Chapter 13

[325]Source of the Nile, London, 1863, pp. 205, 208.[326]Sahagun, vol. 2, in Kingsborough, vol. 6, p. 29.[327]Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 184.[328]Ibid., pp. 185, 186.[329]Ibid., p. 186.[330]Dec. 6, lib. 1, p. 9.[331]Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 7, pp. 242, 250.[332]Relation of Cabeza de Vaca in Purchas, vol. 4, lib. 8, cap. 1, sec. 4, p. 1524.[333]Conquest of New Mexico, p. 100.[334]Ensayo Cronologico, pp. 12 et seq.[335]See also on this point Corbusier, in American Antiquarian, November, 1886.[336]Rau's translation in Smithsonian Ann. Rep., 1863, p. 364.[337]Probably the Lake of Parras.[338]Historia de la Compañía de Jesus en Nueva-España, vol. 1, p. 284.[339]History of Virginia.[340]See also article by J. Howard Gore, Smithsonian Report, 1881.[341]Pinkerton, Voyages, London, 1814, vol. 13, p. 468.[342]Personal notes, April 5, 1881.[343]Drake, World Encompassed, pp. 124-126, quoted by H. H. Bancroft, Native Races, vol. 1, pp. 387-388. (This chaplain stated so many things ignorantly that nothing is more probable than that he attempted to describe, without seeing it, the plant from which the Indians told him that hoddentin (or downe) was obtained. The principal chief or "king" would, on such an awe-inspiring occasion as meeting with strange Europeans, naturally want to cover himself and followers with all the hoddentin the country afforded.)[344]Kennan, Tent Life in Siberia, p. 66.[345]Quoted by Kingsborough, vol. 6, p. 100.[346]Torquemada, Monarchia Indiana, vol. 2, lib. 10, cap. 22, p. 274.[347]Gallatin, in Trans. Am. Ethnol. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 117-118.[348]Vetancurt, Teatro Mexicano, vol. 1, p. 271.[349]Mœurs des Sauvages, vol. 2, pp. 194, 195.[350]Madrid, 1870, vol. 14, p. 320.[351]Ibid.[352]Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 9, p. 159.[353]Among others consult Crónica Seráfica y Apostolica of Espinosa, Mexico, 1746, p. 419, speaking of the Asinai of Texas in 1700: "Siembran tambien cantidad de Gyrasoles que se dan muy corpulentos y la flor muy grande que en el centro tienen la semilla como de piñones y de ella mixturada con el maiz hacen un bollo que es de mucho sabor y sustancia."[354]Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nations Civilisées, quoted by Bancroft, Native Races, vol. 3, p. 421.[355]Sahagun, in book 7, Kingsborough, p. 71.[356]Squier, Serpent Symbol, p. 193, quoting Torquemada, lib. 7, cap. 8.[357]History of Mexico, Philadelphia, 1817, vol. 2, p. 79. See the additional note from Clavigero, which would seem to show that this etzalli was related to the espadaña or rush.[358]Monarchia Indiana, vol. 2, lib. 6, cap. 38, p. 71.[359]Ibid., p. 72.[360]Ibid., p. 73.[361]Dec. 3, lib. 2, pp. 71, 72.[362]Native Races, vol. 3, p. 323.[363]Diego Duran, vol. 3, p. 187.[364]See notes already given from Buckingham Smith's translation of Vaca.[365]Diego Duran, vol. 3, p. 195.[366]José Acosta, Hist. des Indes, ed. of Paris, 1600, liv. 5, cap. 24, p. 250.[367]Monarchia Indiana, lib. 10, cap. 33.[368]Ibid., lib. 6, cap. 48.[369]From Paris to Pekin, London, 1885, pp. 312, 313.[370]New York, 1830, p. 191.[371]Dubois, People of India, London, 1817, p. 490.[372]Gomara, Historia de Méjico, p. 445.[373]Mendieta, Hist. Eclesiástica Ind., p. 108.[374]Ibid., p. 402.[375]Ibid., p. 515.[376]Gomara, Historia de Méjico, p. 446.[377]From the account of lecture appearing in the Evening Star, Washington, D. C., May 19, 1888.[378]Herrera, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 5, p. 92[379]Balboa, Histoire du Pérou, in Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 15, pp. 124 and 127.[380]See the explanatory text to the Codex Mendoza, in Kingsborough, vol. 5, p. 90 et seq.[381]Historia de Méjico, p. 439.[382]Clavigero, History of Mexico, Philadelphia, 1817, vol. 2, p. 101.[383]"They strewed the temple in a curious way with rushes."—Ibid., p. 78.[384]Native Races, vol. 3, pp. 334-343.[385]Sahagun, in Kingsborough, vol. 7, p. 16.[386]British Monachism, London, 1817, p. 289.[387]Kingsborough, vol. 7, p. 83, from Sahagun.[388]Ximenez, Guatemala, Translated by Scherzer, p. 13.[389]Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 1, p. 27.[390]"Tanta diferencia de manjares y de géneros de pan que era cosa estraña."—Diego Duran, vol. 3, cap. 4, p. 219.[391]Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 273.[392]Commerce of the Prairies, vol. 2, p. 54.[393]Pacific R. R. Report, 1856, vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 34.[394]Ibid., p. 34.[395]Ibid., p. 38.[396]"Los Apaches traian pieles de cibolas, gamuzas y otras cosas, á hacer cambio por maíz." "Venian con sus recuas de perros cargados mas de quinientos mercaderes cada año."—Teatro Mexicano, vol. 3, p. 323.[397]In burlesque survivals the use of flour prevails not only all over Latin Europe, but all such portions of America as are now or have been under Spanish or Portuguese domination. The breaking of eggshells over the heads of gentlemen upon entering a Mexican ball room is one manifestation of it. Formerly the shell was filled with flour.[398]Dr. W. Norton Whitney, Notes from the History of Medical Progress in Japan. Yokohama, 1885, p. 248.[399]The prayer of a Navajo Shaman, in American Anthropologist, vol. 1, No. 2, 1888, p. 169.[400]Kitchi-gami, pp. 416, 423, 424.[401]Anacalypsis, London, 1836, vol. 2, pp. 242-244.[402]Brand, Pop. Antiq., vol. 3, p. 285.[403]Ibid., vol. 1, p. 69.[404]Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 329 et seq.[405]Brinton, Myths of the New World, New York, 1868, pp. 278, 279.[406]Ximenez, Guatemala, p. 177.[407]Herrera, dec. 4, lib. 9, cap. 8, p. 188.[408]Balboa, Hist. du Pérou, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 15, p. 29.[409]Mendieta, Hist. Eclesiástica Ind., p. 110.[410]Henry Youle Hind, Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exped., vol. 2, pp. 165, 166.[411]Lisiansky, Voyage Round the World, London, 1814, pp. 158, 221, 223.[412]London, 1814, pt. 2, pl.III, p. 113.[413]Ibid., pl.IV, pp. 194, 195.[414]Voyage, vol. 1, p. 282.[415]Native Races, vol. 1, p. 179.[416]Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 170, 171.[417]Père Louis Hennepin, Voyage, etc., Amsterdam, 1714, pp. 339-240. Ibid., translated by B. F. French, in Historical Collections of Louisiana, pt. 1, 1846.[418]Joutel's Journal, in Historical Collections of Louisiana, tr. by B. F. French, pp. 181, 1846.[419]Maj. Rogers, Account of North America, in Knox's Voyages, vol. 2, London, 1767, p. 167.[420]Picart,Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, etc., Amsterdam, 1735, vol. 6, p. 77.[421]Ibid., p. 89.[422]John De Laet, lib. 18, cap. 4; Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, p. 203; Padre Gumilla, Orinoco, pp. 68, 96.[423]Hans Staden, in Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 3, pp. 269, 299.[424]Peter Martyr, in Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. 5, p. 460.[425]Bancroft, Nat. Races of the Pacific Slope, vol. 1, p. 750.[426]Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. 73; vol. 2, p. 302. See also Carteret's description of the natives of the Queen Charlotte Islands, visited by him in 1767.[427]Hawkesworth, Voyages, vol. 1, p. 379.[428]Perry S. Heath, A Hoosier in Russia, New York, 1888, p. 114.[429]Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 442.[430]See works cited in Buckle's Common place Book, vol. 2, of "Works," London, 1872, p. 47.[431]Picart,Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, vol. 6, p. 20.[432]Voyage Round the World, London, 1777, pp. 462, 463.[433]Archibald Campbell, Voyage Round the World, N. Y., 1819, p. 136.[434]Voyage of La Pérouse, London, 1829, vol. 2, p. 275.[435]Peter Kolben's Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, in Knox's Voyage and Travels, London, 1767, vol. 2, pp. 391, 395, 406, 407.[436]Ibid., p. 406.[437]Spencer, Desc. Sociology, art. "Abipones."[438]Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology, London, 1872, vol. 1, p. 423.[439]Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 83.[440]Gaule, Mag-astromancers Posed and Puzzel'd, p. 165, quoted in Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, pp. 329 et seq.[441]Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 1, pp. 337, 338.[442]Laird and Oldfield's Expedition into the Interior of Africa, quoted in Buckle's Common place Book, p. 466.[443]Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 2, p. 273.[444]Gayarre, Louisiana, 1851, p. 308.[445]Notes and Queries, 4th ser., vol. 8, p. 505.[446]Tractatus de Fascinatione, Nuremberg, 1675, 197.[447]Southey, quoting Ward, in Buckle's Common place Book, London, 1849, 2d ser., p. 521.[448]North American, October 27, 1888.[449]Kingsborough, vol. 5, p. 198.[450]Serpent Symbols, p. 55.[451]Hist. de Méjico, p. 348.[452]Lib. 2, cap. 47, p. 490.[453]Lib. 1, cap. 18, p. 208.[454]New Survey of the West Indies, London, 1648, p. 51.[455]Op. cit., vol. 3, cap. 4.[456]Popol-Vuh (Brasseur de Bourbourg), p. 65.[457]Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 7, p. 143.[458]Ibid., p. 202.[459]Purchas, vol. 4, lib. 8, cap. 1, p. 1519; also, Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 84.[460]Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, p. 182.[461]Buckingham Smith,Coleccion de Varios Documentos para la Historia de Florida, London, 1857, vol. 1, p. 46.[462]Bollaert, Researches in South America, London, 1860, p. 63.[463]Boscana, Chinigchinich, pp. 245, 253.[464]Powers, Contrib. to N. A. Ethnol., vol. 3, p. 140.[465]Long's Expedition, vol. 1, p. 240.[466]Second Expedition to the Polar Sea, p. 19.[467]Oregon Missions, p. 192.[468]Gmelin, quoted by Southey, in Common place Book, 1st ser., London, 1849, p. 239.[469]Malte-Brun, Univ. Geog., Philadelphia, 1827, vol. 1, lib. 87, p. 483.[470]Von Wrangel, Polar Expedition, New York, 1842, p. 188.[471]Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. xxxiv.[472]Travels on the Amazon, p. 311.[473]Gumilla, Orinoco, Madrid, 1741, p. 102; the Guamas, also, ibid., pp. 102 and 108.[474]Malte-Brun, Univ. Geog., Phila., 1827, vol. 3, lib. 87, p. 323.[475]Anthropology, vol. 1, p. 116.[476]Spencer, Desc. Sociology.[477]Pliny, Nat. History, lib. 18, cap. 29.[478]Asiatick Researches, Calcutta, 1801, vol. 7, p. 440.[479]Blount, Tenures of Land and Customs of Manors, London, 1874, p. 2233.[480]Salverte, Philosophy of Magic, vol. 2, p. 140.[481]Voyage of Capt. Amasa Delano, Boston, 1847, p. 230. Compare with the ordeal of Scotch conspirators, who ate a fragment of barley bread together.[482]Gauthier de la Peyronie, Voyages de Pallas, Paris, 1793, vol. 4, p. 75.[483]Teutonic Mythology, vol. 1, p. 63.[484]Macaulay quoted in Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 1, p. 85.[485]Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 83.[486]Du Cange, Glossarium, articles "Crispellæ" and "Crespellæ."[487]Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 1, p. 88.[488]Heath, A Hoosier in Russia, p. 109.

[325]Source of the Nile, London, 1863, pp. 205, 208.

[326]Sahagun, vol. 2, in Kingsborough, vol. 6, p. 29.

[327]Forlong, Rivers of Life, vol. 1, p. 184.

[328]Ibid., pp. 185, 186.

[329]Ibid., p. 186.

[330]Dec. 6, lib. 1, p. 9.

[331]Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 7, pp. 242, 250.

[332]Relation of Cabeza de Vaca in Purchas, vol. 4, lib. 8, cap. 1, sec. 4, p. 1524.

[333]Conquest of New Mexico, p. 100.

[334]Ensayo Cronologico, pp. 12 et seq.

[335]See also on this point Corbusier, in American Antiquarian, November, 1886.

[336]Rau's translation in Smithsonian Ann. Rep., 1863, p. 364.

[337]Probably the Lake of Parras.

[338]Historia de la Compañía de Jesus en Nueva-España, vol. 1, p. 284.

[339]History of Virginia.

[340]See also article by J. Howard Gore, Smithsonian Report, 1881.

[341]Pinkerton, Voyages, London, 1814, vol. 13, p. 468.

[342]Personal notes, April 5, 1881.

[343]Drake, World Encompassed, pp. 124-126, quoted by H. H. Bancroft, Native Races, vol. 1, pp. 387-388. (This chaplain stated so many things ignorantly that nothing is more probable than that he attempted to describe, without seeing it, the plant from which the Indians told him that hoddentin (or downe) was obtained. The principal chief or "king" would, on such an awe-inspiring occasion as meeting with strange Europeans, naturally want to cover himself and followers with all the hoddentin the country afforded.)

[344]Kennan, Tent Life in Siberia, p. 66.

[345]Quoted by Kingsborough, vol. 6, p. 100.

[346]Torquemada, Monarchia Indiana, vol. 2, lib. 10, cap. 22, p. 274.

[347]Gallatin, in Trans. Am. Ethnol. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 117-118.

[348]Vetancurt, Teatro Mexicano, vol. 1, p. 271.

[349]Mœurs des Sauvages, vol. 2, pp. 194, 195.

[350]Madrid, 1870, vol. 14, p. 320.

[351]Ibid.

[352]Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 9, p. 159.

[353]Among others consult Crónica Seráfica y Apostolica of Espinosa, Mexico, 1746, p. 419, speaking of the Asinai of Texas in 1700: "Siembran tambien cantidad de Gyrasoles que se dan muy corpulentos y la flor muy grande que en el centro tienen la semilla como de piñones y de ella mixturada con el maiz hacen un bollo que es de mucho sabor y sustancia."

[354]Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nations Civilisées, quoted by Bancroft, Native Races, vol. 3, p. 421.

[355]Sahagun, in book 7, Kingsborough, p. 71.

[356]Squier, Serpent Symbol, p. 193, quoting Torquemada, lib. 7, cap. 8.

[357]History of Mexico, Philadelphia, 1817, vol. 2, p. 79. See the additional note from Clavigero, which would seem to show that this etzalli was related to the espadaña or rush.

[358]Monarchia Indiana, vol. 2, lib. 6, cap. 38, p. 71.

[359]Ibid., p. 72.

[360]Ibid., p. 73.

[361]Dec. 3, lib. 2, pp. 71, 72.

[362]Native Races, vol. 3, p. 323.

[363]Diego Duran, vol. 3, p. 187.

[364]See notes already given from Buckingham Smith's translation of Vaca.

[365]Diego Duran, vol. 3, p. 195.

[366]José Acosta, Hist. des Indes, ed. of Paris, 1600, liv. 5, cap. 24, p. 250.

[367]Monarchia Indiana, lib. 10, cap. 33.

[368]Ibid., lib. 6, cap. 48.

[369]From Paris to Pekin, London, 1885, pp. 312, 313.

[370]New York, 1830, p. 191.

[371]Dubois, People of India, London, 1817, p. 490.

[372]Gomara, Historia de Méjico, p. 445.

[373]Mendieta, Hist. Eclesiástica Ind., p. 108.

[374]Ibid., p. 402.

[375]Ibid., p. 515.

[376]Gomara, Historia de Méjico, p. 446.

[377]From the account of lecture appearing in the Evening Star, Washington, D. C., May 19, 1888.

[378]Herrera, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 5, p. 92

[379]Balboa, Histoire du Pérou, in Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 15, pp. 124 and 127.

[380]See the explanatory text to the Codex Mendoza, in Kingsborough, vol. 5, p. 90 et seq.

[381]Historia de Méjico, p. 439.

[382]Clavigero, History of Mexico, Philadelphia, 1817, vol. 2, p. 101.

[383]"They strewed the temple in a curious way with rushes."—Ibid., p. 78.

[384]Native Races, vol. 3, pp. 334-343.

[385]Sahagun, in Kingsborough, vol. 7, p. 16.

[386]British Monachism, London, 1817, p. 289.

[387]Kingsborough, vol. 7, p. 83, from Sahagun.

[388]Ximenez, Guatemala, Translated by Scherzer, p. 13.

[389]Cérémonies et Coûtumes, etc., vol. 1, p. 27.

[390]"Tanta diferencia de manjares y de géneros de pan que era cosa estraña."—Diego Duran, vol. 3, cap. 4, p. 219.

[391]Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 273.

[392]Commerce of the Prairies, vol. 2, p. 54.

[393]Pacific R. R. Report, 1856, vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 34.

[394]Ibid., p. 34.

[395]Ibid., p. 38.

[396]"Los Apaches traian pieles de cibolas, gamuzas y otras cosas, á hacer cambio por maíz." "Venian con sus recuas de perros cargados mas de quinientos mercaderes cada año."—Teatro Mexicano, vol. 3, p. 323.

[397]In burlesque survivals the use of flour prevails not only all over Latin Europe, but all such portions of America as are now or have been under Spanish or Portuguese domination. The breaking of eggshells over the heads of gentlemen upon entering a Mexican ball room is one manifestation of it. Formerly the shell was filled with flour.

[398]Dr. W. Norton Whitney, Notes from the History of Medical Progress in Japan. Yokohama, 1885, p. 248.

[399]The prayer of a Navajo Shaman, in American Anthropologist, vol. 1, No. 2, 1888, p. 169.

[400]Kitchi-gami, pp. 416, 423, 424.

[401]Anacalypsis, London, 1836, vol. 2, pp. 242-244.

[402]Brand, Pop. Antiq., vol. 3, p. 285.

[403]Ibid., vol. 1, p. 69.

[404]Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 329 et seq.

[405]Brinton, Myths of the New World, New York, 1868, pp. 278, 279.

[406]Ximenez, Guatemala, p. 177.

[407]Herrera, dec. 4, lib. 9, cap. 8, p. 188.

[408]Balboa, Hist. du Pérou, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 15, p. 29.

[409]Mendieta, Hist. Eclesiástica Ind., p. 110.

[410]Henry Youle Hind, Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Exped., vol. 2, pp. 165, 166.

[411]Lisiansky, Voyage Round the World, London, 1814, pp. 158, 221, 223.

[412]London, 1814, pt. 2, pl.III, p. 113.

[413]Ibid., pl.IV, pp. 194, 195.

[414]Voyage, vol. 1, p. 282.

[415]Native Races, vol. 1, p. 179.

[416]Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 170, 171.

[417]Père Louis Hennepin, Voyage, etc., Amsterdam, 1714, pp. 339-240. Ibid., translated by B. F. French, in Historical Collections of Louisiana, pt. 1, 1846.

[418]Joutel's Journal, in Historical Collections of Louisiana, tr. by B. F. French, pp. 181, 1846.

[419]Maj. Rogers, Account of North America, in Knox's Voyages, vol. 2, London, 1767, p. 167.

[420]Picart,Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, etc., Amsterdam, 1735, vol. 6, p. 77.

[421]Ibid., p. 89.

[422]John De Laet, lib. 18, cap. 4; Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, p. 203; Padre Gumilla, Orinoco, pp. 68, 96.

[423]Hans Staden, in Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, vol. 3, pp. 269, 299.

[424]Peter Martyr, in Hakluyt's Voyages, vol. 5, p. 460.

[425]Bancroft, Nat. Races of the Pacific Slope, vol. 1, p. 750.

[426]Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. 73; vol. 2, p. 302. See also Carteret's description of the natives of the Queen Charlotte Islands, visited by him in 1767.

[427]Hawkesworth, Voyages, vol. 1, p. 379.

[428]Perry S. Heath, A Hoosier in Russia, New York, 1888, p. 114.

[429]Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 442.

[430]See works cited in Buckle's Common place Book, vol. 2, of "Works," London, 1872, p. 47.

[431]Picart,Cérémonies et Coûtumes Religieuses, vol. 6, p. 20.

[432]Voyage Round the World, London, 1777, pp. 462, 463.

[433]Archibald Campbell, Voyage Round the World, N. Y., 1819, p. 136.

[434]Voyage of La Pérouse, London, 1829, vol. 2, p. 275.

[435]Peter Kolben's Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, in Knox's Voyage and Travels, London, 1767, vol. 2, pp. 391, 395, 406, 407.

[436]Ibid., p. 406.

[437]Spencer, Desc. Sociology, art. "Abipones."

[438]Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology, London, 1872, vol. 1, p. 423.

[439]Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 83.

[440]Gaule, Mag-astromancers Posed and Puzzel'd, p. 165, quoted in Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 3, pp. 329 et seq.

[441]Brand, Popular Antiquities, vol. 1, pp. 337, 338.

[442]Laird and Oldfield's Expedition into the Interior of Africa, quoted in Buckle's Common place Book, p. 466.

[443]Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 2, p. 273.

[444]Gayarre, Louisiana, 1851, p. 308.

[445]Notes and Queries, 4th ser., vol. 8, p. 505.

[446]Tractatus de Fascinatione, Nuremberg, 1675, 197.

[447]Southey, quoting Ward, in Buckle's Common place Book, London, 1849, 2d ser., p. 521.

[448]North American, October 27, 1888.

[449]Kingsborough, vol. 5, p. 198.

[450]Serpent Symbols, p. 55.

[451]Hist. de Méjico, p. 348.

[452]Lib. 2, cap. 47, p. 490.

[453]Lib. 1, cap. 18, p. 208.

[454]New Survey of the West Indies, London, 1648, p. 51.

[455]Op. cit., vol. 3, cap. 4.

[456]Popol-Vuh (Brasseur de Bourbourg), p. 65.

[457]Ternaux-Compans, Voy., vol. 7, p. 143.

[458]Ibid., p. 202.

[459]Purchas, vol. 4, lib. 8, cap. 1, p. 1519; also, Davis, Conquest of New Mexico, p. 84.

[460]Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, p. 182.

[461]Buckingham Smith,Coleccion de Varios Documentos para la Historia de Florida, London, 1857, vol. 1, p. 46.

[462]Bollaert, Researches in South America, London, 1860, p. 63.

[463]Boscana, Chinigchinich, pp. 245, 253.

[464]Powers, Contrib. to N. A. Ethnol., vol. 3, p. 140.

[465]Long's Expedition, vol. 1, p. 240.

[466]Second Expedition to the Polar Sea, p. 19.

[467]Oregon Missions, p. 192.

[468]Gmelin, quoted by Southey, in Common place Book, 1st ser., London, 1849, p. 239.

[469]Malte-Brun, Univ. Geog., Philadelphia, 1827, vol. 1, lib. 87, p. 483.

[470]Von Wrangel, Polar Expedition, New York, 1842, p. 188.

[471]Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, vol. 1, p. xxxiv.

[472]Travels on the Amazon, p. 311.

[473]Gumilla, Orinoco, Madrid, 1741, p. 102; the Guamas, also, ibid., pp. 102 and 108.

[474]Malte-Brun, Univ. Geog., Phila., 1827, vol. 3, lib. 87, p. 323.

[475]Anthropology, vol. 1, p. 116.

[476]Spencer, Desc. Sociology.

[477]Pliny, Nat. History, lib. 18, cap. 29.

[478]Asiatick Researches, Calcutta, 1801, vol. 7, p. 440.

[479]Blount, Tenures of Land and Customs of Manors, London, 1874, p. 2233.

[480]Salverte, Philosophy of Magic, vol. 2, p. 140.

[481]Voyage of Capt. Amasa Delano, Boston, 1847, p. 230. Compare with the ordeal of Scotch conspirators, who ate a fragment of barley bread together.

[482]Gauthier de la Peyronie, Voyages de Pallas, Paris, 1793, vol. 4, p. 75.

[483]Teutonic Mythology, vol. 1, p. 63.

[484]Macaulay quoted in Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 1, p. 85.

[485]Fosbrooke, British Monachism, p. 83.

[486]Du Cange, Glossarium, articles "Crispellæ" and "Crespellæ."

[487]Brand, Pop. Ant., vol. 1, p. 88.

[488]Heath, A Hoosier in Russia, p. 109.

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