Fulford, Francis(1803-1868). Educated at Oxford; ordained, 1828. Consecrated first Anglican bishop of Montreal, 1850, and sailed for Canada the same year. In 1860 metropolitan of the ecclesiastical province of Canada.Bib.: Taylor,Brit. Am.andLast Three Bishops; Mockridge,The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Fuller, Thomas Brock(1810-1884). Born in Kingston. Educated at the Grammar Schools at Hamilton and York and at Chambly Theological Seminary. Ordained priest, 1835; laboured in various parts of Canada; archdeacon of Niagara, 1869; bishop of Niagara, 1875.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Mockridge,The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Fundy, Bay of.Explored by De Monts and Champlain in 1604. Probably visited a hundred years earlier by Basque and Breton fishermen, and possibly by the Northmen several centuries before. Known to the Portuguese as Baia Fundo (Deep Bay). Named by De Monts, La Baie Française. The year 1604 witnessed not only the first exploration of which any narrative survives,but also the first European, settlement on the shores of the bay.See alsoAcadia.Bib.: Champlain,Voyages.
Fur Trade.FBurdensome restrictions on, 38, 154.ChShort history of, 119et seq.EUnder the French régime, 183.DrComplicated questions in connection with, 57.HdImportance attached by Haldimand to, 260-261.SIn Upper Canada, 105-107.DMaintained supremacy of British flag in far West, 37; of the Russians, stimulates adventure and exploration, 38; forerunner of civilization, 49.MSGrowth of, under North West Company, 7;coureurs de boisandmangeurs de lard, 14, 168; traders were men of intelligence and intellectual tastes, 27;bois-brûlés, 167; predominance of Scottish element, 219;mariage du pays, 263; Canada's debt to, 281-290; names of famous fur-traders given to Canadian rivers, lakes, and towns, 282; fur-trader as pioneer of settlement, 283-284; character of the traders, 288-289; stood for law and order, 289.See alsoHudson's Bay Company; North West Company; X Y Company; Pacific Fur Company; Company of New France, etc.Bib.: Mackenzie,History of the Fur Tradein hisVoyages; Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Biggar,Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman,Works; Henry,Travels and Adventures; Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Harmon,Journal; Franchère,Narrative; Larpenteur,Forty Years a Fur Trader; Chittenden,History of the American Fur-Trade; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Willson,The Great Company; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Begg,History of the North-West.
Gabriel.ChFrench vessel seized by English, 222.
Gage, Thomas(1721-1787). Fought under Braddock at Monongahela, 1755, and under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 1758. Took part in the campaign for the conquest of Canada, 1759; made military governor of Montreal after its capitulation, 1760. Succeeded Amherst, 1763, as commander-in-chief, with headquarters at New York. Sailed for England, 1773, leaving Haldimand in command. Returned the following year, as governor of Massachusetts. After the battle of Bunker Hill, 1775, recalled.Index:DrRequests Carleton to send him two regiments, 78.SIn command at Boston, 19.HdAt Ticonderoga, 19; his letters to Haldimand, 22, 23; in command at Oswego, 28, 29; at Albany, 31, 33; governor of Montreal after surrender, 40, 41; his opinion of Croix de St. Louis wearers, 52; replaces Amherst at New York, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79-81; visits England on leave of absence, 83; correspondence with Haldimand, 89, 94, 95; resumes chief command in America, 96-98, 121; his position in Boston, 101; intended retirement of, 105; his lack of energy, 108; recall of, 110; Indian policy of, 147; his reply to Washington's complaint as to treatment of prisoners, 249; death of, 335.Bib.:Letters of the Two Commanders-in-Chief, Generals Gage and Washington;Detail and Conduct of the American War, under General Gage.See alsoMass. Hist. Soc.Colls., vols. 12, 14, and 34; andHaldimand Papers(Canadian Archives). For biog.,see Dict. Nat. Biog.;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Gaillardin, Claud J. C.(1810-1880).FFrench historian, referred to, 152.Bib.:Histoire de Louis XIV.
Gaillon, Michel.ChMember of Roberval's expedition, executed, 44.
Galiano, Dionisio.Accompanied Maurelle in 1792 to North-West Coast. Carried out considerable surveys for the Spanish government, partly in conjunction with Vancouver.Index:DExplores North-West Coast with Valdez,35; meets Vancouver, 35; journal published at Madrid in 1802, 36.Bib.: Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast.
Galinée, René de Bréhant de.A member of a noble family of Brittany; came to Canada in 1668. With his fellow-Sulpician, Dollier de Casson (q.v.), carried out an important exploration in 1669-1670, from Montreal up the St. Lawrence, and around the south shore of Lake Ontario to Burlington Bay; thence to the Grand River, which they descended to Lake Erie, where they wintered. In March, 1670, they continued their journey along the north shore, passed through Lake St. Clair, and coasting the south side of Manitoulin Island, reached Sault Ste. Marie, where they found Marquette and Dablon. They returned to Montreal by way of Lake Nipissing and the Ottawa. Galinée's narrative of the journey was sent home to the king. He himself returned to France in 1671.Index:LWith Dollier, plants the cross on shores of Lake Erie, 11; arrives from France as missionary, 105; on Lake Erie, 108; La Salle accompanies him to Niagara, 148.Bib.:Exploration of the Great Lakes, 1669-1670:Galinée's Narrative and Map, ed. by James H. Coyne (Ont. Hist. Soc., 1903).
Gallatin, Albert(1761-1849). American statesman.BkUnited States secretary of the treasury, 81, 108.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Adams,Writings of Albert Gallatin; Adams,Life of Gallatin.
Galleran, Guillaume.ChRécollet priest, 149.
Gallicanism.LCause of difficulty between the court of France and the pope, 184, 201.
Galt, Sir Alexander Tilloch(1817-1893). Son of John Galt (q.v.). Elected to the Legislature, 1849, for Sherbrooke. Dropped out of public life for several years, but in 1853 again elected for Sherbrooke. Took an active part in the movement leading up to Confederation; a member of several administrations before and after Confederation; high commissioner in Great Britain, 1880-1883.Index:MdDeclines task of forming a ministry, 86; becomes minister of finance in Cartier-Macdonald administration, 86; speaks in favour of Confederation, 96; goes to England with Cartier and Rose to secure approval of British government to proposed union, 97; one of commissioners sent to England in 1865 to confer with Imperial government on Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120-121; minister of finance in first Dominion ministry, 134; resigns, 1867, and succeeded by Rose, 136; introduces high tariff (1859), 218; his protection policy supported by Macdonald, 219; appointed high commissioner, 227.TMakes Confederation a Cabinet question, 63; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; minister of finance in first Dominion ministry, 129, 130.BAsked by Sir Edmund Head to form government, declines, 106, 133; favours federal union, 106; takes Cayley's place in Macdonald-Cartier government, 107; advocates in 1858 federal union of all British North American provinces, 132-133; pledges Cartier government to federal union policy, 133; mission to England, 133; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; his connection with negotiations with George Brown as to Confederation, 152, 154-155, 160; goes to England on Confederation mission, 186.CGoes to England with Cartier and Rose in connection with Confederation, 56-57; refuses decoration of C. B., 126-127.Bib.: Works:Canada from 1849 to 1859;Union of the British North American Provinces. For biog.,seeTaylor,Brit. Am.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Egerton and Grant,Canadian Constitutional Development.
Galt, John(1779-1839). Came to Canada, 1824; returned to England; came out again in 1826, remaining until 1829. Associated, in the Canada Company, with William Dunlop, Thomas Talbot, and Samuel Strickland. Founded towns of Guelph and Goderich. Town of Galt named after him.SeeCanada Company; Dunlop; Talbot; Strickland.Bib.: Works:Ayrshire Legatees;Annals of the Parish;Sir Andrew Wylie;The Entail;Bogle Corbet;Stanley Buxton;Eken Erskine;The Lost Child;The Member;The Radical;Laurie Todd;Life of Byron;Lives of the Players;Autobiography;Literary Life and Miscellanies. For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Lizars,Days of the Canada Company.
Galt.A town in Ontario founded by the Canada Company, about 1827. Named after John Galt. Situated on the Grand River.Bib.: Lizars,Days of the Canada Company.
Gamache, René de Rohault, Marquis de.ChEndows Jesuit College at Quebec, 228.
Gannentaha.LMission at, miraculously escapes massacre, 65.Bib.: Parkman,Jesuits in North America.
Garakontié.LIroquois chief, conversion of, 65; edifying death of, 73.
Garfield, James Abram(1831-1881). Twentieth president of the United States.Index:BFavourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231.Bib.: Hinsdale,Works of Garfield; Gilmore,Life of Garfield;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Garneau, François-Xavier(1809-1866). Studied law and practised as a notary; afterwards clerk of the Legislative Assembly and city clerk of Quebec; member of the Council of Public Instruction; president of theInstitut Canadien.Index:PCondemns Papineau's conduct in rejecting Lord Goderich's offer, 77.EAttacks Hincks for suggesting amendment to Union Act, 123; Hincks's denial, 123.HdOn the evils of English law, 59; on Murray, 60; on Haldimand, 291, 292.Bib.:Histoire du Canada, trans. by Andrew Bell. For biog.,seeCasgrain,F.-X. Garneau; Morgan,Cel. Can.andBib. Can.
Garnier, Charles.Accompanied Jogues and Chatelain to the Huron mission, 1636; and, with the former, to the Tobacco Nation, near Nottawassaga Bay, 1639-1640. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, died a martyr to his faith, slain by an Iroquois hatchet.Index:LDeath of, 5.Bib.: Parkman,Jesuits in North America; Lalemant,Relation des Hurons, 1640.
Garnier de Chapouin.ChProvincial of Récollets, appoints four missionaries for Canada, 85.
Garreau, Leonard.Jesuit father.Index:LDeath of, 11.
Garry, Nicholas.The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company having been amalgamated in 1821, Garry, then a director of the former Company, was sent out to the North-West with Simon McGillivray, in that year, to make the necessary arrangements. Garry's diary of this journey is published in the Royal SocietyTrans., 1900. Subsequently deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1822-1835. Fort Garry was named after him.Bib.: Bryce,ManitobaandHudson's Bay Company.
Gaspé.SeeAubert de Gaspé.
Gaspereau River.A small tidal stream, flowing into the Basin of Minas. Grand Pré, once a principal settlement of the Acadians, stands upon its banks.
Gates, Sir Thomas(1596-1621). Governor of Virginia.Index:ChGrant to, by James I of England, 223.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Gaudais-Dupont, Louis.LComes out as royal commissioner to take over Canada from Company of New France, 41.
Gaufestre, Jean.ChRécollet, returns to France, 209.
Gavazzi Riots.EFather Gavazzi's lectures, 124; cause riots in Quebec and Montreal, 124-125; Clear Grits attack Hincks and the government for failure to suppress riots, 125.Bib.: Gavazzi,Lectures and Life; Dent,Last Forty Years; Hincks,Reminiscences.
Gazette (Halifax).Established 1752. First newspaper published in what is now the Dominion of Canada.Bib.: Wallis,Hist. Sketch of Can. JournalisminCanada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Gazette (Montreal).Established 1778.Index:CDenounces ministerial responsibility, 97.HdEstablishment of, 276.BLDenounces La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 140.BkEditor of, arrested by order of the Legislative Assembly, 93.McMackenzie's obituary in, 514.Bib.: Wallis,Hist. Sketch of Can. JournalisminCanada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Gazette (Quebec).Established 1764.Index:HdFirst newspaper printed in Quebec, 190; its news columns censored, 191; publishes letters contained in an intercepted rebel mail, 225; advertisements in, 231-242; articles on moral themes, 246.SyIts opposition to union of the provinces, 194, 211, 212.BkFalls under displeasure of Legislative Assembly, 93.Bib.: Wallis,Hist. Sketch of Can. JournalisminCanada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Gazette (Toronto).McMackenzie's newspaper, first published May 12, 1838, 433; last issue, 461.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.
General Election, 1841.SyRioting in connection with, 290, 291; result of, 291.
Genest, Edmond Charles(1765-1834).DrMinister of France to the United States, 272; his intrigues in Canada, 273, 274.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Genevay, Jean François Louis.HdFrench secretary to Haldimand, 305; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342; his tomb, 346.
Geological Survey.First suggested by Dr. Rae, in 1832. W. E. (afterwardsSir) Logan was appointed provincial geologist, 1842, and, the government having decided to carry out a geological survey of the province, he took charge of the work the following year. The establishment of the survey was largely the result of petitions presented by the Natural History Society of Montreal, and the Quebec Literary and Historical Society. The first report was for the year 1843. Twenty years later, the reports 1843-1863 were summarized in a volume of 983 pages,Geology of Canada. The periods 1863-1866 and 1866-1869 were each covered in a single report. Thereafter, annual volumes were published. Two general indexes have been issued, one for the reports 1863-1884, and the second for 1885-1906.
George IV(1762-1830). King of England, son of George III and the Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1795 married the Princess Caroline of Brunswick. In 1811 regent, and in 1820 succeeded George III.Index:WGrants charter to King's College, Fredericton, 49.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
George, Sir Rupert D.HProvincial secretary of Nova Scotia, 57; dismissed from office, 111; challenges Joseph Howe to a duel, 244.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Georgian Bay.An arm of Lake Huron. Discovered by Joseph Le Caron, a Franciscan, 1615. Champlain reached the shores of the bay the same year.Index:ChChamplain crosses, 88.
Germain, Charles.Appointed missionary to the Abnaki Indians on the St. John River, 1845. Authorized agent of the government at Quebec for the purpose of destroying British supremacy in Acadia. Assisted De Ramezay inhis plans for the attack on Mines, 1747. Removed to Miramichi, 1757. After the fall of Quebec, took up the cause of the British. Received a pension of £50 a year from the government at Halifax, 1761. Retired to Quebec, taking with him a number of Indian families. Died, 1779.Bib.:Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Germain, Lord George.SeeSackville.
German and Swiss Colonists.HdIn America, scheme to enroll, 9.
German Troops.HdCommanded by Riedesel, 114; not adapted to work required of them, 126, 136; reorganization of, 141; Haldimand not satisfied with, 141; some settle near Cataraqui, 265; leave Canada, 293, 296.
Germans and Dutch.DrLarge admixture of, among United Empire Loyalists, 240.
Gerris, Sarah.FCaptured at Fort Loyal, exchanged for one of Phipps's prisoners, 303.
Gerry, Elbridge(1744-1814). American statesman.Index:BkGovernor of Massachusetts, 172.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Gerrymander.SeeRedistribution Bill.
Gibault, Père.HdAbsolves French of the west from their allegiance to Britain, 167.
Gibbs, Thomas Nicholson(1821-1883). Born in Terrebonne, Quebec. Engaged in business pursuits at Oshawa. Defeated for election to the Assembly for South Ontario, 1854, but successful, 1865. Elected to represent South Ontario in the House of Commons, 1867, the defeated candidate being George Brown. Secretary of state and minister of inland revenue in the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1873. Appointed to the senate, 1880.
Gibson, David.McOrganizes shooting matches, 342; rebels meet at his house, 360; opposes advance on Toronto, 362; his house burned, 375; objects to Mackenzie's plans, 376; escapes, 380.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Gibson, John Morrison(1842- ). Educated at the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1867. Elected to the Ontario Assembly for Hamilton, 1879; provincial secretary, 1889; commissioner of crown lands, 1896; attorney-general, 1889-1905; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1908.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Giffard, Robert.First seignior in New France. Mentioned at Quebec in 1627; returned to France, 1629; established at his Beauport seigneury, 1634; a member of the Council, 1646; syndic of Quebec, 1648; gave his St. Gabriel property to the Jesuits, 1667.Index:ChLanded with his family by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, 174; comes to Canada with forty colonists, 250; receives grant of land near Beauport, 251.Bib.: Douglas,Old France in the New World.
Gilbert, Thomas.WMember for Queens, New Brunswick, an advocate of old-time Toryism, 96.TProposes to convert King's College into agricultural school, 20, 21; his bill defeated, 91.
Gillam, Benjamin.Son of following. Commanded a trading expedition from Boston to Hudson Bay in 1683, and built a fort some miles up the Nelson River. Pierre Radisson captured the fort, and carried Gillam a prisoner to Quebec, where he was promptly released by the governor. Sailed for Boston, and arrested on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company for poaching in their territory. Seems to have turned pirate a year or two later; captured at Boston, carried to England with Captain Kidd, who had been arrested at the same time, and hanged with his fellow pirate.Bib.: Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West.
Gillam, Zachariah.A New England skipper, sent out in 1668 by Prince Rupert and his associates, to Hudson Bay, in command of theNonsuch, on a voyage of exploration and trade. Medard Chouart (q.v.) sailed with him, while Pierre Radisson (q.v.) followed, in 1669, in theWaveno. Gillam's journal of the voyage is quoted in Joseph Robson'sHudson's Bay. Made several subsequent voyages to the bay, on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1684 his ship crushed in the ice at the mouth of Nelson River, and he and several of the crew perished.Bib.: Robson,Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Gillmor, A. H.TProvincial secretary in Smith ministry, New Brunswick, 91; a strong Liberal, 91.
Gilmore, George.HdSchool teacher at St. Johns, 235.
Ginseng.HdGathered by Jesuits, for shipment to China, 148; brought $5 a pound, 148; Indians engaged in trade, 148.
Gipps, Sir George(1791-1847). Born at Ringwould, England. Educated at King's School, Canterbury, and at the Military Academy, Woolwich. Entered the army, 1809; served throughout the Peninsular War; employed in the West Indies, 1824-1829; appointed private secretary to the first lord of the Admiralty, 1834; sent to Canada as commissioner, together with Lord Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, to attempt to allay prevailing discontent, 1835; knighted, 1835; governor of New South Wales, 1836-1846.Index:PRoyal commissioner sent to Canada with Lord Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, in 1835, 111.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Lang,New South Wales.
Girouard, Désiré(1836- ). Born at St. Timothée, Quebec. Educated at Montreal College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. For some years sat in the House of Commons. Appointed judge of Supreme Court of Canada, 1895.Index:FOn loss of life in massacre of Lachine, 224; at La Chesnaye and other places, 226.Bib.:Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle.For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men;Cyc. Am. Biog.;Canadian Who's Who.
Girouard, John Joseph(1795-1855). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1816. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; a strong supporter of Papineau; took an active part in the Rebellion of 1837-1838; imprisoned at Montreal for six months. Resumed the practice of law. Offered a portfolio on the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, but refused to accept office; took no further part in public life.Index:BLAssociated with La Fontaine in constitutional agitation in Lower Canada, 49; commissionership of crown lands promised to, 124; declines appointment, 134; referred to as a rebel inTranscript, 141; attacked by Tory press, 150.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Gisborne, Frederick Newton(1824-1892). Came to Canada from England in 1845. Joined the staff of the British North American Electric Telegraph Association, 1847, and became general manager. In 1852, laid the first submarine cable in America, joining New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island; and in 1856, laid another to Newfoundland. Conceived the idea of connecting Europe and America by a submarine cable, and succeeded in enlisting the interest of Cyrus W. Field. The cable finally completed, 1858. Appointed superintendent of the Dominion government telegraph and signal service, 1879.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Giscome Portage.Leading from the Parsnip River to the Fraser, in northernBritish Columbia. Named by an independent trader, Peter Dunlevy, after his cook, about the year 1873. Both Mackenzie and Simon Fraser crossed from the Parsnip to the Fraser, the former in 1793, and the latter in 1806, but neither went by way of Giscome Portage, which was not discovered until some years later.Bib.: Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Givins, James.BkAppointed aide-de-camp, 247.
Gladstone, William Ewart(1809-1898). British statesman.Index:SyElected to Parliament for Newark, 22; defeated at Manchester, 48.EHis opinion of Lord Elgin, 7, 78; sympathy for Confederate States, 202.BDefends free trade policy, 31; not in favour of Intercolonial Railway, 143; on committee to discuss Confederation and defences of Canada, 186.BLHis speech on Rebellion Losses Bill, 326-327, 328; his interview with Hincks, 328.MdOpposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 41; withdraws claim against United States on account of Fenian Raids, 176-177.TInsists on sinking fund for Intercolonial scheme, 57.Bib.: Works:The State in its Relations with the Church;Gleanings from Past Years. For biog.,seeMorley,The Life of William Ewart Gladstone;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Gladwin, Henry.Joined the army, 1753; took part in the expedition under Braddock; promoted to rank of major, 1759; in command at Detroit during siege by Pontiac; served throughout the American Revolutionary War; major-general, 1782. Died in England, 1791.Index:DrDefence of Detroit by, in Pontiac's War, 5.Bib.: Parkman,Conspiracy of Pontiac; Moor,The Gladwin Manuscripts;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Glandelet, Abbé Charles.LAccompanies Laval to Canada, 141; theologist of chapter of Quebec, 197.FPreaches against theatre, 336.
Glassion, de.DrSuperior of Jesuits, sends petition to the king, through Carleton, 35.
Glegg, Captain J. B.Aide-de-camp to General Brock.Index:BkCarries summons for surrender of Detroit, 251, 255; carries despatches to Quebec, announcing victory, 259.Bib.: Richardson,War of 1812, ed. by Casselman; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Glen, John Sanders.FMagistrate of Schenectady, life spared, 247.
Glenelg, Charles Grant, Baron(1778-1866). Born in Kidderpore, India. Educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, England, and called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1807. Member of the British House of Commons, 1811-1835. Appointed lord of the treasury, 1813; chief secretary for Ireland and a member of the Privy Council, 1819; vice-president of the Board of Trade and treasurer of the navy, 1823; president of the Board of Control, 1830-1834, and colonial secretary, 1835. Created Baron Glenelg, 1835. Resigned the secretaryship, 1839, and made land tax commissioner. Died in Cannes.Index:WHis incompetence and procrastination, 42; on casual and territorial revenues of New Brunswick, 61-62.SyPresident of Board of Trade, 16; resigns, 16; unequal to duties of colonial office, 57.BLAppointment of Head as governor, 36; Head's letter to, 41.HInstructs Sir Colin Campbell to grant a measure of responsible government to Nova Scotia, 44-45; Joseph Howe's letter to, on ocean steamship service, 232.McOpposes responsible government, 20; on colonial self-government, 73; refers report of the Committee on Grievances to the king, 263; his reply to report, 280; on Executive Councils, 302; schooled by Head, 304; Head disobeys his orders, 307; on non-elective Legislative Council, 324.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Glengarry.A county in Ontario, on the St. Lawrence. Named after thefamous glen in Inverness, Scotland. Many Scottish Highlanders left their native country after the battle of Culloden in 1746, and emigrated to America. They were all intensely loyal, and when the Revolution broke out many moved north into Canada, settling on the Niagara frontier, the bay of Quinté, and the banks of the St. Lawrence. From the latter settlement sprang the present Glengarry County. In 1804-1805 Bishop McDonell obtained several grants of land in the district for the Highlanders of the disbanded Scottish Glengarry Regiment, and for twenty-five years promoted the interests of the colonists. He raised, in 1812, the Glengarry Fencibles Regiment, which rendered valuable service during the war.Bib.: Macdonell,Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada.
Glengarry Fencibles.BkCanadian Highland corps, 180.
Glenie, James.WMember for Sunbury, in New Brunswick Assembly, 1792-1809, 13; a pioneer reformer, 13.
Globe.Newspaper published at Toronto; established, 1844.Index:BAdvocates responsible government, ix; its establishment, 9, 10; on elections in Upper Canada in 1844, 25; criticism of Draper, 27; on Toryism, 32; supports Elgin's attitude towards the Rebellion Losses Bill, 36; attacks the Clear Grits, 40, 41; upholds British system of responsible government, as superior to the American system, 42; gives credit to French-Canadians for supporting Reform cause, 43; attitude towards Roman Catholic questions, 44-46, 48; advocates secularization of Clergy Reserves, 55; on free schools, 62; first issued as a daily, Oct. 1, 1853; its earlier history, absorbsNorth AmericanandExaminer, 1855, 74; its policy, 75; on the QuebecRouges, 78-79; contains appeal on behalf of fugitive slaves, 112; and the "no popery" agitation, 121, 123; advocates uniform legislation for Upper and Lower Canada, 130; assails Separate School Bill, 145; Brown's pride in, 150, 247; effect of Brown's position in Macdonald ministry, 209; contains R. B. Sullivan's address on North-West Territories, 211; Brown's article on North-West, 1852, 213; letters of "Huron" on North-West, 215-216; advocates union of North-West with Canada, 217, 218; attacks Canada First party, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241; Peter Brown writes for, 243; edited by Gordon Brown, 244, 245; reveals George Brown's views, 248, 249; its support of Wilson, 250; attacks Mr. Justice Wilson, 250, 252, 253; the office of publication, 255; shooting of George Brown, 255-258.EHostile at first to Clear Grits, 111; edited by George Brown, 111.BLEstablished by George Brown, Mar. 5, 1844, 223-224; its fighting policy, 224; attacks Metcalfe, 225; denounces the Grits, 342; outcry against Roman Catholicism, 343.McJustifies the Rebellion of 1837, 13; on Mackenzie's expulsions, 254; on Mackenzie's retirement from public life, 498; Mackenzie's obituary, 511; on Mackenzie's personality, 523.MdFounded by George Brown with his father, 52; on the Redistribution Bill, 275; on the elections of 1887, 282-283; supports commercial union, 295.Bib.: Wallis,Historical Sketch of Canadian JournalisminCanada: An Ency., vol. 5; Buckingham,George Brown and the GlobeinCanada: An Ency., vol. 5; Mackenzie,Hon. George Brown.
Godard, Charles.SAgent for government of Upper Canada, 178.
Goddard, John.TElected for St. John, New Brunswick, 25.
Gode, Nicolas.LLand bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.
Godefroy, Jean-Paul.ChInterpreter, 144.
Godefroy, Thomas.ChInterpreter, 144.
Goderich, Viscount.SeeRipon.
Goderich.Town in Ontario, situated at mouth of River Maitland, Huron County, Ontario. Founded by John Galt and Wm. Dunlop about 1827.Bib.: Lizars,Days of the Canada Company.
Gomara, Lopez de.ChSuggests a canal through Isthmus of Panama, 14.
Gondoin, Nicolas.ChJesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.
Gordon, Brigadier-General.DrMurder of, 152.
Gordon, Arthur Hamilton.SeeStanmore.
Gordon, Robert.TMember for Gloucester in New Brunswick Assembly, votes against Liberals, 18.
Gore, Sir Charles S.Born in Scotland, 1793; the third son of the second Earl of Arran. Entered the army, 1808; served throughout the Peninsular War; ordered to Canada, 1814; returned to Europe and present at the battle of Waterloo, 1815. Again came to Canada; in command of the troops in Lower Canada during the Rebellion of 1837-1838; subsequently knighted and advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general.Index:CAt St. Denis, 7.PIn command of troops in Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada, 128-129; marches on St. Denis, 130; second expedition against St. Denis, 134.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Gore, Sir Francis(1769-1852). Served in the army; lieutenant-governor of Bermuda, 1804; lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1806-1817.Index:BkLieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 8, 78; his civil and military service, 78; arms supplied to, 97; arrives at Quebec from the west, 132; Brock's high opinion of, 143; goes to England on leave, 159.EPostpones secularization of Clergy Reserves by proroguing Legislature, 146.Bib.: Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Kingsford,History of Canada.
Gore District.In Upper Canada; named after Governor Gore.Index:SyResolutions in favour of responsible government adopted at meeting of inhabitants, 125, 126.
Gorham, John.A native of Massachusetts. Stationed at Annapolis in command of a body of provincial troops, 1845; sent to Boston to procure aid against a threatened attack; induced to proceed to the siege of Louisbourg under Pepperrell; appointed colonel. Returned to Annapolis and placed in command of the Boston troops sent to Mines with Colonel Noble. Afterwards commanded a body of Rangers raised in New England for service in Acadia. A member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Returned to Massachusetts, 1752.Bib.:Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Marshall,Life of Pepperell.
Gosford, Archibald Acheson, second Earl of(1775?-1849). Governor-general of Canada, 1835-1838.Index:PHis mission of conciliation to French-Canadians, 110; hostility of Papineau, 110; replaces Aylmer in 1835, 111; his character, 111-112; entertains Papineau, 112-113; his appeal for reconciliation, in opening Parliament, 113; his secret instructions published in Toronto, 113; their terms, 114; session of 1836, 115-116; dismisses Parliament, 116; eve of the Rebellion, 116-117; appoints Bédard judge, 117; proclaims martial law in the district of Montreal, 137; returns to England, 138; on the official class in Lower Canada, 158.BLHis attempts to placate popular leaders in Lower Canada, 45; compared to Bagot, 151.CHis amnesty proclamation, 9.WConversation with William IV, 22.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Gosselin, Abbé Auguste(1843- ). Born at St. Charles de Bellechasse, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary and at Laval University. Ordained priest, 1866; subsequently chancellor of the Quebec Diocese, and vicar of theBasilica. Retired from the ministry to devote himself to literary work, 1893.Index:LOn Laval's absolution, 35; on mandement creating Seminary, 49; on policy of Laval, 169; on great extent of parishes in Laval's time, 195.FHis opinion of Talon, 54; on administration of La Barre, 172; on Laval's choice of de Saint-Vallier, 191; on Frontenac's attitude towards religion, 359.Bib.: Works:Vie de Laval;Henri de Bernières;Le Docteur Labrie;Québec en 1730;Mgr. de Saint-Vallier et son Temps;D'Iberville; Jean Bourdon. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Gouin, Sir Lomer(1861- ). Born in Grondines, Quebec. Educated at Sorel College and Laval University, Montreal; studied law and called to the bar of Quebec, 1884. Elected to the Assembly for the St. James division of Montreal, 1897; minister of public works in the Parent administration, 1900; premier, 1905; knighted, 1908.Bib.:Canadian Who's Who.
Gourlay, Robert Fleming(1778-1863). Born in the parish of Ceres, Fifeshire, Scotland. Attended St. Andrews University. Took part in an inquiry into the condition of the poor in Great Britain, and carried on an aggressive agitation for a reform of the poor laws. Came to Canada, 1817, and settled at Kingston. Becoming convinced of the need of radical changes in the land system of Upper Canada, attacked the administration with so much energy that he was finally, after a grossly unfair trial, expelled from the province. Returning to Scotland, devoted himself to the preparation of his work on Upper Canada; lost most of his property as the result of lawsuits; and imprisoned for a personal attack on Lord Brougham in the lobby of the House of Commons. On his release, visited the United States about 1836, and instrumental in dissuading Ohio sympathizers from joining the movement under William Lyon Mackenzie. In 1842 his case brought before the Legislature of Upper Canada, and the House decided that his arrest had been "illegal, unconstitutional and without possibility of excuse and palliation, and the sentence declared null and void." Did not, however, return to Canada until 1856, when he was granted a pension of fifty pounds; this he refused because he considered that his vindication had not been complete. Contested Oxford County in 1860, but defeated; returned to Edinburgh, where he died.Index:McComes to Canada, 1817, 89; arouses public feeling, 89; tried for libel at Kingston and again at Brockville, and acquitted at both places, 89; tried under Alien Act, and ordered to leave province, 90; refuses and is committed to jail, 90;habeas corpusproceedings fail, 90; treatment in prison, 91; Chief-Justice Powell orders him to leave province, 92; banished, 93.BLExaggerated language of his petition, 12.ECollects information on best means of developing resources of Upper Canada, 147.RHis statistics of education in Upper Canada, 55; his imprisonment and banishment, 63, 67.Bib.:Statistical Account of Upper Canada. For biog.,seeDent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Rattray,The Scot in British North America;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Governors.SyTheir powers and functions, and relations to the home government on the one side and the colonial Legislatures on the other, 74-76.
Gowan, Ogle R.(1796-1876). Born in Ireland. Edited for some years theAntidote, published in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1829, and settled in the county of Leeds. At once took a leading place in the politics of Canada. First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1834, and continued as representative, with brief intervals, until 1861. Served in the militia during the troubles of 1837-1838; commanded the right wing at the battle of the "Windmill" and severely wounded. For twenty yearsgrandmaster of the Orange Order.Index:BLHis interview with Metcalfe, and his letter, 187; challenges Hincks, 218; loses his seat in Assembly, 279.EInsults Lord Elgin at Brockville, 79.Bib.:Responsible or Parliamentary Government. For biog.,see Cyc. Am. Biog.; Morgan,Cel. Can.; Dent,Last Forty Years.
Goyer, Olivier.FRécollet, preaches funeral sermon on Frontenac, 361.
Goyogouins.SeeCayugas.
Graham, Sir James.SyHis views on corn duties and Irish Church, 40.
Grammar Schools.SSimcoe's desire to establish, 169.SeeEducation.
Grand Jury.DrPresentment of, 14; protested against by Murray, 15.
Grand Portage.Near western end of Lake Superior, about twenty miles south of Fort William. As in the case of so many other historic Canadian places, it is impossible to say who was the first white man to stand upon this famous centre of the fur trade. Radisson came this way in 1662; Du Lhut in 1678; Noyon in 1688; La Noüe in 1717; but there is no evidence that any of the four were actually at Grand Portage. It is first mentioned in a memoir by Pachot, 1722; and the earliest authenticated visit to the spot is that of La Vérendrye, 1731. From that time it grew steadily in importance until finally abandoned, 1801, in favour of Fort William. The name was applied both to the trading-post on the shore of Lake Superior, and to the portage thence to the Pigeon River.Index:MSDescribed, 13; the portage, 13; as it is to-day, 13; in Mackenzie's day, 14; Mackenzie at, 54.Bib.: Mackenzie,History of Fur Tradein hisVoyages;Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Henry,Travels and Adventures; Carver,Travels; Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Grand Pré.A village on the shores of the Basin of Minas. Stands upon or near the site of the old village of the same name, one of the principal settlements of the Acadians. The scene of many conflicts between the French and English; and of the final expulsion of the Acadians.SeeAcadians.Bib.: Parkman,Half Century of ConflictandMontcalm and Wolfe.
Grand Trunk Railway.CEntrusts Cartier with its legal business, 22; Carrier's deep interest in its development, 48; line extended from Quebec to Rivière du Loup, 49, 114.BLConstruction of, up to 1848, 301.BOwners of said by Dorion to be the real authors of Confederation, 176; Taché-Macdonald government condemned for subsidizing, 176.EEarly history of, 99, 100, 101, 115-116; Hincks's connection with, 100, 115.HHincks makes arrangements in England for construction of, 143; terms and conditions not altogether satisfactory, 143.MdEarly history, 45; financial difficulties, 90.Bib.: Brown,History of Grand Trunk Railway; Lanning,Historical Sketch of the Grand Trunk RailwayinCanada: An Ency., vol. 2.
Grant, Alexander(1734-1813). Administered the government of Upper Canada as senior member of the Executive Council, on death of General Hunter, 1805.Index:BkAdministers government of Upper Canada, 69.SMember of Legislative Council, 49, 79; member of the Executive Council, 80.Bib.: Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
Grant, Cuthbert.One of the leading traders of the North West Company in the West, in the early days. With Peter Pond on the Athabaska, and sent by him, 1786, to establish a post near mouth of Slave River; at Fort Chipewyan, 1789; at Fort Qu'Appelle, 1793; with David Thompson on the Assiniboine, 1797. Died, 1798 or 1799.Index:MSPartner of the North West Company,58; in charge of the Centre (Red River and Assiniboine) country, 58.Bib.:Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Grant, Cuthbert.Son of foregoing. Scottish half-breed, in western fur trade. Educated at Montreal, and entered service of North West Company. Led the half-breeds in the Seven Oaks affair. Some years later settled near White Horse Plains, on the Assiniboine, and appointed Warden of the Plains by the Council of Assiniboia. Became himself a member of the Council.Index:MSLeader of the half-breeds at Red River—serves notice on the colonists to leave the district, 174; brings a party ofbois-brûlésdown from Qu'Appelle to drive out the settlers, 180; and the Seven Oaks affair, 180-182.Bib.: Bryce,ManitobaandHudson's Bay Company; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West.
Grant, George Monro(1835-1902). Born at Albion Mines, Nova Scotia. Educated at University of Glasgow. Entered Presbyterian ministry in Nova Scotia. Accompanied Sandford Fleming overland to British Columbia, 1872. Principal of Queen's University, 1877, and built it up to the first rank among Canadian universities.Index:MdPrincipal of Queen's University—on ignorance in Maritime Provinces as to the West, 155; opposes commercial union, 295; on character of Sir John A. Macdonald as man and statesman, 329-330; one of Macdonald's strongest and most ardent supporters, 340; but would not support him when he felt he was in the wrong, 341.Bib.: Works:Ocean to Ocean;Advantages of Imperial Federation;Our National Objects and Aims;Religions of the World in Relation to Christianity;Picturesque Canada. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent,Can. Por.; Grant and Hamilton,Principal Grant.
Grant, Sir William(1752-1832). Commanded volunteers at siege of Quebec, 1775; attorney-general of Canada, 1776; chief-justice of Chester, 1798; solicitor-general, 1799-1801; master of the Rolls, 1801-1817.Index:DrRemoved from judgeship, returns to England and becomes Master of the Rolls, 184.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Gravé, Jeanne.ChDaughter of Dupont-Gravé, 47.
Gravé, Robert.ChSon of Dupont-Gravé, accompanies Champlain on voyage of discovery, 34.
Graves, Samuel(1713-1787). British admiral.Index:SGodfather of Simcoe, 15; commands naval force at Boston, 19.DrRefuses to send transports to Quebec, 92.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Gray, John Hamilton(1814-1889). Born in Bermuda. Entered political life in New Brunswick in 1850, and became a leading member of the provincial government. Took part in the negotiations leading up to Confederation, and sat in the first Dominion Parliament as member for the city of St. John. In 1872 appointed to the Supreme Court of British Columbia.Index:TElected for St. John County, 1850, 10; his character and appearance, 13; deserts the Liberals, 13; joins the government, 18, 23; his course condemned, 24; member for St. John County, 30; becomes attorney-general, 41; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference, 77; Confederation candidate in St. John County, 85, 109; becomes Speaker of Assembly, 114; elected to House of Commons, 1867, 131.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Gray, John Hamilton(1811-1887). Born in Prince Edward Island. Entered the army, 1831, and served for twenty-one years, retiring 1852. Returning to Prince Edward Island, elected to the provincial Legislature, and became premier in 1863. The following year presided at the Charlottetown Conference, and alsoattended the Quebec Conference. Made a C. M. G., 1871.Index:TChairman of Charlottetown Conference, 76; premier of Prince Edward Island, 77; delegate from Prince Edward Island to Quebec Conference, 77.Bib.: Campbell,History of Prince Edward Island.
Gray, Robert(1755-1806). American captain and explorer.Index:DVoyage to North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 1788-1789, 24; second voyage—enters mouth of Columbia River, May 11, 1792, 24; names the river, 24.Bib.: Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast; Laut,Vikings of the Pacific.
Great Bear Lake.In Northern Canada. Area 11,821 square miles. Discovered by men of the North West Company, and a post established on or near the lake about 1800. Fort Franklin built on south-west shore, 1825, where Franklin wintered with Richardson and Back. Fort Confidence built by Dease and Simpson, 1873, at eastern end of Dease Bay, on the lake.Index:MSArea of, 39.Bib.: Franklin,Second Expedition; Simpson,Narrative of Discoveries; Bell,Great Bear Lake(Geol. Survey, 1899); Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Great Lakes.WMThe domain of France, 18.See alsounder names of the individual lakes.Bib.: Curwood,The Great Lakes; Channing,Story of the Great Lakes.
Great Mohawk (Grand Agnié).FChristian Mohawk leader, 246.
Great Portage.HdTrade route to the interior, 163.SeeGrand Portage.
Great Slave Lake.In Northern Canada. Area 10,719 square miles. Discovered by Samuel Hearne (q.v.), in 1771. A post built there, 1786, by Leroux and Grant, of the North West Company. Three years later Alexander Mackenzie passed through the lake on his way to the mouth of the Mackenzie River. Visited later by many other explorers and fur traders, this being on the route to the far North and North-West.Index:MSDiscovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31; Leroux builds post on, 18; Mackenzie on, 35, 36, 48, 49; forts on, 54-55.Bib.: Hearne,Journey to Coppermine; Mackenzie,Voyages; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Great Western Railway.Charter granted 1834, and renewed 1845. Absorbed by the Grand Trunk in 1882. Ran from Hamilton to the international boundary opposite Detroit.Index:EConstruction stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99.Bib.: Trout,History of Canadian RailwaysinCanada: An Ency., vol. 2.
Greeley, Horace(1811-1872). American journalist.Index:McEditor of New YorkTribune, 472; Mackenzie's friend, 473; his influence with Mackenzie, 474.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Green, Benjamin(1713-1772). Accompanied the expedition against Louisbourg as secretary, 1745; remained there as government secretary until 1749; removed to Halifax, and appointed a member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Treasurer of the province for many years. Administrator of the government, 1776.Bib.:Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Greene, Nathanael(1742-1786).DrAmerican general, watches Leslie's army in South Carolina, 197; destitute condition of his force, 204.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Greenway, Thomas(1838-1909). Born in Cornwall, England. Came to Canada with his parents, 1844. Educated at the public schools of Huron County, Ontario. Engaged in business for ten years at Centralia. Defeated on two occasions for election to the House of Commons, but elected, 1875; did not offer for re-election. Removed to Manitoba, 1878, and engaged in farming. Elected to the Assembly, 1879; leader of the Liberal opposition, 1887; premier, 1888; his government defeated, 1899. Elected to the House of Commons, 1904. Appointed a member of the Dominion Railway Commission, 1898.Bib.: Begg,History of the North-West; Morgan,Can. Men.
Gregory, John. Born in England. Came to Montreal, and engaged in the fur trade. Associated with A. N. McLeod, Alexander Mackenzie, Peter Pangman, and others, in opposition to the North West Company.Index:MSIn opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; his share as partner of North West Company, 58.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Gregory, William. The first chief-justice of the province of Quebec. His commission bears date August 24, 1764; succeeded by William Hey, September 25, 1766.
Grenville, George Leveson-Gower, second Earl(1815-1891). Entered Parliament, 1836; secretary for foreign affairs, 1851-1852, 1870-1874, 1880-1885; colonial secretary, 1868-1870 and 1886.Index:MdColonial secretary, his part in the transfer of North-West Territories to Canada, 157.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron(1759-1834). Entered Parliament, 1782; paymaster-general, 1783; Speaker of the House of Commons, 1789; created Baron Grenville, 1790; secretary for foreign affairs, 1791; first lord of the treasury, 1806.Index:DrSucceeds Sydney in colonial office, 248; sends out draft bill for better government of the province, 248.SSends draft of Constitutional Act to Lord Dorchester, 2.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Grenville, Thomas(1755-1846).DrAccompanies Oswald to Paris to discuss terms of peace, 192.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Grey, Charles, second Earl(1764-1845). Distinguished British statesman, noted particularly for his connection with the first Reform Bill.SyBecomes prime minister, 25; resigns, 45.McW.L. Mackenzie's opinion of, 221; favours amnesty for Mackenzie, 478; Mackenzie's letter to, 479.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Grey,Life of Lord Grey.
Grey, Henry George, third Earl(1802-1894). Secretary for the colonies, 1830-1833; secretary for war, 1835-1841; succeeded to the earldom, 1845; again secretary for the colonies, 1846-1852.Index:EColonial secretary, 13; on Metcalfe's mistaken policy, 36; Elgin's letters to, 54-55; persuades Elgin to retain governor-generalship, 77; and the Clergy Reserves, 164-165.BLColonial secretary—his attitude towards Canada, 267-272; Baldwin's reference to, 268-269; sanctions representative government, but with a reservation, 273; his instructions to Elgin, 274; Elgin's letter to, 285.MdFriendly attitude towards responsible government, 33; his despatch to Sir John Harvey on responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50.WHis despatch on money grants, 1847, 96; on colonial administration, 113; disallows Hemp Bounties Bill, 118.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Grey, Albert Henry George Grey, fourth Earl(1851- ). Born Howick, England. Educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member of British House of Commons, 1880-1886; administrator of Rhodesia, 1896-1897; director of British South Africa Company, 1898-1904. Succeeded Lord Minto as governor-general of Canada, 1904.Bib.:Hubert Hervey: a Memoir. For biog.,see Who's Who.
Grey, Sir Charles Edward(1785-1865). Educated at Oxford University; called to the bar, 1811; commissioner in bankruptcy, 1817; judge of the Supreme Court of Madras, 1820; knighted, 1820; sent to Canada as one of three commissioners to investigate causes of prevailing discontent, 1835; electedto the House of Commons, 1838; governor of the Barbados, 1841-1846; governor of Jamaica, 1847-1853.Index:PRoyal Commissioner, sent to Canada with Lord Gosford and Sir George Gipps in 1835, 111.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Greywell Hill.DrHampshire residence of Lord Dorchester, 307.
Grisler, Charles.SShot for desertion, 73.
Griffon.FVessel built by La Salle and lost in Lake Michigan, 159.
Grignan, de.FSon-in-law of Mme. de Sévigné, a candidate for governorship of Canada, 65.
Grondines.WMFrench vessels retreat to, 152.
Groseilliers.SeeChouart.
Guelph.A city of Western Ontario, situated on the Speed River, in the county of Wellington. Founded by John Galt (q.v.), 1827.Bib.: Lizars,Days of the Canada Company.
Guernsey.BkIsland of, birthplace of Brock, 1-6.
Guerrière.BkBritish ship taken by theConstitution, 284.
Guers, Jean-Baptiste.ChAccompanies Champlain to Quebec, 1620, 121.
Gugy, Conrad(1730-1786). Born at the Hague; son of a Swiss officer in the Dutch service. Educated for the engineers; disposed of his commission and settled in Quebec. Subsequently secretary to Sir Frederick Haldimand and a member of the Legislative and Executive Councils.Index:HdSwiss, Haldimand's secretary, 62; his tomb, 345.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.
Gugy, Conrad Augustus.Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. Served for a time in the army; afterwards studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. Elected a member of the Assembly. Led the troops at the assault of St. Eustache. Subsequently adjutant-general and commissioner of police.Index:PDefends the government in the Assembly, 1835, 101-102; on French-Canadian grievances, 103; a major in the militia, 103; serves with Colborne at St. Eustache in 1837, 103; advocates native-born ministry, 196.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Guienne Regiment.WMSoldier of saves Captain Ochterlony, mortally wounded, from being scalped, 142; Wolfe wishes to reward him, but reward declined by Vaudreuil, 145; ordered to Heights of Abraham, 160; unwise withdrawal of, from Plains of Abraham, 184; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Wood,The Fight for Canada; Bradley,Fight with France.
Guilbault.ChMerchant, assists in taking Fort St. Pierre, 236.
Guilford, Frederick North, second Earl of(1732-1792). Entered Parliament, 1754; chancellor of the exchequer 1767; premier, 1770; resigned in 1783.Index:DrOn Quebec Act, 66; defeat of his government, 191.HdHis difficulty with settlers at Vincennes, 92; burnt in effigy, 97; Haldimand's letters to, 259, 265; his idea of a military settlement in the Eastern Townships, 264.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Guines, Modiste.ChRécollet, 115.
Guise, Captain.DHis voyage to North-West Coast for sea-otter, 22.
Gunn, Donald(1797-1878). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1813. Left the service, 1823, but continued to reside in the Red River Settlement. Appointed one of the judges of the Court of Petty Sessions, and for a time president of the Court. Appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870.Bib.: Begg,History of the North-West.
Gurnett, George.McBrought to the bar, 152; editor of theCourier, 165; style of, 165.
Guyard, Marie.SeeMarie de l'Incarnation.
Guyon, Jean.ChMason, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, 252.
Guyon, Jean.LCanadian priest, accompanies Laval to France, 199; death of, 219.
Gwillim, Elizabeth Posthuma.SMarried to Simcoe, 40; descent and characteristics, 40.
Habeas Corpus Act.HdNot in operation in Haldimand's time, 275; demanded by Du Calvet, 291.Bib.: Shortt and Doughty,Constitutional Documents relating to Canada;Dict. Eng. Hist.
Habitants.The peasants of Quebec.Index:DrMore independent than peasantry of France, 12; raised to dignity of jurymen, 40; their objection to juries, 68.WMSuperior to peasantry of France, 23.CHome life and hospitality, 118-119.Bib.: Greenough,Canadian Folk-Life; Fréchette,Christmas in French Canada; Morgan and Burpee,Canadian Life in Town and Country; Fiske,New France and New England; Lambert,Travels in Canada.
Habitation de Québec.The first building in Quebec. Erected by Champlain, 1608. Stood about where the church of Notre Dame des Victoires stands to-day. An illustration of theHabitationis in Champlain'sVoyages.See alsoChateau St. Louis.Index:ChConstructed by Champlain, 41; description of, 44.Bib.: Champlain,Voyages; Douglas,Old France in the New World.
Hagarty, Sir John Hawkins(1816-1900). Born in Dublin. Educated at Trinity College there. Came to Canada, 1834. Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1840. Appointed puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1856; transferred to the Court of Queen's Bench, 1862; appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1868; chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1878; chief-justice of Ontario, 1884. Served as administrator of the province, 1882. Retired from the bench, 1897.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Morgan,Can. Men.
Hagerman, Christopher Alexander(1792-1847). Born in Adolphustown, Ontario. Educated at Kingston; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1815. Served during the War of 1812-1814 with the militia, being for a time aide-de-camp to the governor-general. Collector of customs at Kingston, and member of the Executive Council, 1815. Elected a member of the Assembly, 1819. Appointed temporarily judge of the King's Bench, 1828; solicitor-general, 1829. Removed from office by the colonial secretary on the representations of William Lyon Mackenzie; subsequently restored. Appointed attorney-general, 1837; puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1840.Index:McSolicitor-general, accuses Mackenzie of libel, 208; dismissed from office, 232; goes to England, 233; restored to office, 234; threatens House with vengeance of troops, 298.SyAttorney-general, opposes union of provinces, 207, 208; made judge, 252.BLBrands Mackenzie as "a reptile unworthy of the notice of any gentleman," 15; removed from office of solicitor-general, 15; restored, 16; succeeded in 1840 by Draper, 77.Bib.: Kingsford,History of Canada; Dent,Upper Canadian RebellionandLast Forty Years; Read,Lives of the Judges.
Halard, Jacques.ChBrings out stores for De Caën, 136.
Haldemans of Pennsylvania.HdCousins of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 87, 343.
Haldimand, Antoine François.HdNephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, settled in England, 72, 88, 105; goes bail for his uncle, 311; very successfulin business. 311; his intimate relations with his uncle, 312, 332, 338, 341, 342.
Haldimand, Barthélemi.HdUncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2; a philanthropic fighting Calvinist, 2.
Haldimand, Bertrand.HdNephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311, 340.
Haldimand, François-Lois.HdFather of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2.
Haldimand, François-Louis.HdBrother of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 312, 343.
Haldimand, Sir Frederick(1718-1791).HdDescent and birth, 1-3; antagonism to French nation, 3; joins Prussian army, 3; previous military service, 5; present at battle of Mollwitz, 6; his admiration for the king of Prussia, 6; recommended to command of second battalion, Royal American regiment, 9; stationed at Philadelphia, 11; sent to Albany and afterwards to southern colonies to recruit, 13; but slightly acquainted with the English language, 15; popular in the military profession, 15; resemblance to George Washington, 15; exchanges to fourth battalion of Royal Americans, 17; joins expedition against Canada, 17; wounded at Ticonderoga (Carillon), 21; in correspondence with General Gage, 22, 23; in command at Fort Edward, 22; marches to Oswego, 25; repulses attack of French under La Corne de St. Luc, 26; yields precedence at Niagara to Sir W. Johnson, 27; returns to Oswego, 27; builds block-houses, 32; makes vegetable gardens for benefit of his troops, 33; joins in attack on Fort de Lévis, 36; ordered to take possession of one of the gates of Montreal, 38; demands the French flags, 39; remains two years at Montreal under Gage, 40; succeeds Burton at Three Rivers, 42; promoted to rank of colonel in British army, 42; becomes British subject, 42; divides government of Three Rivers into four districts, 43; his proclamations, 45; his relations with Murray, 49; with his nephew, 50; his land purchases, 50, 51; on Burton's return to Montreal, 53; again at Three Rivers, 53; suppresses irregular trading with Indians, 54; difficulties of his position, 60; obtains leave of absence and visits England, 61; transferred to Florida, 63; unpleasant relations with Governor Johnstone, 65, 73; improves conditions for the troops, 66-69; lays out gardens, 71; tries to promote agriculture among Indian tribes, 72; surveys Mobile River and Bay, 77, 78; transferred to St. Augustine, 78; his farm ofMon Plaisir, 78; sent back to Pensacola, 80; his position pecuniarily burdensome, 82, 87; made major and placed in command at New York, 83; his attitude in relation to colonial trouble, 84, 85; visits relatives in Pennsylvania, 87; relations with Governor Tryon, 89; his views on employment of troops in Indian and civil disturbances, 89, 90, 92; foresees civil war, 98; summoned by Gage to Boston, 102; his property in New York stolen or destroyed, 103; recalled to England, 105; his reception there, 106; made inspector-general of forces in West Indies, and raised to rank of general in America and lieutenant-general in the army, 107; receives £3000 to cover past outlays, 107; appointed governor of Canada, in succession to Carleton, 113; visits Yverdun, 113, 116; his reception at Quebec, and at Montreal, 117, 119; receives news of a treaty between France, Spain, and the revolted colonies, 124; fortifies post on Carleton Island, 124; his distrust of French-Canadians, 127, 128; issues letters of marque, 130; improves mail service with England, 131; his report to Lord George Germaine, 132-143; his policy with the Indians, 147, 259; opens letter addressed by Guy Johnson to Germaine, 155; reprimanded, 156; his efforts to keep peace between rival officers, 157-159; prohibited trading by officials, 162; on the value of Indian allies, 164; negotiates with Washington for Henry Hamilton's release fromprison, 169; his later opinion of Indians in battle, 170; disapproves the savagery of Butler's Indians, 170; suspends Allsopp, member of Council, for sedition, 175; surrounded by spies, 175; disagreements with Council, 176-178; prohibits exportation of grain, 177; befriends Ursuline nuns, 179; his rules of conduct, 179; sends back two priests from France, 181; strengthens fortifications of Quebec, 183; causes canals to be made at Coteau du Lac and Cascades, 185; visit to Montreal and benefactions to its institutions, 186; greatly mortified by despatch hinting that, in case of extreme danger, Carleton might be sent to take command, 188; desires to resign his post, 189; concerned at sympathy of leading French-Canadians with the French in the war, 190; takes census, 190; founds library at Quebec, 190; exercises a certain censorship of press, 191; his proclamations, 192; consents to remain in Canada till conclusion of peace, 194; his cautious attitude in connection with the Vermont question, 200, 208, 211, 212; breaks off negotiations, 217; his instructions regarding vaccination, 230; exercises fatherly care over his officers, 236; his opinion of Canadian horses, 245; his resemblance in character to Washington, 250; receives Baron Steuben at Sorel, 259; declines to surrender western forts, 260; assists the North West Company, 261; his advice to home government respecting western posts, 262; opposed to idea of military settlement in eastern townships, 264; efforts on behalf of Loyalists, 265; the founder of Ontario, 271; his unpopularity, 273; has to grapple with treasonable intrigues, 273-282; admissions in his favour by French-Canadian authorities, 291, 292; the kindness of his disposition, 293-296; godfather to two of Baron Riedesel's children, 296, 299; his physical ailments, 299; his garden at Quebec, 299; his regard for the Riedesels, 299-304; his departure from Canada, 309; arrested at suit of Du Calvet, 310; bailed by his nephew, 311; receives Order of the Bath, 313, 322; promoted to be general in America, 313; his papers in the Archives in Ottawa, 319; Dr. Brymner's opinion of, 320; his diary, 321; the king's high regard for him, 321, 322; the queen's, 322, 336; characteristics, 323-329; his opinion of Lord Amherst, 326; on friendly terms with Lord Sydney, 326; his hospitality to Canadians, 327; meets Sir Guy Carleton, in London, 330; his opinions of various persons, 332, 333; notes from his diary, 333-340; poor opinion of the French, 335; goes to Switzerland, 336; returns to London, 337; his death, 340; his will, 340-343; memorial tablet to, in Westminster Abbey, 346; his devotion to British interests, 347.BkHis able administration of the government of Canada, 37; first canals made under his orders, 48.DrHis valuable papers, 7; news received of his appointment as governor, 183; his unwillingness to accept post, 183; arrival of, 189; exchange of prisoners made by, 207.EConstructs St. Lawrence canals, 97.Bib.: Kingsford,History of Canada; Lucas,History of Canada; Bradley,The Making of Canada;Dict. Nat. Biog.;Haldimand Papers(Canadian Archives).
Haldimand, Frederick.HdNephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 17; serves in his uncle's battalion, 49; runs into debt, 50; drowned, 61, 294; Haldimand's affection for, 62.
Haldimand, Henry.HdNephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311; his death, 312.
Haldimand, Honnête Gaspard.HdGrandfather of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 17, 72, 311.
Haldimand, Jean Abraham.HdYounger brother of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 17, 72, 88, 311.
Haldimand, Jean-Lois.HdUncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 4.
Haldimand, Justine.HdSister of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 3; death of, 338.