Detroit.Brig.SeeAdams.
Devil's Hole.BkNear Fort Niagara, massacre of British troops at, 55.
Devos, Frederick.HdGreat-nephew of Haldimand, 312.
Dewart, Edward Hartley(1828-1903). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada with his parents at age of six. Educated at local schools and at the Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a time; entered the ministry of the Methodist Church, 1851; editor ofThe Christian Guardian, 1869-1894.Bib.: Works:Selections from Canadian Poets;Songs of Life: A Collection of Poems;Essays for the Times. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men.
Dewdney, Edgar(1835- ). Born in Devonshire, England. Came to British Columbia, 1859. Had charge of survey of site of New Westminster, and other engineering works. First elected to provincial Legislature, 1869; returned to Dominion House, 1872. Appointed Indian commissioner for North-West Territories, 1879; and lieutenant-governor of North-West Territories, 1881. Member of Dominion Cabinet as minister of interior, 1888-1892. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, 1892.Index:DBuilds Dewdney trail, from Hope to Similkameen, 252-253.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men.
Dickey, Robert Barry(1811-1903). Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia. Studied law, and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, and of New Brunswick, 1834. Sat in Legislative Council, Nova Scotia, 1858-1867. Appointed to the Senate, 1867. Took an active part in the negotiations leading up to the building of the Intercolonial Railway, and the Confederation of the provinces.Index:HDelegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 177.TDelegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference, 77.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Dickson, Walter Hamilton(1806-1884). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1830. Served during the Rebellion of 1837 as a cavalry officer. Represented Niagara in the Assembly, 1841-1851; sat in the Legislative Council of Canada, 1855-1867; appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867.
Dieskau, Jean Armand, Baron de(1701-1777). Of German descent; served with distinction under Marshal Saxe. When it was made known to the court at Versailles that the British had sent two regiments to America under Braddock, the French decided to fit out an expedition on a larger scale, and six regiments embarked for Canada under Dieskau, who was given the rank of general. Immediately after assuming command, prepared to attack the British and marchedat the head of a body of men against Johnson. Although his plans appear to have been well laid, his position was betrayed through the action of the Indians. Severely wounded, made prisoner and well cared for by the British. Taken to England, ruined in health and fortune. Liberated at the conclusion of the war in 1763; and returned to France.Index:WMDefeated and taken prisoner at Lake George, 22.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley,Fight with France.
Digby, Robert(1732-1815). Commanded theDunkirkat Quiberon Bay, 1759; second in command in Rodney's expedition for relief of Gibraltar, 1779; commander-in-chief in North America, 1781.Index:DrAppointed to chief naval command in America, 194.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Disney, Captain.DrAccused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38.
Dissenters.SPreponderance of, in Upper Canada, 159, 160.See alsoPresbyterian; Methodist.
District Courts.SyEstablishment of in Lower Canada, 255.
Doak.WProprietor ofLoyalistnewspaper, arrested and released, 75.
Dobson.BkBrock's faithful servant, 11.
Dodd, E. M.HSolicitor-general and member of Executive and Legislative Councils, Nova Scotia—makes statement as to ministerial responsibility, 76; attempts to reconcile Joseph Howe and his colleagues to the appointment of W. B. Almon to the Executive Council, 87.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Dollard des Ormeaux, Adam.A young officer of the garrison at Montreal, who saved Montreal and the colony from probable destruction by the Iroquois, in 1660. With sixteen companions and a few Indian allies, he intercepted the Iroquois at the Long Sault Rapids, on the Ottawa, and with a heroism seldom equalled in the world's history, this little band gave their lives for their country's sake. The Iroquois, discouraged by such unexpected resistance, abandoned the projected raid on the colony.Index:LHis heroic resistance to Iroquois at the Long Sault, 39, 69-72.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime;Jesuit Relations, 1660; Faillon,Histoire de la Colonie Française; Dollier de Casson,Histoire de Montreal. The exploit has inspired several Canadian poems.SeeMartin,Marguerite; Fréchette,Legende d'un Peuple.
Dollebeau, Father.ChIn charge of mission at Miscou, 235; death of, 235.
Dollier de Casson, Francis(1636-1701). Born in Basse Bretagne. Served with distinction as a cavalry officer under Turenne. Came to Montreal and joined the Sulpicians in 1666. In 1669-1670 carried out with Galinée an important exploration of the Great Lakes. Became superior of the Seminary of Montreal, and later vicar-general of the diocese.Index:LLabours with Galinée on the shores of Lake Erie, 11; gives account of Dollard's exploit, 75; lays foundation stone of Montreal church, 89; on evil effects of sale of liquor to the Indians, 175; at Quebec, 190.FHis history of Montreal, 34; depicts evils of liquor traffic, 335.Bib.:Histoire de Montréal. For biog.,seeParkman,Old Régime;Exploration of the Great Lakes by Dollier de Casson and de Bréhant de Galinée, ed. by Coyne.
Dolu.ChGrand almoner of France, intendant, 129; his instructions to Champlain, 132.Bib.: Biggar,Early Trading Companies of New France; Douglas,Old France in the New World.
Domergue, Lieutenant.FKilled at Laprairie, 313.
Don de Dieu.ChName of vessel in which Champlain sailed for Quebec in 1608, 39; also one of vessels of Company of New France, 245.
Dongan, Thomas, Earl of Limerick(1634-1715). Colonial governor of New York. Sent to America as governor, 1682. Resigned, 1688. Became Earl of Limerick, 1698.Index:FGovernor of New York, correspondence with La Barre, 182; policy with Iroquois, 183; correspondence with Denonville, 199-200; claims right to trade with Lake tribes, 203; demands destruction of Fort Niagara, 218; advice to Indians, 219.LGovernor of New York, stirs up Iroquois, 185, 191.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Dorchester, Guy Carleton, first Baron(1724-1808).DrBirth and parentage, 29; enters army, 29; lieutenant-colonel, 30; Wolfe's friendship for, 30; military preceptor to Duke of Richmond, 30; Wolfe secures him for quartermaster of Quebec expedition, 31; entrusted with important tasks, 32; wounded at Battle of the Plains, 32; served under Albemarle at siege of Havana, 32; appointed to succeed Murray at Quebec, 32; finds divisions in the country, 33; has difficulty with his Council, 34; forwards petition of Jesuits, 35; issues proclamation relinquishing all fees, 35; his despatch on the subject, 36; has the Walker case on his hands, 37; dismisses Irving and Mabane from the Council, 39; his views in regard to English and French laws, 41, 43; on state of the colony, 44-47; anticipates revolt of American colonies, 50; endeavours to check legal abuses, 51; orders release of small debtors, 52; issues new ordinance respecting administration of justice, 54, 55; opposed to creation of House of Assembly, 55; his return to England, 57; becomes governor-general on Murray's resignation, 1768, 57; absent in England four years, 59; replaced by Cramahé, 59; his report on manufactures of Canada, 59; took important part in framing Quebec Act, 63; his evidence before House of Commons, 67; sails for Canada, 75; his marriage, 75; sends troops to Boston on requisition of General Gage, 78; receives news of Benedict Arnold's attack on St. John's, 83; forwards troops and proceeds to Montreal, 85; calls out militia, 86; returns to Quebec, 89; gives guinea to Canadian soldier, 89; hurries back to Montreal, 91; applies to Gage for two regiments, 92; his despatch explaining fall of St. John's and impossibility of defending Montreal, 103; reaches Quebec, 112; orders all to leave the city who would not help in its defence, 114; his courage and watchfulness, 124; his estimate of the killed in the attack on Quebec, 131; great source of strength to his followers, 133; moves out to attack enemy, who took to flight, 138; makes search in surrounding country for fugitives in distress, 139; makes arrangements to pursue the retreating American army, 144; meets Burgoyne at Quebec, 144-145; his operations successful, 147; Lord George Germain's enmity to, 149; plans to improve the defences of the country, 150-151; re-establishes the Courts of Quebec, 151; defeats the Americans in naval engagement on Lake Champlain, 153-157; refuses to attack Ticonderoga—his reasons, 157-158; retires with army in winter quarters, 159; superseded in charge of next year's campaign by General Burgoyne, 163; his authority limited to Canada, 163; his bitter replies to Germain's despatches, 164-166; indignant at transfer of command to Burgoyne, he resigns, 169; no friction between him and Burgoyne, 174; Burgoyne's testimony, 174; makes forced levy of militia to recruit Burgoyne's army, 178; his correspondence with Hamilton in the West, 179; his appointments to judgeships, 183; objects to appointment of Livius and Owen as judges, 184; his protests against improper appointments, 185; calls out one-third of militia, 187; constitutes committee of Council, 187; his last despatch to Germain, 188; returns to England, 189; sent to America as commander-in-chief and commissioner, 193; arrives at New York, 195; instructed to make pacific representations to Congress, 200; applies for recall onhearing that complete independence is to be granted to the colonies, 203; his anxiety to protect the Loyalists, 206; appoints commissioners for exchange of prisoners, 207; the force under his command, 208; anxious to return home but urged to remain at New York, 212; writes to governor of Nova Scotia on behalf of the Loyalists, 214; his correspondence largely occupied with Loyalist affairs, 218; his last despatch from New York, 219; supports petition of Loyalist widows for pensions, 219; created Baron Dorchester, and accepts governorship of Canada, 221; difficulties of his position, 221; his acquaintance with Haldimand, 222; Shelburne's opinion of value of his influence, 222; his reception at Quebec very cordial, 223; extent of his commission, 224; brings out William Smith as chief-justice, 224; his correspondence with Lord Sydney, 225; appoints committee to consider state of the law, 225, 227; also committees on commerce, police, and education, 226-230; negotiations with Silas Deane on subject of Chambly Canal, 230; anxiety in regard to Indian question in the west, 231; announces intention of visiting Nova Scotia, 235; recognizes necessity for a more popular form of government, 237; visits Loyalists in western Canada, 238; transfers Jesuit church at Montreal to Anglicans, 241; his efforts to increase efficiency of militia, 243, 246; receives propositions from Vermont and Kentucky looking to separation from other American states, 244-247; declines to allow French minister to United States to visit Canada, 248; receives draft of bill for better government of province, 248; thought introduction of parliamentary institutions premature, 258, 259; sends home lists of proposed legislative councillors, 258; not pleased with Simcoe's appointment, 259; urges claims of Sir John Johnson, 259; sails for England, 269; returns to Canada, 271; opens second session of Lower Canada Legislature, 276; calls out militia, 277; fully expects war with United States, 282; his speech to the Miami Indians, 282; speech not approved by home government, 283; expresses desire to resign, 284; gets Alien Act passed, 288; reports improved condition of affairs, 291; wages war on fees and perquisites, 291; surrenders his own fees, 292; opposes holding of appointments by absentees, 292; his relations with Simcoe, 293-296; a believer in centralized power, 294; not being sustained by home government, resigns, 297; points of difference with Simcoe, 302; meets his last Parliament, 303; returns to England, 303; receives addresses of regret, 303; his character, 304; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 305; saves Canada to the Empire, 306; wreck of the frigate in which he sailed, 306; lands at Percé, proceeds to Halifax, and sails from there to England, 306; his death, 307; his descendants, 307.SHis connection with the Constitutional Act, 2; not favourable to creation of separate province of Upper Canada, 3; goes to England, 5; orders names of Loyalists who declared themselves before treaty of 1783 to be registered, 70; does not support Simcoe's views in regard to Indian department, 127; controls military operations in Upper Canada, 131; his bold speech to deputation of Indians, 133, 146; recommends Simcoe to fortify post on the Miami, 134; proceedings not approved by home government, 142; his resignation, 142; disapproves of Simcoe's plans for defence of Upper Canada, 206; supersedes purchasing agent appointed by Simcoe, 212; his relations with Simcoe, 228.WMChief of staff to Wolfe, 75; as governor of Canada, wins affection of Canadians, 75; establishes fortified camp on island of Orleans, 108; lands near Pointe-aux-Trembles and takes a number of prisoners, 125; wounded in battle of the Plains, 199.SyHis Canadian policy, 67, 82.BkHis defence of Quebec and liberal policy towards French-Canadians, 36.EHis character as governor, 1.HdLeases St. Mauriceforges, 62; his failure to enlist Canadian militia, 111; governor of Canada, his defence of Quebec, 112, 121; succeeded in military command by Burgoyne, 112; resignation of, 113; Haldimand's opinion of, 119; Captain Schank writes to, 159; pulls down houses during siege, 187; proposal to have him supersede Haldimand at Quebec, 188; Haldimand writes to, 189; raises Loyalist corps, 253; returns to Quebec as governor, with title of Lord Dorchester, 314; his opinion of Dr. Mabane, 315; his relations with Haldimand, 330-332.WThomas Carleton, a brother of, 5.Bib.: Kingsford,History of Canada; Lucas,History of Canada; Bradley,The Making of Canada; Egerton and Grant,Canadian Constitutional Development; Shortt and Doughty,Documents Relating to Constitutional History of Canada.
Doreil.WMCommissioner of war, goes to France, 62.
Dorion, Sir Antoine Aimé(1818-1891). Educated at Nicolet College. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1842. Represented Montreal in Legislature, 1854-1861. Formed administration with George Brown, 1858. Defeated by Cartier in Montreal, 1861. Provincial secretary in Sandfield Macdonald-Sicotte government, 1862. Succeeded Sicotte as attorney-general, 1863. Minister of justice in Mackenzie government, 1873-1874. Chief-justice of Quebec, 1874-1891.Index:MdOpposes political domination of the priesthood, 45-46; leader of theRougeparty in Quebec, 64, 102; opposes Confederation, 115, 118, 142; moves amendment on Intercolonial route, 152; refuses to act upon Pacific Scandal Commission, 205.CLiberal leader, and disciple of Papineau, 25; his followers, and their revolutionary programme, 26; accepts policy of representation by population, 28; his radicalism keeps him in opposition, 29; offered seat in administration of 1858 by Cartier, and declines, 106-107.ESigns Annexation Manifesto, 81; member of theParti Rouge, 108; becomes less radical in his views, 134.BLeader of theRouges—his character—friendly relations with George Brown, 80-81; consulted by Brown as to forming ministry, 101; enters his government, 102, 105, 106; his part in converting George Brown to Confederation, 132; moves resolution favouring union of the Canadas in 1856, 132; pledged to settlement of question, 132; opposed to coalition, 160; his speech against Confederation, 175-178, 207; his motion for adjournment defeated, 185; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry, 199.Bib.: Taylor,Brit. Am.; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Willison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Dorion, Jean Baptiste Eric(1826-1866). Brother of preceding. One of founders ofL'Avenir, 1848. Sat in the Legislature, 1854-1857, and again in 1861.Index:EMember ofParti Rouge, 108.CA Liberal leader in Lower Canada, 25; nicknamedL'enfant terrible, 25.Bib.: Morgan,Bib. Can.
Dorland, Philip.SQuaker, elected to Assembly, but, unable to take oath, resigns, 81.
Dosquet, Pierre-Herman(1691-1777). Native of Lille, France; came to Canada, 1721; on his return to France, 1725, consecrated bishop of Samos and appointed coadjutor to Bishop Mornay. Later made bishop of Quebec. While in Canada lived in the style of a seignior, much in contrast to the simple life of Laval and of St. Vallier. Died in Paris.Index:LSucceeds Mornay as bishop of Quebec, 12.Bib.: Tetu,Evêques de Québec; Casgrain,L'Habitation de Samos(R. S. C., 1906).
Double Majority.MdMeaning of the term—attitude of public men towards, 78-79; leading plank in platform of the Macdonald-Sicotte government, 89.BOrigin and meaning of the principle, 82; advocated by John SandfieldMacdonald, 142; opposed by George Brown, 143; Duke of Newcastle on, 143; and separate school question, 145.BLBeginnings of the system, 258; Hincks's views on, 259; Baldwin opposed to, 352; Turcotte and Hincks on, 352.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Mackenzie,George Brown.
Double Ministries.Brown-Dorion; Hincks-Morin; La Fontaine-Baldwin; Macdonald-Cartier; Macdonald-Dorion; Macdonald-Sicotte; MacNab-Morin; MacNab-Taché; Sherwood-Daly; Taché-Macdonald.See undernames of individual ministers.
"Double Shuffle," 1858.BHistory of, 107-108.MdAn ingenious device resorted to by Macdonald, Cartier, and their colleagues, to avoid the necessity of re-election, 85-87.Bib.: Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Dent,Last Forty Years; Mackenzie,George Brown; Biggar,Sir Oliver Mowat.
Doucett, Joseph.Lieutenant-governor of the Fort of Annapolis, 1717-1726. Member of the governor's Council.
Dougall, John(1808-1886). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1826, and took up mercantile pursuits. For a time editor of theCanada Temperance Advocate; founded theMontreal Witness, 1826. Died in Flushing, New York.
Douglas, David(1798-1834). Made extensive botanical collections on the Pacific coast of North America, for the Horticultural Society of London, 1824-1826. Crossed the continent from Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia, to Hudson Bay; met Sir John Franklin there and returned with him to England. Came out again to the Columbia River on a similar mission, 1829, and went from there to the Hawaiian Islands, where he was killed. The gigantic Douglas fir named after him.
Douglas, Sir Howard(1776-1861). Entered the army, 1794; commanded a regiment at Quebec, 1797; served at Corunna and Flushing, 1809. After discharging various military missions, appointed governor of New Brunswick, 1823, holding the position until 1828. Lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1835-1840.Index:WHis efforts on behalf of King's College, New Brunswick, 50-51.THis appearance described, 6.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Douglas, Sir James(1803-1877).MSA man of Imperial mind, 225; highest qualities as administrator, 225; with Dr. McLoughlin, 225; marries daughter of William Connolly, 225; chief factor, 1840, 226; governor of Vancouver Island, 1851, 225; knighted, 225; receives Simpson at Fort St. James, 238.DVisits Etoline, Russian governor, 1842, 45-46; in New Caledonia, 59-60; character, 84-91; dearth of documentary material for his life, 90; born Demerara, Aug. 15, 1803, 91; parentage, 92; educated in Scotland, 92-93; sails for Canada, 1820, and enters service of North West Company, 93; meets John McLoughlin at Fort William, 93; McLoughlin persuades him to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; accompanies McLoughlin to Columbia department, 94; McLoughlin's friendship for Douglas, 94; his training under McLoughlin, 96; sent to New Caledonia, 96; accompanies William Connolly over mountains, 99; with Connolly at Fort St. James, 100; with John Tod at McLeod Lake, 100; his activities there, 100-102; marries Amelia Connolly, 103; transferred to Fort Vancouver, 1830, 103-110; family life there, 103; eldest daughter marries Dallas, afterwards governor of Hudson's Bay Company at Winnipeg, 103; his work in New Caledonia, 104; his connection with Fort George massacre, 105-109; receives Sir George Simpson at Fort St. James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110; revises system of accounting at Fort Vancouver, 121; in charge of York Factory express,1835, 121; in charge of party that raised British flag above Fort Stikine, 1840, 121-122; builds Fort Durham, 122; sent to dismantle Fort Durham, 122; moves Fort McLoughlin to head of Vancouver Island, 122; sent to treat with Mexican governor, 1840, 126-127; succeeds McLoughlin as manager of Puget Sound Agricultural Company, 132; severs his connection, 1859, on accepting governorship of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, 132; becomes chief trader, 1852, 135; chief factor, 1840, 133; founds Victoria, 1843, 146; examines site for fort on Vancouver Island, 176; commands expedition charged with the building of the fort, 177; selects site, 178; proceeds next to dismantle Forts Taku and McLoughlin, 178; brings Bolduc, first missionary, to Vancouver Island, 178; completes Fort Camosun (Victoria), 179; returns to Fort Vancouver, 180; associated with McLoughlin and Ogden on board of management of western department, 187; succeeds McLoughlin in charge of western department, 1846, 187; succeeds Blanshard as governor of Vancouver Island, 205; dual position of Hudson's Bay Company officer and representative of crown, 207; establishes representative government, 1856, 208-210; his inaugural speech, 211-215; reports gold on Queen Charlotte Island, 220; issues gold-mining licenses, 221; reports gold discoveries on Upper Columbia, etc., 223; difficulties with the miners, 227; visits the camps, 227-228; appointed governor of British Columbia, 229; retires from Hudson's Bay Company, 229-230; full powers of government given him under instructions of colonial secretary, 1858, 231; Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton's opinion of him, 234-235; his administration of the government, 236; appoints provincial officers, 240-241; second visit to the mining camps, 243-245; proposes Queensborough as name of capital of British Columbia, 247; settles Hill's Bar affair, 248; builds roads, 249-253; 257; his resourcefulness, 249-250; plans for a transcontinental road, 253-254; financial problems, 258-262; charged with extravagance, 261; his prejudice in favour of Hudson's Bay Company, 263; defends their policy, 264-265; justice to the natives, 267; recommends church endowments, 270-271; conflict with Assembly over site of public buildings, 272-273; governorship of Vancouver Island ends, 1863,—knighthood,—succeeded by Arthur Kennedy,—retires from governorship of mainland of British Columbia, 1864, 289; advocates union of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 295; public appreciation of his rule as governor, 304; leaves British Columbia and sails for Europe, 308-309; his personal side, 309; death, Aug. 1, 1877, 310; wife dies, 1891, 310; his character and achievements as man, fur trader, and statesman, 342-354; compared with McLoughlin, 351-353; personal appearance, 350-351.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Dent,Can. Por.;Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bancroft,History of British Columbia; Begg,History of British Columbia.
Douglas, Captain W. M.DWith Meares on North-West Coast, 1788, 27; at Cook River, 27; arrives at Nootka from Cook River with cargo of sea-otter, 28; sails for Sandwich Islands, 28; returns to Nootka, 28; sails from Nootka to Queen Charlotte Islands, 29.
Doutre, Joseph(1825-1886). Born in Beauharnois, Quebec. Called to the bar, 1847. Early became a leader of the Liberal party. One of the founders ofLe Pays, besides contributing to other newspapers. As a result of one of his articles, fought a duel with Georges E. Cartier, but without serious consequences. Joined theInstitut Canadienat Montreal, and became the president, 1852. Took a leading part in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church in the "Joseph Guibord Case." Counsel for the Dominion government before the Halifax Fisheries Commission.Index:CLiberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107.Bib.: Works:Les Fiancès de 1812;Le Frère et la Sœur;Les Sauvages du Canada;The Constitution of Canada. For biog.,seeWillison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Doutre, R.EMember of theParti Rouge, 108.
Douville, d'Agneau.HdAbandons French post at Toronto, 26.
Dow, Dr.TCandidate in York, New Brunswick, 108.
Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquis of(1718-1793). Secretary of state for colonies, 1768-1772.Index:DrApproves Carleton's recommendations, 51.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Doyle, Sir Charles Hastings(1805-1883). Served in the army. Commander of the forces in Nova Scotia, 1861-1868; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1866-1867; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1867-1870; commander of the forces in British North America, 1870-1874.Index:HLieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia; Sir John Macdonald his guest in 1868, 213,Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Doyle, Lawrence O'Connor.HContributed toThe Clubin Howe'sNova Scotian, 9; his wit, 35; offered seat in government, 103-104; elected for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110.Bib.: Bourinot,Builders of Nova Scotia.
Drake, Sir Francis(1540?-1596). Sailed from Plymouth for the River Plate, 1577; passed through the Straits of Magellan, 1578; plundered Valparaiso, 1579, and explored the western coast of North America the same year; returned to England, 1580, by way of the Cape of Good Hope. Vice-admiral of the fleet in the defeat of the Spanish Armada off Gravelines, 1588. Died on board his own ship off Porto Bello and buried at sea.Index:DOn Pacific coast, 7, 8; lays foundation of British naval supremacy, 16; takes possession of Pacific coast for Queen Elizabeth, 62; and the Spaniards, 147.Bib.: Southey,Lives of the Admirals; Corbett,Drake and the Tudor Navy; Payne,Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America; Froude,English Seamen in the Seventeenth Century; Laut,Vikings of the Pacific;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Draper, William Henry(1801-1877). Born in London, England. In his youth ran away to sea and served on an East Indiaman. Came to Canada in 1821 and taught school at Port Hope; subsequently studied law and began practice at York. Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for city of Toronto in 1836, and made a member of the Executive Council. During the Rebellion of 1837 acted as aide-de-camp to the lieutenant-governor. In March, 1837, became solicitor-general, and in 1840 promoted to office of attorney-general. After the union of the provinces retained in the Executive Council as attorney-general of Upper Canada. It fell to his lot to pilot the ministry through the stormy debates of the first session, and to resist the attacks of Baldwin, Hincks, and their fellow-Reformers. In September, 1842, saw the necessity of resigning and gave way in order that the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry might be formed. In 1843 appointed to the Legislative Council, where he led the opposition. On the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry in December, 1843, accepted office with Viger, and in the exciting election held in the autumn of 1844 obtained a bare majority for the new ministry. In January, 1845, resigned his seat in the Legislative Council and elected to the Assembly for London. An unsuccessful attempt to secure the support of the French-Canadian Reform section discredited him with the Tories of Upper Canada, and in May, 1847, withdrew from the Cabinet, and shortly afterwards resigned his seat inthe Assembly. Appointed puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Upper Canada, and in 1856 made chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. In July, 1863, succeeded Archibald McLean as chief justice of Upper Canada, and in 1869 appointed president of the Court of Error and Appeal. Continued to act in this position until his death.Index:MdJoins Metcalfe's administration, 19; seeks seat in Assembly, 23-24; his administration, 24; recommends Macdonald for office of commissioner of crown lands, 26; accepts judgeship and withdraws from public life, 27-28; commissioner to represent Canada before Hudson's Bay Committee, 1857, 83.BLAppointed attorney-general, Upper Canada, 1841, 76; his previous career, 77; his character, 77; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; pledged to support the administration, 81; succeeds in carrying on government, 85; in discussion as to speakership, 88; his public policy, 90; defines his position on question of responsible government, 91-92, 94; his nickname of "Sweet William," 92; his successful policy, 95; difficulties with French-Canadians, 96-97; realizes need for reconstruction of ministry, 115, 122; resigns office, 123; reads Bagot's letter to La Fontaine in the Assembly, 124; his speech in the Assembly, Sept. 13, 1842, 127; resigns, 132; appointed to Legislative Council, 177; opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, 183; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; supports Metcalfe, 212; executive councillor, 216; referred to in George Brown's speech, 224; visits Lower Canada, and reports to Metcalfe on political situation, 236-263; forms ministry, 246; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 247; secures narrow majority in elections, 1844, 250-251; his political dexterity, 253-255; his University Bill, 256; his scheme for obtaining French-Canadian support, 258-235; his policy, 266-267; his government dying, 276; resigns and becomes puisne judge of Court of Queen's Bench, 276; his University Bill, 293; his municipal legislation, 299; his Indemnification Bill of 1845, 307-308.SySolicitor-general, introduces Union resolution in Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 206, 213; brings in bill for settlement of Clergy Reserves question, 245; made attorney-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283.BBecomes Metcalfe's chief adviser, 20;Globecriticizes his attempt to form a coalition, 27.CForms ministry, 17.EAcknowledges necessity of bringing French-Canadians into Cabinet, 31; forms ministry under Lord Metcalfe, 35; his retirement, 43.RRyerson's public letters to, 100, 120; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126; presents case for King's College before Legislature, 149; his Provincial University Bill, 153; bill defeated, 155.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Read,Lives of the Judges. For his own writings,seeMorgan,Bib. Can.
Dreuilletes, Gabriel(1610-1681). Studied at Jesuit College, Toulouse. In 1643 came to Canada and spent a year in study of Algonquian language. Soon became proficient in that tongue and accompanied wandering bands on their hunting trips. In 1646 went on an expedition to the Abnaki tribes of Maine, who had become interested in Christianity through converts of the Sillery mission. Remained with the Abnaki one year and then removed to district of Tadoussac, where he spent three years among the Montagnais. In 1651 again sent to the Abnaki to form an alliance with the New England colonies against the Iroquois, but in this was unsuccessful. Laboured for twenty years in missions of Sillery, Three Rivers, and other posts. In 1661 had charge of the mission to the Cree tribes, and in 1672 spent some time in the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. Died at Quebec.Index:LOne of the founders of the Sault Ste. Marie mission, 11.Bib.: Parkman,Jesuits in North AmericaandLa Salle.
Drew, Andrew(1792-1878). Entered the navy, 1806. Took part in many of the most important engagements during the war with France, including the Walcheren expedition. Promoted to lieutenant for gallantry during the fight between theEurotasand the French frigateClorinde, 1814. Promoted to commander for his brilliant defence of Cape Coast Castle against the Ashantees, 1824. Retired and settled in Canada. During Rebellion of 1837 offered his services to the government. Conducted the capture of theCaroline, for which he received the thanks of the Upper Canada Parliament and was appointed commander of the provincial marine. A grant by the Assembly to provide seventy-five guineas for the purchase of a sword of honour was not approved by the Legislative Council. Remained in active service in Canada until 1839. Appointed to the command of theWaspon the West India Station, where he discovered and surveyed a dangerous rock which still bears his name, 1842. Appointed naval storekeeper at the Cape of Good Hope, 1850. Raised to the rank of admiral, 1862. Retired from active service and resided in England until his death.Index:McIn charge of the expedition which cut out theCaroline, 420-421; thanked by the Upper Canadian Assembly, 423.Bib.: Drew and Woods,The Burning of the Caroline; Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion; Lizars,Humours of '37; Read,Rebellion of 1837.See alsoCaroline.
Drewe, Rev. Edward.SAccompanies Simcoe as chaplain, 47.
Driscoll, Captain.BkLetter of, relating to death of Brock, 307.
Drummond, Sir Gordon(1771-1854). Son of Colin Drummond, at one time deputy paymaster-general of the forces in Canada. Born at Quebec. Entered the army, 1789, and rapidly promoted until in 1794 became lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Liverpool Regiment. Saw distinguished service in the Netherlands and in the West Indies; became colonel, 1798, and commanded his regiment during the campaign in Egypt, assisting in capture of Cairo and Alexandria. In 1805 given rank of major-general and took command of a division in Jamaica. In December, 1808, transferred to the staff in Canada, until 1811. Served for a time in Ireland; returned to Canada as second in command to Sir George Prévost, 1813. Took a most prominent part in the War of 1812. From December, 1813, to April, 1815, president and administrator of Upper Canada, and during this period succeeded in turning the tide of victory to the British forces. Defeated the Americans at Niagara, July 28, 1814, and followed this up by occupying Fort Erie in November. In recognition of his splendid services during the war, gazetted a K. C. B. On the departure of Sir George Prévost appointed administrator of Lower Canada, and assumed office Apr. 4, 1815. Had expressed a strong desire to return to England, as it was understood that the appointment was to be only temporary. Accordingly relieved by Major-General Wilson, and departed from Quebec, May 20, 1816. Obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1825. In 1827 made a G. C. B. Died in London.Index:BkTakes command of troops at Montreal, 115; commander of forces in Canada, 157.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812; Rattray,The Scot in British North America.
Drummond, Lewis Thomas(1813-1882). Born in Londonderry, Ireland. Came to Canada with his mother, 1825. Educated at Nicolet College; studied law, and called to the bar, 1836. Elected to the Assembly for Montreal, 1843, but prevented from taking his seat by the dissolution of the Assembly. Defeated in the general election that followed, but in the same year elected for Portneuf. Held office in the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry as solicitor-generalfor Lower Canada, 1848-1851, and became attorney-general for Lower Canada in the Hincks-Morin government, 1851. Held office under various administrations until 1856, when he resigned, owing to a dispute over the leadership of the Assembly. Again took office as attorney-general in the short-lived Brown-Dorion administration, 1861, and as commissioner of public works in the Macdonald-Dorion government, 1863. In the same year defeated for re-election and retired from political life. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court for Lower Canada, 1864. Retired, 1873. Died in Montreal.Index:EOne of the leaders of the Liberals in Lower Canada in 1851, 109; becomes attorney-general for Lower Canada in Hincks-Morin government, 113; retains same portfolio in reconstructed ministry, 126; and in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; takes a leading part in settlement of the Seigniorial Tenure, 186.BEnters George Brown's ministry, 102.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years.
Du Bois d'Égriseilles, Abbé J. B.LDevotes his fortune to religious work at Montreal, 135.
Du Calvet, Pierre.Under the French régime engaged in the fur trade, and, having acquired considerable wealth, remained in the colony after the conquest. In 1764 made a magistrate and justice of the peace. Vigorously opposed an ordinance of 1770 regulating the administration of justice, and on several subsequent occasions clashed with the executive authority. Suspected by Haldimand of having been in secret correspondence with the United States, and arrested in September, 1780; from November, 1780, to May, 1783, kept in confinement without the opportunity of a legal trial. In 1784 went to England, where he denounced Haldimand and sought redress before the British ministry. In this connection published an "Appel à la Justice de l'État," setting forth his personal grievances, but concluding with a carefully prepared plan of government, which was considered as the basis for that adopted in the Constitutional Act of 1791. Complaints were not favourably received, and returned to Canada. In March, 1786, left New York for London on board theShelburne, which is supposed to have been lost with all on board.Index:HdArrested on suspicion of treason, 279-280; evidence against, 281; his resentment against Haldimand, 282; being released, enters action against him, 283; his memorial to Lord Sydney, 284-288; his misstatements, 288; supported in his action against Haldimand by Masères, 290; demands a Legislative Assembly and theHabeas CorpusAct, 291; drowned at sea, 292; praised by Fréchette, 292; blames Mabane for ill will of Haldimand, 305; serves writ against Haldimand, 310.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Cyc. Am. Biog.; Shortt and Doughty,Constitutional Documents of Canada. For full titles of hisAppel à la Justice de l'État, andThe Case of Pierre Du Calvet,seeMorgan,Bib. Can.See alsoHaldimand, Sir Frederick.
Duchesne, Adrien.ChSurgeon, early settler, 145.
Duchesne, David.ChAssisted in forming Company of New France, 168.
Duchesneau, Jacques.Intendant of New France, 1675-1682. His commission invested him with the title of president of the Sovereign Council, an office which had hitherto been filled by the governor. As Frontenac, a man of dominant spirit, was then governor, interminable disputes arose between him and the intendant touching questions of precedence. Frontenac lost no opportunity of showing his resentment; and the intendant sided with the bishop in the vexed question of selling brandy to the Indians. Finally the quarrel came to the ears of the king, and both governor and intendant were recalled.Index:LAppointed intendant, 166; disagrees with Frontenac, 167; recalled, 168.FIntendant, 108; his instructions, 109; claims to rank above bishop, 115; causes king's prohibition of trading licenses to be registered in Frontenac's absence, 117; asked to furnish particulars as to ill effects of liquor traffic, 118; censured for interfering in matters beyond his sphere, 120; his recommendations on thecoureurs de boisquestion, 127; dispute with Frontenac as to presidency of the Sovereign Council, 133-140; severely censured in despatch from minister, 134; accuses Frontenac of manufacturing the news he sends to the minister, 142; his son imprisoned for disrespect to Frontenac, 143; recall of, 143; makes report on Acadia, 271.Bib.: Douglas,Old France in New World; Parkman,Frontenac; Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle-France(R. S. C., 1903).
Duclos, Captain.WMConstructs and commands floating batteryLe Diable, 82, 87, 104.
Dudley, Joseph(1647-1720).FProvisional governor of Massachusetts, 264.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dudouyt, Jean.FGrand-vicar to bishop of Quebec, 111; sent to France by bishop in connection with liquor question, 118; advice to bishop, 171.LDirector of seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; to administer diocese in case of necessity, 134; his mission to France, 171; grand cantor of chapter of Quebec, 197; death of, 219.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac.
Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton Blackwood, Marquess of(1826-1902). British commissioner to Syria, 1860; under-secretary for India, 1864-1866, and for war, 1865-1867; governor-general of Canada, 1872-1878; ambassador to Russia, 1879; transferred to Constantinople, 1881; viceroy of India, 1884; ambassador to Italy, 1888; ambassador to France, 1891; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1891.Index:DVisits British Columbia in connection with Confederation negotiations, 323.Bib.: Works:Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen;Letters from High Latitudes;Inquiry into State of Ireland;Irish Emigration;Speeches and Addresses, ed. by Milton. For biog.,seeLeggo,History of the Administration of Lord Dufferin in Canada; Stewart,Canada under Lord Dufferin; Black,The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava; Lyall,The Life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava; Dent,Can. Por.;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dufort, Thomas.McAgent of Papineau to Upper Canada, 345; sets out for Michigan, 345; secures assistance in Michigan, 427.
Dugas, Du Gua, or Du Guast, Sieur de Monts.SeeMonts.
Duggan, Jeremiah.DrCitizen of Quebec, assists Americans, 120.
Du Lhut, Daniel Greysolon(1640?-1710). Took part in the campaign in Flanders, and present at the battle of Seneffe, 1664. Came to Canada latter year. Left Montreal for the West, 1678, and the following year took possession of the country of the Sioux for France; explored the country about Lake Superior, and gained unusual influence over some of the western tribes; commanded at Fort Frontenac, 1696, and later at Detroit; the city of Duluth named after him.Index:FExplorer, discoveries of, 162; imprisoned on return to Quebec, 163; appointed post commander among north-western tribes, 164; diverts trade from English posts on Hudson Bay to Montreal, 164; under orders from La Barre confiscates goods in La Salle's fort of St. Louis, 179; instructed to rendezvous at Niagara, 181, 186, 187;, fortifies post at outlet of Lake Huron, 202.Bib.: Margry,Découvertes et Établissements des Français;Sieur Du Lhut(Minn. Hist.Coll., vol. 1); McLennan,Death of Duluth(R. S. C., 1903);Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites, vol. 62; Roy,DuLhut(Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 4); Colby,Canadian Types of the Old Régime.
Du Marche.ChPriest at Miscou, 234.
Dumas, N.ECommissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.
Dumas, Major.WMCommands night expedition to destroy British batteries at Pointe Lévis, 113-115; commands Canadians in battle of the Plains, 192, 195.
Dumay, Captain.ChChamplain consults with, 133.
Dumont's House.WMOccupied in turn by British and French, 256, 258.
Dumoulin.ChMurdered by Montagnais Indians, 164.
Duncan, Adam(1731-1804). Entered the navy 1755; commanded theRoyal Exchange, 1759-1760; commander-in-chief in the North Sea, 1759-1801; defeated the Dutch off Camperdown, 1797. Raised to the peerage as Viscount Camperdown.Index:BkGains victory off Camperdown, 12.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Duncan, Alexander.DSails for North-West Coast with Colnett, 22; confirms discovery of Portlock and Dixon that Queen Charlotte Islands are not part of mainland, 22.
Duncan, Richard.SMember of Legislative Council, 79.
Duncan, William.DSent out from England, 1856, by Church of England Missionary Society, 270; establishes native industrial community at Metla Kahtla, 270; dispute with ecclesiastical authorities, and removal to Alaska, 270.Bib.: Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names; Arctander,Apostle of Alaska: the Story of William Duncan.
Duncombe, Charles.Medical doctor. Resided at Burford Plains, near Brantford. Elected to the Legislature, 1824, and re-elected, 1836. After the failure of the Rebellion, escaped to the United States. In 1843 returned to Canada, but remained only for a short time.McComplains to Glenelg of Head, 315; deals with York election, 316; his letter referred to a committee, 321; report of the committee, 322; assembles his forces at Brantford, 425; retreats to Scotland village, 425; increased by one thousand, 425; men disperse, 426; amnestied, 474.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Dundas, George(1819-1880). Lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1859-1869. Afterwards lieutenant-governor of St. Vincent, West India Islands, where he died.
Dundas, Henry.SeeMelville.
Dundas Street.Also known as the Governor's Road. Built by Governor Simcoe; connected London with the village of Dundas. Place and road were named after the then secretary for the colonies.Index:SName given by Simcoe to his military road from Burlington Bay to site of present city of London, 201.BLIts extent, 8.
Dunfermline, James Abercromby, first Baron(1776-1858). Sat in British Parliament, 1807, 1812-1830 and 1832; Speaker of House of Commons, 1835-1839.Index:SyGovernor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Dunkin, Christopher(1811-1881). Born in London, England. Educated at the Universities of London and Glasgow. Emigrated to America; studied at Harvard University, and for a time tutor of Greek in that institution. Came to Canada about 1836, and engaged in newspaper work. Appointed secretary to the Education Commission, 1838, and subsequently secretary to the Post-office Commission. Assistant-secretary for Lower Canada, 1841-1847; called to the bar, 1846. Unsuccessfully contested the county of Drummond for a seat in the Legislative Assembly, 1844, but elected to represent Drummond and Arthabaska, 1857. Defeated, 1861, but elected for the county of Brome,1862. Retained his seat until Confederation, when elected by the same county to the House of Commons. At first an opponent of Confederation, but afterwards a strong supporter. Provincial treasurer of Quebec, 1867; entered the Dominion Cabinet as minister of agriculture, 1869. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, 1871; held office until his death. Name associated with the Canada Temperance Act, better known as the "Dunkin Act."Bib.: Dent'sCan. Por.andLast Forty Years.
Dunlop, William(1795?-1848). Born in Scotland. Served as a regimental surgeon in War of 1812 and in India. Came to Canada in 1826, with John Galt (q.v.); and took part in the establishment of the Canada Company (q.v.). In Scotland, had been the intimate of John Wilson ("Christopher North," ofBlackwood's), Maginn, and Hogg, and had done some literary work, which he continued in Canada. Founded the Toronto Literary Club, 1836. Represented Huron in the Legislature, 1841-1846.Index:BLAttacks proposed reconstruction of ministry, 1842, 132; significance of his nickname of "Tiger," 132.See alsoCanada Company; Galt; Talbot.Bib.:Statistical Sketches of Upper Canada. For biog.,seeLizars,Days of the Canada CompanyandHumours of '37; Dent,Last Forty Years; Rattray,The Scot in British North America; Morgan,Bib. Can.
Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of(1732-1809). Royal governor of Virginia, appointed 1771. Returned to England after the Revolutionary War, and in 1786 appointed governor of the Bermudas.Index:HdHis letter to Haldimand, 92.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dunn, John Henry.Came to Canada in 1820, from England. Receiver-general and member of Executive and Legislative Councils of Upper Canada. Died in London, 1854.Index:BLReceiver-general, appointed to Council by Head, 38-39; receiver-general, 1841, 76; a moderate Reformer, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; beaten in Toronto, 1844, 253.SyMade receiver-general of united province, 283, 332.McAppointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years.
Dunn, Oscar(1844-1885). Journalist.Index:CHis statements as to Cartier's quarrel with Macdonald over terms of British North America Act, 103.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dunn, Robert.SPresbyterian clergyman, performed marriage services in contravention of the law, 164; second clergyman to settle in Niagara district, 165; drowned in wreck of theSpeedy, 165.
Dunn, Thomas(1731-1818). Engaged in mercantile life; came to Canada shortly after the conquest. In 1764 appointed a member of the first Legislative Council of Quebec. A member of the new Council formed under Quebec Act, and one of the five selected by Carleton for the Special Privy Council. On the passing of the Constitutional Act, appointed one of the first executive and legislative councillors of the Lower Province, and during five different periods acted as president of the Legislative Council. On departure of Sir Robert Milnes, in 1805, assumed the administration of the province and continued to act until the arrival of Sir James Craig in October, 1807. Again in 1811, during the interval between the departure of Sir James Craig and the arrival of Sir George Prévost, entrusted with the administration.Index:DrAppointed judge, 183.BkBecomes civil administrator with title of president on departure of Sir R.S. Milnes, 69, 73; differences with Brock, 77; confident of loyalty of French-Canadians, 86; calls out one-fifth of militia, 94, 96; becomes administrator again on departure of Craig, 157.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Dunning, John.SeeAshburton.
Dunvegan.A trading-post on the left bank of the Peace River, about lat. 56°, and long. 118° 40'. Built by A. R. McLeod for the North West Company about the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was named after the "cold, bleak, rock-built castle of the McLeods of Skye." Daniel Williams Harmon stationed there, 1808-1810, and Simon Fraser visited him there on his way east from exploring the river that bears his name.Bib.: Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Du Parc, Jean Godet, Sieur.ChComes to Canada, 47; left in charge of colony (1610), 60.
Dupleix, General.WMAbandonment of, by French government, 53.
Duplessis-Bochart, Guillaume Guillemot.Sent to Canada, 1632, by the Company of New France. Led a trading expedition up the Ottawa River, 1636. Killed by the Iroquois at Three Rivers, 1651.Index:ChPresents pictures to church of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 240; brings out settlers, 252.
Du Plessis Bonneau, Thomas, Sieur.ChDirector of Company of New France, 170.
Duplessis de Ste. Hélène, Mère André.LHer piety, 92.
Duplessis-Mornay.SeeMornay.
Duplessis, Pacifique.Came to Canada with Champlain, 1615. Returned to France, 1618. Came again, 1619, and died the same year.Index:ChRécollet missionary, 85; death of, 117.Bib.: Douglas,Old France in the New World; Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Dupont, Nicolas.FMember of Sovereign Council, 106.LMember of Sovereign Council, 158, 166.
Dupont.ChName given by Champlain to the Nicolet River, 52.
Dupont-Gravé.SeePont-Gravé.
Duprat, Captain.WMBrings word of impending attack on left of French position, 138.
Dupuis, Captain.LHeads mission established at Gannentaha, 65, 67.
Dupuy, Claude Thomas.Intendant of New France, 1726-1728. Although a man of some ability, was extremely pretentious and self-opinionated, and became involved in constant quarrels with the governor and the bishop.Bib.: Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle-France(R. S. C., 1903).
Duquesne de Menneville, Michel Ange, Marquis de.Appointed governor of New France 1752, in succession to La Jonquière. His policy was to intercept communication between New England and the western Indians and thus to restore the Indians to dependence on France. In the spring of 1753 sent a force of a thousand men under Morin to the Ohio district; a fort was built at Presque Isle and another, Fort Le Bœuf, inland on River Le Bœuf. Disease made ravages among the troops, and while 300 were left to garrison the forts, the remainder were compelled to return to Montreal, and Duquesne's plans for a further advance were frustrated. Nevertheless the Indians were brought into submission to the French. Improved the organization of the government of the colony, and through thorough discipline raised the efficiency of the colonial troops. Succeeded in 1755 by the Marquis de Vaudreuil.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley,The Fight for Canada; Fiske,New France and New England.
Durell, Philip.Second-in-command, under Admiral Saunders, before Quebec,1759.Index:WMInstructed to cruise off St. Lawrence, 75; makes some captures, 78; arrives at Ile-aux-Coudres, and establishes camp, 88; his grandson captured, 90.Bib.: Wood,Logs of the Conquest of CanadaandThe Fight for Canada; Doughty,Siege of Quebec.
Durham, John George Lambton, Earl of(1792-1840). Entered British Parliament, 1814, for county of Durham, and won recognition as an advanced Reformer. Brought forward plan of parliamentary reform in 1821. Raised to peerage, 1828. Member of Grey's ministry, 1830. Sent to St. Petersburg on special mission, 1833. Ambassador to Russia, 1836. Sent to Canada in 1838 to bring order out of the chaos of the Rebellion. His famous Report followed. His policy in Canada excited much opposition both in Great Britain and Canada. The House of Lords voted disapproval of some of his acts, and he took the extraordinary step of returning to England without either being recalled or obtaining the royal consent. Nevertheless the wisdom of his recommendations has since been abundantly justified. Died at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, soon after his return.Index:Mc"A man ahead of his time," 6, 7; speech on the Reform Bill, 14, 15; his report on the Constitutional Act, 55; on the position of lieutenant-governor, 56; on the Legislative Council, 57; on the Executive Council, 58, 63, 64; says Reformers are justified in demanding responsible executive, 59, 67, 68, 69; points out powerlessness of Assembly, 60; on the Family Compact, 62, 65; Clergy Reserves one of the chief causes of Rebellion, 71, 72; on evils arising from Constitutional Act, 75, 76; says representative government was guaranteed by Constitutional Act, 76; his report justifies Reformers, 77; Stuart J. Reid on the Report, 78, 79; analogy between Report and "Seventh Report on Grievances," 79, 80; Union Act of 1840 based on Report, 80; recommends responsible government, 81; authorship of Report, 82, 83; on Head's interference in election, 309; on the causes of disaffection, 402; the remedy, 403.MdOn representation by population, 71; on federal union, 93-95.THis views on union, 61.CHis inquiry and report, 11-12; Poulett Thomson sent out to Canada to give effect to his recommendations, 12; would merge French-Canadians in the Anglo-Saxon race, 12; exposes frauds of Constitution of 1791, 13; in favour of ministerial responsibility, 96.HHis report before Nova Scotia Legislature, 53; advocates Intercolonial Railway, 99.POn Papineau's refusal to accept Lord Goderich's offer of control of the revenue, 77; exiles leaders of Rebellion to Bermuda, 138; his action vetoed by Imperial government, 139; vindicates his action in a parting proclamation, 139; on the system of government in Lower Canada, 157; denied access to Canadian documents in Paris archives, 165; his scheme for union of the Canadas arouses opposition of French-Canadians, 170.RRyerson on, 115; Ryerson supports his recommendations, 117; his Report, 120-122.MSComes to Canada, 243; his Report, 243; appoints Adam Thom to his staff, 245.SyHis lack of discretion, 57, 89; his Report, 85, 89-97, 345; his Report welcomed by British party in Lower Canada, 95; and Reformers of Upper Canada, 96; criticized in report of the Upper Canada Assembly, 97-100; also in report of committee of Legislative Council, 100-103; quoted against his own Report, 162.BOn causes of Rebellion in Lower Canada, 11, 53; his remedy for political discontent, 12, 13; estimates numerical strength of Church of England in Upper Canada, 52-53; his Report quoted, on land grants, 53-54; on representation, 82-83; and Confederation, 129; his plan of legislative union, 263.BLOn political situation in Upper Canada, 17; and Lower Canada, 17; in period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada, 53; previous career, 53; his arbitrary methods in Canada, 54; attacked in House ofLords, and his ordinance granting amnesty disallowed, 55; his proclamation, 55; his recall, 55; his Report, 55-58; Imperial government acts upon his advice, 59; his recommendations, 66; recommends responsible government, 137, 273; John Stuart Mill on, 149; on the duties of the governor, 161, 163; his Report quoted by Baldwin, 222; and Elgin, 274; eulogized by Draper, 277.EHis characteristics as a statesman, 2; his daughter marries Lord Elgin, 14; sound principles laid down in his Report indicated by Lord Elgin, 15; compared with Elgin, 15; sums up nature of conflict in Lower Canada, 18; advocates ultimate domination of English element, 23, 55; his views on representative government, 25-26; on land grants to United Empire Loyalists, 144-145; on Clergy Reserves, 148, 154-155; on American misconstruction of conditions in Canada, 190-191; on economic conditions in Canada in 1838-1839, 191; suggests remedies, 192-193, 194, 195.Bib.:Report on the Affairs of British North America; Haliburton,Reply to the Report of the Earl of Durham; Bradshaw,Self-Government in Canada; Egerton and Grant,Canadian Constitutional Development; Garnett,The Authorship of Lord Durham's Report; Christie,History of Lower Canada; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dict. Eng. Hist.; Morgan,Cel. Can.; Dent,Can. Por.; Reid,Life and Letters of Lord Durham.
Dutch Colonists.ChTheir relations with the Iroquois, 52.DrAdmixture of, among United Empire Loyalists, 240.BkEmigration of, from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.
Duval, Jean.FExecuted for conspiracy against Champlain, 8.ChLocksmith, accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; leads conspiracy to assassinate him, 42; executed, 43.Bib.: Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Duval, Jean François Joseph(1801-1881). Born in Quebec. Studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1823. Represented Quebec in the Assembly, 1830-1834. Appointed to the bench, 1839; judge of the Superior Court, 1852; judge of the Queen's Bench, 1855; chief justice of the Queen's Bench, 1864; retired, 1874. Died in Quebec.Index:EMember of Seigniorial Court, 187.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years.
Du Verger, Father.ChPromotes Récollet mission to Canada, 83.
Du Vernet.ChInterpreter, 144.
Du Vignau, Nicolas.ChHis alleged discoveries, 74-77, interpreter, 144.Bib.: Champlain,Voyages; Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Earthquake of 1663.Known in Canadian history as the "Great Earthquake." The most extravagant accounts have come down as to the circumstances attending this earthquake, but it was undoubtedly the most serious disturbance of the earth's crust, in Canadian territory, of which we have any record. It affected chiefly the valley of the St. Lawrence from Montreal to the gulf, a region more susceptible to seismic disturbance than any other in Eastern Canada. Kingsford cites contemporary reports of similar phenomena in 1638 and 1766.Index:FDescribed by Avaugour, 46-47.LLalemant's account of, 42-45; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 45; conversions resulting from, 45-46.Bib.: Charlevoix,Histoire de la Nouvelle France; Lalemant,Relation, 1663; Ragueneau,Vie de Catherine de St. Augustin; Marie de l'Incarnation,Lettres; Parkman,Old Régime; Kingsford,History of Canada.
Eastern Townships.HdProposition to settle with disbanded Loyalists, 264.DrSettled by British Americans, 289; mixed population of, 288.Bib.: Day,Pioneers of the Eastern Townships; Day,History of the Eastern Townships;Thomas,History of the Eastern Townships.
Easton, James.DrAmerican officer, demands surrender of Carleton at Sorel, 113.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Eau, Chevalier d'.FGoes on embassy to Iroquois, 262.
Echemin Indians.A tribe closely resembling the Micmacs of Nova Scotia, and inhabiting in the seventeenth century what is now eastern Maine and New Brunswick. They lived by hunting and fishing.Index:WMEnemies of the English, 16.
Edgar, Sir James David(1841-1899). Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1864. Elected to House of Commons, 1872. Sent on political mission to British Columbia, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway. Returned to Parliament, 1884; elected Speaker of the House of Commons, 1896.Index:MdSent to British Columbia by Mackenzie government, 234.DSent to Victoria, 1874, as special agent of Dominion government, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway, 320.Bib.: Works:This Canada of Ours and Other Poems;The White Stone Canoe;Canada and its Capital. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men.
Edmonton.Capital of province of Alberta. Situated on the North Saskatchewan. Occupies site of Edmonton House, of the Hudson's Bay Company, and, at a still earlier date, Fort Augustus, of the North West Company. Later was built by Hughes, and known at one time as Fort des Prairies.Bib.: Cameron,The City on the Saskatchewan.
Edmonton House.MSBuilt by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.
Education.MdUniversity endowment in Upper Canada, 28-30; Macdonald's connection with separate school question, 82, 84; compulsory education established, 116.WState of, in New Brunswick, 83; Wilmot's interest in, 83; grammar schools, 85-86; college of New Brunswick, 86; Madras System, 86-87; lack of public interest in schools, 88-90; Wilmot's views on education, 90-91.TImprovement in school system, 20; King's College, 20-22.WMLimited to a few, but excellent, 23.RIn Upper Canada, 51-59; petitions, 54-55; Common School Bill, 1816,—its provisions, 56-57; Board of Education, 58; provisions of amending Act, 1824, 58; the university question, 133-162; the common school system, 163-213; separate school question, 215-245; grammar or high schools, 247-268.EGradual improvements in common school system after 1841, 87-89; Mrs. Jamieson on the Upper Canadian schoolmaster, 87; Lord Elgin's interest in educational problems, 88.BLSystem of common schools provided for in government programme, 1841, 89; Act passed, 105; previous legislation for higher education, 105-106; for elementary schools, 106-107; terms of new Act of 1841, 107-108; school laws of 1843,189-190; Baldwin's University Act, 190; history of the university movement in Upper Canada, 191-197; under second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 281, 286, 292, 338-339.SyDemand that Clergy Reserves should be applied to purposes of, 240-242.SSimcoe's efforts in cause of, 166.CIn the clerical colleges of Quebec, 3-5; Lord Elgin on, 5; Cartier's work for, in Lower Canada, 114; in Quebec, 37-38.DrCommittee on, appointed, 226; conflicting views on, 227-229.HIn Nova Scotia,—Joseph Howe advocates compulsory education, 79; and an undenominational provincial university, 82; again introduces his measure for public schools, 115.BGeorge Brown's views on, 47, 59, 61, 62-64, 75, 121-123, 145; separate school question, 121-123, 144-145.HdIn the early days of British rule, 233-236.SeeRyerson, Egerton; Strachan, John; Simcoe, John Graves; Grammar Schools; Universities; Public Schools; Libraries; Manitoba School Question; Separate Schools.Bib.:Canada: An Ency., vols.2, 3, and 4; Chauveau,L'Instruction Publique; Dawson,Fifty Years' Work in Canada; Hodgins,Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada; Ryerson,Story of my Life; Meilleur,L'Education du Bas-Canada; Millar,Educational System of Ontario; Ross,Universities of Canada;Education in the Canadas(Archives Report, 1899).
Edward VII(1841-1910). Succeeded to throne, 1901.Index:EHis visit to Canada in 1860, 7.MdVisits Canada in 1860, and opens Victoria bridge, 87.Bib.:Dict. Eng. Hist.; Morgan,Tour of Prince of Wales through Canada; Gough,The King's Visit to Canada.
Edward and Annie.MSThe vessel which brought the Red River settlers from Stornoway to Hudson Bay, 150-151.
Effiat, Duc d'.ChSecond in list of Hundred Associates (Company of New France), 170.
Eldon, John Scott, first Earl(1751-1838). British statesman.Index:SyResigns from Cabinet, 16.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Election Frauds.BIn Russell County and Quebec City in 1857, 99-100, 106.
Election Laws.BLBill introduced, 99; rejected by Council, 100; La Fontaine-Baldwin government brings in a broader measure, 144; its terms, 144-145; opposition of Conservative press, 145-146; electoral reform measures, 286.
Elgin, James Bruce, eighth Earl of(1811-1863).EHis qualities as a statesman, 3-4; his success in Canada, 4; his lineage, 5-6; his personal character, 6-8; education, 6; his contemporaries at college, 7; enters Parliament, 8; accepts governorship of Jamaica, 9; death of his first wife, 9; his successful administration in Jamaica, 10-12; returns to England, 1846, 13; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, 13; his second marriage, 14; influence of Durham, 15; contrasted with Durham, 15; his arrival in Montreal, 1847, 16, 26, 40, 41; views on the political situation, 41-43; obtains from Imperial government reimbursement of plague expenses, 48; his tour through Upper Canada, 49; on agricultural associations, 50; dissolves Parliament, 50; calls upon La Fontaine and Baldwin to form administration, 52; comments on character of new government, 52-53; his letters to Lord Grey, 54-56; views on the French question, 55-56; his antipathy to Papineau, 56; on economic conditions, 57-58; on annexation sentiment, 58; on inter-imperial trade, 58-59; his course in connection with Rebellion Losses Bill, 71-78; attacked by mob, 74; Imperial government approves his action in signing bill, 78; second visit to Upper Canada, 79; raised to peerage, 80; condemns Annexation Manifesto, 81; on causes of commercial depression, 82; urges reciprocity with United States, 82, 101, 107; vindication of his policy on Rebellion Losses Bill, 83-84; views on education, 88-89; his admiration for Baldwin, 104; on parliamentary representation, 118-119; on an elective Upper House, 120-121; visits England in 1853, 123; tribute from United States minister in London, 123-124; visits Washington and negotiates Reciprocity Treaty, 124; resents John Sandfield Macdonald's rebuke, 129; on the appeal to the country in 1854, 132, 133; opens fifth Parliament, 135; advises repeal of Imperial Act of 1840, 164-165, 167; on the attitude of the Church of England in Canada, 169; his efforts to kill annexation sentiment, 189-190, 194, 195; his efforts to secure reciprocity, 196; visits United States and negotiates treaty, 197; signs treaty June 8, 1854, 198, 201; succeeded as governor-general by Sir Edmund Head, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; parting address from Legislature, 203; his reply, 204-205; his last speech in Quebec, 205-208; returns to England, 209; views on colonial self-defence, 209-212; accepts mission to China, 212; his part in suppressing Indian Mutiny, 213;negotiates treaty of Tientsin, 214; official visit to Japan, 214; negotiates treaty of Yeddo, 214; returns to England, 215; British apathy as to colonies, 215; becomes postmaster-general in Palmerston government, 215; Lord Rector of Glasgow University, 215; his second mission to China, 215; governor-general of India, 216; his tour in Northern India, 218; holds Durbar at Agra, 218; suppresses Nahabu outbreak, 218; illness and death, Nov. 20, 1863, 218-219; his views on Imperial honours, 222; his principles of self-government, 227; on British connection, 229, 231; on the status of a constitutional governor, 231-232; beneficial results of his policy, 233, 235; on colonial self-government, 239-240; on the American political system, 257-258.BOn causes of depression in Canada, 32; his far-sighted statesmanship,—views on imperial unity, 33; introduces self-government in Canada, 33; and the Rebellion Losses Bill, 34-38.MdSucceeds Cathcart as governor-general, 26; upholds responsible government, 32-33; gives assent to Rebellion Losses Bill, 36-38; mobbed in Montreal, 38; sober second judgment of the people justifies his action in approving the bill, 41; his action approved by British government, 42; effects Reciprocity Treaty with United States, 45, 98, 216.TBrings about Reciprocity Treaty, 29.BLMentioned, 75; attitude to responsible government, 138; chosen by Liberal government as governor-general, 272; his character, 272; his grasp of the colonial situation, and attitude towards responsible government, 273; first to apply successfully the principle, 273; liberally interprets his instructions, 274; marries Durham's daughter, 274; a thorough believer in Durham's doctrines, 274; his statesmanlike grasp of the true attitude of the governor, 274-275; enters Montreal, January, 1847, 275; Hincks on, 275-276; Draper on, 277; dissolves Parliament, Dec. 6, 1847, 278; his solution of the Canadian question, 282-283; calls Parliament at Montreal, Feb. 25, 1848, 283; sends for La Fontaine to form ministry, 284; his high opinion of second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 285; interview with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 285-286; brings session to a close, 286; on commercial depression in Canada, 301; consents to Rebellion Losses Bill, 321; mobbed in Montreal, 305, 322, 324; his attitude towards the bill, 332-334; loyal reception to in Toronto, 338.RConcedes full measure of responsible government, 126.COn education in Quebec, 5; urges Cartier to enter Cabinet, 22; and the Rebellion Losses Bill, 32; his letter to Lord Grey on the state of the country in 1849, 44; most enlightened and most popular governor before Confederation, 98; aids cause of responsible government, 98.HAttends public dinner to Joseph Howe at Toronto 1851, 138; represents British North America at Boston railway celebration, 1851, 250.McAssents to Amnesty Act, 480.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Walrond,Letters of Lord Elgin; Wrong,The Earl of Elgin; Le Moine,Le Comte d'Elgin(R. S. C., 1894).