[287]Leuret,Fragments psychologiques sur la folie.[288]Annales médico-psychologiques, tome iii. p. 93, 1864.[289]Annales médico-psychologiques, 1850, p. 48; Parchappe,Symptomatologie de la folie.[290]Tissot,Des nerfs et de leurs maladies, p. 133.[291]Médecine de l’esprit, vol. ii. p. 32.[292]Symptomotalogie de la folie.[293]J. Frank,Pathologie interne; Manie fantastique.[294]Traité des maladies mentales, 1858.[295]Revue Philosophique, 1888.[296]Esquiros,Paris au dix-neuvième siècle—Les maisons de fous, tome ii. p. 163.[297]See Appendix. I regret that in the English edition of my work it has not been found possible to give a more copious selection from the poems by the insane which I have at my disposal. For these I must refer the reader to the original Italian or to the French edition.[298]See myL’Uomo Delinquente.[299]Les prisons de Paris, 1881.[300]Diario del Manicomio di Pesaro, 1879.[301]Prescott,Conquest of Peru, i.[302]Lieut.-Col. Mark Wilks,Historical Sketch of the South of India.[303]Mungo Park,Travels, i.[304]Ellis,Polynesian Researches, vol. iv. p. 462, 1834.[305]La Paranoia, 1886.[306]Ludwig II.[307]P. Regnard,Les maladies épidémiques de l’esprit, p. 370.[308]Regnard,Les maladies, &c., p. 390.[309]Quoted by M. Luys,Actions réflexes du cerveau, p. 170[310]Revue Philosophique, 1888, No. 8.[311]Annales Med. Psych., 1876.[312]Regnard has also touched upon the subject, but without going into it deeply, in hisSorcellerie, Paris, 1887.[313]Gazzetta del Manicomio di Reggio, 1867.[314]O. Delepierre,Histoire littéraire des fous, Paris, 1860.[315]Regnard,op. cit.[316]Ruggieri,Histoire du crucifiement opéré sur sa propre personne par M. Lovat, Venice, 1806.[317]Frigerio, Letter of November 2, 1887.[318]Diario del Manicomio di Pesaro, 1879.[319]De Renzis,L’opera d’un pazzo, Rome, 1887.[320]Simon,Ann. Med. Psych., 1876.[321]Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880.[322]Steinthal,Entwicklung der Schrift, 1852.[323]Boddart,Palæography of America, London, 1865.[324]Lombroso,Uomo bianco ed uomo di colore, 1871.[325]Archivio di Psichiatria, 1881, fasc. iii.[326]“Un veleno ho preparatoDue pugnali tengo in seno:Questo viver disgraziatoFinirà una volta almenoT’amerò fino alla tombaE anche morto t’amerò.La campana lamentosaSonerà la morte mia,Ed allor tu udrai curiosaQuella funebre armonia.T’amerò, ecc. ecc.Una lunga e mesta croceNella via vedrai passar;Ed un prete sulla forcaMiserere recitar.T’amerò, ecc. ecc.”“I have prepared a poison; I have two daggers in my bosom; this unhappy life, at least, shall end one day. I will love thee to my grave, and even when dead, I will love thee still.“The mournful bell shall sound for my death, and thou shall listen wonderingly to that funereal harmony.—I will love thee, &c.“A long and sadcross(i.e., procession) thou shalt see passing along the road, and a priest standing by the gallows, reciting the Miserere.—I will love thee, &c.”[327]“Paranoia: A Study of the Evolution of Systematized Delusions of Grandeur,” inAmerican Journal of Psychology, May, 1888, and May, 1889.[328]Hécart,op. cit.[329]Magnan.[330]Simon.[331]Delepierre.[332]Vasari,Vite dei pittori celebri.[333]Clément,Les musiciens célèbres, Paris, 1878.[334]“Voci alte e fioche e suon di man con elle” (Dante,Inf.iii. 27.)[335]Cato,De Re Rustica.[336]Essays, vol. ii. pp. 401, &c.[337]My attention was called many years ago to the frequent occurrence of insanity among great musicians by Dr. Arnaldo Bargoni, and afterwards by Mastriani, of Naples, in an excellent article inRoma, 1881.[338]Jasnot,Vérités positives, 1854.[339]Les fous littéraires, p. 51.[340]SeeTre Tribuni, 1887.[341]“Always mistress or slave—a foe to thine own children.”[342]“Il se trouvait là des philosophes plus forts que Leibnitz, mais sourdsmuets de naissance, ne pouvant produire que les gestes de leurs idées et pousser des arguments inarticulés; des peintres tourmentés de faire grand, mais qui posaient si singulièrement un homme sur ses pieds, un arbre sur ses racines, que toits leurs tableaux ressemblaient à des vues de tremblements de terre ou à des intérieurs de paquebots un jour de tempête. Des musiciens inventeurs de claviers intermédiaires, des savants à la façon du docteur Hitisch, de ces cervelles bric-à-brac, où il y a de tout mais où l’on ne trouve rien, à cause du désordre, de la poussière, et aussi parceque tous les objets sont cassés, incomplets, incapables du moindre service” (Daudet,Jack).[343]Delepierre,Littérateur des fous.[344]Staccar potessi i due concetti unitiDi me ed empio. Io giusto. Empio è Satana.[345]Delepierre,op. cit.[346]“Lève ce chef d’ici, je crains que ce chef prive de chef les miens par un nouveau méchef.”[347]Philomneste,Les fous littéraires, 1881.[348]“Have you ever noticed,” writes Daudet (Jack, ii. 58), speaking of mattoids, whom he calledles ratés, “how these people seek each other in Paris, how they are attracted to each other, how they group themselves with their grievances, their demands, their idle and barren vanities? While, in reality, full of mutual contempt, they form a Mutual Admiration Society, outside which the world is a blank to them.”[349]“Mais parmi ces groupes tapageurs qui s’en allaient frédonnant, déclamant, discutant encore, personne ne prenait garde au froid sinistre de la nuit ni au brouillard humide qui tombait. A l’entrée de l’avenue, on s’aperçut que l’heure des omnibus était passée. Tous ces pauvres diables en prirent bravement leur parti. La chimére aux écailles d’or éclairait et abrégeait leur route, l’illusion leur tenait chaud, et répandus dans Paris désert, ils se tournaient courageusement aux misères obscures de la vie.“L’art est un si grand magicien! Il crée un soleil qui luit pour tous comme l’autre, et ceux qui s’en approchent, même les pauvres, même les laides, même les grotesques, emportent un peu de sa chaleur et de son rayonnement. Ce feu du ciel imprudemment ravi, que les ratés gardent au fond de leurs prunelles, les rend quelquefois redoutables, le plus souvent ridicules, mais leur existence en reçoit une sérénité grandiose, un mépris du mal, une grâce à souffrir que les autres misères ne connaissent pas” (Daudet,Jack, i. p. 3).[350]“Toute une littérature est née de monInsecteet de monOiseau.—L’Amouret laFemmerestent et resteront, comme ayant deux bases, l’une scientifique, la nature même,—l’autre morale, le cœur des citoyens....“J’ai défini l’histoire une résurrection.—C’est le titre le plus approprié à mon 4 volumes....“En 1870, dans le silence universel, seul, je parlai. Mon livre fait en 40 jours fut la seule défense de la patrie....”[351]He studies, as an important document, the journal of Louis XIV.’s digestion, and divides his reign into two periods—before and after the fistula. In the same way Francis I.’s reign is divided into the periods before and after the abscess. Conclusions of the following kind abound:—“De toute l’ancienne monarchie, il ne reste à la France qu’un nom, Henri IV.; et deux chansonsGabrielleetMarlborough.”[352]Pp. 119, 120, 121.[353]Sbarbaro,e.g., in the midst of numberless absurdities, wrote: “The man who feels no hatred for the foul and unjust things which cumber our social life is the false phantom of a citizen, a eunuch in heart and mind” (Forche, 21).“Parliamentary systems do not work well, since they do not allow of the best being at the top, and nonentities at the bottom” (Forche, 3). This, however, is borrowed from Machiavelli’sDecades.“If you call me a malcontent,” he said to the Council of Public Instruction, “you do me honour: progress is due to rebels and malcontents. Christ Himself was a rebel and an agitator.”[354]Revue politique et littéraire, 1888, No. 1.[355]We have seen that a love of symbolism is one of the characteristics of monomaniacs.[356]M. Jules Tellier has not inaptly called him, in Victor Hugo’s style, “l’homme-frisson.”[357]Responsibility in Mental Disease, p. 47.[358]Knutzen, of Schleswig, in 1674, preached that there was neither God nor devil, that priests and magistrates were useless and pernicious, that marriage was unnecessary, that man ended with death, and that every one ought to be guided by his own inner consciousness of right. For this reason he gave to his disciples the name of theConscientarii, garnishing his discourses with grotesque quotations. He went about begging and preaching in strange garments. It is not known what became of him after 1674. His writings areEpistola amici ad amicum,Schediasma de lacrimis Christi, &c.[359]Responsibility, p. 53.[360]Revue des Deux Mondes, 1880.[361]Dubois,People of India, p. 360.[362]1 Samuel xxi. 14, 15.[363]Ibid., xix. 9, 10, 23.[364]Ibid., xix. 24.[365]Berbrugger,Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie, 1855.[366]Western Barbary, p. 60.[367]Travels, p. 133.[368]Beck,Allegemeine Schilderung des Othom. Reiches., p. 177.[369]Ibid., p. 529.[370]Ida Pfeiffer,Voyage, vols. v., vi.[371]Medhurst,State and Prospects, London, 1838, p. 75.[372]Cook,Voyages, vol. ii. p. 19.[373]Vol. iv. p. 49.[374]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, ii. p. 92.[375]Müller,Geschichte der Urreligion, Basle, 1853.[376]Revue Scientifique, 1887.[377]See myTre Tribuni, 1887.[378]Ideler,Versuch einer Theorie des Wahnsinnes, p. 236 (1842).[379]Hecker,Tanzmanie, Berlin, 1834, p. 120. Traces exist even to-day, as at Echternach, in Luxembourg.[380]Pensiero e Meteore, 1878, p. 129.[381]Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880, Fasc. ii.[382]Nasse,Zeitschrift, 1814, i. p. 255.[383]Versuch, i. p. 274.[384]Swedenborg, by M. de Beaumont-Vassy, 1842; Mattei,Em. de Swedenborg, sa vie, 1863.[385]Mayor,Madame de Krüdener, Turin, 1884.[386]See Macaulay,History, vol. ii.[387]Bonghi,Vita di S. F. d’Assisi, 1885.[388]Bonghi.[389]Archiv für Psychiatrie, 1881.[390]Villari,Vita di Savonarola, pp. 11, 304.[391]De Veritate Prophetica, 1497.[392]Villari, p. 406.[393]Villari, ii. p. 408.[394]See Perrens,E. Marcel, 1880;Démocratie en France dans le Moyen Age, 1875.[395]Letter to Charles IV. Document 33 in Papencordt.[396]“Invidia e fuoco.” Thus the anonymous historian, and Zeffirino Re. Muratori readsjuoco, “gaming,” but not even thus can the sentence be explained; for it was certainly other vices than envy and gambling that were consuming the nobility of those days.[397]Even after the firstplébiscite, Stefano Colonna, in opposing him, said, “If this madman makes me angry, I will have him thrown from the Capitol” (p. 349).[398]See Papencordt,Cola di Rienzi, 1844; Gregorovius,Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vi. p. 267.[399]Papencordt.[400]Life, i. 32.[401]Ibid., i. 17.[402]Papencordt, doc. 83.[403]See letter to Fra Michele.[404]Hoxemio,De actis pontif., vols. ii. and iii.[405]Muratori,Cronaca Estense, xviii. p. 409.[406]Chronaca, p. 140.[407]Book x.[408]Gregorovius, vol. vi. p. 294.[409]“He said that they had bewitched him in prison” (Anonimo).[410]Even within a few months from his first assumption of the tribunate he became “addicted to rich food, and began to multiply suppers, banquets, and revels of divers meats and wines. About the end of December he began to grow stout and ruddy, and eat with a better appetite” (Anonimo, p. 92).[411]Gaye,Carteggio inedito d’artisti, Florence, 1839; Hoxemio,Qui Gesta Pontificum, &c., &c., Leodii, 1822, ii. pp. 272-514; Papencordt,Cola di Rienzi, Hamburg, 1847; Hobhouse,Historic Illustrations of Childe Harold, 1818; De Sade,Mémoires de Pétrarque, iii.[412]Even in the autograph MSS. we findcotidieforquotidie;CapitaloforCapitolis;patrabanturforperpetrabantur;speraverimforspreverim;michiformihi. I have already noted the strange blunder of explaining thePomærium—the district between the inner and outer walls of Rome—by “thegarden of Italy.” All this indicates a scholarship which was neither very full nor very accurate. As to his caligraphy, there is nothing particular to remark.[413]Among his vagaries, we have already noted that of crowning himself with seven crowns. In his seals there were seven stars and seven rays, which, under the second Tribunate, became eight.[414]Monomaniacs while remaining constant to a fixed erroneous idea, vary, to a degree which amounts to contradiction, in the accessory details. It is thus that I explain the fact that, in his second tribunate he claimed to be the son, not of the emperor, but of a bastard of his. There has been found, near the Ponte Senatorio, in excavating the ruins of a building, restored apparently by Rienzi, this inscription dictated by him—according to Gabrini—in order to publish to the world his disgraceful delusion: “Nicolaus, Tribunus, Severus, Clemens, Laurentii, Teutonici filius, Gabrinius, Romae Senator,” with a timid allusion to a German, who was not Henry, but an illegitimate son of his (Gabrini,Osservazioni storico-critiche sulla Vita di Rienzi, 1706, p. 96).[415]Anonimo, p. 92.[416]See for other proofs myTre Tribuni, 1887.[417]P. C. Falletti,Del carattere di Fra Tommaso Campanella, Turin, 1889;Rivista Storica Italiana, vol. vi. fasciculo 2; Amabile,Fra T. Campanella e la sua congiura, Naples, 1882;Fra T. C. nei Castelli di Napoli, &c., vol. ii.;Fra T. Pignatelli e la sua congiura, 1887; Berti,Lettere inedite di T. Campanella, 1878; Idem,Nuovi documenti su Campanella, 1881.[418]Abbé Saglier,Vie de Saint Jean de Dios; M. duCamp,La Charité à Paris, 1885.[419]It is a curious point, that all these saints (Lazzaretti, Loyola, &c.) began by leading a wild life.[420]Maxime du Camp,Souvenirs Littéraires, 1882 (2nd ed.)[421]See the paper on David Lazzaretti, by Nocito and Lombroso, in theArchivio di Psichiatria, 1881, vol. i. fasc. ii. iii.; Verga,Lazzaretti e la pazzia sensoria, Milan, 1880; Caravaggio,Inchiesta e Relazione su Arcidosso, 1878,Gazzetta Ufficiale, for October 1, No. 321.[422]Signes physiques des manies raisonnantes, 1876.[423]Verga,Lazzaretti, 1880.[424]At Pesaro I had under my care several nuns from Roman convents, whose language I never heard surpassed in obscene blasphemy. I have also attended exceedingly devout Jews, whose first symptom was the wish to be baptised, and who, immediately after their recovery, became more orthodox than before.[425]Deposition of the witness Vichi.[426]His first arrest took place in the island of Monte Cristo, for preaching sedition among the fishermen. Thence, he was transferred to Orbetello (see Verga,Su Lazzaretti e la follia sensoria, 1880).
[287]Leuret,Fragments psychologiques sur la folie.
[287]Leuret,Fragments psychologiques sur la folie.
[288]Annales médico-psychologiques, tome iii. p. 93, 1864.
[288]Annales médico-psychologiques, tome iii. p. 93, 1864.
[289]Annales médico-psychologiques, 1850, p. 48; Parchappe,Symptomatologie de la folie.
[289]Annales médico-psychologiques, 1850, p. 48; Parchappe,Symptomatologie de la folie.
[290]Tissot,Des nerfs et de leurs maladies, p. 133.
[290]Tissot,Des nerfs et de leurs maladies, p. 133.
[291]Médecine de l’esprit, vol. ii. p. 32.
[291]Médecine de l’esprit, vol. ii. p. 32.
[292]Symptomotalogie de la folie.
[292]Symptomotalogie de la folie.
[293]J. Frank,Pathologie interne; Manie fantastique.
[293]J. Frank,Pathologie interne; Manie fantastique.
[294]Traité des maladies mentales, 1858.
[294]Traité des maladies mentales, 1858.
[295]Revue Philosophique, 1888.
[295]Revue Philosophique, 1888.
[296]Esquiros,Paris au dix-neuvième siècle—Les maisons de fous, tome ii. p. 163.
[296]Esquiros,Paris au dix-neuvième siècle—Les maisons de fous, tome ii. p. 163.
[297]See Appendix. I regret that in the English edition of my work it has not been found possible to give a more copious selection from the poems by the insane which I have at my disposal. For these I must refer the reader to the original Italian or to the French edition.
[297]See Appendix. I regret that in the English edition of my work it has not been found possible to give a more copious selection from the poems by the insane which I have at my disposal. For these I must refer the reader to the original Italian or to the French edition.
[298]See myL’Uomo Delinquente.
[298]See myL’Uomo Delinquente.
[299]Les prisons de Paris, 1881.
[299]Les prisons de Paris, 1881.
[300]Diario del Manicomio di Pesaro, 1879.
[300]Diario del Manicomio di Pesaro, 1879.
[301]Prescott,Conquest of Peru, i.
[301]Prescott,Conquest of Peru, i.
[302]Lieut.-Col. Mark Wilks,Historical Sketch of the South of India.
[302]Lieut.-Col. Mark Wilks,Historical Sketch of the South of India.
[303]Mungo Park,Travels, i.
[303]Mungo Park,Travels, i.
[304]Ellis,Polynesian Researches, vol. iv. p. 462, 1834.
[304]Ellis,Polynesian Researches, vol. iv. p. 462, 1834.
[305]La Paranoia, 1886.
[305]La Paranoia, 1886.
[306]Ludwig II.
[306]Ludwig II.
[307]P. Regnard,Les maladies épidémiques de l’esprit, p. 370.
[307]P. Regnard,Les maladies épidémiques de l’esprit, p. 370.
[308]Regnard,Les maladies, &c., p. 390.
[308]Regnard,Les maladies, &c., p. 390.
[309]Quoted by M. Luys,Actions réflexes du cerveau, p. 170
[309]Quoted by M. Luys,Actions réflexes du cerveau, p. 170
[310]Revue Philosophique, 1888, No. 8.
[310]Revue Philosophique, 1888, No. 8.
[311]Annales Med. Psych., 1876.
[311]Annales Med. Psych., 1876.
[312]Regnard has also touched upon the subject, but without going into it deeply, in hisSorcellerie, Paris, 1887.
[312]Regnard has also touched upon the subject, but without going into it deeply, in hisSorcellerie, Paris, 1887.
[313]Gazzetta del Manicomio di Reggio, 1867.
[313]Gazzetta del Manicomio di Reggio, 1867.
[314]O. Delepierre,Histoire littéraire des fous, Paris, 1860.
[314]O. Delepierre,Histoire littéraire des fous, Paris, 1860.
[315]Regnard,op. cit.
[315]Regnard,op. cit.
[316]Ruggieri,Histoire du crucifiement opéré sur sa propre personne par M. Lovat, Venice, 1806.
[316]Ruggieri,Histoire du crucifiement opéré sur sa propre personne par M. Lovat, Venice, 1806.
[317]Frigerio, Letter of November 2, 1887.
[317]Frigerio, Letter of November 2, 1887.
[318]Diario del Manicomio di Pesaro, 1879.
[318]Diario del Manicomio di Pesaro, 1879.
[319]De Renzis,L’opera d’un pazzo, Rome, 1887.
[319]De Renzis,L’opera d’un pazzo, Rome, 1887.
[320]Simon,Ann. Med. Psych., 1876.
[320]Simon,Ann. Med. Psych., 1876.
[321]Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880.
[321]Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880.
[322]Steinthal,Entwicklung der Schrift, 1852.
[322]Steinthal,Entwicklung der Schrift, 1852.
[323]Boddart,Palæography of America, London, 1865.
[323]Boddart,Palæography of America, London, 1865.
[324]Lombroso,Uomo bianco ed uomo di colore, 1871.
[324]Lombroso,Uomo bianco ed uomo di colore, 1871.
[325]Archivio di Psichiatria, 1881, fasc. iii.
[325]Archivio di Psichiatria, 1881, fasc. iii.
[326]“Un veleno ho preparatoDue pugnali tengo in seno:Questo viver disgraziatoFinirà una volta almenoT’amerò fino alla tombaE anche morto t’amerò.La campana lamentosaSonerà la morte mia,Ed allor tu udrai curiosaQuella funebre armonia.T’amerò, ecc. ecc.Una lunga e mesta croceNella via vedrai passar;Ed un prete sulla forcaMiserere recitar.T’amerò, ecc. ecc.”“I have prepared a poison; I have two daggers in my bosom; this unhappy life, at least, shall end one day. I will love thee to my grave, and even when dead, I will love thee still.“The mournful bell shall sound for my death, and thou shall listen wonderingly to that funereal harmony.—I will love thee, &c.“A long and sadcross(i.e., procession) thou shalt see passing along the road, and a priest standing by the gallows, reciting the Miserere.—I will love thee, &c.”
[326]
“Un veleno ho preparatoDue pugnali tengo in seno:Questo viver disgraziatoFinirà una volta almenoT’amerò fino alla tombaE anche morto t’amerò.La campana lamentosaSonerà la morte mia,Ed allor tu udrai curiosaQuella funebre armonia.T’amerò, ecc. ecc.Una lunga e mesta croceNella via vedrai passar;Ed un prete sulla forcaMiserere recitar.T’amerò, ecc. ecc.”
“Un veleno ho preparatoDue pugnali tengo in seno:Questo viver disgraziatoFinirà una volta almenoT’amerò fino alla tombaE anche morto t’amerò.La campana lamentosaSonerà la morte mia,Ed allor tu udrai curiosaQuella funebre armonia.T’amerò, ecc. ecc.Una lunga e mesta croceNella via vedrai passar;Ed un prete sulla forcaMiserere recitar.T’amerò, ecc. ecc.”
“Un veleno ho preparatoDue pugnali tengo in seno:Questo viver disgraziatoFinirà una volta almenoT’amerò fino alla tombaE anche morto t’amerò.
La campana lamentosaSonerà la morte mia,Ed allor tu udrai curiosaQuella funebre armonia.T’amerò, ecc. ecc.
Una lunga e mesta croceNella via vedrai passar;Ed un prete sulla forcaMiserere recitar.T’amerò, ecc. ecc.”
“I have prepared a poison; I have two daggers in my bosom; this unhappy life, at least, shall end one day. I will love thee to my grave, and even when dead, I will love thee still.
“The mournful bell shall sound for my death, and thou shall listen wonderingly to that funereal harmony.—I will love thee, &c.
“A long and sadcross(i.e., procession) thou shalt see passing along the road, and a priest standing by the gallows, reciting the Miserere.—I will love thee, &c.”
[327]“Paranoia: A Study of the Evolution of Systematized Delusions of Grandeur,” inAmerican Journal of Psychology, May, 1888, and May, 1889.
[327]“Paranoia: A Study of the Evolution of Systematized Delusions of Grandeur,” inAmerican Journal of Psychology, May, 1888, and May, 1889.
[328]Hécart,op. cit.
[328]Hécart,op. cit.
[329]Magnan.
[329]Magnan.
[330]Simon.
[330]Simon.
[331]Delepierre.
[331]Delepierre.
[332]Vasari,Vite dei pittori celebri.
[332]Vasari,Vite dei pittori celebri.
[333]Clément,Les musiciens célèbres, Paris, 1878.
[333]Clément,Les musiciens célèbres, Paris, 1878.
[334]“Voci alte e fioche e suon di man con elle” (Dante,Inf.iii. 27.)
[334]“Voci alte e fioche e suon di man con elle” (Dante,Inf.iii. 27.)
[335]Cato,De Re Rustica.
[335]Cato,De Re Rustica.
[336]Essays, vol. ii. pp. 401, &c.
[336]Essays, vol. ii. pp. 401, &c.
[337]My attention was called many years ago to the frequent occurrence of insanity among great musicians by Dr. Arnaldo Bargoni, and afterwards by Mastriani, of Naples, in an excellent article inRoma, 1881.
[337]My attention was called many years ago to the frequent occurrence of insanity among great musicians by Dr. Arnaldo Bargoni, and afterwards by Mastriani, of Naples, in an excellent article inRoma, 1881.
[338]Jasnot,Vérités positives, 1854.
[338]Jasnot,Vérités positives, 1854.
[339]Les fous littéraires, p. 51.
[339]Les fous littéraires, p. 51.
[340]SeeTre Tribuni, 1887.
[340]SeeTre Tribuni, 1887.
[341]“Always mistress or slave—a foe to thine own children.”
[341]
“Always mistress or slave—a foe to thine own children.”
“Always mistress or slave—a foe to thine own children.”
“Always mistress or slave—a foe to thine own children.”
[342]“Il se trouvait là des philosophes plus forts que Leibnitz, mais sourdsmuets de naissance, ne pouvant produire que les gestes de leurs idées et pousser des arguments inarticulés; des peintres tourmentés de faire grand, mais qui posaient si singulièrement un homme sur ses pieds, un arbre sur ses racines, que toits leurs tableaux ressemblaient à des vues de tremblements de terre ou à des intérieurs de paquebots un jour de tempête. Des musiciens inventeurs de claviers intermédiaires, des savants à la façon du docteur Hitisch, de ces cervelles bric-à-brac, où il y a de tout mais où l’on ne trouve rien, à cause du désordre, de la poussière, et aussi parceque tous les objets sont cassés, incomplets, incapables du moindre service” (Daudet,Jack).
[342]“Il se trouvait là des philosophes plus forts que Leibnitz, mais sourdsmuets de naissance, ne pouvant produire que les gestes de leurs idées et pousser des arguments inarticulés; des peintres tourmentés de faire grand, mais qui posaient si singulièrement un homme sur ses pieds, un arbre sur ses racines, que toits leurs tableaux ressemblaient à des vues de tremblements de terre ou à des intérieurs de paquebots un jour de tempête. Des musiciens inventeurs de claviers intermédiaires, des savants à la façon du docteur Hitisch, de ces cervelles bric-à-brac, où il y a de tout mais où l’on ne trouve rien, à cause du désordre, de la poussière, et aussi parceque tous les objets sont cassés, incomplets, incapables du moindre service” (Daudet,Jack).
[343]Delepierre,Littérateur des fous.
[343]Delepierre,Littérateur des fous.
[344]Staccar potessi i due concetti unitiDi me ed empio. Io giusto. Empio è Satana.
[344]
Staccar potessi i due concetti unitiDi me ed empio. Io giusto. Empio è Satana.
Staccar potessi i due concetti unitiDi me ed empio. Io giusto. Empio è Satana.
Staccar potessi i due concetti unitiDi me ed empio. Io giusto. Empio è Satana.
[345]Delepierre,op. cit.
[345]Delepierre,op. cit.
[346]“Lève ce chef d’ici, je crains que ce chef prive de chef les miens par un nouveau méchef.”
[346]“Lève ce chef d’ici, je crains que ce chef prive de chef les miens par un nouveau méchef.”
[347]Philomneste,Les fous littéraires, 1881.
[347]Philomneste,Les fous littéraires, 1881.
[348]“Have you ever noticed,” writes Daudet (Jack, ii. 58), speaking of mattoids, whom he calledles ratés, “how these people seek each other in Paris, how they are attracted to each other, how they group themselves with their grievances, their demands, their idle and barren vanities? While, in reality, full of mutual contempt, they form a Mutual Admiration Society, outside which the world is a blank to them.”
[348]“Have you ever noticed,” writes Daudet (Jack, ii. 58), speaking of mattoids, whom he calledles ratés, “how these people seek each other in Paris, how they are attracted to each other, how they group themselves with their grievances, their demands, their idle and barren vanities? While, in reality, full of mutual contempt, they form a Mutual Admiration Society, outside which the world is a blank to them.”
[349]“Mais parmi ces groupes tapageurs qui s’en allaient frédonnant, déclamant, discutant encore, personne ne prenait garde au froid sinistre de la nuit ni au brouillard humide qui tombait. A l’entrée de l’avenue, on s’aperçut que l’heure des omnibus était passée. Tous ces pauvres diables en prirent bravement leur parti. La chimére aux écailles d’or éclairait et abrégeait leur route, l’illusion leur tenait chaud, et répandus dans Paris désert, ils se tournaient courageusement aux misères obscures de la vie.“L’art est un si grand magicien! Il crée un soleil qui luit pour tous comme l’autre, et ceux qui s’en approchent, même les pauvres, même les laides, même les grotesques, emportent un peu de sa chaleur et de son rayonnement. Ce feu du ciel imprudemment ravi, que les ratés gardent au fond de leurs prunelles, les rend quelquefois redoutables, le plus souvent ridicules, mais leur existence en reçoit une sérénité grandiose, un mépris du mal, une grâce à souffrir que les autres misères ne connaissent pas” (Daudet,Jack, i. p. 3).
[349]“Mais parmi ces groupes tapageurs qui s’en allaient frédonnant, déclamant, discutant encore, personne ne prenait garde au froid sinistre de la nuit ni au brouillard humide qui tombait. A l’entrée de l’avenue, on s’aperçut que l’heure des omnibus était passée. Tous ces pauvres diables en prirent bravement leur parti. La chimére aux écailles d’or éclairait et abrégeait leur route, l’illusion leur tenait chaud, et répandus dans Paris désert, ils se tournaient courageusement aux misères obscures de la vie.
“L’art est un si grand magicien! Il crée un soleil qui luit pour tous comme l’autre, et ceux qui s’en approchent, même les pauvres, même les laides, même les grotesques, emportent un peu de sa chaleur et de son rayonnement. Ce feu du ciel imprudemment ravi, que les ratés gardent au fond de leurs prunelles, les rend quelquefois redoutables, le plus souvent ridicules, mais leur existence en reçoit une sérénité grandiose, un mépris du mal, une grâce à souffrir que les autres misères ne connaissent pas” (Daudet,Jack, i. p. 3).
[350]“Toute une littérature est née de monInsecteet de monOiseau.—L’Amouret laFemmerestent et resteront, comme ayant deux bases, l’une scientifique, la nature même,—l’autre morale, le cœur des citoyens....“J’ai défini l’histoire une résurrection.—C’est le titre le plus approprié à mon 4 volumes....“En 1870, dans le silence universel, seul, je parlai. Mon livre fait en 40 jours fut la seule défense de la patrie....”
[350]“Toute une littérature est née de monInsecteet de monOiseau.—L’Amouret laFemmerestent et resteront, comme ayant deux bases, l’une scientifique, la nature même,—l’autre morale, le cœur des citoyens....
“J’ai défini l’histoire une résurrection.—C’est le titre le plus approprié à mon 4 volumes....
“En 1870, dans le silence universel, seul, je parlai. Mon livre fait en 40 jours fut la seule défense de la patrie....”
[351]He studies, as an important document, the journal of Louis XIV.’s digestion, and divides his reign into two periods—before and after the fistula. In the same way Francis I.’s reign is divided into the periods before and after the abscess. Conclusions of the following kind abound:—“De toute l’ancienne monarchie, il ne reste à la France qu’un nom, Henri IV.; et deux chansonsGabrielleetMarlborough.”
[351]He studies, as an important document, the journal of Louis XIV.’s digestion, and divides his reign into two periods—before and after the fistula. In the same way Francis I.’s reign is divided into the periods before and after the abscess. Conclusions of the following kind abound:—
“De toute l’ancienne monarchie, il ne reste à la France qu’un nom, Henri IV.; et deux chansonsGabrielleetMarlborough.”
[352]Pp. 119, 120, 121.
[352]Pp. 119, 120, 121.
[353]Sbarbaro,e.g., in the midst of numberless absurdities, wrote: “The man who feels no hatred for the foul and unjust things which cumber our social life is the false phantom of a citizen, a eunuch in heart and mind” (Forche, 21).“Parliamentary systems do not work well, since they do not allow of the best being at the top, and nonentities at the bottom” (Forche, 3). This, however, is borrowed from Machiavelli’sDecades.“If you call me a malcontent,” he said to the Council of Public Instruction, “you do me honour: progress is due to rebels and malcontents. Christ Himself was a rebel and an agitator.”
[353]Sbarbaro,e.g., in the midst of numberless absurdities, wrote: “The man who feels no hatred for the foul and unjust things which cumber our social life is the false phantom of a citizen, a eunuch in heart and mind” (Forche, 21).
“Parliamentary systems do not work well, since they do not allow of the best being at the top, and nonentities at the bottom” (Forche, 3). This, however, is borrowed from Machiavelli’sDecades.
“If you call me a malcontent,” he said to the Council of Public Instruction, “you do me honour: progress is due to rebels and malcontents. Christ Himself was a rebel and an agitator.”
[354]Revue politique et littéraire, 1888, No. 1.
[354]Revue politique et littéraire, 1888, No. 1.
[355]We have seen that a love of symbolism is one of the characteristics of monomaniacs.
[355]We have seen that a love of symbolism is one of the characteristics of monomaniacs.
[356]M. Jules Tellier has not inaptly called him, in Victor Hugo’s style, “l’homme-frisson.”
[356]M. Jules Tellier has not inaptly called him, in Victor Hugo’s style, “l’homme-frisson.”
[357]Responsibility in Mental Disease, p. 47.
[357]Responsibility in Mental Disease, p. 47.
[358]Knutzen, of Schleswig, in 1674, preached that there was neither God nor devil, that priests and magistrates were useless and pernicious, that marriage was unnecessary, that man ended with death, and that every one ought to be guided by his own inner consciousness of right. For this reason he gave to his disciples the name of theConscientarii, garnishing his discourses with grotesque quotations. He went about begging and preaching in strange garments. It is not known what became of him after 1674. His writings areEpistola amici ad amicum,Schediasma de lacrimis Christi, &c.
[358]Knutzen, of Schleswig, in 1674, preached that there was neither God nor devil, that priests and magistrates were useless and pernicious, that marriage was unnecessary, that man ended with death, and that every one ought to be guided by his own inner consciousness of right. For this reason he gave to his disciples the name of theConscientarii, garnishing his discourses with grotesque quotations. He went about begging and preaching in strange garments. It is not known what became of him after 1674. His writings areEpistola amici ad amicum,Schediasma de lacrimis Christi, &c.
[359]Responsibility, p. 53.
[359]Responsibility, p. 53.
[360]Revue des Deux Mondes, 1880.
[360]Revue des Deux Mondes, 1880.
[361]Dubois,People of India, p. 360.
[361]Dubois,People of India, p. 360.
[362]1 Samuel xxi. 14, 15.
[362]1 Samuel xxi. 14, 15.
[363]Ibid., xix. 9, 10, 23.
[363]Ibid., xix. 9, 10, 23.
[364]Ibid., xix. 24.
[364]Ibid., xix. 24.
[365]Berbrugger,Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie, 1855.
[365]Berbrugger,Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie, 1855.
[366]Western Barbary, p. 60.
[366]Western Barbary, p. 60.
[367]Travels, p. 133.
[367]Travels, p. 133.
[368]Beck,Allegemeine Schilderung des Othom. Reiches., p. 177.
[368]Beck,Allegemeine Schilderung des Othom. Reiches., p. 177.
[369]Ibid., p. 529.
[369]Ibid., p. 529.
[370]Ida Pfeiffer,Voyage, vols. v., vi.
[370]Ida Pfeiffer,Voyage, vols. v., vi.
[371]Medhurst,State and Prospects, London, 1838, p. 75.
[371]Medhurst,State and Prospects, London, 1838, p. 75.
[372]Cook,Voyages, vol. ii. p. 19.
[372]Cook,Voyages, vol. ii. p. 19.
[373]Vol. iv. p. 49.
[373]Vol. iv. p. 49.
[374]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, ii. p. 92.
[374]D’Orbigny,L’Homme Américain, ii. p. 92.
[375]Müller,Geschichte der Urreligion, Basle, 1853.
[375]Müller,Geschichte der Urreligion, Basle, 1853.
[376]Revue Scientifique, 1887.
[376]Revue Scientifique, 1887.
[377]See myTre Tribuni, 1887.
[377]See myTre Tribuni, 1887.
[378]Ideler,Versuch einer Theorie des Wahnsinnes, p. 236 (1842).
[378]Ideler,Versuch einer Theorie des Wahnsinnes, p. 236 (1842).
[379]Hecker,Tanzmanie, Berlin, 1834, p. 120. Traces exist even to-day, as at Echternach, in Luxembourg.
[379]Hecker,Tanzmanie, Berlin, 1834, p. 120. Traces exist even to-day, as at Echternach, in Luxembourg.
[380]Pensiero e Meteore, 1878, p. 129.
[380]Pensiero e Meteore, 1878, p. 129.
[381]Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880, Fasc. ii.
[381]Archivio di Psichiatria, 1880, Fasc. ii.
[382]Nasse,Zeitschrift, 1814, i. p. 255.
[382]Nasse,Zeitschrift, 1814, i. p. 255.
[383]Versuch, i. p. 274.
[383]Versuch, i. p. 274.
[384]Swedenborg, by M. de Beaumont-Vassy, 1842; Mattei,Em. de Swedenborg, sa vie, 1863.
[384]Swedenborg, by M. de Beaumont-Vassy, 1842; Mattei,Em. de Swedenborg, sa vie, 1863.
[385]Mayor,Madame de Krüdener, Turin, 1884.
[385]Mayor,Madame de Krüdener, Turin, 1884.
[386]See Macaulay,History, vol. ii.
[386]See Macaulay,History, vol. ii.
[387]Bonghi,Vita di S. F. d’Assisi, 1885.
[387]Bonghi,Vita di S. F. d’Assisi, 1885.
[388]Bonghi.
[388]Bonghi.
[389]Archiv für Psychiatrie, 1881.
[389]Archiv für Psychiatrie, 1881.
[390]Villari,Vita di Savonarola, pp. 11, 304.
[390]Villari,Vita di Savonarola, pp. 11, 304.
[391]De Veritate Prophetica, 1497.
[391]De Veritate Prophetica, 1497.
[392]Villari, p. 406.
[392]Villari, p. 406.
[393]Villari, ii. p. 408.
[393]Villari, ii. p. 408.
[394]See Perrens,E. Marcel, 1880;Démocratie en France dans le Moyen Age, 1875.
[394]See Perrens,E. Marcel, 1880;Démocratie en France dans le Moyen Age, 1875.
[395]Letter to Charles IV. Document 33 in Papencordt.
[395]Letter to Charles IV. Document 33 in Papencordt.
[396]“Invidia e fuoco.” Thus the anonymous historian, and Zeffirino Re. Muratori readsjuoco, “gaming,” but not even thus can the sentence be explained; for it was certainly other vices than envy and gambling that were consuming the nobility of those days.
[396]“Invidia e fuoco.” Thus the anonymous historian, and Zeffirino Re. Muratori readsjuoco, “gaming,” but not even thus can the sentence be explained; for it was certainly other vices than envy and gambling that were consuming the nobility of those days.
[397]Even after the firstplébiscite, Stefano Colonna, in opposing him, said, “If this madman makes me angry, I will have him thrown from the Capitol” (p. 349).
[397]Even after the firstplébiscite, Stefano Colonna, in opposing him, said, “If this madman makes me angry, I will have him thrown from the Capitol” (p. 349).
[398]See Papencordt,Cola di Rienzi, 1844; Gregorovius,Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vi. p. 267.
[398]See Papencordt,Cola di Rienzi, 1844; Gregorovius,Geschichte der Stadt Rom, vi. p. 267.
[399]Papencordt.
[399]Papencordt.
[400]Life, i. 32.
[400]Life, i. 32.
[401]Ibid., i. 17.
[401]Ibid., i. 17.
[402]Papencordt, doc. 83.
[402]Papencordt, doc. 83.
[403]See letter to Fra Michele.
[403]See letter to Fra Michele.
[404]Hoxemio,De actis pontif., vols. ii. and iii.
[404]Hoxemio,De actis pontif., vols. ii. and iii.
[405]Muratori,Cronaca Estense, xviii. p. 409.
[405]Muratori,Cronaca Estense, xviii. p. 409.
[406]Chronaca, p. 140.
[406]Chronaca, p. 140.
[407]Book x.
[407]Book x.
[408]Gregorovius, vol. vi. p. 294.
[408]Gregorovius, vol. vi. p. 294.
[409]“He said that they had bewitched him in prison” (Anonimo).
[409]“He said that they had bewitched him in prison” (Anonimo).
[410]Even within a few months from his first assumption of the tribunate he became “addicted to rich food, and began to multiply suppers, banquets, and revels of divers meats and wines. About the end of December he began to grow stout and ruddy, and eat with a better appetite” (Anonimo, p. 92).
[410]Even within a few months from his first assumption of the tribunate he became “addicted to rich food, and began to multiply suppers, banquets, and revels of divers meats and wines. About the end of December he began to grow stout and ruddy, and eat with a better appetite” (Anonimo, p. 92).
[411]Gaye,Carteggio inedito d’artisti, Florence, 1839; Hoxemio,Qui Gesta Pontificum, &c., &c., Leodii, 1822, ii. pp. 272-514; Papencordt,Cola di Rienzi, Hamburg, 1847; Hobhouse,Historic Illustrations of Childe Harold, 1818; De Sade,Mémoires de Pétrarque, iii.
[411]Gaye,Carteggio inedito d’artisti, Florence, 1839; Hoxemio,Qui Gesta Pontificum, &c., &c., Leodii, 1822, ii. pp. 272-514; Papencordt,Cola di Rienzi, Hamburg, 1847; Hobhouse,Historic Illustrations of Childe Harold, 1818; De Sade,Mémoires de Pétrarque, iii.
[412]Even in the autograph MSS. we findcotidieforquotidie;CapitaloforCapitolis;patrabanturforperpetrabantur;speraverimforspreverim;michiformihi. I have already noted the strange blunder of explaining thePomærium—the district between the inner and outer walls of Rome—by “thegarden of Italy.” All this indicates a scholarship which was neither very full nor very accurate. As to his caligraphy, there is nothing particular to remark.
[412]Even in the autograph MSS. we findcotidieforquotidie;CapitaloforCapitolis;patrabanturforperpetrabantur;speraverimforspreverim;michiformihi. I have already noted the strange blunder of explaining thePomærium—the district between the inner and outer walls of Rome—by “thegarden of Italy.” All this indicates a scholarship which was neither very full nor very accurate. As to his caligraphy, there is nothing particular to remark.
[413]Among his vagaries, we have already noted that of crowning himself with seven crowns. In his seals there were seven stars and seven rays, which, under the second Tribunate, became eight.
[413]Among his vagaries, we have already noted that of crowning himself with seven crowns. In his seals there were seven stars and seven rays, which, under the second Tribunate, became eight.
[414]Monomaniacs while remaining constant to a fixed erroneous idea, vary, to a degree which amounts to contradiction, in the accessory details. It is thus that I explain the fact that, in his second tribunate he claimed to be the son, not of the emperor, but of a bastard of his. There has been found, near the Ponte Senatorio, in excavating the ruins of a building, restored apparently by Rienzi, this inscription dictated by him—according to Gabrini—in order to publish to the world his disgraceful delusion: “Nicolaus, Tribunus, Severus, Clemens, Laurentii, Teutonici filius, Gabrinius, Romae Senator,” with a timid allusion to a German, who was not Henry, but an illegitimate son of his (Gabrini,Osservazioni storico-critiche sulla Vita di Rienzi, 1706, p. 96).
[414]Monomaniacs while remaining constant to a fixed erroneous idea, vary, to a degree which amounts to contradiction, in the accessory details. It is thus that I explain the fact that, in his second tribunate he claimed to be the son, not of the emperor, but of a bastard of his. There has been found, near the Ponte Senatorio, in excavating the ruins of a building, restored apparently by Rienzi, this inscription dictated by him—according to Gabrini—in order to publish to the world his disgraceful delusion: “Nicolaus, Tribunus, Severus, Clemens, Laurentii, Teutonici filius, Gabrinius, Romae Senator,” with a timid allusion to a German, who was not Henry, but an illegitimate son of his (Gabrini,Osservazioni storico-critiche sulla Vita di Rienzi, 1706, p. 96).
[415]Anonimo, p. 92.
[415]Anonimo, p. 92.
[416]See for other proofs myTre Tribuni, 1887.
[416]See for other proofs myTre Tribuni, 1887.
[417]P. C. Falletti,Del carattere di Fra Tommaso Campanella, Turin, 1889;Rivista Storica Italiana, vol. vi. fasciculo 2; Amabile,Fra T. Campanella e la sua congiura, Naples, 1882;Fra T. C. nei Castelli di Napoli, &c., vol. ii.;Fra T. Pignatelli e la sua congiura, 1887; Berti,Lettere inedite di T. Campanella, 1878; Idem,Nuovi documenti su Campanella, 1881.
[417]P. C. Falletti,Del carattere di Fra Tommaso Campanella, Turin, 1889;Rivista Storica Italiana, vol. vi. fasciculo 2; Amabile,Fra T. Campanella e la sua congiura, Naples, 1882;Fra T. C. nei Castelli di Napoli, &c., vol. ii.;Fra T. Pignatelli e la sua congiura, 1887; Berti,Lettere inedite di T. Campanella, 1878; Idem,Nuovi documenti su Campanella, 1881.
[418]Abbé Saglier,Vie de Saint Jean de Dios; M. duCamp,La Charité à Paris, 1885.
[418]Abbé Saglier,Vie de Saint Jean de Dios; M. duCamp,La Charité à Paris, 1885.
[419]It is a curious point, that all these saints (Lazzaretti, Loyola, &c.) began by leading a wild life.
[419]It is a curious point, that all these saints (Lazzaretti, Loyola, &c.) began by leading a wild life.
[420]Maxime du Camp,Souvenirs Littéraires, 1882 (2nd ed.)
[420]Maxime du Camp,Souvenirs Littéraires, 1882 (2nd ed.)
[421]See the paper on David Lazzaretti, by Nocito and Lombroso, in theArchivio di Psichiatria, 1881, vol. i. fasc. ii. iii.; Verga,Lazzaretti e la pazzia sensoria, Milan, 1880; Caravaggio,Inchiesta e Relazione su Arcidosso, 1878,Gazzetta Ufficiale, for October 1, No. 321.
[421]See the paper on David Lazzaretti, by Nocito and Lombroso, in theArchivio di Psichiatria, 1881, vol. i. fasc. ii. iii.; Verga,Lazzaretti e la pazzia sensoria, Milan, 1880; Caravaggio,Inchiesta e Relazione su Arcidosso, 1878,Gazzetta Ufficiale, for October 1, No. 321.
[422]Signes physiques des manies raisonnantes, 1876.
[422]Signes physiques des manies raisonnantes, 1876.
[423]Verga,Lazzaretti, 1880.
[423]Verga,Lazzaretti, 1880.
[424]At Pesaro I had under my care several nuns from Roman convents, whose language I never heard surpassed in obscene blasphemy. I have also attended exceedingly devout Jews, whose first symptom was the wish to be baptised, and who, immediately after their recovery, became more orthodox than before.
[424]At Pesaro I had under my care several nuns from Roman convents, whose language I never heard surpassed in obscene blasphemy. I have also attended exceedingly devout Jews, whose first symptom was the wish to be baptised, and who, immediately after their recovery, became more orthodox than before.
[425]Deposition of the witness Vichi.
[425]Deposition of the witness Vichi.
[426]His first arrest took place in the island of Monte Cristo, for preaching sedition among the fishermen. Thence, he was transferred to Orbetello (see Verga,Su Lazzaretti e la follia sensoria, 1880).
[426]His first arrest took place in the island of Monte Cristo, for preaching sedition among the fishermen. Thence, he was transferred to Orbetello (see Verga,Su Lazzaretti e la follia sensoria, 1880).