The Columbian Group comprises the tribes inhabiting the territory immediately south of that of the Hyperboreans, extending from the fifty-fifth to the forty-third parallel of north latitude.THE HAIDAH FAMILY.In the Haidah Family, I include all the coast and island nations of British Columbia, from 55° to 52°, and extending inland about one hundred miles to the borders of the Chilcoten Plain, theHaidah nationproper having their home on the Queen Charlotte Islands. 'The Haidah tribes of the Northern Family inhabit Queen Charlotte's Island.' 'The Massettes, Skittegás, Cumshawás, and other (Haidah) tribes inhabiting the eastern shores of Queen Charlotte's Island.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 219. 'The principal tribes upon it (Q. Char. Isl.) are the Sketigets, Massets, and Comshewars.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 292. 'Tribal names of the principal tribes inhabiting the islands:—Klue, Skiddan, Ninstence or Cape St. James, Skidagate, Skidagatees, Gold-Harbour, Cumshewas, and four others.... Hydah is the generic name for the whole.'Poole's Q. Char. Isl., p. 309. 'The Cumshewar, Massit, Skittageets, Keesarn, and Kigarnee, are mentioned as living on the island.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 157. The following bands, viz.: Lulanna, (or Sulanna), Nightan, Massetta, (or Mosette), Necoon, Aseguang, (or Asequang), Skittdegates, Cumshawas, Skeedans, Queeah, Cloo, Kishawin, Kowwelth, (or Kawwelth), and Too, compose the Queen Charlotte Island Indians, 'beginning at N. island, north end, and passing round by the eastward.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 489; andKane's Wand., end of vol. 'The Hydah nation which is divided into numerous tribes inhabiting the island and the mainland opposite.'Reed's Nar.'Queen Charlotte's Island and Prince of Wales Archipelago are the country of the Haidahs; ... including the Kygany, Massett, Skittegetts, Hanega, Cumshewas, and other septs.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 74. 'Les Indiens Koumchaouas, Haïdas, Massettes, et Skidegats, de l'île de la Reine Charlotte.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 337. My Haidah Family is called by Warre and VavasourQuacott, who with the Newette and twenty-seven other tribes live, 'from Lat. 54° to Lat. 50°, including Queen Charlotte's Island; North end of Vancouver's Island, Millbank Sound and Island, and the Main shore.'Martin's Hudson's Bay, p. 80.The Massets and thirteen other tribes besides the Quacott tribes occupy Queen Charlotte Islands.Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. Bay, p. 80.The Ninstence tribe inhabits 'the southernmost portions of Moresby Island.'Poole's Q. Char. Isl., pp. 122, 314-15.The Crosswer Indians live on Skiddegate Channel.Downie, inB. Col. Papers, vol. iii., p. 72.TheKaiganiesinhabit the southern part of the Prince of Wales Archipelago, and the northern part of Queen Charlotte Island. The Kygargeys or Kygarneys are divided by Schoolcraft and Kane into the Youahnoe, Clictass (or Clictars), Quiahanles, Houaguan, (or Wonagan), Shouagan, (or Showgan),Chatcheenie, (or Chalchuni).Archives, vol. v., p. 489;Wanderings, end of vol. The Kygáni 'have their head-quarters on Queen Charlotte's Archipelago, but there are a few villages on the extreme southern part of Prince of Wales Archipelago.'Dall's Alaska, p. 411. A colony of the Hydahs 'have settled at the southern extremity of Prince of Wales's Archipelago, and in the Northern Island.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 219. 'Die Kaigàni (Kigarnies, Kigarnee, Kygànies der Engländer) bewohnen den südlichen Theil der Inseln (Archipels) des Prinzen von Wales.'Radloff,Sprache der Kaiganen, inMélanges Russes, tom. iii., livrais. v., p. 569. 'The Kegarnie tribe, also in the Russian territory, live on an immense island, called North Island.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 287. The Hydahs of the south-eastern Alexander Archipelago include 'the Kassaaus, the Chatcheenees, and the Kaiganees.'Bendel's Alex. Arch., p. 28. 'Called Kaiganies and Kliavakans; the former being near Kaigan Harbor, and the latter near the Gulf of Kliavakan scattered along the shore from Cordova to Tonvel's Bay.'Halleck and Scott, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 562-4. 'A branch of this tribe, the Kyganies (Kigarnies) live in the southern part of the Archipel of the Prince of Wales.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 80.'To the west and south of Prince of Wales Island is an off-shoot of the Hydah,' Indians, called Anega or Hennegas.Mahony, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 575.TheChimsyansinhabit the coast and islands about Fort Simpson. Ten tribes of Chymsyans at 'Chatham Sound, Portland Canal, Port Essington, and the neighbouring Islands.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 80. 'The Chimsians or Fort Simpson Indians.'Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 231. 'Indians inhabiting the coast and river mouth known by the name of Chyniseyans.'Ind. Life, p. 93. The Tsimsheeans live 'in the Fort Simpson section on the main land.'Poole's Q. Char. Isl., p. 257. Chimpsains, 'living on Chimpsain Peninsula.'Scott, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 553. The Chimmesyans inhabit 'the coast of the main land from 55° 30´ N., down to 53° 30´ N.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 202;Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 40. The Chimseeans 'occupy the country from Douglas' Canal to Nass River.'Simpson's Overland Journ., vol. i., p. 206. Divided into the following bands; Kispachalaidy, Kitlan (or Ketlane), Keeches (or Keechis), Keenathtoix, Kitwillcoits, Kitchaclaith, Kelutsah (or Ketutsah), Kenchen Kieg, Ketandou, Ketwilkcipa, who inhabit 'Chatham's Sound, from Portland Canal to Port Essington (into which Skeena River discharges) both main land and the neighboring islands.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 487;Kane's Wand., end of vol. The Chymsyan connection 'extending from Milbank Sound to Observatory Inlet, including the Sebassas, Neecelowes, Nass, and other offsets.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii. p. 74. Mr. Duncan divides the natives speaking the Tsimshean language into four parts at Fort Simpson, Nass River, Skeena River, and the islands of Milbank Sound.Mayne's B. C., p. 250.The Keethratlah live 'near Fort Simpson.'Id., p. 279.TheNassnation lives on the banks of the Nass River, but the name is often applied to all the mainland tribes of what I term the Haidah Family. The nation consists of the Kithateen, Kitahon, Ketoonokshelk, Kinawalax (orKinaroalax), located in that order from the mouth upward.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 487;Kane's Wand., end of vol. Four tribes, 'Nass River on the Main land.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 80. 'On Observatory Inlet, lat. 55°.'Bryant, inAm. Antiq. Soc. Transact., vol. ii., p. 302. Adjoin the Sebassa tribe.Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 107. About Fort Simpson.Dunn's Oregon, p. 279. The Hailtsa, Haeeltzuk, Billechoola, and Chimmesyans are Nass tribes.Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 130. SeeBuschmann,Brit. Nordamer., pp. 398-400.'There is a tribe of about 200 souls now living on a westerly branch of the Naas near Stikeen River; they are called "Lackweips" and formerly lived on Portland Channel.'Scott, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 563.TheSkeenasare on the river of the same name, 'at the mouth of the Skeena River.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 80. They are the 'Kitsalas, Kitswingahs, Kitsiguchs, Kitspayuchs, Hagulgets, Kitsagas, and Kitswinscolds.'Scott, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 563.Keechumakarlo (or Keechumakailo) situated 'on the lower part of the Skeena River.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 487;Kane's Wand., end of vol.The Kitswinscolds live 'between the Nass and the Skeena.'Scott, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 563. The Kitatels live 'on the islands in Ogden's Channel, about sixty miles below Fort Simpson.'Id.TheSebassasoccupy the shores of Gardner Channel and the opposite islands. Inhabit Banks Island.Simpson's Overland Journ., vol. i., p. 206. The Labassas in five tribes are situated on 'Gardner's Canal, Canal de Principe, Canal de la Reida.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 80. Keekheatla (or Keetheatla), on Canal de Principe; Kilcatah, at the entrance of Gardner Canal; Kittamaat (or Kittamuat), on the north arm of Gardner Canal; Kitlope on the south arm; Neeslous on Canal de la Reido (Reina).Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 487;Kane's Wand., end of vol. 'In the neighbourhood of Seal Harbour dwell the Sebassa tribe.'Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 106. 'The Shebasha, a powerful tribe inhabiting the numerous islands of Pitt's Archipelago.'Bryant, inAm. Antiq. Soc. Transact., vol. ii., p. 302.TheMillbank Soundtribes are the Onieletoch, Weitletoch (or Weetletoch), and Kokwaiytoch, on Millbank Sound; Eesteytoch, on Cascade Canal; Kuimuchquitoch, on Dean Canal; Bellahoola, at entrance of Salmon River of Mackenzie; Guashilla, on River Canal; Nalalsemoch, at Smith Inlet, and Weekemoch on Calvert Island.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 487-8;Kane's Wand., end of vol. 'The Millbank Indians on Millbank Sound.'Bryant, inAm. Antiq. Soc. Transact., vol. ii., p. 302.TheBellacoolaslive about the mouth of Salmon River. '"Bentick's Arms"—inhabited by a tribe of Indians—the Bellaghchoolas. Their village is near Salmon River.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 267. The Billechoolas live on Salmon River in latitude 53° 30´.Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 384. The Bellahoolas 'on the banks of the Salmon river.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 258. 'The Indians at Milbank Sound called Belbellahs.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 271. 'Spread along the margins of the numerous canals or inlets with which this part of the coast abounds.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 224.'In the neighbourhood of the Fort (McLoughlin) was a village of about five hundred Ballabollas.'Simpson's Overland Journ., vol. i., p. 202.TheHailtzas, Hailtzuks, or Haeelzuks 'dwell to the south of the Billechoola, and inhabit both the mainland and the northern entrance of Vancouver's Island from latitude 53° 30´ N. to 50° 30´ N.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 224. 'The Hailtsa commencing in about latitude 51° N., and extending through the ramifications of Fitzhugh and Milbank Sounds.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 74. 'An diesem Sunde (Milbank) wohnen die Hailtsa-Indianer.'Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 383;Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 230.THE NOOTKA FAMILY.The Nootka Familydwells south of the Haidah, occupying the coast of British Columbia, from Bentinck Arms to the mouth of the Fraser, and the whole of Vancouver Island. By other authors the name has been employed to designate a tribe at Nootka Sound, or applied to nearly all the Coast tribes of the Columbian Group. 'The native population of Vancouver Island ... is chiefly composed of the following tribes:—North and East coasts (in order in which they stand from North to South)—Quackolls, Newittees, Comuxes, Yukletas, Suanaimuchs, Cowitchins, Sanetchs, other smaller tribes;—South Coast (... from East to West)—Tsomass, Tsclallums, Sokes, Patcheena, Sennatuch;—West Coast ... (from South to North)—Nitteenats, Chadukutl, Oiatuch, Toquatux, Schissatuch, Upatsesatuch, Cojuklesatuch, Uqluxlatuch, Clayoquots, Nootkas, Nespods, Koskeemos, other small tribes.'Grant, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxvii., p. 293. 'In Barclay Sound: Pacheenett, Nittinat, Ohiat, Ouchuchlisit, Opecluset, Shechart, Toquart, Ucletah, Tsomass;—Clayoquot Sound: Clayoquot, Kilsamat, Ahouset, Mannawousut, Ishquat;—Nootka Sound: Matchclats, Moachet, Neuchallet, Ehateset.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251. 'About Queen Charlotte Sound;—Naweetee, Quacolth, Queehavuacolt (or Queehaquacoll), Marmalillacalla, Clowetsus (or Clawetsus), Murtilpar (or Martilpar), Nimkish, Wewarkka, Wewarkkum, Clallueis (or Clalluiis), Cumquekis, Laekquelibla, Clehuse (or Clehure), Soiitinu (or Soiilenu), Quicksutinut (or Quicksulinut), Aquamish, Clelikitte, Narkocktau, Quainu, Exenimuth, (or Cexeninuth), Tenuckttau, Oiclela.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;Kane's Wand., end of vol. On the seaboard, south of Nitinaht Sound, and on the Nitinaht River, the Pacheenaht and Nitinaht tribes; on Barclay, otherwise Nitinaht Sound, the Ohyaht, Howchuklisaht, Opechisaht, Seshaht, Youclulaht, and Toquaht tribes; on Klahohquaht Sound, the Klahohquaht, Killsmaht, Ahousaht and Manohsaht tribes; on Nootkah Sound, the Hishquayaht, Muchlaht, Moouchat (the so-called Nootkahs), Ayhuttisaht and Noochahlaht; north of Nootkah Sound, the Kyohquaht, Chaykisaht, and Klahosaht tribes.Sproat's Scenes, p. 308. Alphabetical list of languages on Vancouver Island: Ahowzarts, Aitizzarts, Aytcharts, Cayuquets, Eshquates (or Esquiates), Klahars, Klaizzarts, Klaooquates (or Tlaoquatch), Michlaïts, Mowatchits, Neuchadlits, Neuwitties, Newchemass, (Nuchimas), Savinnars, Schoomadits, Suthsetts, Tlaoquatch, Wicananish.Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 349. 'Among those from the north were the Aitizzarts, Schoomadits, Neuwitties, Savinnars, Ahowzarts, Mowatchits, Suthsetts, Neuchadlits, Michlaits, and Cayuquets; the most of whom were considered as tributary to Nootka. From the Souththe Aytcharts, and Esquiates also tributary, with the Klaooquates and the Wickanninish, a large and powerful tribe, about two hundred miles distant.'Jewitt's Nar., pp. 36-7. 'Tribes situated between Nanaimo and Fort Rupert, on the north of Vancouver Island, and the mainland Indians between the same points ... are divided into several tribes, the Nanoose, Comoux, Nimpkish, Quawguult, &c., on the Island; and the Squawmisht, Sechelt, Clahoose, Ucletah, Mamalilaculla, &c., on the coast, and among the small islands off it.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243. List of tribes on Vancouver Island: 'Songes, Sanetch, Kawitchin, Uchulta, Nimkis, Quaquiolts, Neweetg, Quacktoe, Nootka, Nitinat, Klayquoit, Soke.'Findlay's Directory, pp. 391-2. The proper name of the Vancouver Island Tribes is Yucuatl.Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 135. The Nootka Territory 'extends to the Northward as far as Cape Saint James, in the latitude of 52° 20´ N. ... and to the Southward to the Islands ... of the Wicananish.'Meares' Voy., p. 228. 'The Cawitchans, Ucaltas, and Coquilths, who are I believe of the same family, occupy the shores of the Gulf of Georgia and Johnston's Straits.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 74. 'Twenty-four tribes speaking the Challam and Cowaitzchim languages, from latitude 50° along the Coast South to Whitby Island in latitude 48°; part of Vancouver's Island, and the mouth of Franc's River.' Also on the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Vancouver Islands, the Sanetch, three tribes; Hallams, eleven tribes; Sinahomish; Skatcat; Cowitchici, seven tribes; Soke; Cowitciher, three tribes.Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 81; also inHazlitt's B. C., pp. 66-7. Five tribes at Fort Rupert;—Quakars, Qualquilths, Kumcutes, Wanlish, Lockqualillas.Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 165. 'The Chicklezats and Ahazats, inhabiting districts in close proximity on the west coast of Vancouver.'Barrett-Lennard's Trav., p. 41. 'North of the district occupied by the Ucletahs come the Nimkish, Mamalilacula, Matelpy and two or three other smaller tribes. The Mamalilaculas live on the mainland.'Mayne's B. C., p. 249. The population of Vancouver Island 'is divided into twelve tribes; of these the Kawitchen, Quaquidts and Nootka are the largest.'Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 30. 'Ouakichs, Grande île de Quadra et Van Couver.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335.NATIONS INHABITING VANCOUVER ISLAND.In naming the following tribes and nations I will begin at the north and follow the west coast of the island southward, then the east coast and main land northward to the starting-point.TheUclenusinhabit Scott Island.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;Kane's Wand., end of vol.TheQuanesdwell at Cape Scott.Id.TheQuactoeare found in the 'woody part N.W. coast of the island.'Findlay's Directory, p. 391.TheKoskiemosandQuatsinoslive on 'the two Sounds bearing those names.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251. Kuskema, and Quatsinu, 'outside Vancouver's Island south of C. Scott.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;Kane's Wand., end of vol.TheKycucut, 'north of Nootka Sound, is the largest tribe of the West coast.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251.TheAitizzartsare 'a people living about thirty or forty miles to the Northward' of Nootka Sound.Jewitt's Nar., pp. 63, 77.TheAhtslive on the west coast of the island. 'The localities inhabited by the Aht tribes are, chiefly, the three large Sounds on the west coast of Vancouver Island, called Nitinaht (or Barclay) Klahohquaht, and Nootkah.'Sproat's Scenes, p. 10.TheChicklezahtsandAhazatsinhabit districts in close proximity on the west coast of Vancouver.Barrett-Lennard's Trav., p. 41.TheClayoquots, or Klahohquahts, live at Clayoquot Sound, and the Moouchats at Nootka Sound.Sproat's Scenes, pp. 22, 25. North of the Wickininish.Jewitt's Nar., p. 76.TheToquahtsare a people 'whose village is in a dreary, remote part of Nitinaht (or Barclay) Sound.'Sproat's Scenes, p. 104.TheSeshatslive at Alberni, Barclay Sound.Sproat's Scenes, p. 3.ThePacheenas, or 'Pacheenetts, which I have included in Barclay Sound, also inhabit Port San Juan.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251.TheTlaoquatchoccupy the south-western part of Vancouver. 'Den Südwesten der Quadra- und Vancouver-Insel nehmen die Tlaoquatch ein, deren Sprache mit der vom Nutka-Sunde verwandt ist.'Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 372. Tlaoquatch, or Tloquatch, on 'the south-western coast of Vancouver's Island.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 188.TheSokesdwell 'between Victoria and Barclay Sound.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251. 'East point of San Juan to the Songes territory.'Findlay's Directory, p. 392.TheWickinninishlive about two hundred miles south of Nootka.Jewitt's Nar., p. 76.TheSonghiesare 'a tribe collected at and around Victoria.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243. 'The Songhish tribe, resident near Victoria.'Macfie's Vanc. Isl., p. 430. Songes, 'S.E. part of the island.'Findlay's Directory, p. 391.TheSanetchdwell 'sixty miles N.W. of Mount Douglas.'Findlay's Directory, p. 391.TheCowichinslive 'in the harbour and valley of Cowitchen, about 40 miles north of Victoria.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243. 'Cowichin river, which falls into that (Haro) canal about 20 miles N. of Cowichin Head, and derives its name from the tribe of Indians which inhabits the neighbouring country.'Douglas, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxiv., p. 246. Kawitchin, 'country N.W. of Sanetch territory to the entrance of Johnson's Straits.'Findlay's Directory, p. 391. 'North of Fraser's River, and on the opposite shores of Vancouver's Island.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 224. 'North of Fraser's River, on the north-west coast.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 91.TheComux, or Komux, 'live on the east coast between the Kowitchan and the Quoquoulth tribes.'Sproat's Scenes, p. 311. Comoux, south of Johnston Straits.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;Kane's Wand., end of vol. The Comoux 'extend as far as Cape Mudge.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243.TheKwantlumsdwell about the mouth of the Fraser. 'At and about the entrance of the Fraser River is the Kuantlun tribe: they live in villages which extend along the banks of the river as far as Langley.'Mayne's B. C., pp. 243, 295.TheTeetslive on the lower Frazer River. 'From the falls (of the Fraser) downward to the seacoast, the banks of the river are inhabited by severalbranches of the Haitlin or Teet tribe.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 73. 'Extending from Langley to Yale, are the Smess, Chillwayhook, Pallalts, and Teates.... The Smess Indians occupy the Smess River and lake, and the Chillwayhooks the river and lake of that name.'Mayne's B. C., p. 295. Teate Indians. SeeBancroft's Map of Pac. States.TheNanaimosare 'gathered about the mouth of the Fraser.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243.—Chiefly on a river named the Nanaimo, which falls into Wentuhuysen Inlet.Douglas, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxiv., p. 247.TheSquawmishts'live in Howe Sound.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243.TheSecheltslive on Jervis Inlet.Mayne's B. C., pp. 243-4.TheClahoose, or Klahous, 'live in Desolation Sound.'Mayne's B. C., pp. 243-4.TheNanoose'inhabit the harbour and district of that name, which lies 50 miles north of Nanaimo.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243.TheTacultas, or Tahcultahs, live at Point Mudge on Valdes Island.Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 155.TheUcletasare found 'at and beyond Cape Mudge.' 'They hold possession of the country on both sides of Johnstone Straits until met 20 or 30 miles south of Fort Rupert by the Nimpkish and Mamalilacullas.'Mayne's B. C., p. 244. Yougletats—'Une partie campe sur l'ile Vancouver elle-même, le reste habite sur le continent, au nord de la Rivière Fraser.'De Smet,Miss. de l'Orégon, p. 340. Yongletats, both on Vancouver Island, and on the mainland above the Fraser River.Bolduc, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1845, tom. cviii., pp. 366-7.TheNimkishare 'at the mouth of the Nimpkish river, about 15 miles below Fort Rupert.'Mayne's B. C., p. 249;Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 158.TheNecultasandQueehanicultasdwell at the entrance of Johnston Straits.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;Kane's Wand., end of vol.TheQuackollsand 'two smaller tribes, live at Fort Rupert.'Mayne's B. C., pp. 244, 249. 'On the north-east side of Vancouver's Island, are to be found the Coquilths.'Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 98. Coquilths, a numerous tribe living at the north-east end.Dunn's Oregon, p. 239. The Cogwell Indians live around Fort Rupert.Barrett-Lennard's Trav., p. 68.TheNewittees'east of Cape Scott ... meet the Quawguults at Fort Rupert.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251. Neweetg, 'at N.W. entrance of Johnson's Straits.'Findlay's Directory, p. 391. 'At the northern extremity of the island the Newette tribe.'Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 98. Newchemass came to Nootka 'from a great way to the Northward, and from some distance inland.'Jewitt's Nar., p. 77.TheSaukaulutucksinhabit the interior of the northern end of Vancouver Island.Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 158. 'At the back of Barclay Sound, ... about two days' journey into the interior, live the only inland tribe.... They are called the Upatse Satuch, and consist only of four families.'Grant, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxvii., p. 287.THE SOUND FAMILY.The Sound Familyincludes all the tribes about Puget Sound and Admiralty Inlet, occupying all of Washington west of the Cascade Range, except a narrow strip along the north bank of the Columbia. In locating the nations of this family I begin with the extreme north-east, follow the easternshores of the sound southward, the western shores northward, and the coast of the Pacific southward to Gray Harbor. List of tribes between Olympia and Nawaukum River. 'Staktamish, Squaks'namish, Sehehwamish, Squalliamish, Puyallupamish, S'homamish, Suquamish, Sinahomish, Snoqualmook, Sinaahmish, Nooklummi.'Tolmie, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 251;Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 434. A canadian trapper found the following tribes between Fort Nisqually and Fraser River; 'Sukwámes, Sunahúmes, Tshikátstat, Puiále, and Kawítshin.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 220-1. Cheenales, west; Cowlitz, south; and Nisqually, east of Puget Sound.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200, map.TheShimiahmoosoccupy the 'coast towards Frazer's river.' 'Between Lummi Point and Frazer's River.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 247, 250. 'Most northern tribe on the American side of the line.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 433;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491.TheLummis'are divided into three bands—a band for each mouth of the Lummi River.'Fitzhugh, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 327. 'On the northern shore of Bellingham Bay.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 244. 'Lummi river, and peninsula.'Id., p. 250. 'On a river emptying into the northern part of Bellingham bay and on the peninsula.'Id., p. 247, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 433.TheNooksaksare 'on the south fork of the Lummi River.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1851, p. 250. Nooksâhk, 'on the main fork of the river.'Id., p. 247. Nooksáhk, 'above the Lummi, on the main fork of the river.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 433. 'South fork Lummi river.'Id., p. 435. Nootsaks 'occupy the territory from the base of Mount Baker down to within five miles of the mouth of the Lummi.'Coleman, inHarper's Mag., vol. xxxix., p. 799. Neuksacks 'principally around the foot of Mount Baker.'Fitzhugh, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 328. The Neukwers and Siamanas, or Stick Indians 'live on lakes back of Whatcom and Siamana lakes and their tributaries.'Id., p. 329. Three tribes at Bellingham Bay, Neuksack, Samish, and Lummis, with some Neukwers and Siamanas who live in the back country.Id., p. 326. Neuksacks, a tribe inhabiting a country drained by the river of the same name ... taking the name Lummi before emptying into the Gulf of Georgia.Simmons, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1860, p. 188. Nooklummie, 'around Bellingham's bay.'Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 389;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 714.TheSamishlive on Samish River and southern part of Bellingham Bay.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 247, 250. 'They have several islands which they claim as their inheritance, together with a large scope of the main land.'Fitzhugh, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 327.TheSkagits'live on the main around the mouth of Skagit river, and own the central parts of Whidby's island, their principal ground being the neighborhood of Penn's cove.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 433, and inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 246. Whidby's Island 'is in the possession of the Sachet tribe.'Thornton's Ogn. and Cal., vol. i., p. 300. The Sachets inhabit Whidby's Island.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 510. Sachets, 'about Possession Sound.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143. Skadjets, 'on both sides of the Skadjet river, and on the north end of Whidby's Island.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. The Skagit, 'onSkagit river, and Penn's cove,' the N'quachamish, Smalèhhu, Miskaiwhu, Sakuméhu, on the branches of the same river.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250;Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Sockamuke, 'headwaters of Skagit River,' Neutubvig, 'north end of Whidby's Island, and county between Skagit's river and Bellingham's bay.' Cowewachin, Noothum, Miemissouks, north to Frazer River.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598.TheKikiallisoccupy the banks of 'Kikiallis river and Whitby's island.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 246, 250.TheSkeysehamishdwell in the 'country along the Skeysehamish river and the north branch of the Sinahemish.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388.TheSnohomishreside on 'the southern end of Whidby's island, and the country on and near the mouth of the Sinahomish river.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 432, 435. The Sinahemish 'live on the Sinahemish river (falling into Possession Sound).'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. 'Sinahoumez (en 12 tribus) de la rivière Fraser à la baie de Puget.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'N'quutlmamish, Skywhamish, Sktahlejum, upper branches, north side, Sinahomish river.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 245, 250. Neewamish, 'Neewamish river, bay and vicinity;' Sahmamish, 'on a lake between Neewamish and Snohomish river;' Snohomish, 'South end of Whitney's Island, Snohomish river, bay and vicinity;' Skeawamish, 'north fork of the Snohomish river, called Skeawamish river;' Skuckstanajumps, 'Skuckstanajumps river, a branch of Skeawamish river;' Stillaquamish, 'Stillaquamish river and vicinity;' Kickuallis, 'mouth of Kickuallis river and vicinity.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. Stoluchwámish, on Stoluchwámish river, also called Steilaquamish.Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 432, 435, also inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 246, 250. Squinámish, Swodámish, Sinaahmish, 'north end of Whitby's island, canoe passage, and Sinamish river.'Id., pp. 247, 250. 'Southern end of Whidby's island and Sinahomish river.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 432-3.TheSnoqualmooks'reside on the south fork, north side of the Sinahomish river.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 436, and inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250. Snoqualimich, 'Snoqualimich river and the south branch of the Sinahemish.'Harley, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388.TheDwamishare 'living on and claiming the lands on the D'Wamish river.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 329. Dwamish River and Lake, White and Green Rivers.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491. On D'wamish lake etc. ... reside the Samamish and S'Ketehlmish tribes. 'The D'wamish tribe have their home on Lake Fork, D'Wamish river.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 432, 436. Dwamish, 'Lake Fork, Dwamish River;' Samamish, S'Ketéhlmish, 'Dwamish Lake;' Smelkámiah, 'Head of White River;' Skopeáhmish, 'Head of Green River;' Stkámish, 'main White River.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250.TheSkopeahmishhave their home at the 'head of Green river.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 436. The Sekamish band 'on the main White river;' the Smulkamish tribe 'at the head of White river.'Ib.TheSeattles, a tribe of the Snowhomish nation, occupied as their principal settlement, 'a slight eminence near the head of what is now known as Port Madison Bay.'Overland Monthly, 1870, vol. iv., p. 297.TheSuquamish'claim all the land lying on the west side of the Sound, between Apple Tree cove on the north, and Gig harbor on the south.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 329. Soquamish, 'country about Port Orchard and neighbourhood, and the west side of Widby's Island.'Harley, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 700;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. 'Peninsula between Hood's canal and Admiralty inlet.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Snoquamish, 'Port Orchard, Elliott's Bay, and their vicinity.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 598. Shomamish, 'on Vashon's Island.'Ib.'Vashon's Island.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250. S'slomamish, 'Vaston's island.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. 'The Indians frequenting this port (Orchard) call themselves the Jeachtac tribe.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 510.ThePuyallupamishlive 'at the mouth of Puyallup river;' T'quaquamish, 'at the heads of Puyallup river.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Squallyamish and Pugallipamish, 'in the country about Nesqually, Pugallipi, and Sinnomish rivers.'Harley, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. Puallipawmish or Pualliss, 'on Pualliss river, bay, and vicinity.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. Puyyallapamish, 'Puyallop River.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491.TheNisquallies, or Skwall, 'inhabit the shores of Puget's Sound.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 211. 'Nesquallis, de la baie de Puget à la pointe Martinez.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Nasqually tribes, 'Nasqually River and Puget's Sound.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson Bay, p. 81. Squallyamish, 'at Puget Sound.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 177. The Squalliahmish are composed of six bands, and have their residence on Nisqually River and vicinity.Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Squallyamish or Nisqually, Nisqually River and vicinity.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. Fort Nisqually is frequented by the 'Squallies, the Clallams, the Paaylaps, the Scatchetts, the Checaylis,' and other tribes.Simpson's Overland Journey, vol. i., p. 181.TheSteilacoomishdwell on 'Stalacom Creek;' Loquamish, 'Hood's Reef.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491. Stitcheosawmish, 'Budd's inlet and South bay,' in the vicinity of Olympia.Id., vol. iv., p. 598. Steilacoomamish, 'Steilacoom creek and vicinity.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435.TheSawamishhave their residence on 'Totten's inlet.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Sayhaymamish, 'Totten inlet.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. 'Srootlemamish, Quackenamish at Case's inlet.'Ib.Quáks'namish, 'Case's inlet;' S'Hotlemamish, 'Carr's inlet;' Sahéhwamish, 'Hammersly's inlet;' Sawámish, 'Totten's inlet;' Squaiaitl, 'Eld's inlet;' Stéhchasámish, 'Budd's inlet;' Noosehchatl, 'South bay.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250.TheSkokomishlive at the upper end of Hood Canal.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598;Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 244, 250. Töanhoochand Shokomish on Hood's Canal.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491. Tuanoh and Skokomish 'reside along the shores of Hood's Canal.'Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. Toankooch, 'western shore of Hood's canal. They are a branch of the Nisqually nation.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 244;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 431. Tuanooch, 'mouth of Hood's Canal.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. 'The region at the head of Puget Sound is inhabited by a tribe called the Toandos.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 140. Homamish, Hotlimamish, Squahsinawmish, Sayhaywamish, Stitchassamish, 'reside in the country from the Narrows along the western shore of Puget's Sound to New Market.'Mitchell and Harley, inAm. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388.TheNoosdalums, or Nusdalums, 'dwell on Hood's Channel.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 135. 'Die Noosdalum, wohnen am Hood's-Canal;'Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 373. 'Noostlalums, consist of eleven tribes or septs living about the entrance of Hood's canal, Dungeness, Port Discovery, and the coast to the westward.'Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 700.TheChimakum, or Chinakum, 'territory seems to have embraced the shore from Port Townsend to Port Ludlow.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 242-244. 'On Port Townsend Bay.'Id., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 431, 435;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598.TheClallams, or Clalams, are 'about Port Discovery.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143. 'Their country stretches along the whole southern shore of the Straits to between Port Discovery and Port Townsend.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 429;Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 242, 244. Southern shore of the Straits of Fuca east of the Classets.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 220. At Port Discovery.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 319. Sklallum, 'between Los Angelos and Port Townsend.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. Sklallams, 'at Cape Flattery.'Id., vol. v., p. 491. 'Scattered along the strait and around the bays and bights of Admiralty Inlet, upon a shoreline of more than a hundred miles.'Scammon, inOverland Monthly, 1871, vol. vii., p. 278. 'S'Klallams, Chemakum, Toanhooch, Skokomish, and bands of the same, taking names from their villages, ... and all residing on the shores of the straits of Fuca and Hood's Canal.'Webster, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1862, p. 407. Kahtai, Kaquaith, and Stehllum, at Port Townsend, Port Discovery, and New Dungeness.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491;Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 249. Stentlums at New Dungeness.Id., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435.INDIANS OF THE COAST OF WASHINGTON.TheMakahs, orClassets, dwell about Cape Flattery. Macaw, 'Cape Flattery to Neah Bay.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. Pistchin, 'Neah Bay to Los Angelos Point.'Ib.'Country about Cape Flattery, and the coast for some distance to the southward, and eastward to the boundary of the Halam or Noostlalum lands.'Id., vol. v., p. 700;Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 241, 249;Hale, inId., 1862, p. 390;Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 429, 435. 'At Neah Bay or Waadda, and its vicinity.'Simmons, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 231. Tatouche, a tribe of the Classets.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 516. Classets 'reside on the south side of the Straits of Fuca.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 220;Mitchell and Harley, inAm. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. Tatouche or Classets, 'between the Columbia and the strait of Fuca.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143. 'Clatset tribe.'Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 97. 'Classets, on the Strait of Fuca.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 30;Stevens' Address, p. 10. Makahs, 'inhabiting a wild broken peninsula circumscribed by the river Wyatch, the waters of the Strait and the Pacific.'Scammon, inOverland Monthly, 1871, vol. vii., p. 277. Klaizzarts, 'living nearly three hundred miles to the South' of Nootka Sound.Jewitt's Nar., p. 75. The Elkwhahts have a village on the strait.Sproat's Scenes, p. 153.List of tribes between Columbia River and Cape Flattery on the Coast; Calasthocle, Chillates, Chiltz, Clamoctomichs, Killaxthocles, Pailsh, Potoashs, Quieetsos, Quinnechart, Quiniülts.Morse's Rept., p. 371.TheQuillehuteandQueniult, or Quenaielt, 'occupy the sea-coast between Ozelt or old Cape Flattery, on the north, and Quinaielt river on the south.'Simmons, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1860, p. 195. Quinaielt, Quillehuté, Queets, and Hoh, live on the Quinaielt river and ocean.Smith, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 21. The Queniult live 'at Point Grenville.'Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 210. 'On the banks of a river of the same name.'Id., p. 78. The Wilapahs 'on the Wilapah River.'Id., p. 211. The Copalis 'on the Copalis River, eighteen miles north of Gray's Harbor.'Id., p. 210. Quinaitle, north of Gray's Harbor.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 249. Quinaik, 'coast from Gray's harbor northward.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Ehihalis, Quinailee, Grey's Harbor and north.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 490. South of the Classets along the coast come the Quinnechants, Calasthortes, Chillates, Quinults, Pailsk, etc.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 428. The Kaliouches and Konnichtchates, spoken of as dwelling on Destruction Island and the neighboring main.Tarakanov, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1823, tom. xx., p. 336, et seq.TheChehalis, or Chickeeles, 'inhabit the country around Gray's Harbour.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 140. On the Chehalis river.Nesmith, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1867, p. 8. Frequent also Shoalwater Bay.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 240, 249. On the Cowelits. 'Among the Tsihailish are included the Kwaiantl and Kwenaiwitl ... who live near the coast, thirty or forty miles south of Cape Flattery.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 211-12. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.'Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 113. 'Chekilis, et Quinayat. Près du havre de Gray et la rivière Chekilis.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335;Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 210;Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435;Starling, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 599. 'A quarante milles au nord, (from the Columbia) le long de la côte, habitent les Tchéilichs.'Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. x., p. 90. The Whiskkah and Wynooche tribes on the northern branches of the Chihailis.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 240. Sachals 'reside about the lake of the same name, and along the river Chickeeles.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 140.TheCowlitzlive on the upper Cowlitz River. Occupy the middle of the peninsula which lies west of Puget Sound and north of the Columbia.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 211. On the Cowlitz River. TheTaitinapams have their abode at the base of the mountains on the Cowlitz.Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435; and inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 240, 249;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 599, vol. v., p. 490. Cowlitsick, 'on Columbia river, 62 miles from its mouth.'Morse's Rept., p. 368. There are three small tribes in the vicinity of the Cowlitz Farm, 'the Cowlitz, the Checaylis and the Squally.'Simpson's Overland Journ., vol. i., p. 179. The Staktomish live 'between Nisqually and Cowlitz and the head waters of Chehaylis river.'Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 389;Harley, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701.THE CHINOOK FAMILY.The Chinook Familyincludes, according to my division, all the tribes of Oregon west of the Cascade Range, together with those on the north bank of the Columbia river. The name has usually been applied only to the tribes of the Columbia Valley up to the Dalles, and belonged originally to a small tribe on the north bank near the mouth. 'The nation, or rather family, to which the generic name of Chinook has attached, formerly inhabited both banks of the Columbia River, from its mouth to the Grand Dalles, a distance of about a hundred and seventy miles.' 'On the north side of the river, first the Chinooks proper (Tchi-nuk), whose territory extended from Cape Disappointment up the Columbia to the neighborhood of Gray'sBay(not Gray'sHarbor, which is on the Pacific), and back to the northern vicinity of Shoalwater Bay, where they interlocked with the Chihalis of the coast.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., pp. iii., iv. The name Watlalas or Upper Chinooks 'properly belongs to the Indians at the Cascades,' but is applied to all 'from the Multnoma Island to the Falls of the Columbia.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 214-5. 'The principal tribes or bands were the Wakaíkam (known as the Wahkyekum), the Katlámat (Cathlamet), the Tshinuk (Chinook), and the Tlatsap (Clatsop).'Ib.'The natives, who dwell about the lower parts of the Columbia, may be divided into four tribes—the Clotsops, who reside around Point Adams, on the south side; ... the Chinooks; Waakiacums; and the Cathlamets; who live on the north side of the river, and around Baker's Bay and other inlets.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 114. The tribes may be classed: 'Chinooks, Clatsops, Cathlamux, Wakicums, Wacalamus, Cattleputles, Clatscanias, Killimux, Moltnomas, Chickelis.'Ross' Adven., p. 87. Tribes on north bank of the Columbia from mouth; Chilts, Chinnook, Cathlamah, Wahkiakume, Skillute, Quathlapotle.Lewis and Clarke's Map.'All the natives inhabiting the southern shore of the Straits (of Fuca), and the deeply indented territory as far as and including the tide-waters of the Columbia, may be comprehended under the general term of Chinooks.'Pickering's Races, inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., p. 25. 'The Chenook nation resides along upon the Columbia river, from the Cascades to its confluence with the ocean.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 261. 'Inhabiting the lower parts of the Columbia.'Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 110. 'Hauts-Tchinouks, près des cascades du Rio Colombia. Tchinouks d'en bas, des Cascades jusqu'à la mer, Bas-Tchinouks.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., pp. 335, 350-1. 'On the right bank of the Columbia.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 40. The Cheenooks and Kelussuyas, 4 tribes, live at 'Pillar Rock, Oak Point, the Dallas, the Cascades, Cheate River, Takama River, on the Columbia.' 'Cheenooks, Clatsops and several tribes near theentrance of the Columbia River.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 81. Upper and Lower Chinooks on the Columbia River, Lower Chinooks at Shoalwater Bay.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 490. Chinooks, 'north of the Columbia.'Id., p. 492. 'Upper Chinooks, five bands, Columbia River, above the Cowlitz. Lower Chinooks, Columbia River below the Cowlitz, and four other bands on Shoalwater Bay.'Stevens, inId., p. 703. 'Mouth of Columbia river, north side, including some 50 miles interior.'Emmons, inId., vol. iii., p. 201. The Chinnooks 'reside chiefly along the banks of a river, to which we gave the same name; and which, running parallel to the sea coast ... empties itself into Haley's Bay.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 425, and map;Irving's Astoria, p. 335. 'To the south of the mouth of the Columbia.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 15. 'Chenooks on the Columbia.'Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 210. North side of the Columbia.Morse's Report, p. 368;Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 286. Tshinuk south of the Columbia at mouth. Watlala on both sides of the river from the Willamette to Dalles. They properly belong to the Indians at the Cascades.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 214-5, and map, p. 197. Banks of the Columbia from Dalles to the mouth.Farnham's Trav., p. 85. The upper Chinooks were the Shalala and Echeloots of Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia, there are, besides the Chinooks, the Klickatacks, Cheehaylas, Naas, and many other tribes.Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 113.'The Flathead Indians are met with on the banks of the Columbia River, from its mouth eastward to the Cascades, a distance of about 150 miles; they extend up the Walhamette River's mouth about thirty or forty miles, and through the district between the Walhamette and Fort Astoria.'Kane's Wand., p. 173. 'The Flatheads are a very numerous people, inhabiting the shores of the Columbia River, and a vast tract of country lying to the south of it.'Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 108. 'The Cathlascon tribes, which inhabit the Columbia River.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225. Cathlascos on the Columbia River, S. side 220 miles from its mouth.Morse's Rept., p. 368.Shoalwater Bay Indians: Whilapah on Whilapah river; Necomanchee, or Nickomin, on Nickomin river, flowing into the east side of the bay; Quelaptonlilt, at the mouth of Whilapah river; Wharhoots, at the present site of Bruceport; Querqueltin, at the mouth of a creek; Palux, on Copalux or Palux river; Marhoo, Nasal, on the Peninsula.Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 211. 'Karweewee, or Artsmilsh, the name of the Shoalwater Bay tribes.'Id., p. 210. Along the coast north of the Columbia are the Chinnooks, Killaxthockle, Chilts, Clamoitomish, Potoashees, etc.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 428. Quillequeoquas at Shoalwater Bay. Map inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200. Kwalhioqua, north of the Columbia near the mouth.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 204, and map, p. 197. Klatskanai, 'on the upper waters of the Nehalem, a stream running into the Pacific, on those of Young's River, and one bearing their own name, which enters the Columbia at Oak Point.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. iv. Willopahs, 'on the Willopah River, and the head of the Chihalis.'Ib.TheChiltsinhabit the 'coast to the northward of Cape Disappointment.'Cox's Adven., vol. i., p. 302. 'North of the mouth of the Columbia and Chealis rivers.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 261, and map. 'On the sea-coast near Point Lewis.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 401.Miscellaneous bands on the Columbia; Aleis, on the north side of the Columbia.Gass' Jour., p. 285. Cathlacumups 'on the main shore S.W. of Wappatoo Isl.'Morse's Rept., p. 371. Cathlakamaps, 'at the mouth of the Wallaumut.'Id., p. 368. Cathlanamenamens, 'On the island in the mouth of the Wallaumut.'Id., p. 368. Cathlanaquiahs, 'On the S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.'Id., p. 371. Cathlapootle, eighty miles from mouth of the Columbia opposite the mouth of the Willamette.Id., p. 368. Calhlathlas, 'at the rapids, S. side.'Id., p. 368. Clahclellah, 'below the rapids.'Morse's Rept., p. 370. Clannarminnamuns, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.'Id., p. 371. Clanimatas, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.'Ib.Clockstar, 'S.E. side of Wappattoo Isl.'Ib.Cooniacs, 'of Oak Point (Kahnyak or Kukhnyak, the Kreluits of Franchère and Skilloots of Lewis and Clarke).'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. iv. Hellwits, 'S. side 39 miles from mouth.'Morse's Rept., p. 368. Katlagakya, 'from the Cascades to Vancouver.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255. Katlaminimim, on Multnomah Island.Ib.Katlaportl, river of same name, and right bank of Columbia for five miles above its mouth.Ib.Ketlakaniaks, at Oak Point, formerly united with Kolnit.Ib.Klakalama, between Kathlaportle and Towalitch rivers.Ib.Mamnit, 'Multnomah Isl.'Ib.Nechakoke, 'S. side, near Quicksand river, opposite Diamond Isl.'Morse's Rept., p. 370. Neerchokioon, south side above the Wallaumut river.Ib.Shalala at the grand rapids down to the Willamet.Ib.Quathlapotle, between the Cowlits and Chahwahnahinooks (Cathlapootle?) river.Lewis and Clarke's Map.Seamysty, 'at the mouth of the Towalitch River.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255. Shoto, W. side back of a pond and nearly opposite the entrance of the Willamut.Morse's Rept., p. 370. Skillutes, 'about junction of Cowlitz.'Lewis and Clarke's Map.Skiloots on the Columbia on each side, from the lower part of the Columbia Valley as low as Sturgeon Island, and on both sides of the Coweliskee River.Morse's Rept., p. 371. Smockshop.Id., p. 370. Trile Kalets, near Fort Vancouver.Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 81. Wahclellah, 'below all the rapids.'Morse's Rept., p. 370. Wakamass, 'Deer's Isle to the lower branch of the Wallamat.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255. Wyampams, at the narrows.Ross' Adven., pp. 117-19. Tchilouits on the Columbia, south bank, below the Cowlitz.Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. x., p. 112. Cathlâkaheckits and Cathlathlalas in vicinity of the Cascades.Id., tom. xii., 1821, p. 23.TheClatsopslive on Point Adams.Hines' Voy., p. 88. 'South side of the (Columbia) river at its mouth.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., pp. 30, 286. 'Southern shore of the bay at the mouth of the Columbia, and along the seacoast on both sides of Point Adams.'Morton's Crania, p. 211;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 401, 426, and map. 12 miles from mouth, south side.Morse's Rept., p. 368. 'South side of the river.'Gass' Jour., p. 244. 'From near Tillamook Head to Point Adams and up the river to Tongue Point.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. iv. Klakhelnk, 'on Clatsop Point, commonly called Clatsops.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 201, vol. v., p. 492.COAST TRIBES OF OREGON.TheWakiakum, or 'Wakaikum, live on the right bank of the Columbia; on a small stream, called Cadet River.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255. Wakiakums (Wakáiakum) 'towards Oak Point.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. iv. Wahkiacums, adjoining the Cathlamahs on the south-east and the Skilloots on the north-west.Lewis and Clarke's Map.. Waakicums, thirty miles from the mouth of the Columbia, north side.Morse's Rept., p. 368.TheCathlametsextend from Tongue Point to Puget's Island.Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. iv. 'Opposite the lower village of the Wahkiacums.'Irving's Astoria, p. 336. '30 miles from the mouth of Columbia.'Morse's Rept., p. 368. 'On a river of same name.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255;Lewis and Clarke's Map.'Along the coast south of the Columbia river are the Clatsops, Killamucks, Lucktons, Kahunkle, Lickawis, Youkone, Necketo, Ulseah, Youitts, Shiastuckle, Killawats, Cookoose, Shalalahs, Luckasos, Hannakalals.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 427-8. 'Along the coast S. of Columbia river, and speak the Killamucks language,' Youicone, Neekeetoos, Ulseahs, Youitts, Sheastukles, Killawats, Cookkoooose, Shallalah, Luckkarso, Hannakallal.Morse's Rept., p. 371. Náélim, 'on a river on the sea-coast, 30 miles S. of Clatsop Point,' and the following tribes proceeding southward. Nikaas, Kowai, Neselitch, Tacóón, Aleya, Sayonstla, Kiliwatsal, Kaons, Godamyou (!), Stotonia, at the mouth of Coquin river.Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., pp. 255-6.TheKillamooksdwell along the coast southward from the mouth of the Columbia. 'Near the mouth of the Columbia.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 262. Callimix, '40 miles S. of Columbia.'Morse's Rept., p. 368. Killamucks, 'along the S.E. coast for many miles.'Id., p. 371. Tillamooks, 'along the coast from Umpqua River to the Neachesna, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 256, 259. Kilamukes, 'south and east of mouth of the Columbia, extending to the coast.'Emmons, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 201. Nsietshawus, or Killamuks, 'on the sea-coast south of the Columbia.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 211, and map, p. 197. 'Between the river Columbia and the Umpqua.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 81. 'Country about Cape Lookout.'Palmer's Jour., p. 105. 'On comprend sous le nom général de Killimous, les Indiens du sud du Rio Colombia, tels que les Nahelems, les Nikas, les Kaouais, les Alsiias, les Umquas, les Toutounis et les Sastés. Ces deux dernières peuplades se sont jusqu'à présent montrées hostiles aux caravanes des blancs.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., pp. 335, 357. Killamucks, next to the Clatsops.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 426. 'Callemeux nation.'Gass' Jour., p. 260. Callemax on the coast forty leagues south of the Columbia.Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. x., p. 90.The Lucktons are found 'adjoining the Killamucks, and in a direction S.S.E.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 427.The Jakon, or Yakones, dwell south of the Killamooks on the coast.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218, and map, p. 197.The Tlatskanai are farther inland than the Killamooks.Id., p. 204.TheUmpquaslive 'on a river of that name.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc.Jour., vol. ii., p. 256. 'In a valley of the same name. They are divided into six tribes; the Sconta, Chalula, Palakahu, Quattamya, and Chastà.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 262. Umbaquâs.Id., p. 262. 'Umpquas (3 tribus) sur la rivière de ce nom, et de la rivière aux Vaches.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Umkwa inhabit the upper part of the river of that name, having the Kalapuya on the north, the Lutuami (Clamets), on the east, and the Sainstkla between them and the sea.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 204, and map, p. 197. Two hundred and twenty-five miles south of the Columbia.Hines' Voy., p. 94. 'The country of the Umpquas is bounded east by the Cascade mountains, west by the Umpqua mountains and the ocean, north by the Calipooia mountains and south by Grave Creek and Rogue River mountains.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 255;Emmons, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 201, vol. v., p. 492.The Saiustkla reside 'upon a small stream which falls into the sea just south of the Umqua River.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 221, map, p. 197. Sinselaw, 'on the banks of the Sinselaw river.'Harvey, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 80. Sayousla, 'near the mouth of Sayousla bay.'Brooks, inId., 1862, p. 299. Saliutla, 'at the mouth of the Umbaquâ river.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 262.The Katlawotsetts include the Siuslaw and Alsea bands on Siuslaw River; the Scottsburg, Lower Umpqua, and Kowes Bay bands on Umpqua River.Drew, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 359. Kiliwatshat, 'at the mouth of the Umpqua.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 221.The Alseas, or Alseyas, live on Alsea Bay.Brooks, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1862, p. 299;Harvey, inId., 1863, p. 80. Chocreleatan, 'at the forks of the Coquille river.' Quahtomahs, between Coquille River and Port Orford. Nasomah, 'near the mouth of the Coquille River.'Parrish, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 287.NATIVES OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY.Willamette Valley Nations: 'The nations who inhabit this fertile neighbourhood are very numerous. The Wappatoo inlet extends three hundred yards wide, for ten or twelve miles to the south, as far as the hills near which it receives the waters of a small creek, whose sources are not far from those of the Killamuck river. On that creek resides the Clackstar nation, a numerous people of twelve hundred souls, who subsist on fish and wappatoo, and who trade by means of the Killamuck river, with the nation of that name on the sea-coast. Lower down the inlet, towards the Columbia, is the tribe called Cathlacumup. On the sluice which connects the inlet with the Multnomah, are the tribes Cathlanahquiah and Cathlacomatup; and on Wappatoo island, the tribes of Clannahminamun and Clahnaquah. Immediately opposite, near the Towahnahiooks, are the Quathlapotles, and higher up, on the side of the Columbia, the Shotos. All these tribes, as well as the Cathlahaws, who live somewhat lower on the river, and have an old village on Deer island, may be considered as parts of the great Multnomah nation, which has its principal residence on Wappatoo island, near the mouth of the large river to which they give their name. Forty miles above its junction with the Columbia, it receives the waters of the Clackamos, a river which may be traced through a woody and fertile country to its sources in Mount Jefferson, almost to the foot of which it is navigable for canoes. A nationof the same name resides in eleven villages along its borders: they live chiefly on fish and roots, which abound in the Clackamos and along its banks, though they sometimes descend to the Columbia to gather wappatoo, where they cannot be distinguished by dress or manners, or language, from the tribes of Multnomahs. Two days' journey from the Columbia, or about twenty miles beyond the entrance of the Clackamos, are the falls of the Multnomah. At this place are the permanent residences of the Cushooks and Chaheowahs, two tribes who are attracted to that place by the fish, and by the convenience of trading across the mountains and down Killamuck river, with the nation of Killamucks, from whom they procure train oil. These falls were occasioned by the passage of a high range of mountains; beyond which the country stretches into a vast level plain, wholly destitute of timber. As far as the Indians, with whom we conversed, had ever penetrated that country, it was inhabited by a nation called Calahpoewah, a very numerous people, whose villages, nearly forty in number, are scattered along each side of the Multnomah, which furnish them with their chief subsistence, fish, and the roots along its banks.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 507-8. Calapooyas, Moolallels, and Clackamas in the Willamette Valley.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200, map. Cathlakamaps at the mouth of the Ouallamat; Cathlapoutles opposite; Cathlanaminimins on an island a little higher up; Mathlanobes on the upper part of the same island; Cathlapouyeas just above the falls; the Cathlacklas on an eastern branch farther up; and still higher the Chochonis.Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. x., pp. 115, 117.The Cathlathlas live '60 miles from the mouth of the Wallaumut.'Morse's Rept., p. 368.The Cloughewallhah are 'a little below the falls.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 177.The Katlawewalla live 'at the falls of the Wallamat.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 256.The Leeshtelosh occupy the 'headwaters of the Multnomah.'Hunter's Captivity, p. 73.The Multnomahs (or Mathlanobs) dwell 'at upper end of the island in the mouth of the Wallaumut.'Morse's Rept., p. 368.The Nemalquinner lands are 'N.E. side of the Wallaumut river, 3 miles above its mouth.'Morse's Rept., p. 370.The Newaskees extend eastward of the headwaters of the Multnomah, on a large lake.Hunter's Captivity, p. 73.The Yamkallies dwell 'towards the sources of the Wallamut River.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225.TheCalapooyaslive in the upper Willamette Valley. Callipooya, 'Willamette Valley.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 492, vol. iii., p. 201. Kalapuya, 'above the falls.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 217. Callawpohyeaas, Willamette tribes sixteen in number.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 108. Calapooah, seventeen tribes on the Willamette and its branches.Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 261. Callappohyeaass nation consists of Wacomeapp, Nawmooit, Chillychandize, Shookany, Coupé, Shehees, Longtonguebuff, Lamalle, and Pecyou tribes.Ross' Adven., pp. 236-6. Kalapooyahs, 'on the shores of the Oregon.'Morton's Crania, p. 213. 'WillamatPlains.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225. Kalapuyas, 'above the falls of the Columbia.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 36. '50 miles from the mouth of the Wallaumut, W. side.'Morse's Rept., p. 368. Vule Puyas, Valley of the Willamette.Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 81.TheClackamasare on the 'Clackama River.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 492. 'Clakemas et Kaoulis, sur le Ouallamet et la rivière Kaoulis.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'Valley of the Clakamus and the Willamuta Falls.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 81. Klackamas, 'three miles below the falls.'Hines' Voy., p. 144. Clackamis.Palmer's Jour., p. 84. Clarkamees.Morse's Rept., p. 372. Clackamus.Lewis and Clarke's Map.TheMollalesare found in 'Willamettee Valley.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 492. 'At the mouth of the Wallamet, and the Wapatoo Islands.'Tucker's Oregon, p. 71. 'Upon the west side of the Willamette and opposite Oregon City.'Palmer's Jour., p. 84.THE SHUSHWAP FAMILY.The Shushwap Familycomprises all the inland tribes of British Columbia, south of lat. 52° 30´.TheAtnahs, Strangers, Niccoutamuch, or Shushwaps proper, inhabit the Fraser and Thompson valleys. 'At Spuzzum ... a race very different both in habits and language is found. These are the Nicoutamuch, or Nicoutameens, a branch of a widely-extended tribe. They, with their cognate septs, the Atnaks, or Shuswapmuch, occupy the Frazer River from Spuzzum to the frontier of that part of the country called by the Hudson Bay Company New Caledonia, which is within a few miles of Fort Alexandria.'Mayne's B. C., p. 296. 'Shushwaps of the Rocky Mountains inhabit the country in the neighbourhood of Jasper House, and as far as Tête Jaune Cache on the western slope. They are a branch of the great Shushwap nation who dwell near the Shushwap Lake and grand fork of the Thompson River in British Columbia.' Thompson River and Lake Kamloops.Milton and Cheadle's Northw. Pass., pp. 241, 335. 'On the Pacific side, but near the Rocky Mountains, are the Shoushwaps who, inhabiting the upper part of Frazer's River, and the north fork of the Columbia.'Blakiston, inPalliser's Explor., p. 44. 'The Shooshaps live below the Sinpauelish Indians.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 313. 'The Shushwaps possess the country bordering on the lower part of Frazer's River, and its branches.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 205. The Atnahs or Soushwap, 'live in the country on the Fraser's and Thompson's Rivers.' 'They were termed by Mackenzie the Chin tribe.' (Seep. 251, note 141of this vol.)Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 427;Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 320. Shooshaps, south of the Sinpavelist.De Smet,Voy., pp. 50-1. 'The Atnah, or Chin Indian country extends about one hundred miles,' from Fort Alexander.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 361. Shooshewaps inhabit the region of the north bend of the Columbia, in 52°. Atnahs, in the region of the Fraser and Thompson rivers.Macdonald's Lecture on B. C., p. 10;Hector, inPalliser's Explor., p. 27. 'The Shewhapmuch (Atnahs of Mackenzie) ... occupy the banks of Thompson's River; and along Frazer's River from the Rapid village, twenty miles below Alexandria,to the confluence of these two streams. Thence to near the falls the tribe bears the name of Nicutemuch.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 76.'The Stta Llimuh, natives of Anderson Lake, speak a dialect of the Sheswap language.' Skowhomish, in the same vicinity.McKay, inB. C. Papers, vol. ii., p. 32.'The Loquilt Indians have their home in the winter on Lake Anderson, and the surrounding district, whence they descend to the coast in Jervis Inlet in the summer.'Mayne's B. C., p. 299.The Kamloops dwell about one hundred and fifty miles north-west of Okanagan.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 156.The Clunsus are east of Fraser River, between Yale and latitude 50°; Skowtous, on the fiftieth parallel south of Lake Kamloops and west of Lake Okanagan; Sockatcheenum, east of Fraser and north of 51°.Bancroft's Map of Pac. States.TheKootenaislive in the space bounded by the Columbia River, Rocky Mountains, and Clarke River. The Kitunaha, Coutanies, or Flatbows, 'wander in the rugged and mountainous tract enclosed between the two northern forks of the Columbia. The Flat-bow River and Lake also belong to them.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 204-5, map, p. 297. 'Inhabit the country extending along the foot of the Rocky mountains, north of the Flatheads, for a very considerable distance, and are about equally in American and in British territory.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 416. Kootoonais, 'on McGillivray's River, the Flat Bow Lake, etc.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 82. Kootonais, on 'or about the fiftieth parallel at Fort Kootonie, east of Fort Colville.'Simpson's Overland Journ., vol. i., p. 138. 'Between the Rocky Mountains, the Upper Columbia and its tributary the Killuspeha or Pend'oreille, and watered by an intermediate stream called the Kootanais River is an angular piece of country peopled by a small, isolated tribe bearing the same name as the last-mentioned river, on the banks of which they principally live.'Mayne's B. C., p. 297. The lands of the Cottonois 'lie immediately north of those of the Flatheads.'Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 70. Kutanàe, Kútani, Kitunaha, Kutneha, Coutanies, Flatbows, 'near the sources of the Mary River, west of the Rocky Mountains.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 98. 'Inhabit a section of country to the north of the Ponderas, along M'Gillivray's river.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 312. 'Koutanies ou Arcs-Plats, Près du fort et du lac de ce nom.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'In the Kootanie Valley.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 178. Kootonays, south of the Shushwaps.Palliser's Explor., p. 44. 'Great longitudinal valley' of the Kootanie river.Hector, inId., p. 27. 'The Tobacco Plains form the country of the Kootanies.'Blakiston, inId., p. 73. 'About the northern branches of the Columbia.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 30. Kootanais, 'angle between the Saeliss lands and the eastern heads of the Columbia.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 79. About the river of the same name, between the Columbia and Rocky Mountains.Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143. A band called Sinatcheggs on the upper Arrow Lake.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 190. The Kootenais were perhaps the Tushepaws of Lewis and Clarke.TheTushepawsare 'a numerous people of four hundred and fifty tents, residing on the heads of the Missouri and Columbia rivers, and some ofthem lower down the latter river.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 321, and map;Bulfinch's Ogn., p. 134. 'On a N. fork of Clarke's River.'Morse's Rept., p. 372. Ootlashoots, Micksucksealton (Pend d'Oreilles?), Hohilpos (Flatheads?), branches of the Tushepaws.Id., andLewis and Clarke's Map. The Tushepaw nation might as correctly be included in the Salish family or omitted altogether. According toGibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417, they were the Kootenais.TheOkanagans, or Okinakanes, 'comprise the bands lying on the river of that name, as far north as the foot of the great lake. They are six in number, viz: the Tekunratum at the mouth; Konekonep, on the creek of that name; Kluckhaitkwee, at the falls; Kinakanes, near the forks; and Milaketkun, on the west fork. With them may be classed the N'Pockle, or Sans Puelles, on the Columbia river, though these are also claimed by the Spokanes. The two bands on the forks are more nearly connected with the Schwogelpi than with the ones first named.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 237, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 412. Oakinackens, Priests' Rapids, northward over 500 miles, and 100 miles in width, to the Shewhaps, branching out into 12 tribes, as follows, beginning with the south: 'Skamoynumachs, Kewaughtchenunaughs, Pisscows, Incomecanétook, Tsillane, Intiétook, Battlelemuleemauch, or Meatwho, Inspellum, Sinpohellechach, Sinwhoyelppetook, Samilkanuigh and Oakinacken, which is nearly in the centre.'Ross' Adven., pp. 289-90. 'On both sides the Okanagan River from its mouth up to British Columbia, including the Sennelkameen River.'Ross, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 22. 'Près du fort de ce nom.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'On the Okanagan and Piscour Rivers.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 82. 'Composed of several small bands living along the Okinakane river, from its confluence with the Columbia to Lake Okinakane.... A majority of the tribe live north of the boundary line.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 99. 'Columbia Valley.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 490. North-east and west of the Shoopshaps.De Smet,Voy., p. 51. Junction of the Okanagan and Columbia.Parker's Map.'Upper part of Fraser's River and its tributaries.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225. Principal family called Conconulps about 9 miles up stream of the same name.Ross' Adven., pp. 289-90. The Similkameen live on S. river, and 'are a portion of the Okanagan tribe.'Palmer, inB. Col. Papers, vol. iii., p. 85. The Okanagans, called Catsanim by Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. Cutsahnim, on the Columbia above the Sokulks, and on the northern branches of the Taptul.Morse's Rept., p. 372.
The Columbian Group comprises the tribes inhabiting the territory immediately south of that of the Hyperboreans, extending from the fifty-fifth to the forty-third parallel of north latitude.
THE HAIDAH FAMILY.
In the Haidah Family, I include all the coast and island nations of British Columbia, from 55° to 52°, and extending inland about one hundred miles to the borders of the Chilcoten Plain, theHaidah nationproper having their home on the Queen Charlotte Islands. 'The Haidah tribes of the Northern Family inhabit Queen Charlotte's Island.' 'The Massettes, Skittegás, Cumshawás, and other (Haidah) tribes inhabiting the eastern shores of Queen Charlotte's Island.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 219. 'The principal tribes upon it (Q. Char. Isl.) are the Sketigets, Massets, and Comshewars.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 292. 'Tribal names of the principal tribes inhabiting the islands:—Klue, Skiddan, Ninstence or Cape St. James, Skidagate, Skidagatees, Gold-Harbour, Cumshewas, and four others.... Hydah is the generic name for the whole.'Poole's Q. Char. Isl., p. 309. 'The Cumshewar, Massit, Skittageets, Keesarn, and Kigarnee, are mentioned as living on the island.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 157. The following bands, viz.: Lulanna, (or Sulanna), Nightan, Massetta, (or Mosette), Necoon, Aseguang, (or Asequang), Skittdegates, Cumshawas, Skeedans, Queeah, Cloo, Kishawin, Kowwelth, (or Kawwelth), and Too, compose the Queen Charlotte Island Indians, 'beginning at N. island, north end, and passing round by the eastward.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 489; andKane's Wand., end of vol. 'The Hydah nation which is divided into numerous tribes inhabiting the island and the mainland opposite.'Reed's Nar.'Queen Charlotte's Island and Prince of Wales Archipelago are the country of the Haidahs; ... including the Kygany, Massett, Skittegetts, Hanega, Cumshewas, and other septs.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 74. 'Les Indiens Koumchaouas, Haïdas, Massettes, et Skidegats, de l'île de la Reine Charlotte.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 337. My Haidah Family is called by Warre and VavasourQuacott, who with the Newette and twenty-seven other tribes live, 'from Lat. 54° to Lat. 50°, including Queen Charlotte's Island; North end of Vancouver's Island, Millbank Sound and Island, and the Main shore.'Martin's Hudson's Bay, p. 80.
The Massets and thirteen other tribes besides the Quacott tribes occupy Queen Charlotte Islands.Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. Bay, p. 80.
The Ninstence tribe inhabits 'the southernmost portions of Moresby Island.'Poole's Q. Char. Isl., pp. 122, 314-15.
The Crosswer Indians live on Skiddegate Channel.Downie, inB. Col. Papers, vol. iii., p. 72.
TheKaiganiesinhabit the southern part of the Prince of Wales Archipelago, and the northern part of Queen Charlotte Island. The Kygargeys or Kygarneys are divided by Schoolcraft and Kane into the Youahnoe, Clictass (or Clictars), Quiahanles, Houaguan, (or Wonagan), Shouagan, (or Showgan),Chatcheenie, (or Chalchuni).Archives, vol. v., p. 489;Wanderings, end of vol. The Kygáni 'have their head-quarters on Queen Charlotte's Archipelago, but there are a few villages on the extreme southern part of Prince of Wales Archipelago.'Dall's Alaska, p. 411. A colony of the Hydahs 'have settled at the southern extremity of Prince of Wales's Archipelago, and in the Northern Island.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 219. 'Die Kaigàni (Kigarnies, Kigarnee, Kygànies der Engländer) bewohnen den südlichen Theil der Inseln (Archipels) des Prinzen von Wales.'Radloff,Sprache der Kaiganen, inMélanges Russes, tom. iii., livrais. v., p. 569. 'The Kegarnie tribe, also in the Russian territory, live on an immense island, called North Island.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 287. The Hydahs of the south-eastern Alexander Archipelago include 'the Kassaaus, the Chatcheenees, and the Kaiganees.'Bendel's Alex. Arch., p. 28. 'Called Kaiganies and Kliavakans; the former being near Kaigan Harbor, and the latter near the Gulf of Kliavakan scattered along the shore from Cordova to Tonvel's Bay.'Halleck and Scott, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 562-4. 'A branch of this tribe, the Kyganies (Kigarnies) live in the southern part of the Archipel of the Prince of Wales.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 80.
'To the west and south of Prince of Wales Island is an off-shoot of the Hydah,' Indians, called Anega or Hennegas.Mahony, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 575.
TheChimsyansinhabit the coast and islands about Fort Simpson. Ten tribes of Chymsyans at 'Chatham Sound, Portland Canal, Port Essington, and the neighbouring Islands.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 80. 'The Chimsians or Fort Simpson Indians.'Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 231. 'Indians inhabiting the coast and river mouth known by the name of Chyniseyans.'Ind. Life, p. 93. The Tsimsheeans live 'in the Fort Simpson section on the main land.'Poole's Q. Char. Isl., p. 257. Chimpsains, 'living on Chimpsain Peninsula.'Scott, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 553. The Chimmesyans inhabit 'the coast of the main land from 55° 30´ N., down to 53° 30´ N.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 202;Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 40. The Chimseeans 'occupy the country from Douglas' Canal to Nass River.'Simpson's Overland Journ., vol. i., p. 206. Divided into the following bands; Kispachalaidy, Kitlan (or Ketlane), Keeches (or Keechis), Keenathtoix, Kitwillcoits, Kitchaclaith, Kelutsah (or Ketutsah), Kenchen Kieg, Ketandou, Ketwilkcipa, who inhabit 'Chatham's Sound, from Portland Canal to Port Essington (into which Skeena River discharges) both main land and the neighboring islands.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 487;Kane's Wand., end of vol. The Chymsyan connection 'extending from Milbank Sound to Observatory Inlet, including the Sebassas, Neecelowes, Nass, and other offsets.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii. p. 74. Mr. Duncan divides the natives speaking the Tsimshean language into four parts at Fort Simpson, Nass River, Skeena River, and the islands of Milbank Sound.Mayne's B. C., p. 250.
The Keethratlah live 'near Fort Simpson.'Id., p. 279.
TheNassnation lives on the banks of the Nass River, but the name is often applied to all the mainland tribes of what I term the Haidah Family. The nation consists of the Kithateen, Kitahon, Ketoonokshelk, Kinawalax (orKinaroalax), located in that order from the mouth upward.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 487;Kane's Wand., end of vol. Four tribes, 'Nass River on the Main land.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 80. 'On Observatory Inlet, lat. 55°.'Bryant, inAm. Antiq. Soc. Transact., vol. ii., p. 302. Adjoin the Sebassa tribe.Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 107. About Fort Simpson.Dunn's Oregon, p. 279. The Hailtsa, Haeeltzuk, Billechoola, and Chimmesyans are Nass tribes.Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 130. SeeBuschmann,Brit. Nordamer., pp. 398-400.
'There is a tribe of about 200 souls now living on a westerly branch of the Naas near Stikeen River; they are called "Lackweips" and formerly lived on Portland Channel.'Scott, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 563.
TheSkeenasare on the river of the same name, 'at the mouth of the Skeena River.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 80. They are the 'Kitsalas, Kitswingahs, Kitsiguchs, Kitspayuchs, Hagulgets, Kitsagas, and Kitswinscolds.'Scott, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 563.
Keechumakarlo (or Keechumakailo) situated 'on the lower part of the Skeena River.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 487;Kane's Wand., end of vol.
The Kitswinscolds live 'between the Nass and the Skeena.'Scott, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 563. The Kitatels live 'on the islands in Ogden's Channel, about sixty miles below Fort Simpson.'Id.
TheSebassasoccupy the shores of Gardner Channel and the opposite islands. Inhabit Banks Island.Simpson's Overland Journ., vol. i., p. 206. The Labassas in five tribes are situated on 'Gardner's Canal, Canal de Principe, Canal de la Reida.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 80. Keekheatla (or Keetheatla), on Canal de Principe; Kilcatah, at the entrance of Gardner Canal; Kittamaat (or Kittamuat), on the north arm of Gardner Canal; Kitlope on the south arm; Neeslous on Canal de la Reido (Reina).Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 487;Kane's Wand., end of vol. 'In the neighbourhood of Seal Harbour dwell the Sebassa tribe.'Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 106. 'The Shebasha, a powerful tribe inhabiting the numerous islands of Pitt's Archipelago.'Bryant, inAm. Antiq. Soc. Transact., vol. ii., p. 302.
TheMillbank Soundtribes are the Onieletoch, Weitletoch (or Weetletoch), and Kokwaiytoch, on Millbank Sound; Eesteytoch, on Cascade Canal; Kuimuchquitoch, on Dean Canal; Bellahoola, at entrance of Salmon River of Mackenzie; Guashilla, on River Canal; Nalalsemoch, at Smith Inlet, and Weekemoch on Calvert Island.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 487-8;Kane's Wand., end of vol. 'The Millbank Indians on Millbank Sound.'Bryant, inAm. Antiq. Soc. Transact., vol. ii., p. 302.
TheBellacoolaslive about the mouth of Salmon River. '"Bentick's Arms"—inhabited by a tribe of Indians—the Bellaghchoolas. Their village is near Salmon River.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 267. The Billechoolas live on Salmon River in latitude 53° 30´.Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 384. The Bellahoolas 'on the banks of the Salmon river.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 258. 'The Indians at Milbank Sound called Belbellahs.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 271. 'Spread along the margins of the numerous canals or inlets with which this part of the coast abounds.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 224.
'In the neighbourhood of the Fort (McLoughlin) was a village of about five hundred Ballabollas.'Simpson's Overland Journ., vol. i., p. 202.
TheHailtzas, Hailtzuks, or Haeelzuks 'dwell to the south of the Billechoola, and inhabit both the mainland and the northern entrance of Vancouver's Island from latitude 53° 30´ N. to 50° 30´ N.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 224. 'The Hailtsa commencing in about latitude 51° N., and extending through the ramifications of Fitzhugh and Milbank Sounds.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 74. 'An diesem Sunde (Milbank) wohnen die Hailtsa-Indianer.'Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 383;Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 230.
THE NOOTKA FAMILY.
The Nootka Familydwells south of the Haidah, occupying the coast of British Columbia, from Bentinck Arms to the mouth of the Fraser, and the whole of Vancouver Island. By other authors the name has been employed to designate a tribe at Nootka Sound, or applied to nearly all the Coast tribes of the Columbian Group. 'The native population of Vancouver Island ... is chiefly composed of the following tribes:—North and East coasts (in order in which they stand from North to South)—Quackolls, Newittees, Comuxes, Yukletas, Suanaimuchs, Cowitchins, Sanetchs, other smaller tribes;—South Coast (... from East to West)—Tsomass, Tsclallums, Sokes, Patcheena, Sennatuch;—West Coast ... (from South to North)—Nitteenats, Chadukutl, Oiatuch, Toquatux, Schissatuch, Upatsesatuch, Cojuklesatuch, Uqluxlatuch, Clayoquots, Nootkas, Nespods, Koskeemos, other small tribes.'Grant, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxvii., p. 293. 'In Barclay Sound: Pacheenett, Nittinat, Ohiat, Ouchuchlisit, Opecluset, Shechart, Toquart, Ucletah, Tsomass;—Clayoquot Sound: Clayoquot, Kilsamat, Ahouset, Mannawousut, Ishquat;—Nootka Sound: Matchclats, Moachet, Neuchallet, Ehateset.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251. 'About Queen Charlotte Sound;—Naweetee, Quacolth, Queehavuacolt (or Queehaquacoll), Marmalillacalla, Clowetsus (or Clawetsus), Murtilpar (or Martilpar), Nimkish, Wewarkka, Wewarkkum, Clallueis (or Clalluiis), Cumquekis, Laekquelibla, Clehuse (or Clehure), Soiitinu (or Soiilenu), Quicksutinut (or Quicksulinut), Aquamish, Clelikitte, Narkocktau, Quainu, Exenimuth, (or Cexeninuth), Tenuckttau, Oiclela.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;Kane's Wand., end of vol. On the seaboard, south of Nitinaht Sound, and on the Nitinaht River, the Pacheenaht and Nitinaht tribes; on Barclay, otherwise Nitinaht Sound, the Ohyaht, Howchuklisaht, Opechisaht, Seshaht, Youclulaht, and Toquaht tribes; on Klahohquaht Sound, the Klahohquaht, Killsmaht, Ahousaht and Manohsaht tribes; on Nootkah Sound, the Hishquayaht, Muchlaht, Moouchat (the so-called Nootkahs), Ayhuttisaht and Noochahlaht; north of Nootkah Sound, the Kyohquaht, Chaykisaht, and Klahosaht tribes.Sproat's Scenes, p. 308. Alphabetical list of languages on Vancouver Island: Ahowzarts, Aitizzarts, Aytcharts, Cayuquets, Eshquates (or Esquiates), Klahars, Klaizzarts, Klaooquates (or Tlaoquatch), Michlaïts, Mowatchits, Neuchadlits, Neuwitties, Newchemass, (Nuchimas), Savinnars, Schoomadits, Suthsetts, Tlaoquatch, Wicananish.Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 349. 'Among those from the north were the Aitizzarts, Schoomadits, Neuwitties, Savinnars, Ahowzarts, Mowatchits, Suthsetts, Neuchadlits, Michlaits, and Cayuquets; the most of whom were considered as tributary to Nootka. From the Souththe Aytcharts, and Esquiates also tributary, with the Klaooquates and the Wickanninish, a large and powerful tribe, about two hundred miles distant.'Jewitt's Nar., pp. 36-7. 'Tribes situated between Nanaimo and Fort Rupert, on the north of Vancouver Island, and the mainland Indians between the same points ... are divided into several tribes, the Nanoose, Comoux, Nimpkish, Quawguult, &c., on the Island; and the Squawmisht, Sechelt, Clahoose, Ucletah, Mamalilaculla, &c., on the coast, and among the small islands off it.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243. List of tribes on Vancouver Island: 'Songes, Sanetch, Kawitchin, Uchulta, Nimkis, Quaquiolts, Neweetg, Quacktoe, Nootka, Nitinat, Klayquoit, Soke.'Findlay's Directory, pp. 391-2. The proper name of the Vancouver Island Tribes is Yucuatl.Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 135. The Nootka Territory 'extends to the Northward as far as Cape Saint James, in the latitude of 52° 20´ N. ... and to the Southward to the Islands ... of the Wicananish.'Meares' Voy., p. 228. 'The Cawitchans, Ucaltas, and Coquilths, who are I believe of the same family, occupy the shores of the Gulf of Georgia and Johnston's Straits.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 74. 'Twenty-four tribes speaking the Challam and Cowaitzchim languages, from latitude 50° along the Coast South to Whitby Island in latitude 48°; part of Vancouver's Island, and the mouth of Franc's River.' Also on the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Vancouver Islands, the Sanetch, three tribes; Hallams, eleven tribes; Sinahomish; Skatcat; Cowitchici, seven tribes; Soke; Cowitciher, three tribes.Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 81; also inHazlitt's B. C., pp. 66-7. Five tribes at Fort Rupert;—Quakars, Qualquilths, Kumcutes, Wanlish, Lockqualillas.Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 165. 'The Chicklezats and Ahazats, inhabiting districts in close proximity on the west coast of Vancouver.'Barrett-Lennard's Trav., p. 41. 'North of the district occupied by the Ucletahs come the Nimkish, Mamalilacula, Matelpy and two or three other smaller tribes. The Mamalilaculas live on the mainland.'Mayne's B. C., p. 249. The population of Vancouver Island 'is divided into twelve tribes; of these the Kawitchen, Quaquidts and Nootka are the largest.'Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 30. 'Ouakichs, Grande île de Quadra et Van Couver.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335.
NATIONS INHABITING VANCOUVER ISLAND.
In naming the following tribes and nations I will begin at the north and follow the west coast of the island southward, then the east coast and main land northward to the starting-point.
TheUclenusinhabit Scott Island.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;Kane's Wand., end of vol.
TheQuanesdwell at Cape Scott.Id.
TheQuactoeare found in the 'woody part N.W. coast of the island.'Findlay's Directory, p. 391.
TheKoskiemosandQuatsinoslive on 'the two Sounds bearing those names.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251. Kuskema, and Quatsinu, 'outside Vancouver's Island south of C. Scott.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;Kane's Wand., end of vol.
TheKycucut, 'north of Nootka Sound, is the largest tribe of the West coast.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251.
TheAitizzartsare 'a people living about thirty or forty miles to the Northward' of Nootka Sound.Jewitt's Nar., pp. 63, 77.
TheAhtslive on the west coast of the island. 'The localities inhabited by the Aht tribes are, chiefly, the three large Sounds on the west coast of Vancouver Island, called Nitinaht (or Barclay) Klahohquaht, and Nootkah.'Sproat's Scenes, p. 10.
TheChicklezahtsandAhazatsinhabit districts in close proximity on the west coast of Vancouver.Barrett-Lennard's Trav., p. 41.
TheClayoquots, or Klahohquahts, live at Clayoquot Sound, and the Moouchats at Nootka Sound.Sproat's Scenes, pp. 22, 25. North of the Wickininish.Jewitt's Nar., p. 76.
TheToquahtsare a people 'whose village is in a dreary, remote part of Nitinaht (or Barclay) Sound.'Sproat's Scenes, p. 104.
TheSeshatslive at Alberni, Barclay Sound.Sproat's Scenes, p. 3.
ThePacheenas, or 'Pacheenetts, which I have included in Barclay Sound, also inhabit Port San Juan.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251.
TheTlaoquatchoccupy the south-western part of Vancouver. 'Den Südwesten der Quadra- und Vancouver-Insel nehmen die Tlaoquatch ein, deren Sprache mit der vom Nutka-Sunde verwandt ist.'Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 372. Tlaoquatch, or Tloquatch, on 'the south-western coast of Vancouver's Island.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 188.
TheSokesdwell 'between Victoria and Barclay Sound.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251. 'East point of San Juan to the Songes territory.'Findlay's Directory, p. 392.
TheWickinninishlive about two hundred miles south of Nootka.Jewitt's Nar., p. 76.
TheSonghiesare 'a tribe collected at and around Victoria.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243. 'The Songhish tribe, resident near Victoria.'Macfie's Vanc. Isl., p. 430. Songes, 'S.E. part of the island.'Findlay's Directory, p. 391.
TheSanetchdwell 'sixty miles N.W. of Mount Douglas.'Findlay's Directory, p. 391.
TheCowichinslive 'in the harbour and valley of Cowitchen, about 40 miles north of Victoria.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243. 'Cowichin river, which falls into that (Haro) canal about 20 miles N. of Cowichin Head, and derives its name from the tribe of Indians which inhabits the neighbouring country.'Douglas, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxiv., p. 246. Kawitchin, 'country N.W. of Sanetch territory to the entrance of Johnson's Straits.'Findlay's Directory, p. 391. 'North of Fraser's River, and on the opposite shores of Vancouver's Island.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 224. 'North of Fraser's River, on the north-west coast.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 91.
TheComux, or Komux, 'live on the east coast between the Kowitchan and the Quoquoulth tribes.'Sproat's Scenes, p. 311. Comoux, south of Johnston Straits.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;Kane's Wand., end of vol. The Comoux 'extend as far as Cape Mudge.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243.
TheKwantlumsdwell about the mouth of the Fraser. 'At and about the entrance of the Fraser River is the Kuantlun tribe: they live in villages which extend along the banks of the river as far as Langley.'Mayne's B. C., pp. 243, 295.
TheTeetslive on the lower Frazer River. 'From the falls (of the Fraser) downward to the seacoast, the banks of the river are inhabited by severalbranches of the Haitlin or Teet tribe.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 73. 'Extending from Langley to Yale, are the Smess, Chillwayhook, Pallalts, and Teates.... The Smess Indians occupy the Smess River and lake, and the Chillwayhooks the river and lake of that name.'Mayne's B. C., p. 295. Teate Indians. SeeBancroft's Map of Pac. States.
TheNanaimosare 'gathered about the mouth of the Fraser.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243.—Chiefly on a river named the Nanaimo, which falls into Wentuhuysen Inlet.Douglas, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxiv., p. 247.
TheSquawmishts'live in Howe Sound.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243.
TheSecheltslive on Jervis Inlet.Mayne's B. C., pp. 243-4.
TheClahoose, or Klahous, 'live in Desolation Sound.'Mayne's B. C., pp. 243-4.
TheNanoose'inhabit the harbour and district of that name, which lies 50 miles north of Nanaimo.'Mayne's B. C., p. 243.
TheTacultas, or Tahcultahs, live at Point Mudge on Valdes Island.Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 155.
TheUcletasare found 'at and beyond Cape Mudge.' 'They hold possession of the country on both sides of Johnstone Straits until met 20 or 30 miles south of Fort Rupert by the Nimpkish and Mamalilacullas.'Mayne's B. C., p. 244. Yougletats—'Une partie campe sur l'ile Vancouver elle-même, le reste habite sur le continent, au nord de la Rivière Fraser.'De Smet,Miss. de l'Orégon, p. 340. Yongletats, both on Vancouver Island, and on the mainland above the Fraser River.Bolduc, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1845, tom. cviii., pp. 366-7.
TheNimkishare 'at the mouth of the Nimpkish river, about 15 miles below Fort Rupert.'Mayne's B. C., p. 249;Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 158.
TheNecultasandQueehanicultasdwell at the entrance of Johnston Straits.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 488;Kane's Wand., end of vol.
TheQuackollsand 'two smaller tribes, live at Fort Rupert.'Mayne's B. C., pp. 244, 249. 'On the north-east side of Vancouver's Island, are to be found the Coquilths.'Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 98. Coquilths, a numerous tribe living at the north-east end.Dunn's Oregon, p. 239. The Cogwell Indians live around Fort Rupert.Barrett-Lennard's Trav., p. 68.
TheNewittees'east of Cape Scott ... meet the Quawguults at Fort Rupert.'Mayne's B. C., p. 251. Neweetg, 'at N.W. entrance of Johnson's Straits.'Findlay's Directory, p. 391. 'At the northern extremity of the island the Newette tribe.'Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 98. Newchemass came to Nootka 'from a great way to the Northward, and from some distance inland.'Jewitt's Nar., p. 77.
TheSaukaulutucksinhabit the interior of the northern end of Vancouver Island.Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 158. 'At the back of Barclay Sound, ... about two days' journey into the interior, live the only inland tribe.... They are called the Upatse Satuch, and consist only of four families.'Grant, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxvii., p. 287.
THE SOUND FAMILY.
The Sound Familyincludes all the tribes about Puget Sound and Admiralty Inlet, occupying all of Washington west of the Cascade Range, except a narrow strip along the north bank of the Columbia. In locating the nations of this family I begin with the extreme north-east, follow the easternshores of the sound southward, the western shores northward, and the coast of the Pacific southward to Gray Harbor. List of tribes between Olympia and Nawaukum River. 'Staktamish, Squaks'namish, Sehehwamish, Squalliamish, Puyallupamish, S'homamish, Suquamish, Sinahomish, Snoqualmook, Sinaahmish, Nooklummi.'Tolmie, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 251;Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 434. A canadian trapper found the following tribes between Fort Nisqually and Fraser River; 'Sukwámes, Sunahúmes, Tshikátstat, Puiále, and Kawítshin.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 220-1. Cheenales, west; Cowlitz, south; and Nisqually, east of Puget Sound.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200, map.
TheShimiahmoosoccupy the 'coast towards Frazer's river.' 'Between Lummi Point and Frazer's River.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 247, 250. 'Most northern tribe on the American side of the line.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 433;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491.
TheLummis'are divided into three bands—a band for each mouth of the Lummi River.'Fitzhugh, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 327. 'On the northern shore of Bellingham Bay.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 244. 'Lummi river, and peninsula.'Id., p. 250. 'On a river emptying into the northern part of Bellingham bay and on the peninsula.'Id., p. 247, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 433.
TheNooksaksare 'on the south fork of the Lummi River.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1851, p. 250. Nooksâhk, 'on the main fork of the river.'Id., p. 247. Nooksáhk, 'above the Lummi, on the main fork of the river.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 433. 'South fork Lummi river.'Id., p. 435. Nootsaks 'occupy the territory from the base of Mount Baker down to within five miles of the mouth of the Lummi.'Coleman, inHarper's Mag., vol. xxxix., p. 799. Neuksacks 'principally around the foot of Mount Baker.'Fitzhugh, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 328. The Neukwers and Siamanas, or Stick Indians 'live on lakes back of Whatcom and Siamana lakes and their tributaries.'Id., p. 329. Three tribes at Bellingham Bay, Neuksack, Samish, and Lummis, with some Neukwers and Siamanas who live in the back country.Id., p. 326. Neuksacks, a tribe inhabiting a country drained by the river of the same name ... taking the name Lummi before emptying into the Gulf of Georgia.Simmons, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1860, p. 188. Nooklummie, 'around Bellingham's bay.'Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 389;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 714.
TheSamishlive on Samish River and southern part of Bellingham Bay.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 247, 250. 'They have several islands which they claim as their inheritance, together with a large scope of the main land.'Fitzhugh, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 327.
TheSkagits'live on the main around the mouth of Skagit river, and own the central parts of Whidby's island, their principal ground being the neighborhood of Penn's cove.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 433, and inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 246. Whidby's Island 'is in the possession of the Sachet tribe.'Thornton's Ogn. and Cal., vol. i., p. 300. The Sachets inhabit Whidby's Island.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 510. Sachets, 'about Possession Sound.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143. Skadjets, 'on both sides of the Skadjet river, and on the north end of Whidby's Island.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. The Skagit, 'onSkagit river, and Penn's cove,' the N'quachamish, Smalèhhu, Miskaiwhu, Sakuméhu, on the branches of the same river.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250;Pac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Sockamuke, 'headwaters of Skagit River,' Neutubvig, 'north end of Whidby's Island, and county between Skagit's river and Bellingham's bay.' Cowewachin, Noothum, Miemissouks, north to Frazer River.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598.
TheKikiallisoccupy the banks of 'Kikiallis river and Whitby's island.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 246, 250.
TheSkeysehamishdwell in the 'country along the Skeysehamish river and the north branch of the Sinahemish.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388.
TheSnohomishreside on 'the southern end of Whidby's island, and the country on and near the mouth of the Sinahomish river.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 432, 435. The Sinahemish 'live on the Sinahemish river (falling into Possession Sound).'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. 'Sinahoumez (en 12 tribus) de la rivière Fraser à la baie de Puget.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'N'quutlmamish, Skywhamish, Sktahlejum, upper branches, north side, Sinahomish river.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 245, 250. Neewamish, 'Neewamish river, bay and vicinity;' Sahmamish, 'on a lake between Neewamish and Snohomish river;' Snohomish, 'South end of Whitney's Island, Snohomish river, bay and vicinity;' Skeawamish, 'north fork of the Snohomish river, called Skeawamish river;' Skuckstanajumps, 'Skuckstanajumps river, a branch of Skeawamish river;' Stillaquamish, 'Stillaquamish river and vicinity;' Kickuallis, 'mouth of Kickuallis river and vicinity.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. Stoluchwámish, on Stoluchwámish river, also called Steilaquamish.Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 432, 435, also inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 246, 250. Squinámish, Swodámish, Sinaahmish, 'north end of Whitby's island, canoe passage, and Sinamish river.'Id., pp. 247, 250. 'Southern end of Whidby's island and Sinahomish river.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 432-3.
TheSnoqualmooks'reside on the south fork, north side of the Sinahomish river.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 436, and inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250. Snoqualimich, 'Snoqualimich river and the south branch of the Sinahemish.'Harley, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388.
TheDwamishare 'living on and claiming the lands on the D'Wamish river.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 329. Dwamish River and Lake, White and Green Rivers.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491. On D'wamish lake etc. ... reside the Samamish and S'Ketehlmish tribes. 'The D'wamish tribe have their home on Lake Fork, D'Wamish river.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 432, 436. Dwamish, 'Lake Fork, Dwamish River;' Samamish, S'Ketéhlmish, 'Dwamish Lake;' Smelkámiah, 'Head of White River;' Skopeáhmish, 'Head of Green River;' Stkámish, 'main White River.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250.
TheSkopeahmishhave their home at the 'head of Green river.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 436. The Sekamish band 'on the main White river;' the Smulkamish tribe 'at the head of White river.'Ib.
TheSeattles, a tribe of the Snowhomish nation, occupied as their principal settlement, 'a slight eminence near the head of what is now known as Port Madison Bay.'Overland Monthly, 1870, vol. iv., p. 297.
TheSuquamish'claim all the land lying on the west side of the Sound, between Apple Tree cove on the north, and Gig harbor on the south.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 329. Soquamish, 'country about Port Orchard and neighbourhood, and the west side of Widby's Island.'Harley, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 700;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. 'Peninsula between Hood's canal and Admiralty inlet.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Snoquamish, 'Port Orchard, Elliott's Bay, and their vicinity.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 598. Shomamish, 'on Vashon's Island.'Ib.'Vashon's Island.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250. S'slomamish, 'Vaston's island.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. 'The Indians frequenting this port (Orchard) call themselves the Jeachtac tribe.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 510.
ThePuyallupamishlive 'at the mouth of Puyallup river;' T'quaquamish, 'at the heads of Puyallup river.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Squallyamish and Pugallipamish, 'in the country about Nesqually, Pugallipi, and Sinnomish rivers.'Harley, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701;Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. Puallipawmish or Pualliss, 'on Pualliss river, bay, and vicinity.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. Puyyallapamish, 'Puyallop River.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491.
TheNisquallies, or Skwall, 'inhabit the shores of Puget's Sound.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 211. 'Nesquallis, de la baie de Puget à la pointe Martinez.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Nasqually tribes, 'Nasqually River and Puget's Sound.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson Bay, p. 81. Squallyamish, 'at Puget Sound.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 177. The Squalliahmish are composed of six bands, and have their residence on Nisqually River and vicinity.Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Squallyamish or Nisqually, Nisqually River and vicinity.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. Fort Nisqually is frequented by the 'Squallies, the Clallams, the Paaylaps, the Scatchetts, the Checaylis,' and other tribes.Simpson's Overland Journey, vol. i., p. 181.
TheSteilacoomishdwell on 'Stalacom Creek;' Loquamish, 'Hood's Reef.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491. Stitcheosawmish, 'Budd's inlet and South bay,' in the vicinity of Olympia.Id., vol. iv., p. 598. Steilacoomamish, 'Steilacoom creek and vicinity.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435.
TheSawamishhave their residence on 'Totten's inlet.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Sayhaymamish, 'Totten inlet.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. 'Srootlemamish, Quackenamish at Case's inlet.'Ib.Quáks'namish, 'Case's inlet;' S'Hotlemamish, 'Carr's inlet;' Sahéhwamish, 'Hammersly's inlet;' Sawámish, 'Totten's inlet;' Squaiaitl, 'Eld's inlet;' Stéhchasámish, 'Budd's inlet;' Noosehchatl, 'South bay.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 250.
TheSkokomishlive at the upper end of Hood Canal.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598;Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 244, 250. Töanhoochand Shokomish on Hood's Canal.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491. Tuanoh and Skokomish 'reside along the shores of Hood's Canal.'Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. Toankooch, 'western shore of Hood's canal. They are a branch of the Nisqually nation.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 244;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 431. Tuanooch, 'mouth of Hood's Canal.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. 'The region at the head of Puget Sound is inhabited by a tribe called the Toandos.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 140. Homamish, Hotlimamish, Squahsinawmish, Sayhaywamish, Stitchassamish, 'reside in the country from the Narrows along the western shore of Puget's Sound to New Market.'Mitchell and Harley, inAm. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388.
TheNoosdalums, or Nusdalums, 'dwell on Hood's Channel.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 135. 'Die Noosdalum, wohnen am Hood's-Canal;'Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 373. 'Noostlalums, consist of eleven tribes or septs living about the entrance of Hood's canal, Dungeness, Port Discovery, and the coast to the westward.'Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 700.
TheChimakum, or Chinakum, 'territory seems to have embraced the shore from Port Townsend to Port Ludlow.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 242-244. 'On Port Townsend Bay.'Id., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 431, 435;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598.
TheClallams, or Clalams, are 'about Port Discovery.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143. 'Their country stretches along the whole southern shore of the Straits to between Port Discovery and Port Townsend.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 429;Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 242, 244. Southern shore of the Straits of Fuca east of the Classets.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 220. At Port Discovery.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 319. Sklallum, 'between Los Angelos and Port Townsend.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. Sklallams, 'at Cape Flattery.'Id., vol. v., p. 491. 'Scattered along the strait and around the bays and bights of Admiralty Inlet, upon a shoreline of more than a hundred miles.'Scammon, inOverland Monthly, 1871, vol. vii., p. 278. 'S'Klallams, Chemakum, Toanhooch, Skokomish, and bands of the same, taking names from their villages, ... and all residing on the shores of the straits of Fuca and Hood's Canal.'Webster, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1862, p. 407. Kahtai, Kaquaith, and Stehllum, at Port Townsend, Port Discovery, and New Dungeness.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 491;Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 249. Stentlums at New Dungeness.Id., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435.
INDIANS OF THE COAST OF WASHINGTON.
TheMakahs, orClassets, dwell about Cape Flattery. Macaw, 'Cape Flattery to Neah Bay.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 598. Pistchin, 'Neah Bay to Los Angelos Point.'Ib.'Country about Cape Flattery, and the coast for some distance to the southward, and eastward to the boundary of the Halam or Noostlalum lands.'Id., vol. v., p. 700;Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 241, 249;Hale, inId., 1862, p. 390;Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 429, 435. 'At Neah Bay or Waadda, and its vicinity.'Simmons, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 231. Tatouche, a tribe of the Classets.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 516. Classets 'reside on the south side of the Straits of Fuca.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 220;Mitchell and Harley, inAm. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 388. Tatouche or Classets, 'between the Columbia and the strait of Fuca.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143. 'Clatset tribe.'Cornwallis' N. El Dorado, p. 97. 'Classets, on the Strait of Fuca.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 30;Stevens' Address, p. 10. Makahs, 'inhabiting a wild broken peninsula circumscribed by the river Wyatch, the waters of the Strait and the Pacific.'Scammon, inOverland Monthly, 1871, vol. vii., p. 277. Klaizzarts, 'living nearly three hundred miles to the South' of Nootka Sound.Jewitt's Nar., p. 75. The Elkwhahts have a village on the strait.Sproat's Scenes, p. 153.
List of tribes between Columbia River and Cape Flattery on the Coast; Calasthocle, Chillates, Chiltz, Clamoctomichs, Killaxthocles, Pailsh, Potoashs, Quieetsos, Quinnechart, Quiniülts.Morse's Rept., p. 371.
TheQuillehuteandQueniult, or Quenaielt, 'occupy the sea-coast between Ozelt or old Cape Flattery, on the north, and Quinaielt river on the south.'Simmons, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1860, p. 195. Quinaielt, Quillehuté, Queets, and Hoh, live on the Quinaielt river and ocean.Smith, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 21. The Queniult live 'at Point Grenville.'Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 210. 'On the banks of a river of the same name.'Id., p. 78. The Wilapahs 'on the Wilapah River.'Id., p. 211. The Copalis 'on the Copalis River, eighteen miles north of Gray's Harbor.'Id., p. 210. Quinaitle, north of Gray's Harbor.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 249. Quinaik, 'coast from Gray's harbor northward.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435. Ehihalis, Quinailee, Grey's Harbor and north.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 490. South of the Classets along the coast come the Quinnechants, Calasthortes, Chillates, Quinults, Pailsk, etc.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 428. The Kaliouches and Konnichtchates, spoken of as dwelling on Destruction Island and the neighboring main.Tarakanov, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1823, tom. xx., p. 336, et seq.
TheChehalis, or Chickeeles, 'inhabit the country around Gray's Harbour.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 140. On the Chehalis river.Nesmith, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1867, p. 8. Frequent also Shoalwater Bay.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 240, 249. On the Cowelits. 'Among the Tsihailish are included the Kwaiantl and Kwenaiwitl ... who live near the coast, thirty or forty miles south of Cape Flattery.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 211-12. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.'Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 113. 'Chekilis, et Quinayat. Près du havre de Gray et la rivière Chekilis.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335;Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 210;Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435;Starling, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 599. 'A quarante milles au nord, (from the Columbia) le long de la côte, habitent les Tchéilichs.'Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. x., p. 90. The Whiskkah and Wynooche tribes on the northern branches of the Chihailis.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 240. Sachals 'reside about the lake of the same name, and along the river Chickeeles.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 140.
TheCowlitzlive on the upper Cowlitz River. Occupy the middle of the peninsula which lies west of Puget Sound and north of the Columbia.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 211. On the Cowlitz River. TheTaitinapams have their abode at the base of the mountains on the Cowlitz.Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 435; and inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 240, 249;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 599, vol. v., p. 490. Cowlitsick, 'on Columbia river, 62 miles from its mouth.'Morse's Rept., p. 368. There are three small tribes in the vicinity of the Cowlitz Farm, 'the Cowlitz, the Checaylis and the Squally.'Simpson's Overland Journ., vol. i., p. 179. The Staktomish live 'between Nisqually and Cowlitz and the head waters of Chehaylis river.'Am. Quar. Register, vol. iii., p. 389;Harley, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 701.
THE CHINOOK FAMILY.
The Chinook Familyincludes, according to my division, all the tribes of Oregon west of the Cascade Range, together with those on the north bank of the Columbia river. The name has usually been applied only to the tribes of the Columbia Valley up to the Dalles, and belonged originally to a small tribe on the north bank near the mouth. 'The nation, or rather family, to which the generic name of Chinook has attached, formerly inhabited both banks of the Columbia River, from its mouth to the Grand Dalles, a distance of about a hundred and seventy miles.' 'On the north side of the river, first the Chinooks proper (Tchi-nuk), whose territory extended from Cape Disappointment up the Columbia to the neighborhood of Gray'sBay(not Gray'sHarbor, which is on the Pacific), and back to the northern vicinity of Shoalwater Bay, where they interlocked with the Chihalis of the coast.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., pp. iii., iv. The name Watlalas or Upper Chinooks 'properly belongs to the Indians at the Cascades,' but is applied to all 'from the Multnoma Island to the Falls of the Columbia.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 214-5. 'The principal tribes or bands were the Wakaíkam (known as the Wahkyekum), the Katlámat (Cathlamet), the Tshinuk (Chinook), and the Tlatsap (Clatsop).'Ib.'The natives, who dwell about the lower parts of the Columbia, may be divided into four tribes—the Clotsops, who reside around Point Adams, on the south side; ... the Chinooks; Waakiacums; and the Cathlamets; who live on the north side of the river, and around Baker's Bay and other inlets.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 114. The tribes may be classed: 'Chinooks, Clatsops, Cathlamux, Wakicums, Wacalamus, Cattleputles, Clatscanias, Killimux, Moltnomas, Chickelis.'Ross' Adven., p. 87. Tribes on north bank of the Columbia from mouth; Chilts, Chinnook, Cathlamah, Wahkiakume, Skillute, Quathlapotle.Lewis and Clarke's Map.'All the natives inhabiting the southern shore of the Straits (of Fuca), and the deeply indented territory as far as and including the tide-waters of the Columbia, may be comprehended under the general term of Chinooks.'Pickering's Races, inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., p. 25. 'The Chenook nation resides along upon the Columbia river, from the Cascades to its confluence with the ocean.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 261. 'Inhabiting the lower parts of the Columbia.'Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 110. 'Hauts-Tchinouks, près des cascades du Rio Colombia. Tchinouks d'en bas, des Cascades jusqu'à la mer, Bas-Tchinouks.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., pp. 335, 350-1. 'On the right bank of the Columbia.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 40. The Cheenooks and Kelussuyas, 4 tribes, live at 'Pillar Rock, Oak Point, the Dallas, the Cascades, Cheate River, Takama River, on the Columbia.' 'Cheenooks, Clatsops and several tribes near theentrance of the Columbia River.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 81. Upper and Lower Chinooks on the Columbia River, Lower Chinooks at Shoalwater Bay.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 490. Chinooks, 'north of the Columbia.'Id., p. 492. 'Upper Chinooks, five bands, Columbia River, above the Cowlitz. Lower Chinooks, Columbia River below the Cowlitz, and four other bands on Shoalwater Bay.'Stevens, inId., p. 703. 'Mouth of Columbia river, north side, including some 50 miles interior.'Emmons, inId., vol. iii., p. 201. The Chinnooks 'reside chiefly along the banks of a river, to which we gave the same name; and which, running parallel to the sea coast ... empties itself into Haley's Bay.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 425, and map;Irving's Astoria, p. 335. 'To the south of the mouth of the Columbia.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 15. 'Chenooks on the Columbia.'Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 210. North side of the Columbia.Morse's Report, p. 368;Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 286. Tshinuk south of the Columbia at mouth. Watlala on both sides of the river from the Willamette to Dalles. They properly belong to the Indians at the Cascades.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 214-5, and map, p. 197. Banks of the Columbia from Dalles to the mouth.Farnham's Trav., p. 85. The upper Chinooks were the Shalala and Echeloots of Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia, there are, besides the Chinooks, the Klickatacks, Cheehaylas, Naas, and many other tribes.Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 113.
'The Flathead Indians are met with on the banks of the Columbia River, from its mouth eastward to the Cascades, a distance of about 150 miles; they extend up the Walhamette River's mouth about thirty or forty miles, and through the district between the Walhamette and Fort Astoria.'Kane's Wand., p. 173. 'The Flatheads are a very numerous people, inhabiting the shores of the Columbia River, and a vast tract of country lying to the south of it.'Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 108. 'The Cathlascon tribes, which inhabit the Columbia River.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225. Cathlascos on the Columbia River, S. side 220 miles from its mouth.Morse's Rept., p. 368.
Shoalwater Bay Indians: Whilapah on Whilapah river; Necomanchee, or Nickomin, on Nickomin river, flowing into the east side of the bay; Quelaptonlilt, at the mouth of Whilapah river; Wharhoots, at the present site of Bruceport; Querqueltin, at the mouth of a creek; Palux, on Copalux or Palux river; Marhoo, Nasal, on the Peninsula.Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 211. 'Karweewee, or Artsmilsh, the name of the Shoalwater Bay tribes.'Id., p. 210. Along the coast north of the Columbia are the Chinnooks, Killaxthockle, Chilts, Clamoitomish, Potoashees, etc.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 428. Quillequeoquas at Shoalwater Bay. Map inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200. Kwalhioqua, north of the Columbia near the mouth.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 204, and map, p. 197. Klatskanai, 'on the upper waters of the Nehalem, a stream running into the Pacific, on those of Young's River, and one bearing their own name, which enters the Columbia at Oak Point.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. iv. Willopahs, 'on the Willopah River, and the head of the Chihalis.'Ib.
TheChiltsinhabit the 'coast to the northward of Cape Disappointment.'Cox's Adven., vol. i., p. 302. 'North of the mouth of the Columbia and Chealis rivers.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 261, and map. 'On the sea-coast near Point Lewis.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 401.
Miscellaneous bands on the Columbia; Aleis, on the north side of the Columbia.Gass' Jour., p. 285. Cathlacumups 'on the main shore S.W. of Wappatoo Isl.'Morse's Rept., p. 371. Cathlakamaps, 'at the mouth of the Wallaumut.'Id., p. 368. Cathlanamenamens, 'On the island in the mouth of the Wallaumut.'Id., p. 368. Cathlanaquiahs, 'On the S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.'Id., p. 371. Cathlapootle, eighty miles from mouth of the Columbia opposite the mouth of the Willamette.Id., p. 368. Calhlathlas, 'at the rapids, S. side.'Id., p. 368. Clahclellah, 'below the rapids.'Morse's Rept., p. 370. Clannarminnamuns, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.'Id., p. 371. Clanimatas, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo Isl.'Ib.Clockstar, 'S.E. side of Wappattoo Isl.'Ib.Cooniacs, 'of Oak Point (Kahnyak or Kukhnyak, the Kreluits of Franchère and Skilloots of Lewis and Clarke).'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. iv. Hellwits, 'S. side 39 miles from mouth.'Morse's Rept., p. 368. Katlagakya, 'from the Cascades to Vancouver.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255. Katlaminimim, on Multnomah Island.Ib.Katlaportl, river of same name, and right bank of Columbia for five miles above its mouth.Ib.Ketlakaniaks, at Oak Point, formerly united with Kolnit.Ib.Klakalama, between Kathlaportle and Towalitch rivers.Ib.Mamnit, 'Multnomah Isl.'Ib.Nechakoke, 'S. side, near Quicksand river, opposite Diamond Isl.'Morse's Rept., p. 370. Neerchokioon, south side above the Wallaumut river.Ib.Shalala at the grand rapids down to the Willamet.Ib.Quathlapotle, between the Cowlits and Chahwahnahinooks (Cathlapootle?) river.Lewis and Clarke's Map.Seamysty, 'at the mouth of the Towalitch River.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255. Shoto, W. side back of a pond and nearly opposite the entrance of the Willamut.Morse's Rept., p. 370. Skillutes, 'about junction of Cowlitz.'Lewis and Clarke's Map.Skiloots on the Columbia on each side, from the lower part of the Columbia Valley as low as Sturgeon Island, and on both sides of the Coweliskee River.Morse's Rept., p. 371. Smockshop.Id., p. 370. Trile Kalets, near Fort Vancouver.Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 81. Wahclellah, 'below all the rapids.'Morse's Rept., p. 370. Wakamass, 'Deer's Isle to the lower branch of the Wallamat.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255. Wyampams, at the narrows.Ross' Adven., pp. 117-19. Tchilouits on the Columbia, south bank, below the Cowlitz.Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. x., p. 112. Cathlâkaheckits and Cathlathlalas in vicinity of the Cascades.Id., tom. xii., 1821, p. 23.
TheClatsopslive on Point Adams.Hines' Voy., p. 88. 'South side of the (Columbia) river at its mouth.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., pp. 30, 286. 'Southern shore of the bay at the mouth of the Columbia, and along the seacoast on both sides of Point Adams.'Morton's Crania, p. 211;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 401, 426, and map. 12 miles from mouth, south side.Morse's Rept., p. 368. 'South side of the river.'Gass' Jour., p. 244. 'From near Tillamook Head to Point Adams and up the river to Tongue Point.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. iv. Klakhelnk, 'on Clatsop Point, commonly called Clatsops.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 201, vol. v., p. 492.
COAST TRIBES OF OREGON.
TheWakiakum, or 'Wakaikum, live on the right bank of the Columbia; on a small stream, called Cadet River.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255. Wakiakums (Wakáiakum) 'towards Oak Point.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. iv. Wahkiacums, adjoining the Cathlamahs on the south-east and the Skilloots on the north-west.Lewis and Clarke's Map.. Waakicums, thirty miles from the mouth of the Columbia, north side.Morse's Rept., p. 368.
TheCathlametsextend from Tongue Point to Puget's Island.Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. iv. 'Opposite the lower village of the Wahkiacums.'Irving's Astoria, p. 336. '30 miles from the mouth of Columbia.'Morse's Rept., p. 368. 'On a river of same name.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255;Lewis and Clarke's Map.
'Along the coast south of the Columbia river are the Clatsops, Killamucks, Lucktons, Kahunkle, Lickawis, Youkone, Necketo, Ulseah, Youitts, Shiastuckle, Killawats, Cookoose, Shalalahs, Luckasos, Hannakalals.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 427-8. 'Along the coast S. of Columbia river, and speak the Killamucks language,' Youicone, Neekeetoos, Ulseahs, Youitts, Sheastukles, Killawats, Cookkoooose, Shallalah, Luckkarso, Hannakallal.Morse's Rept., p. 371. Náélim, 'on a river on the sea-coast, 30 miles S. of Clatsop Point,' and the following tribes proceeding southward. Nikaas, Kowai, Neselitch, Tacóón, Aleya, Sayonstla, Kiliwatsal, Kaons, Godamyou (!), Stotonia, at the mouth of Coquin river.Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., pp. 255-6.
TheKillamooksdwell along the coast southward from the mouth of the Columbia. 'Near the mouth of the Columbia.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 262. Callimix, '40 miles S. of Columbia.'Morse's Rept., p. 368. Killamucks, 'along the S.E. coast for many miles.'Id., p. 371. Tillamooks, 'along the coast from Umpqua River to the Neachesna, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 256, 259. Kilamukes, 'south and east of mouth of the Columbia, extending to the coast.'Emmons, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 201. Nsietshawus, or Killamuks, 'on the sea-coast south of the Columbia.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 211, and map, p. 197. 'Between the river Columbia and the Umpqua.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 81. 'Country about Cape Lookout.'Palmer's Jour., p. 105. 'On comprend sous le nom général de Killimous, les Indiens du sud du Rio Colombia, tels que les Nahelems, les Nikas, les Kaouais, les Alsiias, les Umquas, les Toutounis et les Sastés. Ces deux dernières peuplades se sont jusqu'à présent montrées hostiles aux caravanes des blancs.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., pp. 335, 357. Killamucks, next to the Clatsops.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 426. 'Callemeux nation.'Gass' Jour., p. 260. Callemax on the coast forty leagues south of the Columbia.Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. x., p. 90.
The Lucktons are found 'adjoining the Killamucks, and in a direction S.S.E.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 427.
The Jakon, or Yakones, dwell south of the Killamooks on the coast.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218, and map, p. 197.
The Tlatskanai are farther inland than the Killamooks.Id., p. 204.
TheUmpquaslive 'on a river of that name.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc.Jour., vol. ii., p. 256. 'In a valley of the same name. They are divided into six tribes; the Sconta, Chalula, Palakahu, Quattamya, and Chastà.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 262. Umbaquâs.Id., p. 262. 'Umpquas (3 tribus) sur la rivière de ce nom, et de la rivière aux Vaches.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Umkwa inhabit the upper part of the river of that name, having the Kalapuya on the north, the Lutuami (Clamets), on the east, and the Sainstkla between them and the sea.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 204, and map, p. 197. Two hundred and twenty-five miles south of the Columbia.Hines' Voy., p. 94. 'The country of the Umpquas is bounded east by the Cascade mountains, west by the Umpqua mountains and the ocean, north by the Calipooia mountains and south by Grave Creek and Rogue River mountains.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 255;Emmons, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 201, vol. v., p. 492.
The Saiustkla reside 'upon a small stream which falls into the sea just south of the Umqua River.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 221, map, p. 197. Sinselaw, 'on the banks of the Sinselaw river.'Harvey, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 80. Sayousla, 'near the mouth of Sayousla bay.'Brooks, inId., 1862, p. 299. Saliutla, 'at the mouth of the Umbaquâ river.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 262.
The Katlawotsetts include the Siuslaw and Alsea bands on Siuslaw River; the Scottsburg, Lower Umpqua, and Kowes Bay bands on Umpqua River.Drew, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 359. Kiliwatshat, 'at the mouth of the Umpqua.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 221.
The Alseas, or Alseyas, live on Alsea Bay.Brooks, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1862, p. 299;Harvey, inId., 1863, p. 80. Chocreleatan, 'at the forks of the Coquille river.' Quahtomahs, between Coquille River and Port Orford. Nasomah, 'near the mouth of the Coquille River.'Parrish, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 287.
NATIVES OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY.
Willamette Valley Nations: 'The nations who inhabit this fertile neighbourhood are very numerous. The Wappatoo inlet extends three hundred yards wide, for ten or twelve miles to the south, as far as the hills near which it receives the waters of a small creek, whose sources are not far from those of the Killamuck river. On that creek resides the Clackstar nation, a numerous people of twelve hundred souls, who subsist on fish and wappatoo, and who trade by means of the Killamuck river, with the nation of that name on the sea-coast. Lower down the inlet, towards the Columbia, is the tribe called Cathlacumup. On the sluice which connects the inlet with the Multnomah, are the tribes Cathlanahquiah and Cathlacomatup; and on Wappatoo island, the tribes of Clannahminamun and Clahnaquah. Immediately opposite, near the Towahnahiooks, are the Quathlapotles, and higher up, on the side of the Columbia, the Shotos. All these tribes, as well as the Cathlahaws, who live somewhat lower on the river, and have an old village on Deer island, may be considered as parts of the great Multnomah nation, which has its principal residence on Wappatoo island, near the mouth of the large river to which they give their name. Forty miles above its junction with the Columbia, it receives the waters of the Clackamos, a river which may be traced through a woody and fertile country to its sources in Mount Jefferson, almost to the foot of which it is navigable for canoes. A nationof the same name resides in eleven villages along its borders: they live chiefly on fish and roots, which abound in the Clackamos and along its banks, though they sometimes descend to the Columbia to gather wappatoo, where they cannot be distinguished by dress or manners, or language, from the tribes of Multnomahs. Two days' journey from the Columbia, or about twenty miles beyond the entrance of the Clackamos, are the falls of the Multnomah. At this place are the permanent residences of the Cushooks and Chaheowahs, two tribes who are attracted to that place by the fish, and by the convenience of trading across the mountains and down Killamuck river, with the nation of Killamucks, from whom they procure train oil. These falls were occasioned by the passage of a high range of mountains; beyond which the country stretches into a vast level plain, wholly destitute of timber. As far as the Indians, with whom we conversed, had ever penetrated that country, it was inhabited by a nation called Calahpoewah, a very numerous people, whose villages, nearly forty in number, are scattered along each side of the Multnomah, which furnish them with their chief subsistence, fish, and the roots along its banks.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 507-8. Calapooyas, Moolallels, and Clackamas in the Willamette Valley.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200, map. Cathlakamaps at the mouth of the Ouallamat; Cathlapoutles opposite; Cathlanaminimins on an island a little higher up; Mathlanobes on the upper part of the same island; Cathlapouyeas just above the falls; the Cathlacklas on an eastern branch farther up; and still higher the Chochonis.Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. x., pp. 115, 117.
The Cathlathlas live '60 miles from the mouth of the Wallaumut.'Morse's Rept., p. 368.
The Cloughewallhah are 'a little below the falls.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 177.
The Katlawewalla live 'at the falls of the Wallamat.'Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 256.
The Leeshtelosh occupy the 'headwaters of the Multnomah.'Hunter's Captivity, p. 73.
The Multnomahs (or Mathlanobs) dwell 'at upper end of the island in the mouth of the Wallaumut.'Morse's Rept., p. 368.
The Nemalquinner lands are 'N.E. side of the Wallaumut river, 3 miles above its mouth.'Morse's Rept., p. 370.
The Newaskees extend eastward of the headwaters of the Multnomah, on a large lake.Hunter's Captivity, p. 73.
The Yamkallies dwell 'towards the sources of the Wallamut River.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225.
TheCalapooyaslive in the upper Willamette Valley. Callipooya, 'Willamette Valley.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 492, vol. iii., p. 201. Kalapuya, 'above the falls.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 217. Callawpohyeaas, Willamette tribes sixteen in number.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 108. Calapooah, seventeen tribes on the Willamette and its branches.Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 261. Callappohyeaass nation consists of Wacomeapp, Nawmooit, Chillychandize, Shookany, Coupé, Shehees, Longtonguebuff, Lamalle, and Pecyou tribes.Ross' Adven., pp. 236-6. Kalapooyahs, 'on the shores of the Oregon.'Morton's Crania, p. 213. 'WillamatPlains.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225. Kalapuyas, 'above the falls of the Columbia.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 36. '50 miles from the mouth of the Wallaumut, W. side.'Morse's Rept., p. 368. Vule Puyas, Valley of the Willamette.Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 81.
TheClackamasare on the 'Clackama River.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 492. 'Clakemas et Kaoulis, sur le Ouallamet et la rivière Kaoulis.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'Valley of the Clakamus and the Willamuta Falls.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 81. Klackamas, 'three miles below the falls.'Hines' Voy., p. 144. Clackamis.Palmer's Jour., p. 84. Clarkamees.Morse's Rept., p. 372. Clackamus.Lewis and Clarke's Map.
TheMollalesare found in 'Willamettee Valley.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 492. 'At the mouth of the Wallamet, and the Wapatoo Islands.'Tucker's Oregon, p. 71. 'Upon the west side of the Willamette and opposite Oregon City.'Palmer's Jour., p. 84.
THE SHUSHWAP FAMILY.
The Shushwap Familycomprises all the inland tribes of British Columbia, south of lat. 52° 30´.
TheAtnahs, Strangers, Niccoutamuch, or Shushwaps proper, inhabit the Fraser and Thompson valleys. 'At Spuzzum ... a race very different both in habits and language is found. These are the Nicoutamuch, or Nicoutameens, a branch of a widely-extended tribe. They, with their cognate septs, the Atnaks, or Shuswapmuch, occupy the Frazer River from Spuzzum to the frontier of that part of the country called by the Hudson Bay Company New Caledonia, which is within a few miles of Fort Alexandria.'Mayne's B. C., p. 296. 'Shushwaps of the Rocky Mountains inhabit the country in the neighbourhood of Jasper House, and as far as Tête Jaune Cache on the western slope. They are a branch of the great Shushwap nation who dwell near the Shushwap Lake and grand fork of the Thompson River in British Columbia.' Thompson River and Lake Kamloops.Milton and Cheadle's Northw. Pass., pp. 241, 335. 'On the Pacific side, but near the Rocky Mountains, are the Shoushwaps who, inhabiting the upper part of Frazer's River, and the north fork of the Columbia.'Blakiston, inPalliser's Explor., p. 44. 'The Shooshaps live below the Sinpauelish Indians.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 313. 'The Shushwaps possess the country bordering on the lower part of Frazer's River, and its branches.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 205. The Atnahs or Soushwap, 'live in the country on the Fraser's and Thompson's Rivers.' 'They were termed by Mackenzie the Chin tribe.' (Seep. 251, note 141of this vol.)Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 427;Buschmann,Brit. Nordamer., p. 320. Shooshaps, south of the Sinpavelist.De Smet,Voy., pp. 50-1. 'The Atnah, or Chin Indian country extends about one hundred miles,' from Fort Alexander.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 361. Shooshewaps inhabit the region of the north bend of the Columbia, in 52°. Atnahs, in the region of the Fraser and Thompson rivers.Macdonald's Lecture on B. C., p. 10;Hector, inPalliser's Explor., p. 27. 'The Shewhapmuch (Atnahs of Mackenzie) ... occupy the banks of Thompson's River; and along Frazer's River from the Rapid village, twenty miles below Alexandria,to the confluence of these two streams. Thence to near the falls the tribe bears the name of Nicutemuch.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 76.
'The Stta Llimuh, natives of Anderson Lake, speak a dialect of the Sheswap language.' Skowhomish, in the same vicinity.McKay, inB. C. Papers, vol. ii., p. 32.
'The Loquilt Indians have their home in the winter on Lake Anderson, and the surrounding district, whence they descend to the coast in Jervis Inlet in the summer.'Mayne's B. C., p. 299.
The Kamloops dwell about one hundred and fifty miles north-west of Okanagan.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 156.
The Clunsus are east of Fraser River, between Yale and latitude 50°; Skowtous, on the fiftieth parallel south of Lake Kamloops and west of Lake Okanagan; Sockatcheenum, east of Fraser and north of 51°.Bancroft's Map of Pac. States.
TheKootenaislive in the space bounded by the Columbia River, Rocky Mountains, and Clarke River. The Kitunaha, Coutanies, or Flatbows, 'wander in the rugged and mountainous tract enclosed between the two northern forks of the Columbia. The Flat-bow River and Lake also belong to them.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 204-5, map, p. 297. 'Inhabit the country extending along the foot of the Rocky mountains, north of the Flatheads, for a very considerable distance, and are about equally in American and in British territory.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 416. Kootoonais, 'on McGillivray's River, the Flat Bow Lake, etc.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 82. Kootonais, on 'or about the fiftieth parallel at Fort Kootonie, east of Fort Colville.'Simpson's Overland Journ., vol. i., p. 138. 'Between the Rocky Mountains, the Upper Columbia and its tributary the Killuspeha or Pend'oreille, and watered by an intermediate stream called the Kootanais River is an angular piece of country peopled by a small, isolated tribe bearing the same name as the last-mentioned river, on the banks of which they principally live.'Mayne's B. C., p. 297. The lands of the Cottonois 'lie immediately north of those of the Flatheads.'Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 70. Kutanàe, Kútani, Kitunaha, Kutneha, Coutanies, Flatbows, 'near the sources of the Mary River, west of the Rocky Mountains.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 98. 'Inhabit a section of country to the north of the Ponderas, along M'Gillivray's river.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 312. 'Koutanies ou Arcs-Plats, Près du fort et du lac de ce nom.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'In the Kootanie Valley.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 178. Kootonays, south of the Shushwaps.Palliser's Explor., p. 44. 'Great longitudinal valley' of the Kootanie river.Hector, inId., p. 27. 'The Tobacco Plains form the country of the Kootanies.'Blakiston, inId., p. 73. 'About the northern branches of the Columbia.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 30. Kootanais, 'angle between the Saeliss lands and the eastern heads of the Columbia.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 79. About the river of the same name, between the Columbia and Rocky Mountains.Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143. A band called Sinatcheggs on the upper Arrow Lake.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 190. The Kootenais were perhaps the Tushepaws of Lewis and Clarke.
TheTushepawsare 'a numerous people of four hundred and fifty tents, residing on the heads of the Missouri and Columbia rivers, and some ofthem lower down the latter river.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 321, and map;Bulfinch's Ogn., p. 134. 'On a N. fork of Clarke's River.'Morse's Rept., p. 372. Ootlashoots, Micksucksealton (Pend d'Oreilles?), Hohilpos (Flatheads?), branches of the Tushepaws.Id., andLewis and Clarke's Map. The Tushepaw nation might as correctly be included in the Salish family or omitted altogether. According toGibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417, they were the Kootenais.
TheOkanagans, or Okinakanes, 'comprise the bands lying on the river of that name, as far north as the foot of the great lake. They are six in number, viz: the Tekunratum at the mouth; Konekonep, on the creek of that name; Kluckhaitkwee, at the falls; Kinakanes, near the forks; and Milaketkun, on the west fork. With them may be classed the N'Pockle, or Sans Puelles, on the Columbia river, though these are also claimed by the Spokanes. The two bands on the forks are more nearly connected with the Schwogelpi than with the ones first named.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 237, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 412. Oakinackens, Priests' Rapids, northward over 500 miles, and 100 miles in width, to the Shewhaps, branching out into 12 tribes, as follows, beginning with the south: 'Skamoynumachs, Kewaughtchenunaughs, Pisscows, Incomecanétook, Tsillane, Intiétook, Battlelemuleemauch, or Meatwho, Inspellum, Sinpohellechach, Sinwhoyelppetook, Samilkanuigh and Oakinacken, which is nearly in the centre.'Ross' Adven., pp. 289-90. 'On both sides the Okanagan River from its mouth up to British Columbia, including the Sennelkameen River.'Ross, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 22. 'Près du fort de ce nom.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'On the Okanagan and Piscour Rivers.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 82. 'Composed of several small bands living along the Okinakane river, from its confluence with the Columbia to Lake Okinakane.... A majority of the tribe live north of the boundary line.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 99. 'Columbia Valley.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 490. North-east and west of the Shoopshaps.De Smet,Voy., p. 51. Junction of the Okanagan and Columbia.Parker's Map.'Upper part of Fraser's River and its tributaries.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225. Principal family called Conconulps about 9 miles up stream of the same name.Ross' Adven., pp. 289-90. The Similkameen live on S. river, and 'are a portion of the Okanagan tribe.'Palmer, inB. Col. Papers, vol. iii., p. 85. The Okanagans, called Catsanim by Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. Cutsahnim, on the Columbia above the Sokulks, and on the northern branches of the Taptul.Morse's Rept., p. 372.