Comfort, Thomas.McAids Mackenzie's escape, 384.
Commerce.BkIn Upper Canada, 50.See alsoTrade.
Commercial Union.Complete and entire free trade with the United States, first proposed by Ira Gould, before Montreal Board of Trade, February, 1852. (SeeMontrealGazette, Feb. 18-22, 1852.) The question was repeatedly discussed in succeeding years, down to 1890, in and out of Parliament, and for a time was adopted by the Liberal party as a trade policy, but abandoned before they came into power in 1896.Index:MdBrought forward by Liberals as an alternative to protection, 261-262; history of the movement, 291-292; the Commercial Union League, 293-298.See alsoUnrestricted reciprocity; Reciprocity; Zollvrein.Bib.:Canadian Emancipation and Commercial Union; Adam,Handbook of Commercial Union; Willison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Commissariat Department.SAbuses in, 212.
Company of Canada (Merchant Adventurers of Canada).Organized by David Kirke, and chartered by Charles I, to exploit the fur trade of the St. Lawrence. The restoration of Canada to France in 1632 brought the operations of Kirke, Sir William Alexander, and their associates to an untimely end.Index:ChLetters patent granted to, 176.Bib.: Douglas,Old France in the New World; Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada.
Company of De Caën.Organized by William de Caën and his nephew Emery, merchants of Rouen. Monopoly granted the company on usual terms as to settlement, missionaries, etc., 1621. Absorbed Champlain's Company, 1622, and the united Companies carried on trade until 1633.Index:ChOrganized, 130-132; rivalry with Company of Rouen, 133-137; amalgamation of two companies, 136-137.Bib.: Biggar,Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Company of New France (Compagnie des Cent-Associés).Established, 1627, by Cardinal Richelieu, on the advice of Isaac de Razilly. A monopoly of fifteen years was granted, with full ownership of the entire valley of the St. Lawrence, in return for which the Company was to take out three hundred colonists every year up to 1643. No serious effort was made to carry out this obligation, although the Company continued to enjoy its monopoly until 1663.Index:LResigns its charter, 41; renders assistance to missions, 50; succeeded by the West India Company, 145.ChEstablished, 169; list of directors, 170; documents relating to, 171; sends out four vessels, 172; equips ships to retake Quebec, 213; terms of grant to, 222; bears expense of Jesuit mission stations, 228; sincerely interested in conversion of savages and progress of colonization, 244; special committee for its financial affairs, 244; appoints Champlain governor, 244.FCreated by Cardinal Richelieu, 19; colonists sent out by, 28; cedes some of its rights to colonists, 36; new arrangement works badly, 37; surrenders all its powers to the king, 1663, 49; its failure to fulfil its engagements, 55.ECreates seigniories, 175.Bib.: Biggar,Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Company of Notre Dame de Montreal.LConsecrates the island of Montreal to the Virgin, 85; makes over its rights to the Seminary of St. Sulpice, in 1663, 108, 135; its debts discharged by De Belmont, 135.
Company of Rouen and St. Malo (Champlain's Company).Established at the instance of Champlain, in 1614. The shares were divided among the merchants of Rouen and St. Malo. The terms of their charter required the Company to bring out colonists, but as usual they did not take this obligation very seriously. They did, however, make one notable addition to the population of New France, for in the spring of 1617 they brought out Louis Hébert and his family. Hébert's experience as a colonist was not such as to encourage others to follow his example. The Company's monopoly was cancelled in 1620.Index:ChFormed by Champlain, 122; its chief members, 122; terms of its charter, 122; pays large salary to the Prince de Condé, 122; Champlain has trouble with 123, 125; the king intervenes on his behalf, 126; colonists to be brought out, 127-129; absorbed by Company of De Caën, 130, 137; conflict with new Company, 133-137.Bib.: Biggar,Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Company of the West Indies (Compagnie des Indes Occidentales).Chartered by Louis XIV, 1664, following the cancellation of the charter of the Company of New France. Its field of operations was enormous, covering the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South America from the Amazon to the Orinoco, Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland. The Christianization of the native tribes was given as the principal object of the Company, commerce being of only secondary importance. Despite its many privileges, and the readiness with which its stock was subscribed, it did not prosper, and by 1672 was hopelessly in debt. Three years later its charter was revoked, so far as Canada was concerned.Index:LResigns its charter, 145.ECreates seigniories, 175.Bib.: Douglas,Old France in the New World; Parkman,Old Régime.
Condé, Prince Henri de(1588-1646).ChLicenses three vessels to trade in St. Lawrence, 78; letter to, in Champlain'sQuatrième Voyage, 79; contributes to building of Récollet Convent, 117; source of trouble to the colony, 122; incarcerated for conspiracy, 122; released, and transfers his commission to the Duke of Montmorency, 127.FLieutenant-general of New France, 12.Bib.: Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Confederation.The first definite step in the movement looking towards the union of the British North American colonies, was the Charlottetown Conference, 1864. Delegates from the three Maritime Provinces met to consider the union of those provinces. At the Conference, delegates from Canada (constituting what are now the provinces of Ontario and Quebec) appeared, and urged the broadening of the discussion to cover all the provinces. Out of this meeting grew the Quebec Conference, of the same year, attended by delegates from Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland; the two latter subsequently withdrew from the movement. The Quebec Conference drew up a series of resolutions, which were made the basis of the final legislation. In 1866 delegates from the provinces met at the Westminster Hotel in London, and framed the British North America Act. The Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament, and received the queen's assent, March, 1867. It was proclaimed throughout the new Dominion of Canada, July 1, 1867. Manitoba was created a province, July 15, 1870. British Columbia joined the union, July 20, 1871; and Prince Edward Island, July 1, 1873. The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created Sept. 1, 1905.Index:McMackenzie advocates, 104-105; Robinson reports on, 105.THistory of, 59-71, 73-87; defeated in New Brunswick, 89-110; accepted by New Brunswick, 111-125; completion of, 127-132.MdHistory of the movement,93; outlined by Durham, 93-95; principle adopted by British American League, 95; and by Legislature of Nova Scotia, 95; advocated by Howe and Haliburton, 96; in speech from throne, 1858, 96; Galt's speech, 96; Cartier, Galt, and Rose confer with Imperial government, 96-97; growth of the movement, 97-100; attitude of Macdonald and George Brown, 100-103; the Charlottetown Conference, 104; Quebec Conference, 104-114; legislativeversusfederal union, 106-110; resolution of Quebec Conference debated in Parliament, 118-119; passed by Assembly, 120; mission sent to England to confer with home government on this and other questions, 120-121; Imperial government strongly in favour of, 121; supported by Brown inGlobe, 123; Monck's impatience over delays, 123-124; Macdonald's reply, 124; Westminster Conference, 125-127; British North America Act passed and receives royal assent, 127; Macdonald's letter to Lord Knutsford, 128-129; opposition to Confederation, 129; negotiations with Newfoundland, 146-147; and Prince Edward Island, 147-149; and British Columbia, 149-150.SyFavoured at first by Lord Durham, afterwards deemed impracticable, 120.HJ. W. Johnstone's speech in favour of, 174; Joseph Howe's attitude towards, 180-182, 185, 186; opposition to, 186-192; abandons opposition, 214-216; advocated by Sir Charles Tupper, 186-189; opposed by HalifaxChronicle, 189.CCartier's connection with, 55-65; Cartier insists on federal principle, 57-58; Macdonald favours legislative union, 57; Canadian constitution compared with that of the United States, 58-61; weak points of the former, 61-62; its advantages, 62-63; opposed in Quebec, 63-64.EOnly feasible solution of difficulties arising out of Union Act, 118.BArdently championed by George Brown, x, xi; indirectly promoted by United States Civil War, xi; the British American League advocates, 38; McGee on, 129-130; founders of movement, 129; George Brown and, 130-132, 137-138, 139; Reform Conventions of 1857 and 1859 discuss question, 131, 135-138, 208, 217; Galt advocates federal union, 132-133; step towards, 133; question of defence one of forces tending towards, 142; events leading up to, 147-161; the Quebec Conference, 163-166; approval of British government, 167; the debate in Parliament, 169-179, 181-185; Quebec Resolutions passed, 185; the mission to England, 186; the question in the Maritime Provinces, 187-188; attitude of Brown and the Reform party, 199-210; first and greatest step in process of expansion, 264.BLThe TorontoChurchproposes federal union of all British North American provinces, 125.PPapineau's opposition to, 199.See alsoCharlottetown Conference; Quebec Conference; Westminster Conference; Macdonald; Tupper; Brown; Howe; Cartier.Bib.:Whelan,Union of the British Provinces; Cauchon,Union of British North American Provinces; Howe,Organization of the Empire; McGee,Two Speeches on Union of the Provinces; Hamilton,Union of the Colonies of British North America; Pope,Confederation Documents; Rawlings,Confederation of the British North American Provinces; Parliamentary Debates on Confederation, 1865; Bourinot,Constitutional History of Canada. References to pamphlet and other material on this subject will be found in Johnson,First Things in Canada.
Congrégation de Notre Dame.FMontreal, established, 29.
Congress, United States.DrAddress of, to French-Canadians, 71, 77; action of, at Philadelphia, 77; sends commission to inquire into military situation of Canada, 135; its action in the Asgill case, 199.HdMeets at Concord, 102; rumour of French and Spanish treaty with, 124; its designs against Canada, 129, 130, 132, 319; its attitude towards Vermont, 198, 199, 201-209, 211, 214-216; defeat of its troops celebrated in Quebec, 223; its interests, and that ofarmy opposed, 225; passes laws against Loyalists, 252; sends ambassador to Canada, 259; slow to fulfil treaty, 260; addresses Canadians, 276.
Conkling, Senator Roscoe(1829-1888). American statesman.Index:BFavourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231.
Connecticut.FTakes part in expedition against Montreal, 279.
Connell, Charles.TResigns as postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 49-51; runs for Carleton County in Confederation interest, 89; member of Mitchell government, 105; elected for Carleton County, 107.
Connolly, William.MSChief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, 1825, 224; his family, 224.DSucceeds Stuart in New Caledonia, 1824, 99; his native wife, and family, 99.
Conolly, William.DrOf Stratton Hall, Staffordshire; member of Parliament and privy councillor, 30; his powerful influence exerted on behalf of Guy Carleton and his brother, 30; Wolfe alludes to his death, 1754, as "a deadly blow to the Carletons," 30.
Connor, George Skeffington.Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Came to Canada, 1832, with William Hume Blake. Settled on a farm near Lake Simcoe. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1842. Sat in the Assembly as a Reformer, 1859-1862; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863. Died in Toronto, 1863.Bib.: Read,Lives of the Judges.
Conseil Souverain.SeeSovereign Council.
Conservative Party.BOrganized by Sir John A. Macdonald, out of old Tory party, 69; its debt to Canada First Association, 241.Bib.: Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Dent,Last Forty Years.
Constitution.McNewspaper, Mackenzie starts, 320; destroyed by mob, 321; draft constitution of provisional government published in, 356.
Constitutional Act, 1791.The Act was designed to harmonize the conflicting interests of French and English by dividing Quebec into two provinces,—Upper and Lower Canada,—thereby giving to each a larger control of its own local affairs. It established in each province a Legislative Council, appointed by the crown for life, and a Legislative Assembly, elected by the people.Seeother constitutional acts: Quebec Act, 1774; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867.Index:ERacial and political difficulties arising out of, 17, 18; Clergy Reserves granted by, 102, 119, 145, 150, 151, 158.CIts weak points, 6; constitution suspended after Rebellion of 1837, 11; its faults exposed by Durham, 12-13.BClergy Reserves originate in, 51, 52.SyA fatal compromise, 68; meant to confer privileges of British constitution, 73; its actual operation, 74-84; greatly increases power of French majority in Lower Canada, 72, 80.SIntroduction of, 1; discussion of, 5-9; passed, 10; provisions of, 10-12; its far-reaching effects, 13; put in force by proclamation, 48.RIts terms and how they were applied, 29-35; Clergy Reserves, 46-47; Ryerson's interpretation of, on question of established church, 78; its effect on religious questions, 103.BLIts terms, 6-7; Pitt and Burke on, 6; Grenville on, 7; Simcoe on, 7; its results, 8; intended to obviate racial conflict, 8; makes landed provision for Church of England, 42, 343-344.PDivides Canada into two provinces, 21; its shortcomings, 21-23; abuse of personal power under, 24; constitution suspended, 25; suspension recommended by Sir James Craig, 29; Papineau's eulogy of, in 1820, 34-38.McIts objects, 48, 49; debate on the bill, 49, 50; handiwork of Pitt, 51; germ of the federal system, 51; divided Canada into two provinces, 52; created Legislative Assembly, 52; created Legislative Council, 52; created Executive Council, 53; General Simcoe on, 54; Goldwin Smith on, 54; Durham's commentary on, 53, 56; recommends revision of, 57; provisions creating Clergy Reserves, 70; effect on parliamentary rule summarized, 71, 72; Mackenzie declares war against, 72; silent on question of executive responsibility, 80; evils of system of government summarized, 73-75; Durham on evils of, 76, 77.Bib.: Bourinot,Parliamentary Procedure and GovernmentandManual of the Constitutional History of Canada; Houston,Canadian Constitutional Documents; Dominion Archives Report, 1890; Watson,Constitutional History of Canada; Durham,Report; Bradshaw,Self-Government in Canada; Egerton and Grant,Selected Speeches and Despatches relating to Canadian Constitutional History; Kingsford,History of Canada; Shortt and Doughty,Constitutional Documents of Canada.
Constitutional Associations.SyOf Quebec and Montreal, their aims, 112; send delegations to Upper Canada and to England to urge union of the provinces, 112.
Constitutional Reform Society.BLOrganized in Upper Canada, July 16, 1836.DrWilliam Baldwin, president, Francis Hincks, secretary, 42; its programme, 42.
Cook, Dr. Henry.TTilley in his service, 7.
Cook, Captain James(1728-1779). Served in Canada during siege of Quebec, 1759. Discovered New Zealand, 1769, and New South Wales, 1770. In his famous voyage of 1776-1778, explored the north-west coast of America. Returning the following year, murdered by the natives of Owhyhee or Hawaii, in the Sandwich Islands.Index:DAt Nootka, 14; motive of his voyage to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; search for North-West passage, 19; his voyage of 1778, 20; refits his ship at Nootka, 20; names the Sound, 20; denies existence of Fonte's and De Fuca's channels, 21; discovers and names Prince William's Sound and Cook's Inlet, 21; visits Unalaska, 21; sails through and names Bering Strait, 21; reaches the Arctic, 21; killed by natives, at Sandwich Islands, Feb. 14, 1779, 21; his narrative published, 1784, 21.Bib.:Voyage to the Pacific Ocean.For biog.,seeBesant,Captain Cook; Laut,Vikings of the Pacific;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Cook River.DNamed by Captain Cook, 21; Captain Douglas there in 1788, 27, 28.
Coote's Paradise.BkEarly name of Hamilton, 52.See alsoHamilton.
Copenhagen, Battle of(1801).BkDescription of, 25-31; bombardment of, and capture of Danish fleet, 106.
Coppermine River.Rises in a small lake, a little west of long. 110°, and south of lat. 66°, and after a course of 525 miles flows into Coronation Gulf, on the Arctic coast of Canada. It was discovered by Samuel Hearne, 1771; and subsequently visited by Sir John Franklin, 1821; Sir John Richardson, 1848; and later travellers.Index:DDiscovered by Hearne, 51.MSDiscovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31.SeeHearne.Bib.: Hearne,Journey from Prince of Wales Fort to the Frozen Ocean; Franklin,Journey to the Polar Sea; Richardson,Arctic Searching Expedition.
Coquart, Claude-Godefroy.Jesuit missionary. Accompanied La Vérendrye on his Western explorations, 1741, but got no farther than Michilimackinac. His letter, quoted by Margry, throws an interesting light on La Vérendrye's explorations.
Coram, Joseph.TRuns for St. John County as Anti-Confederate, 85; a leading Orangeman, 86; defeated in St. John County, 109.
Corbière, Captain.WMKilled in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.
Corlaer.SeeSchenectady.Index:FIndian name for governors of New York, 253.
Corn Laws.SyTheir repeal advocated by Poulett Thomson, 37, 40, 52.BTheir effect on Canadian industries, 15, 31, 32.
Cornwall Canal.BLConstruction of, provided for by government in 1841, 98.Bib.: Keefer,Canals of Canada(R. S. C., 1893); Mme. L. N. Rhéaume,Origin of Cornwall and Williamsburg Canal(Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa,Trans.).
Cornwallis, Charles, first Marquis(1738-1805). Served in American Revolutionary War; won victory at Camden over Gates, 1780, and in 1781 defeated Greene at Guildford. In 1781 hemmed in at Yorktown between the American army and the French fleet, and forced to surrender. Governor-general and commander-in-chief of Bengal, 1786-1793. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1798; British plenipotentiary to negotiate peace of Amiens, 1801. Five years later again returned to India as governor-general, and died at Ghazeepore.Index:BkBritish plenipotentiary in negotiating peace of Amiens, 30.DrSurrender at Yorktown, 191.HdHis capitulation, 211-212, 297.Bib.: Cornwallis,Despatches; Kaye,Lives of Indian Officers;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Johnston,Yorktown Campaign;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Cornwallis, Edward.Born, 1812. Member of the British House of Commons for Eyre, 1749. Appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1749. Sailed from England with 2576 emigrants and on July 2, 1749, reached the harbour of Chebucto, the site of the present city of Halifax. His administration marked by energetic measures against the discontented Acadians. Returned to England, 1752. Elected to the House of Commons for Westminster, 1753; major-general, 1759; subsequently governor of Gibraltar.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Murdoch,History of Nova Scotia;Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Corpo, Father.LDies a martyr, 62.
Correspondent and Advocate.Newspaper.Index:McNewspaper, published by Dr. O'Grady, 259.
Corrupt Practices.BLBill in reference to, introduced, 99; excites great public attention, 99; passed by Assembly, but rejected by Legislative Council, 100.
Corvée.HdAncient French custom, 122; used in transporting provisions to upper posts, 140; complaint against Haldimand's use of, 182, 291; MacLean asks for decrease of, 306.
Cosmos, Amor de.DEditor ofBritish Colonist, 271; bitter opponent of Sir James Douglas, 306-307; his character, 306; his tribute to Douglas, 307-308; advocates union of colonies, 308.Bib.: Begg,History of British Columbia.
Costa, Francis.SNaval officer, Upper Canada, 178.
Costigan, John, (1835- ). Represented Victoria in New Brunswick Legislature, 1861-1866; elected to Dominion House of Commons, 1867; interested himself in questions of Roman Catholic schools of New Brunswick, and Irish home-rule. Minister of inland revenue, 1882; secretary of state, 1892; minister of marine and fisheries, 1894.Index:CDemands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73, 77; demands amendment of constitution to secure separate schools for New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Côte Ste. Geneviève.WMSlope to the north of Plains of Abraham, 186, 252.
Côteau du Lac.HdCanal at, 185.
Coton, Father.ChJesuit provincial, accepts proposals of Récollets, 151.
Couillard, Guillaume.ChEarly settler, 145.
Couillard, Henry.ChCaptain of theDon de Dieu, 39.
Couillard, Jacques.ChAn interpreter, 144.
Council.SeeLegislative Council; Executive Council; Sovereign Council.
Council of Assiniboia.Appointed by the Hudson's Bay Company, for the government of the colonists in their territory. The first meeting was held Feb. 12, 1835, with Sir George Simpson as president. Bishop Taché, Alexander Christie, Alexander Ross, Cuthbert Ross, and ten others formed the Council. The Council, among other useful work, organized a volunteer corps for defensive and police purposes; divided the settlements into four districts with a magistrate for each; and made provision for a public building.Index:MSEstablished by Hudson's Bay Company, 223; its character, 223; Simpson head of, 244.Bib.: Begg,History of the North-West; Bryce,Manitoba; Hargrave,Red River; Ross,Red River Settlement.
County Courts.SyAct passed establishing, 339.
Courcelles, Daniel de Rémy, Sieur de.Governor of Canada, 1665-1672. His tenure of office marked by an unsuccessful expedition against the Iroquois, and a long and acrimonious dispute with Laval and the Jesuits. The Marquis de Tracy was viceroy over all the French possessions in America during a portion of the governorship of De Courcelles; and Talon was twice intendant of New France during the same period.Index:FGovernor of Canada, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; moves against Iroquois, 52; character, 54; expedition to Cataraqui, 59; recalled, 60.LAppointed governor, 51; stands godfather to converted Iroquois chief, 65; arrival of, 79; his high character, 81; executes justice on certain murderers, 82, 83; leads expedition as far as Cataraqui, 83; plans erection of a fort at that point, 84; returns to France, 143.Bib.: Douglas,Old France in the New World; Parkman,Old Régime; Sulte,Régiment de Carignan(R.S.C., 1902).
Coureurs de bois.WMDescribed, 17, 18; furnished recruits to militia, 31; summoned to defend the hornwork, 206.HdStir up Indians against British, 55.FCreated by policy of trading companies, 37; two classes of, 88; Frontenac instructed to repress, 89; twelve captured, 99; one hanged, 100; king's decision respecting, 125; difficulty in enforcing the law, 127; amnesty granted on certain conditions, 127; punishments prescribed for offenders, 128.LMentioned, 158; decree against, 159.DTheir character, 52.Bib.:SeeGeneral Index, R. S. C.; Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast; Parkman,Old Régime.
Courier.Newspaper published at Brantford. Established, 1834.Index:McNewspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 515.
Courier, Upper Canada.McPublishes doggerel abuse of Assembly, 165.
Courtemanche, De.FSent to Michilimackinac, 310.WMGoes to island of Orleans to prepare ambuscade, 90; slight success of, 92.
Courts of Justice.DrEstablished, 13; not satisfactory to Canadians, 41; reform of, 54.
Courval, De.WMDirects movements of fire rafts, 130.
Couture, Guillaume.Born in Normandy, 1608. Came to Canada, 1640. Two years later, on his way to the Huron country with Father Jogues (q.v.), they were captured by the Iroquois, and carried off to their villages, where they were tortured. Couture escaped a worse fate by being adopted into an Iroquois family. In 1661 accompanied Fathers Dablon and Drouillette (q.v.) on an expedition towards Hudson Bay. Threatened by an Iroquois war-party, however, they got no farther than Lake Necouba, and retreated down the Saguenay to Tadoussac.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime.
Cowlitz.DHudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.
Cox, Ross.Went to Astoria on theBeaverin 1811-1812 as an employee of the Pacific Fur Company. When Astoria was transferred to the North West Company, joined that Company. Spent five years on the Columbia, and returned to the East overland. His narrative formed one of the principal sources of Irving'sAstoria, and is a valuable account of the fur trade on the Pacific coast.Bib.:Adventures on the Columbia River.For biog.,seeBryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Craig, Sir James(1748-1812). Distinguished himself at Lexington and Bunker Hill, in American Revolutionary War. Appointed governor of Jersey, 1793; and governor of the Cape, 1795. Sent to India two years later; and in 1807 governor-general of Canada, retiring in 1811.Index:PGovernor-general of Canada, 27; his prejudice against French-Canadians, 28; suppressesLe Canadien, and sends its contributors to jail, 28-29; advises that bishop of Quebec be deprived of appointment of parish priests, suspension of constitution of 1791, union of Upper and Lower Canada, and confiscation of Sulpicians' estates, 29, 159; his administration, 30-31.BkGovernor-general and commander-in-chief, 90, 91; distrusts French-Canadians, 91; changes name "Brock's battery" to "King's battery," 94; his hesitation as to issuing arms to French-Canadian militia, 102, 103; gives his reasons, 103; his speech at opening of Legislature conciliatory, 104; cancels commissions of Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Panet and others, 105; dissolves Assembly, 116; popular with the Anti-Canadian party, 116; calls for reinforcements, 118; uses military labour in road making, 125; dissolves the Assembly, 127; seizesCanadiennewspaper and arrests its proprietors, 127; makes other arrests in Montreal district, 128; his proclamation defending British government, 128; sends Ryland to London, 129; expresses very unfavourable opinion of French-Canadians, 129; praises Legislative Council, 130; releases Bédard, 145; breakdown of his health, 147, 155; gives his favourite horse "Alfred" to Brock, 156; leaves Canada, 156; appearance and character, 156.EHis shortcomings as a colonial governor, 1, 19.BLHis "blundering patriotism" as governor, 17.Bib.: Rattray,The Scot in British North America;Dict. Eng. Hist.;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan,Cel. Can.; Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Cramahé, Hector Theophilus.DrMember of Council, sent by Murray on mission to England, 16; replaces Carleton during his absence from Canada, 59; declines to decide question of an Assembly, 61; lieutenant-governor under Carleton, and member of Council, 90; refuses to receive Arnold's summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; his fear of traitors within the walls, 114; improves fortifications, 117; his careful administration during Carleton's absence, 159.HdHaldimand solicits good offices of, 111; entertainment given by, 224; personal relations with Haldimand, 313.Bib.: Kingsford,History of Canada.
Cramoisy, Sebastien.ChOne of the Hundred Associates (Company of New France), 171.
Crane, William.WDelegate to England to represent New Brunswick grievances, 41, 45; again sent to England by Assembly, 46; appointed to Council, 69; resigns, 72.
Crawford, Isabella Valancy(1851-1887). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada at age of five. Lived at Peterborough, Ontario. Collected volume of herPoemspublished, 1905, with biographical and critical introduction by Ethelwyn Wetherald.
Crawford, John Willoughby(1817-1875). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada,1824; studied law and called to the bar, 1824. Sat in the Legislative Assembly for East Toronto, 1861-1863; represented South Leeds in the House of Commons, 1867-1873; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1873-1875. Died at Government House, Toronto.Index:BDefeats George Brown in East Toronto, 1861, 141.Bib.: Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
Crawford, Colonel.HdLeader in attack on Moravian Indians, 171.
Crawley, Edmund Albern(1799-1880). Graduated from King's College, Windsor; studied law under James W. Johnstone, and called to the bar, 1882. One of the leaders of the Baptist Church in Nova Scotia; entered the ministry; and became the principal founder of Acadia College.Index:HHalifax lawyer—becomes a Baptist and enters ministry, 77; Dalhousie College refuses to appoint him to professorship, 81.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Hill,Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada.
Credit River.Rises in Caledon Mountains, and enters Lake Ontario, fourteen miles west of Toronto.Index:BkTract of land on, purchased by Lieutenant-Governor Hunter from Indians, 65.See alsoRyerson.
Cree Indians.An important Algonquian tribe, formerly ranging throughout what are now the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and north-eastwards to Hudson Bay. First mentioned in JesuitRelations, 1640, 1661, and 1667, and in the early journals of the Hudson's Bay Company. They formed an alliance with the Assiniboines, formerly of Siouan stock, and carried their raids against hostile tribes westwards to the Rocky Mountains, and north to the Mackenzie River. In 1776 they numbered about 15,000, but were reduced by smallpox in 1786, and again in 1838. By the end of the nineteenth century they had again regained their former numbers.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians; Harmon,Journal; Mackenzie,Voyages.
Creek Indians.A confederacy of the Muskhogean family. Known to the English as occupying what are now the states of Alabama and Florida. First visited by the Spaniards, under De Soto, in 1540. As a result of the Creek War, in 1813-1814, they were removed by the American government to Indian Territory, between 1835 and 1840.Index:HdWar with, 69; character of, 70; their raids in Georgia, 91; Gage's opinion of, 98.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians.
Creighton, John(1794-1878). Born in Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1816, and created Q. C. by royal warrant, 1845. Sat in the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1830-1850. Called to the Legislative Council, 1859, and elected Speaker, 1875.
Crémazie, Octave(1827-1879). His life a peculiarly sad one. Having made a failure of his business as a bookseller in Quebec, went to France, and died there in poverty. One of the founders of theInstitut Canadienof Quebec; and contributed for some years to theSoirées Canadiennesand other periodicals. His poetical works published, 1882, under the patronage of theInstitut Canadien, with an introduction by Abbé Casgrain.Bib.:[OE]uvres Complètes, Montreal, 1882. For biog.,seeCasgrain,Biog.; Gagnon,Quelques Notes sur O. CrémazieinRevue Canadienne, vol. 49; also articles in same review by Abbé Casgrain (vol. 31); and by Abbé Degagné (vol. 30).
Crillon, Count Edward de.BkHis connection with the John Henry letters, 186, 187; discovered to be an impostor, 188.
Criminal Law of England.DrEstablished by Quebec Act, 64.BLAmendments of 1841 to reduce its severity, 99.
Crisacy, Marquis Antoine de.FConducts expedition for restoration of Fort Frontenac, 341.
Crooks, Adam(1827-1885). Son of James Crooks; born at West Flamboro, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1851. Contested West Toronto for the Assembly, 1867, but defeated; elected, 1871; defeated in East Toronto, 1875, but shortly afterwards elected for South Oxford. Attorney-general, 1871-1872; provincial treasurer, 1872-1877, to which was added in 1876 the portfolio of education; minister of education, 1877-1883. Retired on account of ill-health. Died in Hartford, Conn.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Crooks, James(1778-1860). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1794, and settled at Niagara. Engaged in mercantile life. Commanded a company of militia during the War of 1812-1814. Shortly after the close of the war removed to West Flamboro. Helped in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. For twenty-five years a member of the Legislative Councils of Upper Canada and Canada. Died in West Flamboro.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years.
Crosby, Thomas.DMethodist missionary—arrives, 1862, 270; opens school at Nanaimo, 1863, 270; removes to Port Simpson, 1876, 270.
Crown Point.West side of Lake Champlain. Fort Frédéric was built here in 1731; rebuilt, 1734; and strengthened, 1742. It was blown up by Bourlamaque, 1759, to prevent its falling into the hands of the British; and the same year Amherst built a fort about two hundred yards west of the site of Fort Frédéric. This fort was captured, 1775, by Ethan Allen's men; recaptured by Carleton the following year. Under the terms of the treaty of Paris, 1783, Crown Point became American territory.SeeArnold; Allen; Abercrombie; Montgomery.Index:DrSeized by Americans, 82; Arnold in his retreat burns houses at, 156.HdHaldimand commands battalion of Abercrombie's expedition by way of, 17; fort built by Amherst at, 28; Haldimand asks that pay be allowed for, 90; vessels cruise up the lake to, 125; settlements near, to be destroyed, 137; St. Leger sent to occupy, 211.Bib.: Crockett,History of Lake Champlain; Smith,Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe.
Crow's Nest Pass.Discovered in the latter sixties by a trapper, Michael Phillips, formerly in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. The pass took its name from Crow's Nest Mountain, which is named Loge des Corbeaux on one of the maps accompanying Palliser's Report, 1859. The original Cree name, of which these are translations, is Kah-ka-ioo-wut-tshis-tun.Bib.: Dawson,Crow's Nest Pass(Geol. Survey, 1885); McTavish,The Climb of Crow's Nest MountaininCanadian Alpine Journal, 1907.
Cudlip, John W.TAnti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 85; defeated in St. John County, 109.
Cumberland, Richard(1732-1811). English dramatist.Index:HdAsked to select books for the Quebec library, 191.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of(1721-1765). Second son of George II. Commanded British armies in Flanders and Hanover.Index:HdInterested in raising Swiss and German regiment in America, 9.
Cumberland House.Hudson's Bay Company post.Index:MSBuilt by Samuel Hearne, on Pine Island Lake, or Sturgeon Lake, in 1774, 4; rival establishment of Montreal traders, 4.
Cunard, Sir Samuel(1787-1865). Born in Halifax. His practical trainingfitted him for the important rôle he was to fill in the evolution of ocean shipping. Watched closely the early attempts to cross the Atlantic by steam, and when in 1838 the British government invited tenders for carrying the mails between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston, immediately sailed for England and laid before the Admiralty his carefully-matured plans for a line of steamships. Succeeded in enlisting the support of several big shipping firms in England, and had no difficulty in securing the contract. So originated the Cunard company, which from an initial fleet of four vessels of 1200 tons each and 440 horse-power has grown to its present gigantic proportions. Was one of the owners of theRoyal William(q.v.). Made a baronet, 1859.Index:HEstablishes steamship line between Halifax and Great Britain, 234; makes New York western terminal of his line, 234.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Johnson,First Things in Canada, underSteam Communication.
Cuoq, Jean-André(1821-1901). Entered the Sulpician order in 1843, and came to Canada two years later. Devoted his life to a minute study of the languages of the Algonquian and Iroquois tribes, and became one of the leading authorities on the subject.Bib.: Works;Jugement Erroné de M. Ernest Renan sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de l'Amérique;Livre des Sept Nations;Etudes Philolgiques sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de l'Amérique;Lexique de la Langue Iroquoise;Lexique de la Langue Algonquine, Anotc-Kekon.For biog.,see Trans.R. S. C., 1902, I, 127-128; Morgan,Can. Men.
Curacies, permanent(curés fixes).FQuestion of, 165, 190.
Currency.The British authorities passed an ordinance in 1764 by which the French Louis d'or and crown were kept in circulation. First step for a revision of the currency was taken, 1795, when an Act was passed fixing standard of values. So-called "army bills" were issued and used between 1812 and 1820. In 1871 an Act was passed by the Dominion Parliament establishing a uniform currency.Index:EDecimal system introduced by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86,LIn New France, 123.SAct respecting, in Upper Canada, 94-95; insufficient supply of, a great drawback, 111.Bib.: Johnson,First Things in Canada; Weir,Sixty Years in Canada.
Curry, Thomas.One of the first fur traders from Montreal to reach the Saskatchewan, about 1771. Preceded by James Finlay (q.v.).Index:MSLeaves Montreal for western fur country, 3.Bib.: Mackenzie,General History of the Fur Tradein hisVoyages to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans; Burpee,Hendry's Journal(R. S. C., 1907);Cocking's Journal(R. S. C., 1908).
Customs.SArrangement with Lower Canada respecting revenue of, 93.WMaintained in New Brunswick by British government, 16; changes in system, 16-18.
Cuthbert, James Ross.BkOf Berthier, forms a volunteer company, from inhabitants of his seigniory, 95; an intimate friend of Brock, 95; his zeal appreciated by Sir James Craig, 96.SyMember of Special Council, opposes union of the Canadas, 193.BLSupports Papineau and popular party, 20.PSeignior of Berthier—supports Papineau in his opposition to proposed union of the Canadas in 1822, 46.Bib.: Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Cuvillier, Augustin.Entered public life in 1815 as member for Huntingdon, which he represented almost continuously up to 1844. Speaker of Assembly, 1841-1844. Died, 1849.Index:BLNominated by Reformers as Speaker of Legislature, 1841, 86; member for Huntingdon, 86; his political views, 86; carries petition to Imperial government, 86; votes against "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 86; government inclined to accept his nomination, but tactics of Reformers make this impossible, 87; elected Speaker, 88.PDelegate to England to present grievances of French-Canadians, 63; withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
Dablon, Claude(1619-1697). Born at Dieppe. Educated at Paris and La Flèche; joined Canadian mission, 1655; accompanied Chaumonot to Onondaga territory, where he remained for three years; then returned to Quebec and remained till 1661, when sent on a mission to Cree tribes in district of Hudson Bay. In 1668 went with Marquette to Algonquian tribes of Lake Superior. In 1770 named superior of Canadian missions and rector of College at Quebec, but did not reach the St. Lawrence till following year; held these positions until August, 1680, and from October, 1686, to 1693. Edited theRelationsof 1671 and 1672 and compiled others relating to 1673-1679. Died at Quebec.Index:LOne of the founders of the mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; dies of plague, 62; accompanies mission to Gannentaha, 65; describes Laval's visit to Prairie de la Madeleine, 74; quoted as to extent of Jesuit missions, 103; laments absence of Laval, 140.Bib.:Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Campbell,Pioneer Priests of North America.
Dablon, Simon.ChAssisted in forming Company of New France, 168.
Dacre, Lieutenant.DrSailing-master on Carleton's ship, 154.
Daine.WMLieutenant-general of police and mayor of Quebec. Signs petition to De Ramezay for capitulation, 224.
Dalhousie, George Ramsay, ninth Earl of(1770-1838). A Scottish peer. Entered the army at an early age and saw service in various parts of the world. From 1812 to 1814 commanded the 7th division of the British army in France and Spain. Received the thanks of Parliament for his services at Waterloo. Raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Ramsay. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1816. In 1819 appointed governor-general and commander-in-chief of British North America. Served in this capacity for nine years. From 1829 to 1832 commander-in-chief in the East Indies.Index:PInfluence did not extend beyond Quebec, 1; his arrival as governor, 1820, 33; conflict with Papineau, 34, 61; his harsh policy towards French-Canadians, 39; his character, 41; founds Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 41; erects monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, 41; sides with Council against Assembly, 42; promises remedy for abuses, 43; interview with Papineau, 58; refuses to confirm election of Papineau as Speaker and dissolves Parliament, 61; his speech to Assembly, 61-62; recalled, 64, 70.BLGovernor-general, 1820, 19; a "disciplinarian devoid of diplomacy," 19; leaves Canada, 20.Bib.: Kingsford,History of Canada; Rattray,The Scot in British North America;Dict. Eng. Hist.; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Dalhousie College.Located at Halifax. Founded by George Ramsay, ninth Earl of Dalhousie, 1818. Original endowment derived from funds collected at the port of Castine, Maine, during its occupation, 1814, by Sir John Sherbrooke, then lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Act of Incorporation passed, 1821. First president elected and classes opened, 1838. University powers conferred, 1841. College closed for some years, owing to lack of funds for its support. Reorganized, 1863.Index:HFounded by the "Castine Fund," 81; taken possession of by Presbyterians, 81.Bib.: Hopkins,Canada: An Ency., vol. 3.
Dallas, A. J.Born in Scotland. Engaged for some years in the China trade. Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company; chief factor at Fort Victoria, Vancouver Island; succeeded Sir George Simpson as governor of Rupert's Land,1862.Index:DMarries daughter of Sir James Douglas, 103; governor Hudson's Bay Company, at Winnipeg, 103; president of Victoria board of management, 265; moved to Rupert's Land, 265.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Dallet.LSulpician, arrival of, 105.
Dalling and Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron(1801-1872). British diplomatist.Index:McOn the power of agitation, 16.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Dalling's Light Infantry.WMIn battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 259.
Dalquier, Colonel.WMOf Béarn regiment, 209; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261, 262.
Daly, Sir Dominick(1798-1868). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1825; provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1827-1840; provincial secretary of Canada, 1841-1848. Left Canada, and appointed by the Imperial government lieutenant-governor of Tobago, 1851-1854. Afterwards lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1854-1859; and governor of South Australia, 1861-1868.Index:SyProvincial secretary for Lower Canada, 283.BLProvincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; his character, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 79; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; remains in office when rest of Cabinet resign, 213; defends Metcalfe, 214; sole adviser, 216; provincial secretary, 247; proposal to throw him overboard, 263.ERemains sole adviser of Lord Metcalfe, 35.MdConstitutes an administration of one, 19.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Morgan,Cel. Can.; Davin,The Irishman in Canada.
Daly, John Corry Wilson(1796-1878). Born in Liverpool, England. For some time an assistant surgeon in the navy. Emigrated to the United States, and removed to Hamilton, 1826. Appointed surgeon to the Canada Company, 1827, and settled at Stratford, 1829. Succeeded John Galt as agent of the Canada Company, 1831, and took up his residence at Guelph. In the next year returned to Stratford, where he resided until his death. For many years agent of the Bank of Upper Canada at Stratford.
Daly, Malachy Bowes(1836- ). Son of Sir Dominick Daly; born in Quebec. Educated at St. Mary's College, Oscott, England; studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1864. Private secretary to various governors of Nova Scotia. Sat in House of Commons for Halifax, 1878-1887; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1890-1900.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men.
Damours, Mathieu.FMember of Sovereign Council, 106; arrested by Frontenac, 139.LMember of Sovereign Council, 158, 166; imprisoned, 167.
Daniel, André.Eldest son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe, and brother of Charles. Died in 1637.Index:ChSent to London (1629) to demand restoration of New France, 212-213.
Daniel, Antoine(1600-1648). Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Entered the Society of Jesus; came to Canada in 1633; and in 1634 accompanied Brébeuf to the Huron country, where they laid the beginnings of that ill-fated mission. In 1636 came to Quebec to open the Seminary, which, from very modest beginnings, has since developed into Laval University. Returned to the Huron mission, and in 1648 murdered by the Iroquois.Index:LWounded while ministering to the dying, 5.ChMurdered by the Iroquois, 92; missionary in Cape Breton, 1633, 237.Bib.: Parkman,Jesuits in North America.
Daniel, Charles.Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Made a notable voyage to New France in 1629, of which he left a graphic narrative. Arriving at Cape Breton that year, with two armed vessels, found Lord Ochiltree, who hadjoined Sir William Alexander in his colonization schemes, building a fort near Louisbourg. Seized the colonists and carried them off to France.Index:ChCaptured by the Kirkes, 200.Bib.:Voyage à la Nouvelle-France du Capitaine Charles Daniel. For biog.,seeBiggar,Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman,Pioneers of France; Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada.
Daoust, J. B.COne of the Liberal leaders in Lower Canada, 25.
Darache, Captain.ChA Basque, disregards monopoly granted to De Monts, 40.
Darontal.ChHuron chief, 103.
Dartmouth, William Legge, second Earl of(1731-1801).DrSucceeded as secretary of state by Germain, 148.
Daubressy, Captain.WMCarries articles of capitulation of Quebec to Vaudreuil, 234.
Daulac.SeeDollard des Ormeaux.
David, Laurent Olivier(1840- ). Educated at St. Therese College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. One of founders, and editor, ofL'Opinion Publique, 1870. Represented Montreal East in Quebec Legislature, 1886-1890. Called to the Senate, 1903.Index:COne of the founders ofLe Parti National, and its organ,Le National, 30.Bib.: Works:Biographies et Portraits;Les Héros de Chateauguay;Les Patriotes de1837-1838;Mes Contemporains;Les Deux Papineau;L'Union des Deux Canadas;Le Drapeau de Carillon;Laurier et Son Temps;Le Clerge Canadien:Sa Mission et Son [OE]uvre. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Davidson, John.SyMade commissioner of crown lands, 333.BLCommissioner of crown lands, proposed to retire him with pension, 125; opposition to, 126; collector of customs, 133.
Davin, Nicholas Flood(1843-1901). Born in Ireland. Studied law and called to the English bar, 1868. Served as war correspondent during Franco-Prussian War. Came to Canada, 1872; joined staff of theGlobe, and later, theMail. Called to the Ontario bar, 1874. Established the ReginaLeader, 1883. Represented West Assiniboia in Dominion Parliament, 1887-1900.Index:BLQuoted on Hincks, 121, 131; on Baldwin, 172.Bib.: Works:The Irishman in Canada;Eos, an Epic of the Dawn;Culture and Practical Power;Ireland and the Empire. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men.
Davies, Sir Louis Henry(1845- ). Born in Prince Edward Island. Educated at Prince of Wales College; studied law and called to the bar of Prince Edward Island, 1866. Sat in the Assembly, 1872-1879; premier and attorney-general, 1876. Elected to the House of Commons for Queen's, 1882; minister of marine and fisheries in the Laurier administration, 1896; counsel for Great Britain before the International Fisheries Commission at Halifax, 1877; one of the joint high commissioners on behalf of Great Britain to settle differences between the United States and Canada, 1898; knighted, 1897; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Davis, Captain Sylvanus.FCaptured at Fort Loyal, 252; a prisoner in Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 294.
Davost, Father.ChJesuit missionary in Cape Breton, 237.
Dawson, George Mercer(1849-1901). Son of Sir J. W. Dawson (q.v.). Studied geology and palæontology under Huxley, Ramsay and Etheridge at the Royal School of Mines, London. Geologist and botanist to North American Boundary Commission, 1873-1875. Appointed to staff of Geological Survey,1875; assistant director, 1883; director, 1895. One of British commissioners in Bering Sea Arbitration, 1892.Bib.: For his numerous reports and papers on geological and allied subjects,seeGeneral Indexes to Geological Survey Reports, 1863-1884, and 1885-1906; andBibliography of the Royal Society(R. S. C., 1894). For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men.
Dawson, Sir John William(1820-1899). Born at Pictou, Nova Scotia. Educated at Edinburgh University. Accompanied Sir Charles Lyell on his geological explorations in Nova Scotia. Appointed superintendent of education for Nova Scotia, 1850. Principal of McGill University, 1855-1893, and mainly instrumental in building up the institution from a small college to one of the first rank. Elected F. G. S., 1854, and F. R. S., 1862; knighted, 1884. First president of Royal Society of Canada. Author of many works on geology and palæontology.Index:TCommissioner to investigate King's College, 48.Bib.: Works:Acadian Geology;Story of the Earth and Man;Science and the Bible;Dawn of Life;Origin of the World;Fossil Men;Change of Life in Geological Times;Chain of Life;Egypt and Syria. For biog.,seeDict. Nat. Biog.; Dent,Can. Por.; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Morgan,Can. Men;Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dawson,Fifty Years' Work in Canada.
Day, Charles Dewey(1806-1884). Born in Bennington, Vermont. Came with his parents to Canada, 1812. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1827; created Q.C., 1837. Assisted in the prosecution of the insurgents who had been arrested during the Rebellion of 1837-1838. Appointed solicitor-general and called to the Special Council, 1839. Summoned by Sydenham to the Executive Council, 1840, and subsequently elected to the Assembly for the county of Ottawa. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1842; transferred to the Superior Court, 1849; resigned, 1862. Acted as commissioner for the codification of the civil laws of Quebec; as representative of Quebec on the Arbitration Commission appointed under the British North America Act to settle the claims of the provinces; and as chairman of the Royal Commission to investigate the charges against the Macdonald government in connection with the granting of the charter to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. Held the office of chancellor of McGill University from 1857 until his death. Died in England.Index:BLSolicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; represents British interests, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; introduces School Bill, 107; elevated to bench, 122.SySolicitor-general for Lower Canada, 283.EJudge of Seigniorial Court, 187.Bib.: Taylor,Brit. Am.; Dent,Last Forty Years.
Dean.BkPrivate of the 41st, gallant conduct of at Canard bridge, 236; praised by Brock on parade, 258.
Deane, Silas(1737-1789). Delegate from Connecticut to Continental Congress, 1774. Sent to France as secret political agent, 1776. Instrumental in negotiating treaties with France, and bringing Lafayette to America.Index:DrAdvocates canal to complete navigation between Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, 230, 231.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dearborn, Henry(1751-1829). Served through War of the Revolution; accompanied Arnold's expedition to Canada. Secretary of war, 1801-1809; appointed major-general, 1812, and assigned to command of northern department in War of 1812; captured York, 1813, and Fort George, same year. Minister to Portugal, 1822-1824.Index:BkCommanded United States troops in War of 1812, 192; at Plattsburg, 285.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dease, Peter Warren.DIn charge of New Caledonia for Hudson's Bay Company, 285.MSSucceeds William Connolly, 224; chief factor, 1828, 224; hisexplorations of Arctic coast, 224-225.Bib.:Narrative of Discoveries on the North Coast of America; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Debartzch, P. D.Engaged in journalism. First elected to the Assembly of Lower Canada, 1810; member of the Legislative Council, 1815.Index:PAccepts Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission to England to oppose union of the Canadas, 46; his daughters, 46; withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; interview with O'Callaghan, 146; attacked by Papineau, 169.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
De Bonne, Judge.BkResolution of Assembly excluding, 126.
Debt, Public.SyArrangements for, under Union, 115, 193, 204, 205, 206, 207; estimated amount of, 319.
Declaration of Independence.In Upper Canada.McJuly 1837, its history, 330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330.
De Grey.SeeWalsingham.
De Grey and Ripon.SeeRipon.
Delagrave, C.ECommissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.
De Lancy's Brigade of Loyalists.DrMentioned, 202.
Delaune, Captain.WMCommanded the volunteers who first climbed hill at Le Foulon, 181.
Delaware Indians.A confederacy, of Algonquian stock, occupying the basin of the Delaware River. They were known to the British as Delawares; to the French as Loups; and they called themselves, Lenape. Early in the eighteenth century, the Iroquois brought them into subjection. They crossed the mountains, and formed settlements in eastern Ohio, about the middle of the century. The remnant of the Delawares are now on reservations in Oklahoma, with a few hundred in Canada.Index:HdBring prisoners from Wyoming, 149.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians.
Delessert, B.SyPhilanthropist and naturalist, 20.
De Lisle, Elizabeth.BkMother of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.
Demers, Jérome.PCriticizes Papineau for accepting mission to England, 65-66.
Demers, Joseph.PUrges Papineau to accept mission to England to oppose union of the Canadas, 45.
Demers, Modeste.First Roman Catholic bishop of Vancouver Island, 1847-1871.Index:DMissionary on Vancouver Island prior to 1846, 269; visits upper Fraser, 269; made bishop, 269.
De Mille, James(1833-1880). Born in New Brunswick. Educated at Horton Academy and at Brown University, Rhode Island. Subsequently professor of classics at Acadia College and at Dalhousie College.Bib.: Works:Elements of Rhetoric;Helena's Household; A Tale of Rome in the First Century;Young Dodge Club Series.
Déné Indians.A group of tribes, of Athapaskan stock. The name meansmen. Morice includes four tribes in the Western Dénés: Sekanais, on the west slope of the Rocky Mountains; Babines, who occupy the shores of the lakes of the same name, and the neighbouring country; Carriers, whose villages extend from Stuart Lake to Alexandria on the Fraser; and Chilcotins, who occupy the valley of the river of the same name.Index:DIn New Caledonia, 97.Bib.: Morice,The Western Dénés;Déné Sociology;Notes on the Western Dénés.
Denison, George Taylor(1839- ). Police magistrate at Toronto since 1877. Commanded Governor-General's Bodyguard in Fenian Raid, 1866; and in Riel Rebellion, 1885; in 1877 won the first prize offered by the Czar ofRussia for the bestHistory of Cavalry; president of the British Empire League in Canada since 1896. One of the founders of Canada First Party.Index:MdOpposes commercial union, 295.Bib.: Works:Fenian Raid on Fort Erie;Modern Cavalry;History of Cavalry;Soldiering in Canada;Struggle for Imperial Unity. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men.
Dennis, John Stoughton(1820-1885). Born near Toronto. Educated at Victoria College; commissioned as surveyor of public lands, 1842. Assisted in the organization of the Canadian militia, 1855; raised and appointed to the command of the Toronto Field Battery, 1856; brigade-major of the 5th Military District, 1861-1869; saw active service during the Fenian Raid, 1866. Sent to Red River Settlement to organize system of surveys, 1869, but was forced to withdraw. Surveyor-general of Dominion Lands, 1871; deputy-minister of the interior, 1878; retired, 1881; created C. M. G., 1882.Index:CHis surveys held responsible for first Riel Rebellion, 69-70.RSurveyor-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144.Bib.: Denison,The Fenian Raid on Fort ErieandSoldiering in Canada.See alsoRiel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
Denonville, Jacques-René de Brisay, Marquis de.Eleventh governor of New France. Colonel of Dragoons in French army; spent thirty years in military service before coming to Canada, in 1685, as successor to La Barre. Although a capable officer, found himself in a difficult situation owing to the condition to which the country had been brought by the failure of La Barre and the intrigues of the English governor of New York. Adopted a severe policy with the Indians, and was condemned for his treacherous seizure of Iroquois at Fort Frontenac in 1687. The horrible massacre of Lachine was one of the consequences of his maladministration. Succeeded in the government of the colony by Frontenac in 1689. Died in 1710.Index:FSucceeds La Barre as governor, 189; comes out in same ship with Saint Vallier, 191; gives unfavourable account of Canadian people, 192; his piety, 197; asks for more troops, 198; corresponds with Dongan, governor of New York, 198; desirous of constructing a fort at Niagara, 199; proposes to French king to buy colony of New York, 202; instructed to cultivate peaceful relations with English neighbours, 203; sends expedition to Hudson Bay, 205; receives reinforcements, 206; determines to march against Iroquois, 207; crafty policy, 208; complains of French troops, 212; erects fort at Niagara, 213; asks for more troops, 217; receives visit from Big Mouth, 221; in attack by Iroquois on Lachine, orders troops to remain on defensive, 225; recalled, 228; orders Fort Frontenac to be blown up, 228; stimulates Abenaquis to attack New England settlements, 249.LOn liquor question, 175; succeeds La Barre as governor, 193; his measures for defence of Canada, 213; seizes certain Indian chiefs, 214; builds fort at Niagara, 216; recalled, 218; conduct in Lachine massacre, 226, 227.Bib.: Girouard,L'Expédition de Marquis de Denonville(R. S. C., 1899); Parkman,Old RégimeandFrontenac.
Dent, John Charles(1841-1888). Born in England. Came to Canada at an early age; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada. Went back to England and for a time engaged in newspaper work in London. Returned to America, 1847, and spent three years in Boston; came to Canada again, 1870, and became one of the editors of theGlobe.Index:BOn the "Double Shuffle," 108.Bib.: Works:Last Forty Years;Upper Canadian Rebellion;Canadian Portrait Gallery. For biog.,seeMacMurchy,Canadian Literature.
Denys, Charles, Sieur de Fronsac.ChSettles in Miramichi, 237.
Denys, Nicolas(1598-1688). Born at Tours. Early took to sea and in 1633became interested in the fisheries of Nova Scotia. A short time after made one of the lieutenants of Acadia under the Company of New France, and settled at Miscou. In 1647 his fort seized by D'Aulnay, who had just been made lieutenant-general of the colony. In 1650 his establishment in Cape Breton captured and he himself taken prisoner. A second attempt to settle in Cape Breton frustrated by Le Borgne. Returned to France in 1653, and received a grant of the islands of the St. Lawrence, including a monopoly of the fur trade, and shortly after became governor of that territory, together with Newfoundland. In 1667 obtained a confirmation of his rights, but in the winter of 1668-1669 his establishment at St. Peters completely destroyed by fire. In 1671 returned to France and engaged in the preparation of his work on Acadia. About 1685 returned to Acadia, but his closing years darkened by the scattering of his vast estates. Died three years later, at the age of 90 years.Index:ChAbandons Chedabucto and goes to Cape Breton, thence to Miscou and Gaspé, 236.Bib.:Description and Natural History of Acadia, ed. by Ganong. For biog.,seeParkman,Old Régime.
De Peyster, Arent Schuyler(1736-1832). Joined the 8th Regiment, 1755, and served with distinction upon the British side in the Revolutionary War. In command at Detroit, and also at Michilimackinac. Retired to Dumfries, Scotland, where he enjoyed the friendship of Robert Burns, and died there.Index:HdCommander at Detroit, 146; Haldimand's letter to, 158; on the freemasonry of Indians, 161; Haldimand's letter to, on defence of frontier posts, 260; thought Du Calvet should have been hanged, 314.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
Dequen, Jean.LJesuit, devotion of, 32; his death, 33.
Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, fourteenth Earl(1799-1869). Entered Parliament, 1820; Irish secretary, 1830-1833; colonial secretary, 1833-1834 and 1841-1844. Prime minister, 1852, 1858-1859, and 1866-1868.Index:EInduces Elgin to accept governorship of Jamaica, 9; endorses Metcalfe's policy, 37; on an elective Upper House, 121-122.WReceives New Brunswick delegates, 24; on casual and territorial revenue, 25, 27, 29; on King's College Bill, 53, 54; increases New Brunswick Council, 69; cancels Reade's appointment, 80-81; on initiation of money grants, 92; crown lands case, 101.THis government defeated, 63.BOffers governorship to Metcalfe, 18; justifies his policy, 23.BLRestores Hagerman to office, 16; threatens to curtail existing privileges of people of Lower Canada, 21; petition and correspondence as to public affairs in Upper Canada, 30; condemns Bagot's policy, 151; correspondence with Metcalfe, 160-166, 167, 168-169, 176, 186-187, 209-211; defends Metcalfe in House of Commons, and expresses his views on colonial government, 230-234; his confidential letters to Metcalfe, 230; Sullivan's criticism of his views on responsible government, 244; on Metcalfe's resignation, 265.McRestores Hagerman to office, 234; colonial secretary, 236; discusses post office, 236.Bib.: Kebbel,Earl of Derby;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Derby.DFormerly Fort Langley—proposed as capital of British Columbia, 246.
De Salaberry.WMSeigniorial manor of, headquarters of Montcalm, 94; council of war meets at, 147.
Desandrouins, Captain.WMHis account of massacre at Fort William Henry, 47-50.
Des Barres, William Frederick(1800-1885). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated at Halifax Grammar School; called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1821.Represented Guysborough in the Assembly, 1836-1848; solicitor-general in Uniacke government, 1848; appointed judge of the Supreme Court, 1848; resigned, 1881.Index:HMember of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, 1848, 110; solicitor-general, 111; commissioner for Halifax-Windsor Railway, 118.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Des Brisay, Alexander C.TConfederate candidate in New Brunswick, elected, 89; attacks government in Assembly, 102.
Deschamps.ChSurgeon, with the expedition at Port Royal, autopsy performed by, 33.
Deschamps, Isaac(1722-1801). A native of Switzerland; came to Nova Scotia in early life. Elected to the Assembly, 1761; judge of the Court of Common Pleas for King's County, 1761; judge of the Island of St. John, 1768; assistant judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1770; chief-justice, 1785. Appointed a member of the Council, 1783.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Desdames.ChClerk sent to Gaspé, returns with news of English depredations, 181; returns to France, 209.
Deseille, Father.LCompanion of Father Marquette, 62.
Desertions.SVery prevalent, 72; punishments for, 72; causes of, 73.WMFrom ranks of Canadian militia frequent, 152.BkFollowed by capture, 60; three shot, 63; two shot, 134; from United States regiments of the line to the Canadian side, 281.
Des Groseilliers.SeeChouart.
Des Marets, Claude Godet, Sieur de.ChSon-in-law of Pont-Gravé, arrives at Quebec, 47; accompanies Champlain in expedition against Iroquois, 52; at Cap de la Victoire, 139.
De Soyres, Rev. John.TConducts funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley, 146.
Desportes, Pierre.ChAn early settler in Quebec, 145, 146; goes to Gaspé, 181; remains in Quebec during English occupation, 196, 208.
Désquérat, Captain.FKilled at Laprairie, 313.
Des Rivières, Captain.WMAccompanies captured British officers to Quebec, 90.
Dessaules, Louis A.Born 1819. Member of Legislative Council, 1856-1863. EditedLe Paysat Montreal.Index:EMember ofParti Rouge, 108.COne of Liberal leaders in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering Cartier's ministry, 106-107.Bib.: Works:Rouge et Noir;Lectures sur l'Annexion du Canada aux États-Unis;Galilée, Ses Travaux Scientifiques et sa Condamnation;La Guerre Américaine. For biog.,seeMorgan,Bib. Can.
Destouches.ChClerk, appointed by Champlain as his second lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209.
Detroit.Founded by Antoine de la Motte Cadillac (q.v.) in 1701. The fort remained under Cadillac's command until 1710. A census taken that year shows six settlers cultivating the land, and twenty-nine soldiers, traders, etc., occupying houses within the fort. De la Forest succeeded Cadillac at the fort, 1710. Fort surrendered to the British, 1760. Pontiac laid siege to the fort, 1763, but failed to capture it. Transferred to United States, 1796. Captured by Brock, in War of 1812; restored by treaty of Ghent.Index:SThe most important of western fortified posts, 51; Great Britain retains possession of, pending settlement of certain questions, 55, 119; threatened by army under Wayne, 133; handed over to United States, 142; River aux Raisins theboundary of territory dependent on, during British occupation, 145.DrDefence of by Major Gladwin, 5; retained with other western posts as security for proper treatment of loyalists, 231; handed over to United States, 291.BkFounded by La Motte Cadillac, its exciting history, 54; Brock determines to attack, 248; its strength and garrison, 249, 250; attacked, 251, 254; Hull surrenders with his whole army, 255; important results of capture, 256.MSUnder French régime, 11; in days of North West Company, 12.HdCompany of 8th Regiment sent to, 137; a source of anxiety, 145; De Peyster in command at, 146, 158; reinforcements sent to, 153; Jehu Hay, lieutenant-governor of, in 1784, 158; doubtful subjects settle round, 161; difficulty of navigation to, 163; Haldimand's letter to Henry Hamilton, lieutenant-governor at, on means for recovery of Illinois country, 167; unfortunate expedition from, 168; Haldimand's letter to De Peyster on importance of, 260; boat built at by North West Company, 262; Major Mathews, lieutenant-governor at, in 1787, 332.Bib.:Cadillac Papers(Mich. Pion. & Hist.Coll., vol. 33et seq.); Parkman,Conspiracy of Pontiac; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.