, Mignet, Bastive, Lamartine, and Guizot.
Tallon, Major.BkIn command of 3d Brigade, 247.
Talon, Jean-Baptiste(1625-1691). Born in Picardy, France. Held offices in the intendancies of Bordeaux and Lyons, and intendant of Hainant from 1661 to 1663. In 1663 intendant of New France. During his administration in Canada, was the first to build ships in the colony; opened up trade between Canada and the West Indies; established the first brewery in North America; and developed cod fisheries along the St. Lawrence. In 1668 left for France, but returned to Canada in 1670, and resumed the intendancy. In 1672 returned to France, and for several years held high positions in the king's household.Index:FIntendant, 51; character, 54; attitude to the clerical power, 55; labours for the prosperity of the country, 55; recalled at his own request, 60; instructed to guard against ecclesiastical encroachments, 69; secures permission for Récollets to return to Canada, 72.LAppointed intendant, 51; arrival of, 79; his zeal for settlement of the country, 79, 80; his high character, 81; takes steps to develop St. Maurice mines, 82; sends Perrot to visit western and northern tribes, 82; promotes explorations of Jolliet and Marquette, 82; recommends de Queylus to Colbert, 107, 135; to counterbalance influence of Jesuits, brings out Récollet Fathers, 109; obtains decree permitting sale of liquor to the Indians, 113; styled the "Canadian Colbert," 113; his exertions for the good of the colony, 114-116; returns to France, 143; his reports prejudice mind of Colbert against clergy, 170.EHis seigniory of Des Islets made a barony in 1671, 181.WMMontcalm marries his grand-niece, 5.Bib.:Mémoire sur l'État Présent du Canada, attributé à M. Talon(Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc.,Hist. Doc., 1st ser., 1840); Parkman,Frontenac; Garneau,Histoire du Canada; Faillon,Histoire de la Colonie Française; Bibaud,Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Française; Ferland,Cours d'Histoire du Canada; Miles,Canada under French Régime; Kingsford,History of Canada; Colby,Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle France(R. S. C., 1903); Chapais,Jean Talon.
Tanguay, Cyprien(1819-1902). Born in the city of Quebec. Graduated at Quebec Seminary in 1839, and ordained priest 1843. In 1860 removed to St. Germain, and instrumental in building the cathedral for the diocese of Rimouski, as also the college and convent in that diocese. Entered the service of the Canadian government in 1865, and for some years connected with the statistics branch of the Department of Agriculture. In 1867 went to Paris to report on the French archives bearing on Canadian history. In 1883 received the honorary degree of Litt.D. from Laval University, and in 1886, being one of the original fellows of the Royal Society of Canada, received the Confederation medal from the Dominion government. In 1887 visited Europe and reported on the historical archives. Subsequently created aPrélat Romainby the pope.Bib.:Dictionnaire Genealogique des Familles Canadiennes. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men.
Tanswell, J.HdSchoolmaster at Quebec, 234.
Tarieu de Lanaudière, Charles.Member of an old French family, originally of Guienne; settled in Canada about 1665. Commanded a part of the Canadian militia at Carillon, in 1758; remained in Canada after the conquest, and became aide-de-camp to Dorchester; served against the Americans in 1775, and accompanied the governor to England. Afterwards appointed a legislative councillor, and deputy postmaster-general for Canada.Index:DrIn command of militia, 187; offered to settle his seigniory with freeholders, 255.WMCanadian officer, sent to prevent landing at St. Paul's Bay, 89.
Tariff.BLIncreased in 1841, 99; and 1842, 147; on agricultural products, and live stock, 189; Act of 1849, 292, 302.
Tarleton, Sir Bonastre(1754-1833). Born in Liverpool. Educated at Oxford University; and joined the army in 1775. In 1776 came to America as a volunteer with Cornwallis, and became major in Colonel Harcourt's Regiment of Dragoons. Given command of the "British Legion" or "Tarleton's Green Horse," and with this force was in constant action against the enemy. In 1780 met and severely defeated Colonel Burford's detachment at Waxhaw Creek; arrived at Camden in time to complete the rout of General Gates's left wing; and overwhelmed the army of General Sumter at Fishing Creek. Badly beaten by the American force under General Daniel Morgan at Cowpens, 1781. In 1782 returned to England, and promoted to colonel; from 1790 to 1812 a member of Parliament; in 1817 made lieutenant-general; and created a baronet in 1818.Index:DrCommands British Legion, 202.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Taschereau.BkArrested, 127; discharged, 128.CClaims liberty of the press, 95; sent to jail, 95.PName struck off militia list by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29.
Taschereau, Elzear Alexandre(1820-1898). Born at Ste. Marie de la Beauce, Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec; subsequently travelled throughout Europe; and in 1837 entered the Grand Seminary at Quebec. In 1842 ordained to the priesthood in his native parish. In 1847, while attending the sick and dying immigrants at Grosse Island, stricken with fever. In 1854 went to Rome, and in 1856 received the degree of D.D. In 1860 elected superiorof the Quebec Seminary, the appointment including the rectorship of Laval University. In 1871 consecrated archbishop of Quebec, in succession to Archbishop Baillargeon. In 1872 founded the Hôtel Dieu du Sacré-Cœur at Quebec, and also instrumental in restoring the church at St. Anne de Beaupré. In 1886 created cardinal. Towards the end of 1894 retired from the administration of his diocese.Index:CDisapproves of appeal ofLe Parti Catholique, 82-83.LAttributes establishment of first brotherhood of Holy Family to Father Pijard, 86.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.; Têtu,Le Cardinal Taschereau; Hamel,Taschereau.
Taschereau, Sir Henri Elzear(1836- ). Born at Ste. Marie de la Beauce, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary; called to the bar, 1857, and practised in Quebec. From 1861 to 1867 represented Beauce in the Canadian Assembly. In 1867 appointed a Q. C.; and in 1868 clerk of the peace for the district of Quebec. In 1871 judge of the Quebec Superior Court; in 1878 judge of the Supreme Court of Canada; and in 1902 chief-justice; retired, 1906. In 1904 a member of the Imperial Privy Council.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.
Tassé, Joseph(1848-1895). Born in Montreal. Educated at Bourget College. Chose journalism as his profession; in 1867 became editor ofLe Canada; from 1869 to 1872 associate editor ofLa Minerve; and a director ofLa Revue Canadienne. About the same period appointed assistant French translator of the House of Commons. In 1878 elected to the House of Commons for Ottawa, and re-elected 1882; member of the Senate from the province of Quebec, 1891-1895.Index:MSOn Seven Oaks affair, 184.Bib.:Canadiens de L'Ouest.
Taylor, Brigadier-General.HdIn command at Pensacola, 65; his dispute with Governor Johnstone, 69; at St. Augustine, 75.
Taylor, Sir Henry(1800-1886). Born in England. In 1824 appointed to the permanent staff of the colonial office, with which he was connected until 1872. In 1835 declined the offer of the governorship of Upper Canada.Index:WHis characterization of Lord Glenelg, 42.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Taylor, John Fennings(1817-1882). Born in London, England. Educated at Radley, England, and came to Canada, 1836. Held various clerical offices under the Assembly and Council of Canada, and after Confederation was appointed deputy clerk of the Senate. Died in Old Point Comfort, Va.Index:EOn John Sandfield Macdonald's reproof to Lord Elgin, 129-130.Bib.: Works:Portraits of British Americans;The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown for British North America;Life and Death of the Hon. Thomas D'Arcy McGee;AreLegislaturesParliaments?—A Study and Review.
Tecumseh(1768-1813). Born near the site of Springfield, Ohio. First appeared as a brave in a battle with Kentucky soldiers about 1788. In the campaign of 1794-1795 between American troops and Indians, came into prominence as a daring warrior. In 1805 he and his brother Ellskwatawa, the Prophet, formed the project of uniting all the western tribes of Indians in a war against the Americans. With this object visited the different tribes and induced many to join his ranks. In the campaigns of 1812-1813 joined the British against the Americans, and wounded at the battle of Maguaga. In 1812 given the rank of brigadier-general. In 1813 killed at the battle of Moravian town, on the Thames, while leading his Indian troops on the British side.Index:BkShawnee warrior, desirous of uniting all the Indian tribes for their common defence, 150; proposes alliance with United States, 150; hisovertures being rejected, decides on war, 151, 176; repulses Americans at Canard River, 237; disperses force of the enemy on their own territory, 237; in fight at Maguaga, 241; his opinion of Brock, 246; appearance, dress, and character, 246, 247; leads Indians in attack on Detroit, 254; his commendation of Brock, 257.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Dent,Can. Por.; Drake,Life of Tecumseh; Eggleston,Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet; Tupper,Life and Correspondence of Brock; Tupper,Family Records; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Teganissorens (Decanisora).FOnondaga orator, 338.
Telegraph Companies.BLIncorporated in 1847, 277-278.
Temple, Richard Temple Grenville, Earl(1711-1779). Represented Buckingham and Buckinghamshire in Parliament, 1734-1752; first lord of the Admiralty, 1756-1757; lord privy seal, 1757-1761.Index:WMWitnesses singular behaviour of Wolfe at house of Pitt, 65, 66.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Temple, Sir Thomas(1614-1674). Born in England. Given a grant of land in Nova Scotia, in 1656; induced Cromwell to confirm it, and in 1657 appointed governor of Acadia. Sailed for America, and occupied the forts of St. John and Pentagoet. On the restoration of Charles II, his claims were again in jeopardy, but were eventually confirmed. In 1662 created by Charles II a baronet of Nova Scotia, and again appointed governor. In 1667 Nova Scotia was ceded to France, and in 1670 forced to resign his claims to the territory. Afterwards settled in Boston, finally returning to England.Index:FEnglish governor of Acadia, 1656, 268.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Murdoch,History of Nova Scotia.
Tessoüat.ChAlgonquian chief, 10, 75, 77.
Têtes de Boule.HdIndian tribe trading at Three Rivers, 54.
Têtu.HdOn Haldimand. 291.
Theatre.FAt Quebec, 336.HdAllan Maclean's effort for, 306-307; attempt to produce Molière'sLes Fourberies de Scapin, 307.
Themines, Pons de Lauzière, Marquis de(1552-1627). Marshal of France.Index:ChTemporary viceroy of New France, 123.
Thierry-Desdames.ChCompany's clerk at Quebec, 121, 138; sent to St. Barnabé Island, 173.
Thom, Adam.Born in Scotland. Educated at King's College, Aberdeen. Came to Canada, and practised law in Montreal. Appointed recorder of Rupert's Land, 1838, and arrived in the Red River Settlement the following year. Also legal adviser to the governor of Assiniboia. His arbitrary conduct made him extremely unpopular, especially among the French half-breeds, and he was compelled to retire from the bench in 1849. The following year reinstated, to try a complicated case of defamatory conspiracy, but the verdict proved so unsatisfactory that Governor Caldwell procured his permanent removal, and had him appointed clerk of the court. Resigned this office in 1854, and returned to Scotland.Index:MSGovernor Simpson makes him recorder of Red River, 1839, 245; opposes Papineau in Lower Canada, 245; his newspaper letters signed "Camillus," 245; on Durham's staff, 245; returns with him to England, 245; his influence in Red River affairs, 246; the "stormy petrel," of the Settlement, 247; returns to England, 1854, 247; his connection with Simpson's narrative of his journey round the world, 249.Bib.: Bryce,ManitobaandHudson's Bay Company; Ross,Red River Settlement; Begg,History of the North-West.See alsoRed River Colony.
Thomas, John(1725-1776). Born in Marshfield, Mass. Surgeon in a regiment sent to Annapolis Royal, 1746; and in 1747 surgeon, and afterwards lieutenant, in Shirley's Regiment. In 1759 promoted colonel of Provincials, and in 1760 commanded a regiment at the capture of Montreal. On the outbreak of the Revolution joined the colonials; raised a regiment of volunteers; and in 1775 became brigadier-general. In 1776 commanded a brigade at the siege of Boston, capturing Dorchester Heights, and promoted major-general. Succeeded to the command of the American army in Canada on the death of General James Montgomery, arriving before Quebec on May 1, 1776. Died near Chambly, on the retreat from Quebec.Index:DrReplaces Wooster, recalled, 136; stampede of his forces when attacked by Carleton, 138.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.See alsoSiege of Quebec, 1775-1776.
Thompson.TElected in York, New Brunswick, 108.
Thompson, David(1770-1857). Born in the parish of St. John's, Westminster, England. Educated at the Gray Coat School; and entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1784. The first of his voluminous journals opens at Fort Churchill in that year. The last is dated 1850. The journals fill forty-five volumes of manuscript, and cover a period of sixty-six years. Remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company until 1797, and in that period carried on explorations and surveys of the Nelson, Churchill, and Saskatchewan Rivers, and the intervening territory. In 1797 joined the North West Company, and in the years that followed, explored the upper waters of the Assiniboine; made a journey overland to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and another to the head waters of the Mississippi; and surveyed portions of the upper waters of the Saskatchewan, Athabaska, and Peace Rivers. From 1807 to 1811, explored the entire system of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, from source to mouth. Left the North-West in 1812, and from 1816 to 1826 engaged in surveying and defining the international boundary. Afterwards carried out several minor surveys, in what is now eastern Canada. Died at Longueuil, near Montreal.Index:MSReferred to in Mackenzie's letters, 58; his explorations, 103; leaves Hudson's Bay Company, and joins North West Company, 103; visits the Mandan Indians, 104; further explorations, 105; sent to explore the Columbia, 106; crosses the Rocky Mountains, 1806, and builds post on Columbia, 106; descends the Columbia to its mouth, 106-107; builds other posts west of the mountains, 107; leaves service of the North West Company, 107; prepares his great map, 107; Thompson River named after, 109.DCompletes his western work, 1811, 58; returns to eastern Canada, 58; ends his days in poverty, 59; astronomer of North West Company, 57; previously in service of Hudson's Bay Company, 57-58; extent of his travels, 58; visits Mandan country, 58; enters Bow River Pass, 1805, 58; discovers Howse Pass, 58; builds Fort Kootenay, 58; first to explore Kootenay district, 58; discoverer of Athabaska Pass, 58; proclaims British sovereignty, at junction of Spokane and Columbia, 58.Bib.: Tyrrell,Journeys of David Thompson;Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Thompson, David(1796-1868). Born in Scotland. Served in the British army and in the Canadian militia. Taught school in Niagara and acted as a surveyor. In 1832 publishedHistory of the late War between Great Britain and the United States of America.
Thompson, Edward.McDefeats Mackenzie, 308.
Thompson, James.DrEngineer, his work on the fortifications of Quebec, 117.
Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David(1844-1894). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Educated at Free Church Academy, Halifax. In 1859 a reporter inthe House of Assembly. In 1865 called to the bar and practised in Halifax. In 1877 member for Antigonish, in the Assembly; and in 1878 attorney-general in the Holmes-Thompson government. On the retirement of Holmes in 1882, became premier, but being defeated in the House, resigned two months later. In 1882 appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. In 1885 minister of justice and attorney-general of Canada, in Sir John A. Macdonald's government, being elected for Antigonish to the House of Commons. Appointed legal adviser to the British plenipotentiaries who arranged the Fishery Treaty with the United States in 1888, and knighted for his services. In 1892 premier, on the retirement of Sir John Abbott. In 1893 went to Paris as one of the arbitrators upon the Bering Sea fisheries dispute. In 1894, while on a visit to England, and soon after being sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council, died suddenly at Windsor Castle.Index:MdMinister of justice, 254; his address when unveiling statue of John A. Macdonald at Hamilton, 332.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Hopkins,Life of Sir John Thompson.
Thompson, Samuel.BHis pen picture of George Brown, 4-5.
Thompson, S. R.TAnti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick, 108, 109.
Thompson, William(1725-1781). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Pennsylvania, and commanded a troop of mounted militia in the French and Indian campaigns. In 1776 appointed a brigadier-general by Congress, and sent to Canada with reinforcements for General John Thomas. On June 6, ordered by General Sullivan, who had succeeded Thomas, to attack the enemy at Three Rivers, but badly defeated and taken prisoner; exchanged two years later.Index:DrSent to attack Fraser at Three Rivers, 145; repulsed with loss, 146.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Thomson, Andrew.SyElder brother and business partner of Sydenham, 9; annoyed at losses and expenses incurred by his brother, 14.
Thomson, Edward William(1849- ). Canadian author and journalist.Index:BHis sketch of Gordon Brown, 245.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Thomson, John.SyMerchant, father of Sydenham, 4; adds "Poulett" to his name, 4.
Thomson, Poulett.SeeSydenham.
Thornton, Sir Edward.Born in London, England, 1817; son of Sir Edward Thornton, minister to Portugal. Graduated at Cambridge in 1840. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1842 stationed at Turin. In 1845 attaché in Mexico, and in 1851 secretary of legation. Appointed minister to the Argentine Confederation in 1859; and in 1865 minister to Brazil; in 1867 minister to Washington; in 1871 a member of the Joint High Commission on theAlabamaclaims; and in 1873 one of the arbitrators of the American and Mexican Claims Commission. In 1878 served on the Ontario Boundary Commission. In 1881 appointed ambassador to St. Petersburg; and to Turkey in 1884; retired from the diplomatic service, 1887; made a G. C. B., 1883.Index:BBritish minister at Washington, joint plenipotentiary with George Brown for negotiation of a reciprocity treaty, 1874, 226.MdServes on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Thorpe, Robert.A member of the Irish bar. Judge of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1802; judge of the Court of King's Bench of Upper Canada, 1805. Took part in the political quarrels of the time; elected a memberof the Upper Canadian Assembly, 1807; dismissed from his judgeship by order of the secretary of state, on the representations of the governor, Sir Francis Gore; sued Sir Francis Gore in England for libel and recovered damages. Appointed chief-justice of Sierra Leone; returned to England after two years on account of ill-health; brought with him for delivery a petition to the home government from the people of Sierra Leone, and on this account dismissed from office. Died in England.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Read,Lives of the Judges.
Three Rivers.City of Quebec, at the mouth of St. Maurice River. First colonists settled there in 1633; the Jesuits arrived the following year; and the same year a fort was built by Laviolette, who is regarded as the founder of the town. Throughout the seventeenth century, it was the scene of almost constant conflict with the Iroquois. In 1670 the Jesuits were replaced by the Récollets; and in 1697 the Ursulines established a convent.Index:LRécollet mission at, 111.WMFrench provision ships retire to, 87.DrGovernorship of, abolished, 21; used as military dépôt by Americans in invasion of Canada, 141; Carleton's troops rendezvous at, 144.FFort erected at, 24; population in 1666, 268.ChCentre of fur trade for some years, 120; conference with Indian tribes at, 162; Jesuit mission founded at, 228.HdHaldimand military governor of, 1; Ralph Burton governor of, 41-42; Haldimand appointed to district on Burton's departure, 42-51, 64, 65, 290, 293; early history of the settlement, 42; fires in, 44; difficulty in obtaining recruits at, 56; government divided between Quebec and Montreal, 60; Haldimand relieved of command at, in 1765, 61-62; Indians protected at, 147; Haldimand befriends Ursuline nuns at, 179; census taken, 190, 231; question of inoculation for smallpox at, 229; schools of, 233, 235; banns of marriage published at, 237; Loyalists sheltered near, 254; Du Calvet arrested at, 280.Bib.: Sulte,Histoire des Trois-Rivières, 1534-1537andAlbum d'Histoire des Trois-Rivières, 1634-1721.
Three Rivers.ChName given by Champlain to river St. Maurice, 52.
Thurlow, Edward, Baron(1731-1806). Born in Norfolk, England. Entered Parliament for Tamworth, 1768. In 1770 appointed solicitor-general, and in 1771 attorney-general. In 1774 supported on constitutional grounds the ministerial scheme for the government of Quebec province. In 1778 lord chancellor and raised to the peerage. Presided at the trial of Warren Hastings, 1788. Supported Pitt's foreign policy throughout, but on other questions was not a loyal adherent of the prime minister. In 1792 Pitt and Grenville, with whom he then bitterly disagreed, induced the king to part with the chancellor, who then resigned the great seal. Throughout his career an ardent supporter of the king, and added all his influence in favour of the policy which led to the revolt of the American colonies.Index:DrAttorney-general, on French-Canadian claims in matters of law, 62, 66.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Thury, Abbé.FMissionary to Abenaquis, 250.
Ticonderoga.Known to the French as Carillon. Built by Lotbinière in 1755-1756, on a promontory at the southern end of Lake Champlain, where it formed the advanced post of the French, and guarded the frontier from British attack. Abercromby brought an army against it in 1758, and was badly beaten by Montcalm. The following year Amherst captured the fort, Bourlamaque retreating down the lake with his force. In 1775 it was taken by the Americans, under Ethan Allen; and recaptured in 1777 by Burgoyne, remaining in the possession of the British until the close of the war. When the boundary was settled, it became the property of the United States.Index:ChScene of fight withIroquois, 54.HdDisastrous attack on, 18-21.SeeCarillon; Abercromby; Allen; Amherst.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Smith,Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony.
Tilley, James.TGrandfather of Sir Leonard Tilley, grantee of Parrtown, 3; died in Sunbury County in 1851, 3.
Tilley, John.TCame over in theMayflowerin 1620, 2.
Tilley, Sir Leonard(1818-1896).WGrandson of William Peters, 3; succeeds Wilmot as lieutenant-governor, 133.TElected to New Brunswick Assembly, 1850, 1; born in Gagetown, New Brunswick, May 8, 1818, his descent, 1-2; his father, 3-4; early home, 4-5; education, 5; begins commercial life, 7; espouses cause of total abstinence, 8; his business career, 8-9; enters political life, 10; returned for St. John city, 10; his colleagues, 11-15; supports Ritchie's amendment, 18; resigns his seat, 24; out of Parliament, 25; his tariff views, 29-30; becomes provincial secretary, 32; introduces prohibitory liquor bill, 34; defeated in St. John, 41; elected in St. John, 43; provincial secretary, 43; his nomination speech, 52; delegate to England in railway matter, 54-55; attends Quebec Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; again in England on same matter, 57; supports Confederation, 59; proposes uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70-71; attends Charlottetown Conference, 73; and Quebec Conference, 77, 79; candidate in St. John, 84; resigns, 90; his influence, 104; again provincial secretary, 105; elected for St. John, 109; the Confederation movement, 112; his personal magnetism, 113; his work for Confederation, 114; his defence of the union, 116-118; delegate to England, 120; presented to the queen, 124; in first Dominion ministry, 128-129; becomes minister of finance, 130; represents St. John in Dominion Parliament, 131; receives honour of C. B., 132; his parliamentary career, 133-134; appointed lieutenant-governor, 134; his governorship, 135-136; returns to political life as minister of finance, 137; again lieutenant-governor, 138-139; his popularity, 140; his religious life, 140-141; given a K. C. M. G., 141; visits the queen at Osborne, 142; his marriage, 1843, 142; his second wife, 142; his family, 142-143; last illness and death, 1896, 144-145; funeral service, 146; his character, 147-148.HHis government defeated in New Brunswick on Confederation issue, 179; returned to office, 187; welcomes Tupper on his return from England, 207; urges Sir John Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia and confer with leaders of Anti-Confederate party, 209.BTours Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference, 166; defeated in New Brunswick on Confederation issue, 182-183; in Peter Mitchell's Pro-Confederation ministry, 188; relations with Macdonald, 202-203.MdDelegate to Quebec Conference, 110; letters to, from Macdonald, on Confederation, 117-118, 125-126; minister of customs, 134; supports Intercolonial route running directly across New Brunswick, 153; supports Macdonald and the national policy, 220; introduces a bill to give effect to the national policy, 228-229; his co-operation with Macdonald, 270-271.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Hannay,Life and Times of Sir Leonard TilleyandHistory of New Brunswick.
Tilley, Samuel.TSir Leonard Tilley's great-grandfather, 1; a Loyalist farmer on Long Island, 2; arrives at Parrtown (St. John), 1783, 3; dies there, 1815, 3; his wife dies, 1835, 3.
Tilley, Thomas Morgan(1790-1870).TFather of Sir Leonard Tilley, born, 1790, 3; in lumber business, 4; dies, 1870, 4.
Tilsit, Treaty of.BkBetween Russia and Napoleon, 1807, 105; failure of, 106.
Timber Trade.SyBetween Britain and colonies. Sydenham's views on, 130, 136.See alsoTrade.
Times.Newspaper published at London, England; established, 1785.Index:BLOn Rebellion Losses Bill, 320-321.BOn Canadian independence, 143; attitude towards United States during war with the South, 144; on Canadian defence, 147.CAdvocates independence of Canada and other great colonies, 89-93; Cartier replies to, 92.MdAccount in, of memorial service held in Westminster Abbey in honour of Macdonald, 322-324.
Tippecanoe.BkGeneral Harrison's encounter with Indians at, 174-176.
Tipping, Captain.DVoyage to the North-West Coast for sea-otter skins, 22.
Tithes.DrAttempts to create discontent on the subject of, 79.LCollection of, by Quebec Seminary, sanctioned by the French king, 10; fixed by Sovereign Council at one twenty-sixth, 10; Laval obtains authority to collect one-thirteenth as, 50; rate reduced to one twenty-sixth, 54; objected to by some of the colonists, 54; decree of 1679 respecting, 55; limitation of, 181.
Tobin, Michael.HMember of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, 110; resigns seat in government, as protest against Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics, 164.HMember of Uniacke administration, 1848, 110; resigns seat in government, 164.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Tod, John.Born in Water Leven, Dumbartonshire, Scotland. Joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1813, and employed for a time at York Factory as superintendent of the fur shed. Sent by Governor Simpson to New Caledonia, 1823; took an active part in the development of the Company's operations west of the mountains. A man of strong personality, and a notable correspondent; many of his letters to Hargrave, Ermatinger, and other contemporaries among the fur traders have been preserved. Stationed at Fort McLeod in 1824, and still there when Sir George Simpson visited the post on his overland journey in 1828. Chief trader in charge of Fort Kamloops, 1846. Bancroft describes some dramatic incidents of his reign at Kamloops. Retired from Company's service, 1851; appointed same year a member of the council of government; subsequently a member of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. Died at Oak Bay, near Victoria.Index:MSGovernor Simpson's prejudice against, 268.DAt McLeod Lake, 99; character, 100; account of Fort George massacre, 105-106.Bib.: Bancroft,History of British Columbia; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Begg,History of British Columbia.
Todd, Alpheus(1821-1884). Born in London, England. Removed to Canada in 1833. In 1836 appointed assistant librarian of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada, and upon the union of the two provinces of Canada, assistant librarian to the Legislative Assembly. In 1854 appointed principal librarian, and constitutional adviser to both Houses of the Legislature. In 1856, a library grant of £10,000 having been made, sent to Europe to expend it. Upon the Confederation of the provinces in 1867, appointed librarian to the Dominion Parliament. In 1881 received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Queen's University, Kingston.Bib.: Works:Parliamentary Government in England;Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies. For biog.,seeRose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Tolmie, William Fraser(1812-1886). Born at Inverness, Scotland. Studied medicine; joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, arriving at Fort Vancouver the following year. Filled the dual positions of medical officer and trader in the Company's service for many years. Stationed at Fort McLoughlin, 1833-1836; visited Scotland, 1841-1843; chief factor, 1856, and removed to Victoria,where appointed to the board of management of the Company, 1859. Retired in 1860, and for five years sat in the Legislative Assembly. Died in Victoria. Tolmie Channel was named after him.Index:DSucceeds Anderson at Fort McLoughlin, 1834, 117; establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118.Bib.: Bancroft,History of British Columbia; Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names.
Tonnancour, De.DrEntertains Carleton at Three Rivers, 89; in command of militia, 187.HdCommander at Three Rivers, his application to Haldimand, 243.
Tonquin.An American vessel, which brought out the Astorians from New York to the Columbia in 1810. She was commanded by a domineering officer, Captain Thorn. The following year, accompanied by Alexander McKay, one of the partners of Astor's company, Thorn sailed north on a trading expedition. At Nootka, while trading with the natives, he struck one of the principal chiefs and turned him out of the ship. A few days later a large party of Indians came on board, ostensibly to trade, but carrying concealed weapons. At a preconcerted signal, they fell on the officers and crew, killing all but five seamen, who escaped into the hold. Four of these escaped the following day in a boat, but perished at sea. The natives, believing the ship deserted, come on board in a crowd to pillage her. Suddenly, while four or five hundred were huddled together on the deck, the ship blew up with a frightful noise. The sailor who had remained behind, probably wounded, is supposed to have taken this terrible revenge. An Indian of Gray's Harbour, who had been among the crew, managed to escape during the massacre, and brought the news to Astoria.Index:DAttacked by natives at Clayoquot Sound, June, 1811, and entire crew massacred, 37; sent to the Columbia by Astor, 71; murder of crew, 71.Bib.:Franchère,Voyage to the North-West Coast of America; Irving,Astoria; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.