Eliott, G. A.SeeHeathfield.
Elisa, Francisco.Commanded Spanish expedition to Nootka, 1790. Carried on extensive explorations in 1791, returning to Monterey the following year.Index:DHis attempt to explore Juan de Fuca Strait in 1790, 26; sends Fidalgo to examine northern coast same year, 26.Bib.: Bancroft,North-West Coast.
Ellice, Edward(1781-1863).PSeignior of Beauharnois, suggests to colonial secretary union of Upper and Lower Canada, 47; his design revealed, 49; meets Papineau, 53.MSOpposes sale of Red River land to Selkirk by Hudson's Bay Company, 210-212; quoted on Dr. John McLoughlin, 220; before Hudson's Bay Company Committee, 272.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Elliott, Colonel.BkIndian superintendent at Amherstburg, 151; in charge of Indians in western district, 230.
Elliott.DrCommissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.
Elmsley, John(1762-1805). Born in England. Succeeded William Osgoode as chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1796, and again as chief-justice of Lower Canada, 1802. At the same time became a member of the Executive Council. In February, 1803, appointed president of the Legislative Council—a position he held until his death.Index:SBecomes chief-justice, 178.BkHis death, 69.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Read,Lives of the Judges.
Embargo.BkOn United States ships, 83, 108; benefits Canadian trade, 109, 115; disastrous effects of, both in United States and in England, 110, 111; withdrawn, 114.
Emigration.SySydenham's views on, 321; grant by British government in aid of, 322.
Emulous.BkBritish ship, prizes taken by, 224.
End, William.WVotes against address of New Brunswick Assembly, 46; referred to by Wilmot, 95; moves amendment in regard to money grants, 97; interrupts Wilmot's speech, 108, 109.
Endemare, Father.ChJesuit, goes to Fort Ste. Anne in Cape Breton, 237.
England.BkAt war with republican France, 8; its invasion threatened, 10; mutiny in the fleet and insubordination in the army, 11; isolation of, 23; makes peace of Amiens, 30; declares war with France, 44; threatened by Napoleon, 71; the Berlin Decrees directed against, 81; without an ally in Europe, 82; orders-in-council in reply to Berlin Decrees, 93, 106, 111, 120; intense anxiety in, as to war in Peninsula (1811), 140; prostration of trade, 167; neglect of military protection of Canada (1812), 184; its main force necessarily concentrated on struggle in Europe, 269.
English Colonies.FGoods cheap in, 154; pay better price for furs, 154, 175, 201; political confusion prevailing in, after downfall of James II, 263.WMColonists sell goods to Indians on more advantageous terms than the French, 21.
English Colonization.WMEgoism the principle of, 17; Parkman on, 20; demoralizing effect of, 20.Bib.: Fiske,New France and New England.
English Law.HdIntroduction of, by the royal proclamation, 59.DrSometimes inconsistently invoked by those who in general objected thereto, 40.
English Settlers in Canada.DrPosition taken by, 9; find French laws irksome, 12; Murray's description of, 14, 24, 26; send delegate to England, 16; petition for Murray's recall, 17; described by Carleton, 47; object to Carleton's ordinance of 1770, with respect to administration of justice, 55.
Enos, General Roger(1729-1808).HdIn command of Vermont troops, 211; proposes to settle two Canadian townships, 266.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Epidemics.LRavages of, 239.SeeSmallpox.
Equal Rights Association.Formed in Toronto, in 1889, to secure the disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, and generally to oppose what was described as the "political encroachments of ultramontanism." Among the principal founders were D'Alton McCarthy, William E. O'Brien, and Clarke Wallace.Index:MdGrew out of agitation over Jesuits' Estates question, 289.
Erie Indians.A large tribe, of Iroquois stock, inhabiting in the seventeenth century the country between Lake Erie and the Ohio. After a long war, the Eries were practically wiped out by the Iroquois, in 1656, the few survivors being adopted into the Iroquois confederacy.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians.
Erie, Lake.Area 10,000 square miles. Discovered by Brébeuf and Chaumonot, 1640. It is possible that the lake may have been first seen by white men at a still earlier date, when the Franciscan friar, La Roche Dallion, visited the Neutral nation, 1626, but there is no direct evidence. The lake is mentioned under its present name in Lalemant'sRelationof 1641, as well as in that of Ragueneau, 1648. La Salle'sGriffonwas the first ship to sail its waters, 1679. First clearly shown on Sanson map of 1650.Bib.: Chaumonot,Vie; Harris,Early Missions; Parkman,Jesuits in North America.
Ermatinger, Francis.DHis expedition to Sacramento in 1841, 132.Bib.: Simpson,Journey round the World; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Erskine, David Montagu, second Baron(1776-1855).BkBritish minister at Washington, premature announcement of, with respect to orders-in-council, 120.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Eskimos.American aborigines, formerly occupying practically the entire coast of North America from Newfoundland around to the Aleutian Islands; now confined to the northern coast of the continent, and the Arctic Islands. They call themselves Inuit, meaning "people," the name "Eskimo" having been given them by some of their Indian neighbours.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians; Reclus,Primitive Folk.See alsoUnited States Bureau of EthnologyReports.
Esquimalt.Naval station, four miles from Victoria, Vancouver Island.Index:DSuggested as site for city, 175; Douglas's spelling of name, 175; H. M. S.Constancearrives there, 184.
Essex.BkUnited States frigate, captures British transport, 225.
Estaing, Charles Hector Theodat, Count d'(1729-1794).HdHis proclamation to French-Canadians, 123.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Esten, James C. Palmer(1806-1864). Born in Bermuda. Educated at the Charter House, London; called to the English bar. Came to Canada, 1836, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. Served as a volunteer during Rebellion of 1837. Practised his profession at Toronto. Appointed vice-chancellor, 1849.Bib.: Read,Lives of the Judges.
Etoline, Adolphus Karlovich.Director of the Russian-American colonies, 1841-1845.Index:DSucceeds Kuprianoff as governor of Russian America, 1840, 45; splendour of his establishment, 45; visited by James Douglas, 45.
European and North American Railway.WWilmot's attitude towards, 127.TPeto, Brassy, and Betts propose to construct, 26; subsidies offered by province, 26; progress of, 44.
Eustache, Sir J. R.Born 1795. Educated at St. Peter's College, Cambridge. Entered the army; served in Upper Canada in command of the 19th Light Dragoons; present at the battle of Lundy's Lane and at the storming of Fort Erie; knighted for distinguished services. Took part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Lower Canada; high-sheriff of Kildare, 1848; lieutenant-general, 1859.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
Eustis, William(1753-1825).BkUnited States secretary of war, his confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Evans, Lieutenant.DrCase against, in connection with Walker affair, dismissed by grand jury, 38.
Evans, James(1801-1846). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Emigrated to Canada; opened a school near L'Original, and about 1828 moved to Rice Lake, where he entered the Methodist ministry, and began his life-long Work among the Indians. In 1840 given charge of missionary work in the North-West, with headquarters at Norway House. Had already devotedmuch time to the study of the native languages, and while at Norway House invented the Cree syllabic characters, a simple, phonetic system, by means of which the Indian was taught to read with surprising facility. At first cast his own type, built his own press, and printed on birchbark. Later obtained more effective materials, and set up catechisms, hymn-books, and portions of the Bible in syllabic.Bib.: Young,The Apostle of the North; McLean,James Evans, Inventor of the Syllabic System; Carroll,James Evansin theMethodist Magazine, October, 1882; Pilling,Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages.
Ewan, John Alexander(1854-1910). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Educated in Scotland and in Canada. Assistant editor of the TorontoGlobefor many years; war correspondent for that paper during Boer War, 1899-1902.Index:BWitnesses shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256; seizes Bennett, 256.
Examiner.Newspaper published at New York.Index:McPublished by William Lyon Mackenzie, 470.
Examiner.Newspaper published at Toronto.Index:SyAdvocates responsible government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading thereto, 212; on Clergy Reserves question, 247.EChief organ of the Clear Grits,—owned by James Lesslie, 110.BLEstablished by Hincks, July 3, 1838, 58; in the interests of responsible government, 58; excites interest in Oxford County, 69; Hincks explains his political position in, 104; on Hincks, 179-180; Macdougall contributes to, 341.McOf Toronto, newspaper, published by Sir Francis Hincks, 483; on the riots, 483; its estimate of Mackenzie, 484, 485.
Executive Council.McIn Upper Canada; created under Constitutional Act, 53; irritating relations with Assembly, 55, 58; Durham on, 61; real advisers of the governor, 63; responsibility of, demanded by Upper Canada Reformers, 64, 69; Durham's view of effect of irresponsibility of, 65, 66; Sir John Colborne's view of, 279; Lord Glenelg's view of, 286.DrIn Lower Canada, how composed, 269.SyIts powers and influence, 74-76, 78; practically controlled the governor, 175; necessity for change in, 177; its defects described by Sydenham, 220, 221; changes made in, 334, 335; salaries of, 334.WIn New Brunswick, its irresponsibility, 5, 6.
Executive Office.SyTenure of, in Canada, 175; Lord John Russell's despatch on, 180-182; press comments on new regulations respecting, 183, 184.
Exhibitions.The first industrial exhibition held in Canada, and probably the first in the world, was that of 1737, promoted by the Intendant Hocquart. It included fruits and grains, woods and furs, and the products of the mines and the fisheries. The exhibition was afterwards sent to France. A provincial exhibition was held in Toronto in 1846; Ottawa had an exhibition in 1878; Montreal in 1880; Halifax in 1881; and St. John in 1883. Since then many other cities and towns have used this means of illustrating the industrial resources of the locality and the country.Bib.: Johnson,First Things in Canada.
Expulsion of Acadians.SeeAcadians, Expulsion of the.
Extradition with United States.SySydenham takes part in negotiations for, 336.
Eyre, Eustache R.SFort major, 47.
Faillon, Abbé Michel Étienne(1799-1870). Historian.Index:FQuoted, 4, 9; his description of conduct of Perrot, governor of Montreal, 96, 97.ChError in history of, 207.Bib.: Works:Vie de Mme. d'Youville;Vie de Mlle. Mance;Vie de Mlle. Le Ber;Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada. For biog.,seeDesmazures,L'Abbé Faillon: Sa Vie et ses [OE]uvres.
Fairchild, Mrs.HdHaldimand's housekeeper, 314, 328, 329.
Fairfield, John(1797-1847). Sat in Congress, 1835-1839; governor of Maine, 1839-1840, and 1842. Member of the United States Senate, 1843-1847.Index:WHis connection with the Aroostook War, 135.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Falconbridge, Sir Glenholme(1846- ). Born at Drummondville, Ontario. Educated at the University of Toronto, graduating 1866. Called to the bar, 1871. Appointed judge of the Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1887; chief-justice, 1900. Knighted, 1909.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Falkland, Lucius Bentinck, Viscount.Governor of Nova Scotia, 1840-1846.Index:HLieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 69; his character and policy, 69; invites Howe to join the Council, 69; his administration, 71; calls upon Howe, Uniacke and MacNab to give reasons for their resignation from Executive Council, 87; Howe upsets his theories of government, 89-92; lampooned by Howe, 92-93; conflict for supremacy, 94, 97; Howe makes insulting reference to, in Legislature, 100-101; returns to England, 1846, 102.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Family Compact.A group of Tory leaders in Upper Canada, so nicknamed by their political opponents because they held power as a distinct group, allied by bonds of political, social, and religious sympathy. Term also used in other provinces, in connection with somewhat similar conditions.Index:McTheir loyalty tested, 10; Durham's view of, 62, 65, 66; great influence of, 66; lasting and extensive monopoly of power, 66; decides on Gourlay's destruction, 89; destroysColonial Advocate, 115; incensed at Lord Goderich's concessions, 230; secures Head's sympathy, 302.MdIts character and aims fiercely debated, 13; opposition to, of Macdonald, Draper, and Morris, 27.SyIts beginning, 77; its foundations laid by Governor Simcoe, 78; attempt to identify Reform party with Mackenzie's rebellious proceedings, 85; condemned by Durham in his Report, 96; criticisms of Report, 97-104; Sir George Arthur allies himself with, 110; opposed to union of provinces, 130; Sydenham's opinion of, as given byColonial Gazette, 138; its controlling influence, 177; not a political party, 179; not specially connected by family relationship, 180.BRebellion in Upper Canada attributed by Durham to ascendancy of, 11.EFight against, 21; attacked by Hume Blake, 69; Mackenzie ill-used by, 91; selfishness of its members, 92; Bishop Strachan and, 150.BLIts character, 11-12; denounced by W. L. Mackenzie, 13; opposed to union of the Canadas, 61; its restoration hoped for, 113.MSResponsible for Rebellion of 1837, 242.See alsoStrachan, John; Mackenzie, W. L.; MacNab, Sir Allan Napier; Robinson, Sir John Beverley.Bib.: Kingsford,History of Canada; Durham,Report; Mackenzie,Sketches of Canada; Bradshaw,Self-Government in Canada; Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion; Robinson,Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson.
Famine Creek.LLa Barre's expedition halts at, 193.
Fancamp, Baron de.LPresents shrine to Bonsecours chapel, 177.
Fanning, Edmund(1737-1818). Held various offices in the American colonies before the Revolution. Removed to Nova Scotia, and in 1786 governor of Prince Edward Island. Rose to the rank of general in the army, 1808.Index:DrCommands King's American Regiment, 202; succeeds Patterson as governor of Prince Edward Island, 235.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Farnborough, Sir Thomas Erskine May, first Baron(1815-1886). Born in London. Assistant librarian of the House of Commons, 1831; examiner of petitions for Parliament, 1847-1856; clerk of the House of Commons, 1871-1886; and president of the Statute Law Revision Committee, 1866-1884. Appointed privy councillor, 1885, and created Baron Farnborough, 1886.Index:McOn difficulties of granting responsible government, 21; responsible government granted in Upper Canada in 1847, 25; principle of, adopted in other colonies about the same time, 25; on effect of responsible government, 490.Bib.:Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George III.
Farrer, Edward(1850- ). Canadian journalist.Index:MdChief editorial writer of theGlobe, 312; his pamphlet on annexation—its terms, 312-313; assumes sole responsibility for, 314.Bib.:Canadian Who's Who.
Fay, Jonas(1737-1818).HdVermont emissary, 209.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Fénelon, François de Salignac.LSulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105; his reserve as to his own labours and sacrifices, 109; school for young Indians established by, 125; attacks Frontenac from the pulpit, 160; refuses to furnish copy of his sermon and is cited before the Council, 162; his conduct not approved by his ecclesiastical superiors, 162; nor by the king, 164.FIntermediary between Frontenac and Perrot, 92; indignant at Perrot's arrest, 93; preaches sermon against Frontenac, 93; circulates memorial in Perrot's favour, 96; summoned to Quebec, 98; his conduct before the Council, 101; sent to France, censured, and not allowed to return to Canada, 102, 103.See alsoFrontenac; Perrot.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac; Garneau,History of Canada.
Fenety, George E.WOn Wilmot, 131.
Fenian Raids.The Fenian Brotherhood is said to have been formed about 1858 in Ireland and the United States, the object being to liberate Ireland from its connection with England, and establish a republic. A history of the movement in Ireland will be found in McCarthy'sHistory of our Own Times, and in O'Leary'sRecollections of Fenianism. Early in 1866 the American branch of the Brotherhood planned an invasion of Canada. The Canadian militia was called out, but the invasion was postponed. In April, the New Brunswick border was threatened, and troops marched to the defence of St. Andrews and St. Stephen. The Fenians thought better of it. Late in May another party, under one O'Neil, crossed from Buffalo to Fort Erie and advanced to Ridgeway, where they were driven back. In 1870 the same O'Neil led his followers into Quebec, but was again repulsed. In 1871 he made a similar attempt in the West, but a detachment of United States troops from Fort Pembina followed, arrested him, and dispersed his followers. An aftermath of the earlier Fenian Raids was the murder of Thomas D'Arcy McGee (q.v.) in Ottawa, 1868.Index:MdClaims for damages, 166-167; claims withdrawn, 175-177; irritation in Canada, 176; Imperial government assumes responsibility for their settlement, 177; gives Imperial guarantee of loan for public works and defence in Canada, 178, 196.TInfluence on Confederation, 98; history of, 99, 105-107; referred to in address in Assembly, 102.BLFeared by Metcalfe in 1843, 186.BThreatened in 1866—influences New Brunswick electorate towards Confederation, 188.CAs an argument for retaining British troops in Canada, 92; Cartier's speech on, in House, 1872, 110.Bib.: Somerville,Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of Canada; Campbell,The Fenian Invasions of Canada of 1866 and 1870; Dent,Last Forty Years;Correspondence relating to the Fenian Invasion, Ottawa, 1869;Trials of the Fenian Prisoners at Toronto Who Were Captured at Fort Erie, C. W., in June, 1866, ed. by George R. Gregg, and E. P. Roden; McMicken,Fenian Raid on Manitoba(Manitoba Hist. and Sc. Society, 1888); Hannay,History of New Brunswick; Macdonald,Troublous Times in Canada; Denison,Soldiering in CanadaandThe Fenian Raid on Fort Erie.
Fer, Jules de.DrHis report on loyalty of French-Canadians, 301.
Feret.ChOf Dieppe, discovers manuscript of Champlain'sBrief Discours, 7.
Ferguson, Adam.ROpposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126.
Ferland, John Antony Baptist(1805-1865). Member of faculty of Laval University, 1855-1865.Index:LQuoted as to difficulty of educating young Indians, 63; passage quoted from on Mère de l'Incarnation, 93-95; on enterprise of Talon, 114; on creation of bishopric of Quebec, 133; on advantage of connection of seminary with Foreign Missions, 140; on La Salle, 149; on educational labours of the nuns, 155; praises stand taken by Laval in regard to liquor traffic, 173; on return of Laval in 1688, 220.Bib.: Works:Cours d' Histoire du Canada;Opuscules;La Gaspésie;Joseph-Octave Plessis;Voyage au Labrador. For biog.,seeCyc. Am. Biog.; Bibaud,Pan. Can.; Morgan,Cel. Can.
Ferrier, James.BHis account of the negotiations between Brown and the government prior to Confederation, 152.
Fidalgo, Salvador.Accompanied Elisa to North-West Coast, 1790; founded a Spanish settlement in Fuca Strait, 1792, and removed the post the same year to Nootka. Still there in 1793 when Vancouver visited the place.Index:DSent by Elisa to examine northern coast, 1790, 26.Bib.: Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast.
Fidler, Peter(1769-1822). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, about 1791. Carried on extensive explorations and surveys in the North-West. Left a series of manuscript journals, covering the records of his explorations for over a quarter of a century. These are said to be in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company in London. Also left an eccentric will, of which Bryce gives a synopsis.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Fiedmont, Jacquot de.WMEngineer, fortifies bridges over River St. Charles, 85-86; opposes capitulation, 225; directs artillery fire against British camp, 230.
Finances of Canada.SySydenham's efforts to rehabilitate, 315-320.
Finlay, Hugh.DrDeputy postmaster-general, 243; expresses views of the English-speaking people of Quebec in letter to home government, 248.HdOn political situation, 174.
Finlay, James.MSLeaves Montreal for western fur country, 3.Bib.: Mackenzie,History of the Fur-Tradein hisVoyages;Hendry's Journal(R. S. C., 1907);Cocking's Journal(R. S. C., 1908).
Finlay, James, Jr.MSJoins XY Company, 14; on Peace River, 1792, 62.
Finlayson, Duncan.MSChief factor Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and governor of Assiniboia, 225; Alexander Ross on, 225.
Finlayson, Roderick(1818-1892).DSecond in command at Victoria, 1843, 180; chief officer on death of Charles Ross, 1844, 181; his birth, 181; joins Hudson's Bay Company, 1837, 181; his service and character, 181; his narrative, 181; responsible for story of Captain Gordon and the salmon that would not rise to a fly, 183-184; becomes chief accountant of Western department, 188; holds position up to 1862, 188.Bib.: Bancroft,History of British Columbia; Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names.
Fire Rafts.WMUnsuccessful employment of by French at Quebec, 131.
Fireships.WMIneffectual employment of by French, 98; described by Captain Knox, 99; Montcalm on the cause of their failure, 99.
Fisher, Charles(1808-1880). Born in Fredericton. Educated at King's College and called to the bar, 1833. Contested York for the New BrunswickAssembly, 1834, but defeated. Elected for York, 1837, and continued to hold the seat with slight intervals until after Confederation. Entered the New Brunswick government, 1848, but resigned, 1850, owing to a difference with the lieutenant-governor. Appointed a delegate to the Portland Railway Convention, 1850. Became premier and attorney-general in the first purely Liberal government formed in New Brunswick, 1851. Resigned, 1856; in the following year resumed office and remained at the head of affairs until 1861. Appointed a delegate to the Trade Convention at Detroit, 1865. Again entered the government as attorney-general, 1866. Represented New Brunswick as one of the delegates to the Quebec and Westminster Conferences. Represented York in the first Dominion House of Commons. Appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of his native province, 1868. Died in Fredericton.Index:WElected for York, 47; defeated in York, 66; opposes address to Metcalfe, 74; his efforts on behalf of responsible government, 91; elected for York, in 1846, 102; moves want of confidence resolution, 103, 105; defeated, 111; supports responsible government, 116; his influence, 117; defeated in 1850, 128; opposes reduction of number of judges, 130.THis character, 12; resigns, 18-19; attacks the government, 30-31; attorney-general in Fisher government, 43; retires from government, 51; re-elected for York, 52; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected as Confederation candidate in York, 95-96; moves amendment to address, 102; attorney-general, 105; defeats Pickard, 108; moves Confederation resolution, 115-116; sent as delegate to England, 120; elected for York to first Dominion Parliament, and moves the address, 131.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Fisheries Question.MdRights of American fishermen expire with denunciation of Reciprocity Treaty, 166; the fishermen reluctant to abandon former rights, 167; Canada's exclusive right to the inshore fisheries recognized by Britain, 173; reciprocal trade proposed by Canada as equivalent for the fishing rights, but rejected by Americans, 174; latter propose $1,000,000 for rights in perpetuity, 174; Macdonald objects to any such arrangements, 174-175; Americans offer limited reciprocity, 181; acceptable to British commissioners except Macdonald, 181-182; arbitration proposed by United States commissioners, 182; Macdonald's dilemma, 183-185; opposition to treaty in Canada, 185; Halifax Award, 190.EUnder the Treaty of 1854, 198-200.Bib.: Isham,Fishery Question, its Origin, History and Present Situation; Bourinot,Fishery Question, its Imperial Importance; Elliott,United States and the North-Eastern Fisheries; Ricci,Fisheries Dispute and Annexation to Canada.
Fitzgerald, Edward.BOn agricultural possibilities of North-West Territories. 214.
FitzGibbon, James(1780-1863). Born in Ireland. Joined the Tarbert Fencibles, 1798; served in Holland the following year, and in 1801 present at the battle of Copenhagen. The same year came to Canada with the 49th Regiment, and served under Brock with distinction in the War of 1812. In command of the British at Beaver Dam. In 1822 appointed assistant adjutant-general; and in 1827 clerk of the House of Assembly. Commissioned as colonel of the second West York Regiment 1831, and took an active part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. Returned to England, where in 1850 made a military knight of Windsor.Index:BkDescribes gallant conduct of Savery Brock at Egmont-op-Zee, 18-20; his reminiscences of Brock, 66-67.SyMade clerk of Legislative Council, 334.McDefeats rebels at Montgomery's farm, 379.Bib.: FitzGibbon,A Veteran of 1812; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812;Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion; Read,Rebellion of 1837; Lizars,Humours of '37; Morgan,Cel. Can.
Fitzherbert, Mrs.HdHaldimand's opinion of, 335.
Fitzmaurice, Lord Edward.DrOn Germain, 170.
Fitzpatrick, Sir Charles(1853- ). Born in Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law, and called to bar, 1876; chief counsel for Louis Riel, 1885, and took part in several other famous trials; represented Quebec County in provincial Assembly, 1890-1896; and in House of Commons, 1896-1906; solicitor-general, 1901; minister of justice, 1901-1906; chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1906.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Five Nations.HdPost at Oswego to be established for, 142; allies of the British, 148; their rights respected, 166.SeeIroquois.
Flag Incident.LIn siege of Quebec, 230.FIn siege of Quebec, 295-298.
Fleet, British, before Quebec.WMPlaced under general command of Admiral Charles Saunders, 75; ascends the river, 78; anchors at Île-aux-Coudres, 83; anchors in Baie St. Paul, 90; at the entrance to the harbour, 111; a few of its vessels pass the town, 123; several vessels attempt the passage by Quebec, 152; sails for England, 238; reappears in the harbour, 267.Bib.: Wood,Logs of Naval Conquest of CanadaandThe Fight for Canada; Doughty,Siege of Quebec; Bradley,The Fight with France.
Fleet, French, at Quebec.WMProtection afforded by to Bourlamaque's army, 167.
Fleming, Sir Sandford(1827- ). Born at Kirkaldy, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1845. Chief engineer of the Intercolonial Railway; and of the Canadian Pacific Railway; chancellor of Queen's University since 1880; president of the Royal Society of Canada, 1888-1889. To his initiation and persistent enthusiasm are due the establishment of a system of universal or cosmic time; the laying of the Pacific cable, as part of an inter-imperial telegraph service; and the building of the memorial tower at Halifax to commemorate the opening of the first colonial Legislature.Bib.: Works:The Intercolonial; England and Canada; and numerous historical and scientific papers.SeeBibliog. of Royal Society (R. S. C., 1894). For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.;Who's Who; Grant,Ocean to Ocean.
Flibot.ChKirke's vessel before Quebec, 188, 196.
Florida.HdUnder British rule, 64-81; Haldimand comes north from, 83, 87; Haldimand's interest in, 90; suggests closing of ports of, 104; his career there, 121; proposed disposition of, 124; Haldimand's property in, 316.
Florida, West.BkOccupation of, by United States, 139.
Flour-milling.BStimulated by British preference of, 1843, 32; advantage swept away by free trade measure of 1846, 32; in 1834, 54.
Foley, M. H.BIn Taché ministry, 1864, 149; retires with Buchanan and Simpson to make room for Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, in Coalition ministry, 159.Bib.: Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Dent,Last Forty Years.
Foligné, Captain de.WMOn rapid construction of Beauport defences, 86; his report of fighting at Lévis, 103; on pitiable condition of Quebec, 160; quoted as to rout of French army, 206; on distress following capture of Quebec, 236.
Fontbonne, Colonel.WMHis disposition of the Guienne Regiment, 192; mortally wounded, 199.
Fonte, Bartholomew de.His fictitious voyage of 1640 to the North-West Coast was described in a letter published in theMonthly Miscellany, London,1708.Index:DHis reputed strait, 19; his voyage again credited, 23.Bib.: Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast.
Fontenay, Mareuil.ChFrench ambassador in London, instructions to, 214.
Forget, Amédée Emmanuel(1847- ). Born in Ste. Marie de Monnoir, Quebec. Studied law and called to the bar of Quebec, 1871. Secretary to the Manitoba Half-Breed Commission, 1875; clerk of the North-West Council, 1876-1888; Indian commissioner, 1895-1898; lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 1898-1905; first lieutenant-governor of Saskatchewan, 1905.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Fornel, Abbé.LHis funeral sermon on Bishop Saint-Vallier quoted, 238.
Forsythe, J.SyMember of Constitutional Association, 112.
Forsyth, Richardson and Co.Fur trading firm, of Montreal.Index:BkSend Prévost news of declaration of war, 203.
Fort Albany.Hudson's Bay Company post at mouth of Albany River, west coast of James Bay. Established about 1683; captured by Iberville, 1686, and held by the French for seven years. Finally restored to the Company.Index:FCaptured by Troyes, 206; captured alternately by French and English, 343, 345.Bib.: Dawson,The Saint Lawrence Basin; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-WestandPathfinders of the West.
Fort Albert.SeeVictoria.
Fort Alexandria.DHudson's Bay Company post, built on Fraser River in 1821, 98.
Fort Anne.HdCaptured by Major Carleton, 149.
Fort Babine.In Northern British Columbia.Index:DHudson's Bay Company post, on Babine Lake, built in 1822, 98-99.
Fort Bourbon.On Hudson Bay.Index:LCaptured by Iberville, 233.SeeFort Nelson.
Fort Camosun.DHudson's Bay Company post, afterwards city of Victoria, 178.
Fort Chilcotin.DBuilt by Hudson's Bay Company, outpost of Fort Alexandria, 99.
Fort Chipewyan.Built by North West Company, 1788, on southern shore of Lake Athabaska, near mouth of Athabaska River. Removed, 1820, by Hudson's Bay Company to north shore, where it still stands.Index:MSBuilt by Roderick Mackenzie, on Lake Athabaska, 24; its situation, 25; its famous library, 26; route to, from Grand Portage, 27; life at the fort, 28; Mackenzie sets forth from, on his journey to Arctic, 32; returns to, 50; McLeod builds new house, 50; Mackenzie winters there, 53; Turner winters there, and determines astronomical position, 57; Governor Simpson at, 1828, 236; William McGillivray in charge of, 236.DMackenzie at, 53; his point of departure for Arctic journey, 53; and Pacific expedition, 53.Bib.: Mackenzie,History of Fur Tradein hisVoyages; Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Willson,The Great Company; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West.
Fort Chippawa.BkOn Niagara River, a mile and a half above the falls, 58; end of carrying-place, and a transport post, 58-59; had a blockhouse enclosed with palisades, 59.Bib.: Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Fort Churchill.SeePrince of Wales Fort.
Fort Colville.DDistributing point for Upper Columbia and Kootenay, Hudson's Bay Company post, 77; centre of Columbia trade, 77; founded, 1825-1826, 116.
Fort Conolly.In northern British Columbia.Index:DHudson's Bay Company post, built on Bear Lake, 104.
Fort Crèvecœur.LEstablished by La Salle in Illinois country, 148; attacked by Iroquois, 149.FBuilt by La Salle, 160.Bib.: Parkman,La Salle; Sulte,Les Tonty(R. S. C., 1893).
Fort Dearborn(Chicago).BkCaptured by Indians, 266.
Fort Dease.On Dease Lake.Index:DBuilt by Robert Campbell in 1838, 123-124; burned by natives, 124.
Fort de Chartres.WMOn the Mississippi, 22.
Fort Douglas.On Red River, about two miles below mouth of Assiniboine.Index:MSBuilt by John McLeod, 176, 177; seized by Cuthbert Grant, 182; retaken by the De Meurons, 191.Bib.: Bryce,Five Forts of Winnipeg.
Fort Duquesne.WMAt junction of Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, 22; battle at, 22.HdName changed to Fort Pitt by Bouquet, 16; plans for recapture of, 25-26.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe.
Fort Edward.WMGeneral Webb in command at, 45.
Fort Erie.On Niagara River, opposite Buffalo.Index:SMilitary post in 1782, 51.BkNew fort planned by General Hunter, 59.Bib.: Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Fort Essington.On the British Columbia coast. Used by the Hudson's Bay Company as an intermediate post between Fort McLoughlin and Fort Simpson.Index:DBuilt by Hudson's Bay Company in 1835, 118.Bib.: Bancroft,History of British Columbia.
Fort Fraser.In northern British Columbia.Index:DNorth West Company post, built on Fraser Lake, 98.
Fort Frontenac.FErected at Cataraqui, 83; conceded to La Salle, 156; seized by La Barre, 178; restored to La Salle, 179; Dongan demands its destruction, 218; Denonville gives orders for blowing it up, 288; order partially carried out, 234; repaired, 234; rebuilt, 341.WMProtected outlet of Great Lakes, 17.LRécollet mission at, 111.BLName altered to Kingston by the British, 73.See alsoCataraqui; Kingston.Bib.: Parkman,FrontenacandLa Salle; Sulte,Le Fort de Frontenac(R. S. C., 1901).
Fort Garry.At junction of Red and Assiniboine Rivers, where the city of Winnipeg now stands.MdWolseley and the expeditionary force arrive there Aug. 24, 1870, 162; murder of Scott, 242.SeeWinnipeg.
Fort George.BkFlag of Fort Niagara transferred to, 56; its situation, 56; planned by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, 58; mutiny at, 61; silences Fort Niagara, 309.HdCaptured by Major Carleton, 149.Bib.: Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Fort George.On Fraser River.Index:DSimon Fraser sets out from, to descend Fraser River, 61; returns to, 61; built on Fraser River, by the North West Company, 98; massacre of Hudson's Bay Company men at, by Indians, 1823, 105-107.Bib.: Bancroft,History of British Columbia.
Fort George.At mouth of Columbia.Index:DAstoria renamed, 149.
Fort Gibraltar.MSBuilt by North West Company, on site of Winnipeg, 99; begun in 1804, 158; captured by Colin Robertson, 178, and dismantled, 179.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay CompanyandFive Forts of Winnipeg.
Fort Glenora.DHudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine River, 121.
Fort Grey.BkAmerican fort opposite Queenston, 300, 305.
Fort Halkett.DHudson's Bay Company post, built on branch of Liard River, 123.
Fort Hope.On Fraser River.Index:DHudson's Bay Company post, founded shortly after Fort Yale, 186.
Fort Kamloops(Fort Thompson).DHudson's Bay Company post, built in 1813, 98.
Fort Kootenay.On Kootenay River, built 1807. Otherwise known as Kootenay House.Index:DBuilt by David Thompson, 58.Bib.: Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Fort Langley.DHudson's Bay Company post, built on Lower Fraser River, 1827, 116.Bib.: Bancroft,History of British Columbia.
Fort Lawrence.Built in 1750, on Chignecto Bay, three miles south of Beauséjour, where the French shortly after built a rival fort. Fort Lawrence became headquarters of the expedition sent in 1755, under Monckton, to capture Fort Beauséjour.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Hannay,History of Acadia.
Fort Le Bœuf.WMEstablished communication with Lake Erie, 22.
Fort Liard.DHudson's Bay Company post, built on Liard River, 123; pillaged by Indians, and traders murdered, 123.
Fort Loyal(Casco Bay).FCaptured by Canadians, 252.LTaken by Canadians, 229.
Fort Machault.WMEstablished communication with Lake Erie, 22, 122.
Fort McLeod.On McLeod Lake, British Columbia.Index:DNorth West Company post, first permanent trading-post built in British Columbia, west of the mountains, 97-98.Bib.: Morice,Northern Interior of British Columbia.
Fort McLoughlin.On Milbank Sound, British Columbia.Index:DHudson's Bay Company post, built by Finlayson, Manson, and Anderson, 1833, 117; moved to head of Vancouver Island and renamed Fort Rupert, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179.Bib.: Bancroft,History of British Columbia.
Fort Miami.WMOn Miami River, 22.BkReconstruction of, by order of Lord Dorchester, 53.SErected by Simcoe at rapids of Miami River, 136; measure strongly objected to by Americans, 137; General Wayne demands evacuation of, which Major Campbell, officer in command, refuses, 139; occupation of not approved by home government, 142.
Fort Mumford.DHudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine River, 121.
Fort Nanaimo.East coast Vancouver Island.Index:DHudson's Bay Company post, built in 1852, 191.Bib.: Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names.
Fort Necessity.WMBattle at, 22.
Fort Nelson.DHudson's Bay Company post, built on eastern branch of Liard River, 123.
Fort Nelson.SeeYork Factory.
Fort Niagara.WMAt mouth of Niagara River, 22; taken by British, 62; capitulates, 146.HdIn command of Captain Pouchot, 25, 36; taken by British, 26; garrison at, 31, 32; shipment of goods to, 124, 136, 150, 163; position of, 145; Indians at, 148, 171, 256; expeditions in its defence, 151, 153; number of refugees at, 152, 250; MacLean in command at, 162, 307, 308; fraud discovered at, 166; Haldimand's refusal to relinquish, 260.Bib.: Parkman,FrontenacandMontcalm and Wolfe; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Fort Nisqually.At head of Puget Sound.Index:DHudson's Bay Company post, built in 1833, between Langley and Fort Vancouver, 118.
Fort Ontario(Oswego).HdHaldimand in command of, 29.
Fort Pemaquid.FDestroyed, 1669, rebuilt, 1692, 328; taken by Iberville, 331.
Fort Pitt.HdFormerly known as Fort Duquesne, Bouquet's victorious march to, 16; Pouchot's designs on, 26; Bouquet stationed at, 40; Haldimand's interest in, 90.SeeFort Duquesne.
Fort Presqu'île.WMEstablishes communication with Lake Erie, 22.
Fort Prud'homme.LAt junction of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 150.
Fort Rupert(Fort Charles). Built by Gillam, at mouth of Rupert River, foot of James Bay, 1667.Index:FCaptured by Troyes, 206.LCaptured from English, 204.Bib.: Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Laut,CanadaandConquest of the Great North-West.
Fort Rupert.North end of Vancouver Island.SeeFort McLoughlin.Index:DHudson's Bay Company post, coal mining at, 190.Bib.: Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names.
Fort St. Frederic.SeeCrown Point.Index:WMAt head of Lake Champlain, 17; evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146.Bib.: Garneau,History of Canada.
Fort St. James.On Stuart Lake, northern British Columbia.Index:MSGovernor Simpson there in 1828, 237-238.DNorth West Company post, built on Stuart Lake, 98.Bib.: Morice,Northern Interior of British Columbia.
Fort St. Joseph.BkStores despatched to, 202.
Fort St. Louis.On Illinois River, near site of present town of La Salle.Index:FBuilt by La Salle, 160; seized by La Barre, 179.
Fort St. Louis.Quebec.SeeChâteau St. Louis.Index:ChA school of religion and virtue, 258; erected on Cape Diamond, 157.Bib.: Douglas,Old France in the New World; Gagnon,Fort et Château St. Louis.
Fort St. Pierre.ChFounded by Nicolas Denys, in Cape Breton, 236.Bib.: Denys,History of Acadia.
Fort Selkirk.DHudson's Bay Company post, built by Robert Campbell on the Yukon River, 124.Bib.: Campbell,Discovery of the Youcon.
Fort Simpson.At mouth of Liard River.Index:DBuilt by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Liard River, 125.Bib.: Richardson,Arctic Searching Expedition.
Fort Simpson.On coast of British Columbia, near Alaskan boundary.Index:DBuilt by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Naas River, 1831, 116; moved forty miles south, 1834, 120.Bib.: Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names(underPort Simpson).
Fort Stanwix.On Mohawk River, near Lake Oneida.Index:DrUnsuccessful attack on, 173.HdAbandonment of by rebels, 151.
Fort Stikine.On Stikine River.Index:DHudson's Bay Company post, handed over by Russians, 121-122; Rae left in charge of, 122.
Fort Taku.DBuilt by Hudson's Bay Company, on Taku River, 121; known as Fort Durham—erected 1840, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179.
Fort Ticonderoga.SeeTiconderoga.Index:DrFort seized by American rebels, 82.HdCarleton's raiders penetrate beyond, 149.
Fort Umpqua.DFounded in 1832 by Hudson's Bay Company, on route from Fort Vancouver to San Francisco Bay, 132.
Fort Vancouver.On Columbia River.Index:DEstablished by Hudson's Bay Company, in 1824, 47; depot of western department, 72; described, 72, 110; built by John McLoughlin, 111, 113; its importance, 111; range of its operations, 111-112; agriculture at, 128; abandoned, 1849, 145.Bib.: Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West.
Fort Vincennes.WMOn Wabash River, 22.
Fort Walla Walla.Hudson's Bay Company post, on Columbia River.Index:DDistributing point for Snake River country, 7.
Fort Wayne.BkExpedition to, under Captain Muir, 274, 275.
Fort William.At mouth of Kaministiquia River, Lake Superior.Index:DHeadquarters of North West Company, 59.MSReplaces Grand Portage, 13; named after William MacGillivray, 100; Selkirk at, with the De Meuron soldiers, 189.Bib.: Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Fort William Henry.On Lake George.Index:WMSiege and destruction of, 37, 42-46; ensuing massacre, 47-52.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe.
Fort Yale.DFounded in 1848, by the Hudson's Bay Company, on Fraser River, 186.
Fort Yukon.Built by Alexander Hunter Murray of the Hudson's Bay Company, at the mouth of Porcupine River in 1847. John Bell had descended the Porcupine to its mouth in 1844. Although Fort Yukon was on Russian territory, the Company maintained it until the sale of Alaska to the United States, when they were summarily ejected, 1869. The Company thereupon moved up the Porcupine to the Ramparts, where they built Rampart House, then supposed to be on British territory, but proved to be west of the boundary. The fort was moved twelve miles up the river, and in 1890 was again moved to the eastward.Index:DBuilt by Murray (not Bell) near mouth of Porcupine River, 125.Bib.: Murray,Journal(Canadian Archives, 1910).
Forts.See alsoCarillon, Chambly, Crown Point, Frontenac, Kaministiquia, Miami, Michilimackinac, Niagara, St. Johns, Sorel, Three Rivers, Ticonderoga, Western Forts.
Foster, Captain.DrCaptures American post at Cedars, 142; gives up his prisoners under agreement with Arnold, 143.
Foster, George Eulas(1847- ). Born in Carleton County, New Brunswick. Entered political life as member for King's County, New Brunswick, in the Dominion House of Commons, 1882; minister of marine and fisheries, 1885; minister of finance, 1888-1896. Elected for York, New Brunswick, 1896; and for Toronto North, 1904.Index:MdMinister of finance in Macdonald administration—moves amendment to Sir Richard Cartwright's resolution on unrestricted reciprocity, 299.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Foster, S. K.TCandidate for St. John, New Brunswick, defeated, 25.
Fothergill, Charles.McAttacks Mackenzie in Upper CanadaGazette, 38; accuses Mackenzie of disloyalty, 99; moves to pay Mackenzie for report of debates, 102, 103; dismissed from position of king's printer, 110.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Foucher, Jean.ChChief farmer at Cap Tourmente, informs Champlain of destruction of establishment at Tadoussac, 176.
Fouez.SeeSt. Maurice River.
Fournier, Telesphore(1824-1896). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1846; one of principal editorial writers onLe National; elected to the House of Commons for Bellechasse, 1870; minister of inland revenue, in Mackenzie government, 1873; minister of justice, 1874; postmaster-general, 1875. Appointed judge of Supreme Court the latter year; resigned, 1895.Index:COne of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24; a popular speaker, 25; kept in opposition by radical programme, 29.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.
Fox, Charles James(1749-1806). British statesman.Index:DrThought Quebec Act should have been introduced in Commons, 66; discusses Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265.SDiscusses Constitutional Bill in House of Commons, 9.BkDeath of, 80.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Russell,Life of Fox; Trevelyan,Early Life of Fox; Egerton and Grant,Canadian Constitutional Development.
France.FCondition of, in 1675-1676, 150, 151.DrDeclares war against Britain, 271; anger in, on conclusion of Jay Treaty, 287; refugees from, permitted to enter Canada, 289; some dangerous characters arrive from, 289; takes revenge on Britain in American Revolution, 269.
Franchère, Gabriel(1786-1856). Born at Montreal. Joined the Pacific Fur Company, organized by John Jacob Astor, and sailed from New York for the mouth of the Columbia, 1810. Returned overland, reaching Montreal in September, 1814. Continuing in the fur trade, established at Sault Ste. Marie in 1834; and later in New York.Bib.:Relation d'un Voyage à la Côte du Nord-Ouest de l'Amérique Septentrionale, trans. by J. V. Huntington. For biog.,seeMorice,Dict.; Bibaud,Pan. Can.
Franchise Act, 1885.MdIts terms, 258-259; fiercely opposed by Liberals, 259-260; repealed by Laurier administration, 260.Bib.: Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Willison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
François Xavier, Saint.LPatron saint of Canada, 87.
Franklin, Benjamin(1706-1790). American statesman and philosopher.Index:DrHeads commission to enquire into affairs in Canada, 135; his report, 136.WMDid not believe British colonies would revolt, 269.Bib.:Autobiography;Complete Works, ed. by Bigelow. For biog.,see Cyc. Amer. Biog.;alsoLarned,Lit. Am. Hist.
Franklin, Sir John(1786-1847). Served at Trafalgar, in theBellerophon. Headed overland expedition of 1819-1822, from York Factory by way of Great Slave Lake, to the mouth of the Coppermine, and the Arctic coast; and second expedition, 1825-1827, in which he continued his explorations of the northern coast of the continent. Started on third expedition, by sea, 1845, to make North-West Passage. The ships had to be abandoned, and Franklin and all his men perished in the attempt to reach one of the remote northern posts of the Hudson's Bay Company.Bib.: Works:Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, 1823;Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea. For biog.,seeRichardson,Arctic Searching Expedition; Rae,Narrative; McClintock,Narrative of the Fate of Sir John Franklin; Osborn,Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Franklin, Michael.Born in England. Came to Halifax, 1752. Elected to the Assembly, 1759; appointed to the Council, 1762; lieutenant-governor, 1766. Organized the militia of the province, 1776-1777: largely instrumental in securing the peace of Nova Scotia during the Revolutionary War. Appointed commissioner of Indian affairs. Died, 1782.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Fraser.DrAppointed judge, 183.
Fraser, Captain.DrHis connection with the Walker case, 19, 36, 38.
Fraser, Duncan Cameron(1845-1910). Born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. Educated at Dalhousie University; studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1873. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1878, but resigned same year to run for the Assembly. Again called to the Legislative and Executive Councils, 1888. Sat in the House of Commons for Guysborough, 1891-1904; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1904; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1906-1910.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Fraser, John James.TOpposition candidate in York County, 86; opposes Confederation, 87; afterwards governor of New Brunswick, 87; defeated in York, 108.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Fraser, Captain Malcolm.DrOf Royal Emigrants, 112, 124; with Laws on rear attack on Arnold, 130; in charge at Three Rivers, 144; repulses Thompson's attack, 145.DGrandfather of Dr. John McLoughlin, 94; brings Highland Regiment to Canada, 94; settles on St. Lawrence seigniory, 95.Bib.: Wrong,A Canadian Manor and its Seigneurs.
Fraser, Simon(1776?-1862). Brought to Canada as a child from New York state, his widowed mother settling near Cornwall. Joined the North West Company in 1792, and ten years later became abourgeoisor partner. Served for a time at Grand Portage, and sent to the Athabaska district; in 1805, when the Company decided to carry its operations beyond the Rocky Mountains, put in charge of the new field. After establishing trading-posts in New Caledonia, now northern British Columbia, set out from Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, with Jules Maurice Quesnel, and a party of voyageurs and Indians, upon the exploration of the great river that bears his name. In 1811 promoted to the charge of the Red River department, and offered knighthood as a recognition of his services in the cause of exploration, but declined the honour. Was present at the Seven Oaks affair, when Governor Semple of the Hudson's Bay Company lost his life. Retired from the fur trade about the time of the coalition of the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company.Index:DIn service of North West Company, 57; ordered to extend operations of Company west of Rocky Mountains, 59; reaches Fraser River, 1806, 59; builds forts on Stuart Lake and Fraser River, 59; ordered to explore river to the sea, 60; his journey down the Fraser, 60-61; proves Tacouche Tesse not the Columbia, 61; builds Rocky Mountain House and other posts, 97-98; given command of Red River department, 1811, 98; offered and declines knighthood, 98; dies, 1862, at age of 86, 98.MSSent to explore New Caledonia, 108; crosses Rocky Mountains, 1806, and builds fort on Stuart River, 108; his journey down the Fraser, 108-110; arrested by Selkirk at Fort William, 189.Bib.: Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast; Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Morice,Northern Interior of British Columbia; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Fraser River.Rises in Rocky Mountains, and flows into Strait of Georgia. Its upper waters discovered by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793; and first explored down to its mouth by Simon Fraser, 1808. The total length of the river is 695 miles.Index:DMackenzie on, 54; supposed to be the Oregon, 54; native name Tacouche Tesse, 54; mistaken for the Columbia, 59; Simon Fraser on, 60-61; described, 60-61; route of fur-brigades changed to, from the Columbia, 186.MSMackenzie on, 77-79; Fraser on, 108-109.Bib.: FraserJournalin Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.
Fraser's Highlanders.WMCaptain of, replies to French sentries in French, 180.Bib.: Kelly,The Fighting Frasers of the Forty-Five and Quebec.
Fréchette, Louis(1839-1908). Practised law, and then journalism. Represented Lévis in the House of Commons, 1874-1878. Chiefly known as a poet. Two of his poems were crowned by the French Academy, 1880, and he was granted the first Montyon prize.Index:HdHis poem on Du Calvet, 292.Bib.: Works:Mes Loisirs; La Voix d'un Exilé;Pêle Mêle;Les Fleurs Boreales;Légende d'un Peuple;Les Feuilles Volantes;Lettres Basile;Originaux et Détra-qués;Lettres sur l'Education. For biog.,seeDent,Can. Por.; Morgan,Can. Men; Taché,Men of the Day; Chapman,Le Lauréat; Sauvalle,Le Lauréat Manqué.
Fredericton.Capital of New Brunswick. Situated on the west bank of the St. John River. Founded by Sir Guy Carleton in 1785, and named by him after the Duke of York.Index:WPopular demonstration at, 46; education in, 85-86.TAbandonment of government house, 138-139.Bib.: HannayHistory of New Brunswick.
Fredin, Jean.LHouse of charity established by, 245.
Free Trade.BIts effect on Canadian invasion, 15, 31-32; recommended by Reform convention of 1857, 217; advocated by George Brown, 47, 233.CPeel's measure (1846) kills Canadian industries, 43-44; Cartier's views on, 115-116.EProtest from Canadian Assembly, 29; discussed in Legislature, 45; effects of, on Canada, 57-58.TUnpopular in New Brunswick, 9.
Freeman.Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick.Index:TEdited by T. W. Anglin, 85.
Freemason's Hall, Niagara.SFirst session of Upper Canada Legislature held in, 83, 96; church services held in, 159.
Fremin, Father Jacques.ChJesuit, put in charge of Richibucto mission, 235.
French-Canadians.LAubert's description of, 118, 119; habits and customs, 120-124.SyTenacious of their legal institutions, 69; become disaffected, 70; inconsistency of British policy regarding, 71; Constitutional Act increases their power of resistance, 72, 80; Lord Durham on their aspirations for independent nationality, 94; favour responsible government, but oppose union of the provinces, 117; opposed to improving navigation of St. Lawrence and development of the upper province, 206; regard Sydenham as enemy of their race, 233; Sydenham's estimate of, politically considered, 305.EResent terms of Union Act, 23-24; resent Durham's views on British domination in Canada, 23; increase of their influence, 31.DrMurray's description of, 25; Carleton on their military strength, 45, 46; on their rapid increase, 47; his anxiety to win their allegiance, 50; indifferent to representative government, 55, 61; their petition to the king, 61; disappointing conduct of, 78; address king expressing satisfaction with Quebec Act, 78; unwilling to enlist against Americans, 87, 150; British government relies fully on their loyalty, 92; some insult their leaders and insist on being disbanded, 99; tired of American occupation, 150; Carleton's summing up of their attitude, 161; delusion of British government on the subject, 178; petition against any further change in their laws, 246; object to a House of Assembly, 246; Dorchester's consideration for, 260; attempt to enroll them for militia service causes riot, 278; more or less affected by revolutionary principles, 278; their attitude serious, 289; report on their state of feeling by Jules de Fer, 301.BDurham and, 12; dissatisfied with terms of union, 15; Peel's distrust of, 16, 17; George Brown's relations with, 43, 48-49, 70, 71, 78-81, 101-102, 105, 123-127; restive about Confederation, 166.BkProsperity of, under British rule, 35; their loyalty recognized by Brock and President Dunn, 1807, 86, 87; distrusted by Sir James Craig, 91, 404; Craig hesitates to issue arms to, 102, 103.HdCharacterized, 42, 220-222; Haldimand's experience of, 51, 52; satisfied with change of sovereignty, 53, 79; corps of, formed, 55-57, 139; object to introduction of English civil law, 59, 60; favoured by Quebec Act, 101; their aversion to military service, 111; costume of, 114, 115, 240; fear of communication with rebels, 119, 134, 136, 140, 174, 297; Estaing'sproclamation to, 123; affected by alliance of France with revolted colonies, 126, 127, 128, 140; prisoners in Albany take up arms for Congress, 130; averse to taxation, 173; restricted as to disposal of produce, 177; Haldimand's policy towards, 180; his use of corvées disliked by, 182; gratified by news of British defeats, 189; Baroness de Riedesel's description of, 219-220; their attitude towards Loyalists, 264, 271; continued attempts to undermine their loyalty, 273-282, 283; addressed by Congress, 276; MacLean pleads for, 306; Dorchester's policy with, 314-315.MdIgnorance of national affairs, 347; Macdonald's influence with, 347-348.WMTheir unfortunate position, 131; two thousand desert the camp to protect their families, 152; placed on right of Montcalm's battle-line, 192; dislodge British detachment from Borgia's house, 193, 195; in general defeat make brave rally, 201-203; only those in vicinity of Quebec submit to the British, 237.LPère Charlevoix on, 117; Aubert on, 118; Mère de l'Incarnation on, 119; habits, dress, etc., of, 120et seq.Bib.: Sulte,Histoire des Canadiens-Français; Garneau,Histoire du Canada; Bibaud,Histoire du Canada; Christie,History of Lower Canada; Davidson,Growth of French-Canadian Race; Aubert de Gaspé,Les Anciens Canadiens; Salone,La Colonisation de la Nouvelle France: Étude sur les Origines de la Nation Canadienne Française; Greenough,Canadian Folk-Life; Tanguay,Dictionnaire Généalogique; Sulte,Origin of the French-Canadians(R. S. C., 1905); Nicholson,The French Canadian; Fiske,New France and New England; Lambert,Travels in Canada.
French Colonization.WMPrinciple of, 17; Parkman on, 19.
French Language.BLImperial Parliament repeals clause of Union Act making English the sole official language, 287; Elgin reads speech from the throne in French as well as English, 287.
French Priests.HdAttempts to introduce, 181, 187.
French Revolution.DrIts effect in the United States, 272, 273; principles of, disseminated in Lower Canada, 279.SyEffects of, in Britain, 11.
Frobisher, Benjamin.A partner of the North West Company.Index:HdPetition to Haldimand, 261.Bib.:Seethe memorials of Benjamin Frobisher and Joseph Frobisher, his brother, on the western fur trade, inArchives Report, 1890, and particularly that of Oct. 4, 1784, giving the early history of the North West Company;alsocorrespondence inArchives Report, 1888.
Frobisher, Benjamin.Probably, according to Masson, a son of Joseph Frobisher. Entered service of North West Company, about 1798. Mentioned as clerk of that Company, in 1804 and 1805, and took a violent part in the troubles between the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. Captured by Hudson's Bay men in 1819, carried to York Factory and imprisoned; escaped, and in a desperate attempt to make his way back to one of the North West Company posts, died of exhaustion at Cedar Lake.Bib.: Wilcocke,Death of Frobisherin Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.
Frobisher, Joseph.A partner of the North West Company. Member of the fur-trading firm of McTavish, Frobisher and Company. Built a fort on Red River, and penetrated to the Churchill River, 1774, where, at Frog Portage, he built a post. Gave the name of English River to the Churchill. Accompanied Alexander Henry up the Saskatchewan in 1775. Returned to Montreal, but retained a large interest in the fur trade until 1798, when he retired.Index:HdHis petition to Haldimand, 261.MSBuilds trading-post on Sturgeon Lake in 1772, 4.Bib.: Henry,Travels and Adventures, ed. by Bain; Mackenzie,History of the Fur Tradein hisVoyages.
Frobisher, Sir Martin(1535?-1594). Navigator. Made three voyages toAmerica in search of the North-West Passage, 1576, 1577, and 1578. Vice-admiral in Drake's expedition to West Indies, 1586; led one of the squadrons against the Spanish Armada; took part in Hawkins's expedition, 1590.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Frobisher, Thomas(1744-1788). Partner of the North West Company. With Joseph Frobisher, Alexander Henry, and Peter Pond, in the North-West, 1775. In that year, explored the Churchill River as far as Isle à la Crosse Lake.Index:MSBuilds trading-post at Sturgeon Lake, 1772, 4.Bib.: Henry,Travels and Adventures; Mackenzie,History of the Fur Tradein hisVoyages.
Frog Portage.Or Portage de Traite, leading from the Saskatchewan River, by way of Cumberland Lake, the Sturgeon-Weir River, Heron, Pelican, and Woody Lakes, to the Churchill. It was discovered by Joseph Frobisher, who built a temporary trading-post there in 1774. Two years later Thomas Frobisher built a more substantial fort at the same place. He was joined there in that year by Alexander Henry, and plans were matured for intercepting the western Indians on their way down the Churchill to trade at Prince of Wales Fort. Alexander Mackenzie says that the Indians called the portageAthiquisipichigan Ouinigam, or the Portage of the Stretched Frog Skin.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de Palluau et de(1620-1698).FParticulars respecting his early life scanty, 61; enters army under Prince of Orange at age of fifteen, 62; promoted to rank ofmaréchal de camp, 62; peace of Westphalia, 1648, releases him from military life, 63; marriage, and birth of son, 63; his wife separates from him, 63; extravagant habits of, 64; commands Venetian troops in defence of Crete against Turks, 64; leaves France for Canada, midsummer of 1762, 65; endeavours to constitute "three estates" and summons an Assembly, 67; action disapproved by king, 67; his instructions regarding the ecclesiastical power, 69; friendly to Sulpicians and Récollets, 74; plans a visit to Cataraqui, 74; conducts an expedition to Cataraqui, 76-84; invites Indians to conference at that place, 79; harangues them and distributes presents, 81, 82; erects fort, 83; expedition not approved by minister, 84; Frontenac defends it, 85; difficulties with Perrot, governor of Montreal, and the Abbé Fénelon, 90-104; captures twelvecoureurs de bois, 99; sends Perrot and Fénelon to France with report on case, 102; the king's reply, 103; enemies at court, 110; honour paid to him in church curtailed by Laval, 112; attitude towards ecclesiastical powers, 113; difficulty with bishop over issue of trading permits, involving carrying of liquor to Indians, 116; king prohibits permits, 116; visits Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac), 117; appeals against king's decision, 117; instructed not to meddle with questions of finance, etc., 120; authorized to grant hunting permits, 125; number to be issued restricted, 128; dispute with Intendant Duchesneau as to presidency of Sovereign Council, 133-140; censured by minister for his contentious spirit, 135; again cautioned by king and minister, 136; recalled, 143, 144; asks home government for soldiers, 145; summons conference on Indian question, 146; arranges peace between Senecas and Ottawas, 146; orders strengthening of fortifications of Montreal, 147; relations with Du Lhut, 162; has Récollet confessor, Father Maupassant, 165; alleged disorders in his household, 165; commends Sulpicians, 168; his recall a triumph for clerical opponents, 171; on return to France makes light of La Barre's demand for troops, 173; reappointed governor of Canada, 229; arrives at Chedabucto, 232; arrives at Quebec, 232; goes to Montreal, 233;exaggerates number of killed in Lachine massacre, 227; tries to arrest destruction of Fort Frontenac, 233; organizes raiding parties against English colonies, 234-236; brings out with him from France survivors of Indians captured for the galleys, 237; sends deputation to Iroquois, 237; sends reinforcements to La Durantaye, 241; his address to the Lake tribes, 242; result of his raids on English settlements, 253; improves fortifications of Quebec, 254; his relations with the Sovereign Council, 254-257; goes to Montreal where anxiety prevails, 257; his expedition to Lake Indians successful, 258; dances a war dance, 260; protests to Massachusetts authorities against attack on Pentagouet, 270; gets news at Montreal of approach of expedition against Quebec, 282; replies to Phipps's demand for surrender, 288, 289; recommends attack on Boston by sea, 316; describes ravages of the Abnaki, 317; estimate of military losses in Canada, 318; expresses himself as opposed to large expeditions, 320; orders De Louvigny at Michilimackinac to send down Indians with their furs, 323; firm in negotiations with Iroquois, 325, 338; complaints made against, 333-336; gives theatrical representations at Quebec, 336; question ofTartuffe, 337; restores Fort Frontenac against instructions of minister, 341; directs campaign against Iroquois, 350-353; reports his victory to the king and asks for recognition, 353; receives cross of St. Louis, 354; receives news of peace of Ryswick, 354; corresponds on question of sovereignty over Iroquois with Earl of Bellomont, governor of New York, 355; his last despatch to home government, 357; illness and death, 357-359; his will, 358; no known portrait, 360; funeral sermon and critical annotations thereon, 361.LGovernor, erects fort at Cataraqui, 84, 145; takes Récollets under his protection, 112; arrival of, 143; his services and character, 144; supports La Salle, 149; prejudiced against the Jesuits, 157; tries to arrestcoureurs de bois, 160; imprisons Perrot, governor of Montreal, 160; takes offence at sermon preached by Abbé Fénelon, 161; previously annoyed by sermon of Jesuit Father, 161; demands copy of Fénelon's sermon, 162; difficulty with De Bernières, 162, 163; censured by the king, 164, 165; quarrels with intendant, 167; recalled, 168; sends unfavourable reports regarding clergy, 170; summons conference on liquor traffic, 172; reappointed governor, 218; arrival of, 228; organizes three detachments to operate against English colonies, 229; his answer to Phipps, 229; attacks the Iroquois, 233; death of, 234.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac; Myrand,Frontenac et ses Amis; Lorin,Le Comte de Frontenac; Legendre,Frontenac; Brady,Frontenac, the Saviour of Canada.