Take one of these coffins, put it into the Former, and take the composition for middle-sized rockets (mentioned before) and put thereof spoonfull after spoonfull, untill you haue filled the coffin unto the top of the former, after the putting of euery second spoonfull into the coffin, with a mallet giue two or three blowes upon the head of the rammer, that the composition may bee well rammed into the coffin: euery third or fourth driuing M.Nortonwisheth (if the rockets are to be fired in three or foure dayes) to dip the rammer in gum-dragant, and camphir dissolued in spirit of wine, or goodaquavitæ: but if it will bee a month before they will bee fired, then dip the rammer in oyle of peter, or liquid varnish, and linseed oyle mixed together: If you would haue the rocket to giue a report or blow, then within one diameter of the top, driue a bottom of leather, or six or eight double of paper, pierce and prime either of them through in three or foure places, and fill the rest of the coffin with whole gunpowder; afterwards driue another bottom of leather, and then with strong packthred choak the coffin close unto it: then take the rocket out of the Former, and prime it at the broach-hole with a peece of prepared stouple, and binde unto it a straight rod 6 or 7 times the length of the rocket, and so heavy, that being put on your finger, it may ballast the rocket within two or three diameters of the same: mark the following figure, which represents a rocket ready made and finished, A, B, the rocket, C, the stouple that primeth it, D, E, F, the rod bound unto the rocket with two strings, G, H, I, the hand that poyseth it.
How to make Serpents.
The coffins for serpents are made of paper rowled nine or ten times upon a rowler not much thicker than a goose quill, and about foure inches long. The coffins must bee choaked almost in the midst, but so that there may bee a little hole, through which one may see: the longest part of the coffins for Serpents must be filled with the composition specified before: if you would haue it wamble in the ayre, then choak it not after the composition, but if you would haue it wamble, then halfe-choak it, as is demonstrated by the following figure, the shorter end of the coffin must bee filled with whole gunpowder, and choaked quite up, as appeareth at B, in the figure M, N, O, which is the figure of a Serpent ready made.
How to make rayning fire.
Take diuers goose quils, and cut off the hollow ends of them, and fill them with the composition before mentioned, stopping them afterwards with a little wet gunpowder, that the dry composition may not fall out.
How to make starres.
I haue sufficiently taught the making of these in describing their compositions, wherefore I will now onely present the figures of them unto your view; A, A, signifieth two that are bound up in paper or cloth, and peirced, and primed with stouple: the other two, E, E, signifie those that are made up without paper, and need no priming more than the powder or sulphur dust that they are rowled in.
How to make Petards.
You must make the coffins for them either of white yron, or else of paper, or parchment rowled upon a Former for the purpose, and afterwards fitted with a couer, which must be glewed on: these coffins must be filled with whole gunpowder, and peirced in the midst of the broad end, and primed thereat with prepared stouple; the paper ones must be couered all ouer with glew, and the peirced. The figure of a Petard ready made, and primed, is signified by the figure E.
How to make compounded Rockets.
First you must make the Rocket I taught you before; you must not choake the end of it, but eyther double downe halfe the coffin, and with the rammer and a mallet, give it one or two good blowes: then with a bodkin pierce the paper unto the composition, or else drive a bottome of leather fitted unto the bore of the Rocket, and pierce it through in two or three places; then pare or cut off the coffin equall thereunto; to this end of the rocket you must binde a coffin wider a great deale then the Rocket is; strew into it a little gunpowder dust, that it may cover the bottome of this coffin, and put therein with their mouthes downeward eyther golden rayne, or serpents, or both; also starres, or petards; you must put some gunpowder dust among these; when you have filled the coffin with these or such like, cover the top of it with a peece of paper, and paste upon that a picked crowned paper, balast it with a rod, and it is finished; the figure followeth.
How to make fiends, or fearefull apparitions.
These must bee made of the compositions for Starres, wrought upon cotton weeke dipped inaqua vitæ, wherein camphire hath beene dissolved, and after what fashions your fancy doth most affect.
How to make fire Boxes.
You must make the coffins for fire Boxes of paste-board, rowled upon a Former, of what bignesse you list; then binde them about with packthread, and glew over the cords; also glew bottoms unto them, which must be pierced with a bodkin to prime them at. In these boxes you may put golden rayne, starres, serpents, petrars, fiends, devils. The tops of these fire boxes must bee covered with paper as the compound Rockets. Note that you must strew gunpowder dust a pretty thicknesse on the bottome of the fire-boxes, and prime the hole at the bottome with prepared stouple.
How to make Swevels.
Swevels are nothing else but Rockets, having in stead of a rod (to ballast them) a little cane bound fast unto them, where through the rope passeth. Note that you must be carefull to have your line strong, even & smooth, and it must be rubd over with sope that it may not burn. If you would have your Rockets to returne againe, then binde two Rockets together, with the breech of one towards the mouth of the other, and let the stouple that primeth the one, enter the breech of the other; both kinds are expressed by the figures, the uppermost whereof representeth the single one; A B signifieth the Rocket; D E, the cane bound unto it, through which a rope passeth. The lowermost representeth the double Rocket; A B signifieth one Rocket, and C D another; E the stouple that primeth the one, and entreth the breech of the other; the cane that the rope passeth thorough is supposed to be behinde the two Rockets.
How to make Gironells, or fire wheeles.
The making of fire wheeles consisteth onely in the placing of Rockets, with the mouth of one towards the tayle of another, round about certaine moveable wheels; wherefore I thinke it sufficient only to describe the diversity of their fashions which follow.
How to make flying Dragons.
The flying Dragon is somewhat troublesome to compose; it must be made eyther of dry and light wood, or crooked-lane plates, or of thin whalebones covered with Muscovie glasse, and painted over. In the body thereof, there must bee a voyde cane to passe the rope through; unto the bottome of this cane must bee bound one or two large Rockets, according as the bignesse and weight of the Dragon shall require; the body must bee filled with divers petrars, that may consume it, and a sparkling receipt must be so disposed upon it, that being fired, it may burne both at the mouth and at the tayle thereof; then hang the wings on in such wise, that they may shake as the Dragon runnes along the line; you may dispose divers small serpents in the wings; marke the figure.
How to make fire Drakes.
You must take a peece of linnen cloth of a yard or more in length; it must bee cut after the forme of a pane of glasse; fasten two light stickes crosse the same, to make it stand at breadth; then smeare it over with linseed oyle, and liquid varnish tempered together, or else wet it with oyle of peter, and unto the longest corner fasten a match prepared with saltpeter water (as I have taught before) upon which you may fasten divers crackers, or Saucissons; betwixt every of which, binde a knot of paper shavings, which will make it flie the better; within a quarter of a yard of the cloth, let there bee bound a peece of prepared stoupell, the one end whereof, let touch the cloth, and the other enter into the end of a Saucisson: then tie a small rope of length sufficient to rayse it unto what height you shall desire, and to guide it withall: then fire the match, and rayse it against the winde in an open field; and as the match burneth, it will fire the crackers, and saucissons, which will give divers blowes in the ayre; and when the fire is once come unto the stoupell, that will fire the cloth, which will shew very strangely and fearefully.
How to make Balloones, also the morter Peece to discharge them.
The diameter of the hollownesse of the morter Peece must be one foot, the longer it is the further it will carry. Let the diameter of the hollownesse of the sacke be the third part of a foot, and halfe a foot deepe: it must have a square foot, and a portfire to strew into the bottome of the sacke on the side of it; this portfire is to be made like a cane about three inches long, and have a bottome sodered unto the inside of the screw, which bottome must be pierced with a small touch hole. This morter peece may be made of yron, red copper, or for a neede with pastbord, armed with cord, and glewed ouer, but the sack, and foot of it must bee made of wood, and the pastbord morter must bee nayled fast upon it. A Balloone must be made of canuasse rowled eight or nine times upon a Former, it must bee made so, that it will easily go into the morter peece; into this Balloone you may put Rockets, Serpents, Starres, Fiends, Petards, and one or two Saucissons to breake the Balloone; then choak it up with cord, and prime it with a little cane rammed full of a slow composition; fill the stock of the morter peece full of whole gunpowder, then screw on the portfire, O, then put the Balloone down to the bottom of the morter with the cane that primeth it, downward into the stock; then with tallow or grease stop the chinks between the Balloone and the morter, and it is ready to bee discharged, which you may do by putting fire to the portfire, and while that burneth, retreat out of harmes way.
A, the figure of the morterpeece with its portfire, O. B, C, a Balloone ready made. D, an empty coffin for a Balloone.
Of Fire-works for the earth.
Of Fire-works for the earth.
Of Fire-works for the earth.
How to make Rockets for the earth.
The moulds for these Rockets for the earth are not made like those for the ayre, because that it is required that these should last longer, and haue a more gentle motion: obserue therefore the following directions for the making of them, which may serue for all occasions, without any alteration for bigger or lesser. Let the diameter of their hollownesse bee halfe an inch, let their hollownesse be five or six inches long, let the rowler for to rowle the coffins on, bee the third part of an inch thick, and let the rammer to charge it bee a thought lesse, let the breech bee three quarters of an inch long, and let the breech enter halfe an inch into the mould, then fill it with the composition proper for it, obseruing those rules in the ramming it, as you did in ramming rockets for the ayre; when you haue filled it within an inch of the top of the mould, double down a quarter of the coffin, beating it with three or foure strokes of the mallet; then with a bodkin peirce it in two or three places, and then put in the quantity of a pistoll charge of whole gunpowder, then double down the halfe of the coffin, giuing it a gentle blow or two with the mallet, and with a strong packthred choak the rest of the coffin, and what remaineth after the coffin is choaked, cut it of, and it is made.
How to make Crackers.
It is well known, that euery boy can make these, therefore I think it will be but labour lost, to bestow time to describe their making: only thus much, if you would make a Cracker to giue forty, fifty, a hundred, or two hundred blowes, one after another, then binde so many Crackers upon a stick, so that the end of the one may joyne to the mouth of the other.
How to make Trunkes.
These you may make of paste-board, paper, or wood, and of what bignesse and length you please, and ram them full of the composition of Rockets for the earth; if you would have them to change colour, then alter the composition that is, put in two or three spoonfulls of the composition of Rockets for the water, and ramme that in, then put in two or three spoonfulls of the composition of Rockets for the ayre, and ramme that in, then put in two or three spoonfulls of gunpowder dust, and ramme that in, doe so till you have quite filled it, then tie a bottome of leather upon it, and pierce it and prime it with stoupell; after the same manner may you make lanternes and lights.
How to make tumbling balls.
Make a ball of canvas, and fasten in it a double Rocket for the earth; you may stuffe the rest of the ball with a slow composition of two parts charcoale dust, and one part of gunpowder dust, mingled together, and put divers petrards amongst it.
How to make Saucissons.
Saucissons are of two sorts, eyther to be placed upon a frame, or such like, and so to bee discharged with a trayne of gunpowder, or else to bee discharged out of the morter-peece. The standing Saucisson is thus made; you must roll paper or canvas, nine or ten times upon a roller as A, B, and choake the one end of it: fill it then with whole gunpowder, and then choake the other end also, then cover all the Saucisson with cord, and glew it over; then pierce one end of it, and prime it with a quill filled with gunpowder dust; place it upon a forme having a hole for the quill to passe thorough; then fire it by a traine of gunpowder layd under the frame, it will give a report like a canon: marke the figure F F.
How to make the flying Saucisson to be delivered out of the morter peece.
Make a coffin for this, as you did for the former; first, fill it almost with whole gunpowder, then put upon that gunpowder dust, which you must ramme hard into the coffin, so that it may bee one finger thicke; then choake it close, and arme, and prime it as you did the former. It is represented by the figure, K M.
How to make a fire sword.
You must make a sword of woode, having a deepe channell in the backe of it, wherein place first a Rocket for the ground; then two or three serpents upright; (with their mouthes inward) let the stoupell that primeth the Rocket come under the mouth of the serpents, so that being kindled, it may set them on fire, and enter the breech of the next rocket, so fill the channell quite full with rockets and serpents, binde the rockets fast into the channell, but the serpents must be placed so, that being once fired, they may fly out of the channell, and it is made: mark the figure G, P.
The description and making of three sorts of Fire-lances.
To make the first Fire-lance, whose figure is noted A, you must make a hollow trunk of what length or bignesse you please, either of wood, paper, or pastbord rowled on a rowler, and armed with some cord and glew: first put into the bottom of whole gunpowder about one or two fingers thick; then ram upon it a pastebord peirced with a little hole in the middle, hauing a quill fastned in it, which quill must be filled with a slow composition, or else with gunpowder dust: this quill must stand up in the lance two or three inches; then fill the coffin up to the top of the said quill with starres, and strew among the starres some gunpowder dust, then put pastebord ouer them, having a hole for the quill fastned in the former bottom of pastebord to passe; then upon this pastebord ram gunpowder dust one or two fingers thick, then put a row of serpents in, and in the midst of the serpents put a cane open at both ends, and filled with gunpowder dust; this cane must be somewhat longer than the serpents, and it must passe through a pastebord, which must bee put ouer: then put some more gunpowder dust, and ram it in upon it, and upon that put another row of serpents, with a cane in the midst of them filled with a slow composition, and upon them put gunpowder dust, or else a slow composition, ramming it in till the lance bee full; then put a pastebord upon it, and in the midst of the pastebord put a little cane filled with a slow composition, then fasten it upon a staffe of what length you will, and it is made.
To make the second Fire-lance, you must prepare a trunk like unto the former, first ram in the bottom of it some of the composition of rockets for the earth about two fingers thick, then put a pastebord upon it, having a petard fastned in the middest; this pastebord must bee pierced in three or foure places, round about the petard, that thereby the powder that is rammed ouer the paste-bord may take fire: then ram in some more composition upon the petard, about two or three fingers thick, then another petard, then more composition, so doing untill you have filled the trunk: then fasten it upon a staffe, and prime it as you did the former, it is represented by the figure noted B.
To make the third Fire-lance you must haue a trunk also, which must bee rammed full of a slow composition, of two parts charcoale dust, and one part gunpowder dust well mixed, prime it as the former, then bore divers holes round about it, from the top to the bottom, into every of which holes glew a saucisson, or a serpent, or a little ball filled with gunpowder dust, and having a petard in the middle: either of these must bee well primed, and their primed ends must be towards the inside of the lance, so that as the lance burneth downward, it may orderly give fire unto the saucissons, bals, and serpents: the figure D representeth a lance having three rowes of serpents, three rowes of bals, and three rowes of saucissons, fastned round about it.
The description and making of two sorts of Fire-clubs.
To make the first you must make an ovall ball of paste-bord, canvasse, or parchment glewed together, which you must first fill with a slow composition, ram it in, and then bore divers holes round about it, and put therein serpents, fire bals, or what you will: fasten it upon a staffe, and prime it in the top with a cane filled with a slow composition: this is represented by the figure A, A.
To make the second you must fill divers canes open at both ends (and of a foot long, or more, or lesse, as you think fit) with a slow composition, and binde them upon a staffe of foure or five foot long; prime them so that one being ended, another may begin: you may prime them with a stouple or match (prepared as before) make an osier basket about it with a hole in the very top to fire it by, and it is done.
The figure F, F, representeth the staffe, with the canes bound upon it. The figure marked G, representeth the staffe having a basket wrought over it.
How to make a Fire-target.
Make a Target of osier twigs, or else of light wood, & binde it upon it divers canes filled with a very slow composition: the canes must bee open at both ends, and primed with stouple, that one may give fire unto another: in the midst of all you may set up a large cane also, if you please, which you may fill with the same composition as you did the others. Mark the figure L, M, N, O.
Of Fire-works for the water.
Of Fire-works for the water.
Of Fire-works for the water.
How to make Rockets for the water.
The diameter of hollownesse of the mould for Rockets that swim on the water, must be one inch, and eight inches long: let the breech enter into the body of the Rocket one inch, and it must have no broach at all in it. Let the diameter of the thicknesse of the rowler bee three quarters of an inch, the rammer must be a thought lesser; then ram it full of the composition of Rockets for the water; joyne to the upper end of it a Saucisson: then couer it all over with melted pitch, rosin, wax, or tallow, to the end that the water may not spoyle the coffins; and to make it float along the water, binde a rod about two foot long, as you did unto the rockets for the ayre: now if you would have the rocket to change his actions, (that is, to swim one while above the water, and one while under the water) then put into it in the filling, one spoonfull of composition, and ram that in; then one spoonfull of whole powder, and ram that in; and then another of composition, and after that another of whole gunpowder, so do untill you have filled it quite. If you would have it change colour, then shift the composition divers times, (that is, put in one spoonfull of the composition of rockets for the water, then another spoonfull of the composition of rockets for the ayre, or rochpeter and gunpowder mixed) untill you have filled it.
How to make a Rocket that shall burne a good while in the water, and then mount up into the ayre.
First you shall make a rocket for the water, and binde unto the lower end a stick about two foot and a halfe long, having a large hole in the end thereof: then tie unto it (but loosly, so that it may easily slip out) a rocket for the ayre, and let the stouple that primeth for the rocket for the ayre, enter into the breech of the water rocket, then let the end of the rod of the rocket for the ayre enter into the hole of the rod of the rocket for the water: besmeare then both the rockets with tallow, grease, or wax, or any oyle colour that the water may not spoyle the coffins of the rockets; then hang a stone at the bottom of the stick that hath the hole in it, to make it sink down into the water; then fire the water rocket, and cast them into the water; the fired rocket will burne in the water, and being consumed, will giue fire unto the other rocket, which being loosly tyed, will slip the bond, and mount up into the ayre. This is represented by the figure G, G. The floating rocket mentioned before, is expressed by the figure noted I, K.
The description and making of two sorts of fire bals for the water.
For to make the first, you must make a ball of Canvas, about the bignesse of a Foot-ball, or bigger if you please, and fasten in it a double Rocket for the water: if you will, also you may stuffe the rest of the ball with the composition that will burne under the water, and cut holes in the sides, and therein fasten other bals, and petrards in them: then cover the ball over with Tallow, Pitch, or painting, except the place where the Rocket is primed, and it is done. It is represented by the figure noted with A, and it will tumble up and downe in the water.
To make the second fire-ball, you must first make a ball of Canvas, Pasteboard, or such like, and cut a wide hole in the top of it, and place in it a channell of Tinne pierced in divers places: fill the channell with the compositions of Rockets for the water; against every hole therof, place a petrard: cover it with a cover, pitch it over, and prime it, then ballast it with leade, or a stone, that the vent may burne upwards, and it is done. It is represented by the figure B.
How to make a Dolphin.
You must make the body of it of Pasteboard glued together, fill the body with the composition of Rockets for the water, pierce it in the back with divers little holes, wherein put Serpents, besmeare the body all ouer with the following pap: Take gunpowder dust, foure ounces, camphire, and sulphur, or brimstone in powder, of each one ounce, make them into a soft pap with oyle of tiles, then binde unto it a large Rocket for the water, which Rocket must be armed (as afore) that the water may not hurt it: then ballast it with a wyre, hauing at each end a piece of lead of weight sufficient, and it is done. Marke the figure.
I might haue beene infinite in the describing of such like with Ships, Towres, Castles, Piramides. But considering that it would but increase the price of the booke, and not better your understanding: since all consist of the former workes, which are so plainely described, as that the most ignorant may easily conceiue thereof, and (if any whit ingenious) thence contriue others, of what fashion they list.
FINIS.
FINIS.
FINIS.
THETHIRD BOOKEOf Drawing, Limming, Colouring,Painting, and Graving.ByI. B.
THETHIRD BOOKEOf Drawing, Limming, Colouring,Painting, and Graving.ByI. B.
THE
THIRD BOOKE
Of Drawing, Limming, Colouring,
Painting, and Graving.
ByI. B.
THE THIRD BOOKE
LONDON.Printed byThomas Harper, forRalph Mab,1634.
LONDON.Printed byThomas Harper, forRalph Mab,1634.
LONDON.
Printed byThomas Harper, forRalph Mab,
1634.
of Drawing, Painting, Limming, Graving
THE THIRD BOOKEof Drawing, Painting, Limming,Graving.
THE THIRD BOOKEof Drawing, Painting, Limming,Graving.
THE THIRD BOOKE
of Drawing, Painting, Limming,
Graving.
The Art ofDrawingis in it selfe most excellent, and most worthy commendations in whosoever it is; yea it is an Art so necessarie unto all ingenious Artists, as that in no wise they can be without it, and my selfe haue found it to bee true, that the sight of a good draught is more unto an ingenious person, then a whole Chaptor of Information; Wherefore I have, according unto my knowledge and practise therein, faithfully penned the same; for the use of all such as beare affection unto the Art, and are desirous to be instructed therein: And for that divers persons cannot attaine unto it, or perhaps are loath to bestow any time to practise it: whereby they might come to a requisite perfection: for such I have set downe certaine directions, and those so facile, and easie; that persons altogether unskilfull, may (having a patterne) worke very well; But before I begin, it behooveth that I prescribe what things are to be had in readinesse to worke withall: first therefore provide good smooth and cleare paper, divers plummets made of blacke leade, oker, or blacke chalke, or else Charcoals made of Ash, Sallow, or Beech, split in sunder, and pointed; also a wing: having provided these your implements, you shall thus begin to worke. First, let the thing, whose pourtrature you intend to take, stand before you, so that the light be not hindred from falling upon it, and with a pointed peece of charcoale draw it rustically; which when you have done, consider a while whether all the parts thereof are proportionable, and whether it carry the semblance of the thing that you drew it from, which if it do not, wipe it out with your wing, and begin anew: but if it be faulty in one part onely, wipe onely that part out, and draw it againe; whensoever it liketh you, or that you have so drawne it, that you can finde no great fault in it: wipe it over gently with your wing, so that you may perceive the former strokes: then with your blacke chalke, or blacke lead plummets; draw it as perfectly, and as curiously as you can, and shadow it according as the light falleth upon it; This way is workeman like, and the most difficult of all, yet by a little practice may easily be attained unto: so that the persons stand well affected unto the Art. Instead of white paper, you may take light coloured blew paper, and draw upon it with charcoale, and white chalke pointed, which will shew very wel: but note, that after you have made your draught, you must wet it in faire water, and let it dry of it selfe; this will make the drawing to hold fast on, which would otherwise easily be wiped off. This may serve for such as are contented to take some paines to attaine so noble a Science. But for others there are divers other helps, which follow in order.
How to take the perfect draught of any printed, or painted Picture.
Take a sheete of Venice (or in stead thereof) of the finest white paper that you can get: wet it all ouer with cleane sallet oyle: then wipe the oyle off from the paper, as cleane as you can, so that the paper may be dry, otherwise it will spoyle a printed picture by the soaking through of the oyle: hauing thus prepared your paper, lay it upon any painted or printed picture, and you shall see the picture through the same more perfectly appearing, then through glasse, and so with a blacke lead pen, you may draw it ouer with ease, and better first with a soft char-cole, and then with a pen. After that you haue thus drawne the picture upon the oyled paper, put it upon a sheete of cleane white paper, and with a little sticke pointed, or (which is better) with a feather taken out of a Swallowes wing: draw ouer the picture againe, and so you shall haue the same very prettily and neatly drawne upon the white paper, which you may set out with colours, as shall be taught hereafter.
Another way.
Having drawne the picture, first open the oyled paper, put it upon a sheete of cleane white paper, and pricke ouer the same drawing, with a good big pin, then from the cleane sheete, that is pricked, pounce it upon another: that is, take some small coale, powder it fine, and wrap it in a piece of Tiffanie or such like, and binde it up therein loosely, and clap it lightly ouer all the pricked lines by little and little, and afterwards draw it ouer again with a Pen or Pencill, or otherwise as you please.
Another way very pretty and easie to be performed.
Take some Lake, and grinde it fine, and temper it with Linseed oyle, and afterwards with a pen, draw with this mixture (in stead of Inke) all the out stroaks of any printed picture, also the muscles: then wet the contrary side of the picture, and presse it hard upon a sheete of cleane white paper, and it will leaue behinde it all the stroakes of the said picture that you draw ouer.
Another way much like the former.
Take Printers Blacking, grinde it fine, and temper it with faire water, and with a pen dipt therein, draw ouer the master stroakes and out lines of the muscles: wet then a faire paper with a spunge, and clap the picture upon it, pressing it very hard thereupon, and you shall finde the stroakes you drew, left upon the faire paper.
An easie way to lessen any picture: that is, to draw a picture from another, in a lesser compasse.
First, with a ruler, and a blacke lead plummet, draw a line at the very top: also another at the bottome paralell, or equally distant from the other: from the upper line, let fall two perpendicular or plum-lines euen unto the lowermost line, so those foure lines will make a square: now you must diuide this square into diuers equall parts, with a paire of compasses, and draw lines with a ruler and blacke lead plummet, quite over the picture: so the lesselines will divide the picture into equall parts or squares: then take a faire paper, and make as many squares upon it, as there is in the picture: you may make them as little as you will, but be sure that they are equall, and of just number with those in the picture. Having thus crossed your picture, and drawne over your faire paper into squares, take a blacke lead pen, and draw the picture by little and little, passing from square unto square, untill you have finished the whole: still observing the order of the squares as they stand in either: then draw it ouer with a pen, in which second drawing of it over, you may easily mend any fault: when it is dry, rub it over with the crum of white bread, and it will take off all the blacke lead strokes, and your draught onely will remaine faire upon the paper or parchment. Here I might have entred into discourse of drawing paralels, perpendiculars, making of squares, and such like: but to deal truely, I was as loth to trouble my selfe, as to wearie you: you shall neede onely to provide a ruler of thin brasse or copper, having a crosse thwart one end of it: the charge will not be much, nor the use tedious: the figure followeth, noted A, B.
Leta,b,c,d, be a line given, whereon to erect a perpendicular or plumb line: lay the ruler so, that the crosse over the end of it, may lye full upon the Line, then draw a Line by the side of the rule, and it is done.
A verie easie way, to describe a Towne, or Castle: being within the full sight thereof.
For the effecting of this, you must have a frame made, and crossed into equall squares with Lute strings, and figured at the end of each string: this frame must have a foot, wherein it must be made to be lifted higher or lower as occasion serveth; also you must divide your paper that you are to draw upon into so many equal squares as your frame containeth: having the like figures at the ends of each line that there is on the frame; before this frame must be placed a style or bodkin having a little glasse on the top of it for to direct the sight. Note now that the nearer any thing commeth unto the Center, the lesser it appeareth: hence it is that a Towne of a mile, or more long, or a huge great Castle, at a distance may be comprehended, and that easily within the limits of so small a frame; By the stile direct your sight from one part to another, beginning at one square, and proceeding through the rest in order as they lie; Marke well the following figure.
How to make a Deske: by meanes whereof you may draw, and that most exactly with great facilitie any printed picture, or sollid Image.
First let there be a frame made, and with hinges let be joynted unto a board of equall breadth unto it: let this frame also have two stayes at the top, at each end one, by meanes whereof the deske may be raised higher, or lower, as need shall require; then fasten to the frame a peece of pure cleare glasse fitted thereunto, and it is finished. The figure followeth.
The Deske.
The Deske.
The Deske.
The manner of using this Deske is thus. If the picture that you intend to draw be a printed one, then first fasten it next unto the Deske with waxe, paste, or such like: upon it fasten a sheet of faire paper: If it be in the day-time place the backe of it towards the Sunne; if it be in the night that you worke, place a lampe behinde it, and so you shall see perfectly every (even the least) stroake of the picture, which with your penne you may draw as acurately as any Limmer whatsoever. If it be a solid peece, then place it behinde the Deske, betweene the light and the Deske: then fasten a sheet of cleane white paper upon the Deske; raise then the Deske higher, or lower untill you see the perfect shadow of the image through your Deske, and paper, and then draw the posture of the Image, and shadow it afterwards (without the Deske) as light falleth upon it.
An easie way to take the naturall, and lively shape of the leafe of any hearbe or tree, which thing passeth the Art of man to imitate with Pen or Pensill.
First take the leafe that you would have, and gently bruise the ribs and veines on the backe side of it, afterwards wet that side with Linseed-oyle, and then presse it hard upon a peece of cleane white paper, and so you shall have the perfect figure of the said leafe, with every veine thereof, so exactly exprest as being lively coloured, it would seeme to bee truly naturall, by this we learne, that Nature being but a little adjuvated or seconded with Art, can worke wonders.
Now for the farther information of such as are desirous of exemplarie instruction, I have set downe in order following the delineation of the proportion of such things as in my judgement seemed most necessarie for young beginners, and those in such easie demonstrations as for the most part they consist of equall squares, and require no more for their right understanding, then diligent observation, I might have filled a whole Booke of such like: but having considered that what I had done, was a sufficient ground for a farther procession, I thought fitting to leave each person to the exercise and practice of his best Invention.
I thought fitting to give you a word or two, wherefore I have not made the crosse pricked lines to passe through the figures.
The reason is, 1 because the figure would have beene thereby somwhat defaced; 2 because some chuse rather to draw without such rules; 3 for others with a ruler and black lead plummet they may crosse the figures through, and with white bread crums take out the same againe at pleasure.
Of Painting.
Of Painting.
Of Painting.
The principall end and subject of this Art, is to set out things both in proportion of parts, and livelinesse of colour.
For the former, the proportion of parts, I have given sufficient information for the meanest capacitie in the precedent part of this tractat: now therefore I will speake of the other, the colouring or setting out in colours. But first provide a frame or Easel called by Artists, which is very necessary to worke upon, especially in greater pieces of worke: the forme whereof followeth.
The Easel.
The Easel.
The Easel.
Also you must provide divers little shels to put your colours in, also pensils of all sorts, both for priming and other: a light ruler of one foot and a halfe, or two foot long: and colours of all sorts ground very fine upon a porphire or marble. Having provided these, you shall set to worke, observing the subsequent directions.
Painting may be performed either with water colours, or with oyle colours.
First I will speake of water colours, wherein I shall observe two things.
First, the diversitie of colours, and preparations. Secondly, their mixture, and manner of laying them on the ground.
First of the first, the diversitie of colours and their preparation.
Colours are either simple or compounded, meerely tinctures of vegetables, or substances of minerals, or both: the simple colours are such as of themselves, being tempered with the water or oyle, doe give a colour. The compounded are such, whose ingredients do exceed the number of one. Vegetables are rootes, juces, berries, and such like things as grow out of the earth. Minerals are such as are dig'd out of the earth, as earth, and stones, &c. All which follow in order, as well their preparations, as description. First note that every colour to be ground, ought first to be ground with the gall of a neat: then let them dry of themselves in a cold place, afterwards grinde them with gumme water for your use.
Now I am come to the second thing observable (to wit) the mixture and laying the colours on the grounds, which is thus: your colours prepared for use, ought to be tempered according unto direction, still observing a meane: and to that end, mixe them by little and little, till the colour please you; first you must lay on the ground colour, and let it dry throughly: then with a small pensill, pricke on the second colour, else it will be apt to run abroad, nor can you worke it so well, to make it seeme liuely, as you may by pricking it one, specially in small peeces.
If you are to paint ouer maps, or printed pictures that haue writing in them, they use to lay on the thinnest colours, and alwaies before you lay any colours upon paper, wet the backe side of it with faire water, wherein store of Allum hath been dissolued, and let it dry of it selfe: after wet it againe, and let it dry: doe it the third time, for this will strengthen the paper, that the colour shall not sinke through it, and moreouer it will make the colour shew the brighter, and last, the better.