[555]Every traveler who has seen them dance enters into details of dress, etc.; but no two of these accounts are alike, and the reason of this is that they have no regular figures or costumes peculiar to their dances, but that every man, when his dress is not paint only, wears all the finery he possesses with an utter disregard for uniformity. 'At some of their dances we were told that they avoid particular articles of food, even fowls and eggs.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 113. Dancing is executed at Santa Cruz, by forming a circle, assuming a stooping posture, raising a loud, discordant chant, and, without moving from their places, lifting and lowering a foot, and twisting the body into various contortions.Archives of Santa Cruz Mission.'In their dances they sometimes wear white masks.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 192. 'Se poudrent les cheveux avec du duvet d'oiseaux.'Choris,Voy. Pitt., part iii., p. 4. When a Wallie chief 'decides to hold a dance in his village, he dispatches messengers to the neighboring rancherias, each bearing a string whereon is tied a certain number of knots. Every morning thereafter the invited chief unties one of the knots, and when the last but one is reached, they joyfully set forth for the dance.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 325. For descriptions of dances of Neeshenams, seePowers, inOverland Monthly, vol. xii., pp. 26-7.[556]'Each one had two and sometimes three whistles, made of reeds, in his mouth.'San Francisco Bulletin,Oct. 21, 1858.'Some had whistles or double flageolets of reed which were stuck into their noses.'Revere's Tour, p. 133. 'The Gentiles do not possess any instrument whatever.'Comellas' Letter, inCal. Farmer,April 5, 1860. 'Their own original instrument consists of a very primitive whistle, some double, some single, and held in the mouth by one end, without the aid of the fingers; they are about the size and length of a common fife, and only about two notes can be sounded on them.'Cal. Farmer,Oct. 26, 1860.[557]'They use a species of native tobacco of nauseous and sickening odour.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 107. 'They burned the aulone shell for the lime to mix with their tobacco, which they swallowed to make them drunk.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,April 27, 1860. 'A species of tobacco is found on the sandy beaches which the Indians prepare and smoke.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 202. 'Se pusieron á chupar y reparé en ellos la misma ceremonia de esparcir el humo hácia arriba diciendo en cada bocanada unas palabras; solo entendí una que fuéesmenque quiere decir sol; observé la misma costumbre de chupar primero el mas principal, luego da la pipa á otro, y da vuelta á otros.'Palou,Noticias, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vii., p. 69; see also p. 77.[558]On the subject of amusements, seeKotzebue's Voy., vol. i., p. 282.Delano's Life on the Plains, p. 307;Helper's Land of Gold, pp. 271-2;Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., pp. 72, 76-7;Kostromitonow, inId., pp. 85-92;Holinski,La Californie, p. 173;Comellas' Letter, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 5, 1860;Wimmel,Californien, p. 178;Drake's World Encomp., p. 128;Revere's Tour, pp. 120-133;San Francisco Bulletin,Oct. 21, 1858,Nov. 29, 1871;Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., pp. 307-8, 501-5, vol. x., pp. 325-7;Power's Pomo, MS.;Laplace,Circumnav., tom. vi., p. 150;Kotzebue's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 127;Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., pp. 442-6;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 367;Hist. Chrétienne, pp. 53-4;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pp. ii., p. 456;Choris,Voy. Pitt., pt. iii., pp. 4-5;La Pérouse,Voy., vol. ii., pp. 306-7.[559]The Meewocs 'believe that their male physicians, who are more properly sorcerers, can sit on a mountain top fifty miles distant from a man they wish to destroy, and compass his death by filliping poison towards him from their finger-ends.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 327.[560]'I incautiously entered one of these caverns during the operation above described, and was in a few moments so nearly suffocated with the heat, smoke, and impure air, that I found it difficult to make my way out.'Bryant's Cal., p. 272.[561]'Zur Heilung bedienen sich die Schamane der Kräuter und Wurzeln, grösstentheils aber saugen sie mit dem Munde das Blut aus der kranken Stelle aus, wobei sie Steinchen oder kleine Schlangen in den Mund nehmen und darauf versichern, sie hätten dieselben aus der Wunde herausgezogen.'Kostromitonow, inBaer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 95; see also pp. 83, 91, 94-5. 'Until now it has not been ascertained that the Indians had any remedy for curing the sick or allaying their sufferings. If they meet with an accident they invariably die.'Comellas' Letter, inCal. Farmer,April 5, 1860. 'Ring-worm is cured by placing the milk of the poison oak in a circle round the affected part.'Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 440. 'Among the Meewocs stomachic affections and severe travail are treated with a plaster of hot ashes and moist earth spread on the stomach.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 327. See further:Petit-Thouars,Voy., tom. ii., p. 140;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 370;Holinski,La Californie, p. 173;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 324;Beechey's Voy., vol. ii., pp. 35, 78;San Joaquin Republican,Sept., 1858;La Pérouse,Voy., tom. iv., p. 63;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 103, 107;Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 193;Pickering's Races, inId., vol. ix., p. 109;Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 333; also quoted inMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 237;Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite, p. 52;Kelly's Excursion to Cal., vol. ii., p. 284;Powers' Pomo, MS.;Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 166;Thornton's Ogn. and Cal., vol. ii., p. 94;Delano's Life on the Plains, p. 295;Laplace,Circumnav., tom. vi., p. 152.[562]'From north to south, in the present California, up to the Columbia river they burnt the dead in some tribes, and in others buried them. These modes of sepulture differed every few leagues.'Taylor's Indianology, inCal. Farmer,June 8, 1860. A dead Oleepa was buried by one woman in 'a pit about four feet deep, and ten feet in front of the father's door.'Delano's Life on the Plains, p. 301. At Santa Cruz 'the Gentiles burn the bodies of their warriors and allies who fall in war; those who die of natural death they inter at sundown.'Comellas' Letter, inCal. Farmer,April 5, 1860. The Indians of the Bay of San Francisco burned their dead with everything belonging to them, 'but those of the more southern regions buried theirs.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 363. In the vicinity of Clear Lake all the tribes with the exception of the Yubas bury their dead.Geiger, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 289.[563]'Los Runsienes dividian últimamente entre los parientes las pocas cosas que componian la propiedad del difunto. Los Eslenes, al contrario, no solo no repartian cosa alguna, sino que todos sus amigos y súbditos debian contribuir con algunos abalorios que enterraban con el cadáver del fallecido.'Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 172. 'If a woman dies in becoming a mother, the child, whether living or dead, is buried with its mother.'Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 437.[564]'Die nächsten Anverwandten schneiden sich das Haar ab und werfen es ins Feuer, wobei sie sich mit Steinen an die Brust schlagen, auf den Boden stürzen, ja bisweilen aus besonderer Anhänglichkeit zu dem Verstorbenen sich blutrünstig oder gar zu Tode stossen; doch sind solche Fälle selten.'Kostromitonow, inBaer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 88. 'The body is consumed upon a scaffold built over a hole, into which the ashes are thrown and covered.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 112. See also:Tehama Gazette,May, 1859;Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, pp. 171-2;Powers' Pomo, MS.; also inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., p. 502, vol. x., p. 328, vol. xii., p. 28;San Francisco Evening Bulletin,April 4, 1861;Macfie's Vanc. Isl., pp. 448-50;La Pérouse,Voy., tom. ii., p. 306;Placerville Index, 1857;Marmier, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., pp. 230, 236;Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 437;Wimmel,Californien, p. 178;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 369;Folsom Dispatch, inCal. Farmer,Nov. 9, 1860;Johnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 225;D'Orbigny,Voy., p. 458;Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 242;Forbes' Cal., p. 195.[565]In the Russian River Valley the Indians 'sind weichherzig, und von Natur nicht rachsüchtig ... sie erlernen mit Leichtigkeit mancherlei Handarbeiten und Gewerbe.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., pp. 77-8. Near Fort Ross 'sind sie sanft und friedfertig, und sehr fähig, besonders in der Auffassung sinnlicher Gegenstände. Nur in Folge ihrer unmässigen Trägheit und Sorglosigkeit scheinen sie sehr dumm zu seyn.'Kostromitonow, inId., pp. 81-2. 'They appear ... by no means so stupid' as those at the missions.Kotzebue's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 26. At Bodega Bay 'their disposition is most liberal.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 47. At Clear Lake 'they are docile, mild, easily managed ... roguish, ungrateful, and incorrigibly lazy ... cowardly and cringing towards the whites ... thorough sensualists and most abandoned gamblers ... wretchedly improvident.'Revere's Tour, pp. 120-1. In the Sacramento Valley they are 'excessively jealous of their squaws ... stingy and inhospitable.'Kelly's Excursion to Cal., vol. ii., p. 114. 'A mirthful race, always disposed to jest and laugh.'Dana, inHale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 222. 'Possessed of mean, treacherous, and cowardly traits of character, and the most thievish propensities.'Johnson's Cal. and Ogn., p. 143. In the vicinity of San Francisco Bay 'they are certainly a race of the most miserable beings I ever saw, possessing the faculty of human reason.'Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 13. 'For the most part an idle, intemperate race.'Thornton's Ogn. and Cal., vol. ii., p. 78. 'They are a people of a tractable, free, and louing nature, without guile or treachery.'Drake's World Encomp., p. 131. 'Bastantes rancherias de gentiles muy mansos y apacibles.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 497. 'Son muy mansos, afables, de buenas caras y los mas de ellos barbados.'Palou,Noticias, inId., tom. vii., p. 59. At Monterey they 'étaient lourds et peu intelligents.' Those living farther from the missions were not without 'une certaine finesse, commune à tous les hommes élevés dans l'état de nature.'Petit-Thouars,Voy., tom. ii., p. 134. 'Ces peuples sont si peu courageux, qu'ils n'opposent jamais aucune résistance aux trois ou quatre soldats qui violent si évidement à leur égard le droit des gens.'La Pérouse,Voy., tom. ii., p. 297. 'The Yukas are a tigerish, truculent, sullen, thievish, and every way bad, but brave race.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., p. 306. The Tahtoos were very cowardly and peace-loving.Powers' Pomo, MS.Than the Oleepas 'a more jolly, laughter-loving, careless, and good-natured people do not exist.... For intelligence they are far behind the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains.'Delano's Life on the Plains, p. 297. The Kannimares 'were considered a brave and warlike Indian race.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,March 30, 1860. The condition of the Wallas 'is the most miserable that it is possible to conceive; their mode of living, the most abject and destitute known to man.'Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 241. The Fresno River Indians 'are peaceable, quiet and industrious.'Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 304. A rational, calculating people, generally industrious.Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 291. On the coast range north and east of Mendocino 'they are a timid and generally inoffensive race.'Bailey, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 304. In Placer County they are industrious, honest, and temperate; the females strictly virtuous.Brown, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 243. Lazy, trifling, drunken.Applegate,Ib.In Tuolumne: friendly, generally honest, truthful; men lazy, women industrious.Jewett,Id., p. 244. In the Yosemite Valley, 'though low in the scale of man, they are not the abject creatures generally represented; they are mild, harmless, and singularly honest.'Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite, p. 52. At Santa Clara they have no ambition, are entirely regardless of reputation and renown.Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 21. In stupid apathy 'they exceed every race of men I have ever known, not excepting the degraded races of Terra del Fuego or Van Dieman's Land.'Kotzebue's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 97. At Santa Cruz 'they are so inclined to lying that they almost always will confess offences they have not committed;' very lustful and inhospitable.Comellas' Letter, inCal. Farmer,April 5, 1860. At Kelsey River they are 'amiable and thievish.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 124. 'In general terms, the California Indians are more timid, peaceable, and joyous than any of their neighbors.'Stephens, inPowers' Pomo, MS.'Their stupidity, insensibility, ignorance, inconstancy, slavery to appetite, excessive sloth and laziness, being absorbed for the time in the stir and din of night-watching and battle, give them a new existence.'Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 366. 'Faul und jeder Anstrengung abgeneigt.'Osswald,Californien, p. 63. 'Stupidity seemed to be their distinctive character.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 239. 'Loose, lazy, careless, capricious, childish and fickle.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,March 2, 1860. 'They are really the most harmless tribes on the American continent.'Gerstaecker's Nar., p. 212. Revengeful, timid, treacherous and ungrateful.Kelly's Excursion to Cal., vol. ii., p. 284. 'Cowardly, treacherous, filthy and indolent.'Johnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 223. 'Dull, indolent, phlegmatic, timid and of a gentle, submissive temper.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 199. 'In stature no less than in mind are certainly of a very inferior race of human beings.'Langsdorff's Voy., pt. ii., p. 168. 'Pusillanimous.'Forbes' Cal., p. 183. 'Ils sont également extrêmes dans l'expression de la joie et de la colère.'Rollin, inLa Pérouse,Voy., tom. iv., p. 58. 'Seemed to be almost of the lowest grade of human beings.'King's Rept., inBayard Taylor's El Dorado, Appendix, vol. ii., p. 210. 'Die Indianer von Californien sind physisch und moralisch den andern Indianern untergeordnet.'Wimmel,Californien, p. 177. 'Su estupidez mas parece un entorpecimiento de las potencias por falta de accion y por pereza característica, que limitacion absoluta de sus facultades intelectuales; y así quando se las pone en movimiento, y se les dan ideas, no dexan de discernir y de aprender lo que se les enseña.'Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 164. 'I noticed that all the Indians from Southern to Northern California were low, shiftless, indolent, and cowardly.'Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 16. Cowardly and treacherous in the extreme.Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son, MS.[566]At Santa Catalina 'las mujeres son muy hermosas y honestas, los niños son blancos y rubios y muy risueños.'Salmeron,Relaciones, p. 18, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv. See alsoFarnham's Life in Cal., p. 140;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 712. At Santa Barbara, 'son mas altos, dispuestos, y membrados, que otros, que antes se avian visto.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 714. On the coast from San Diego to San Francisco they are 'd'une couleur foncée, de petite taille, et assez mal faits.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; see alsoMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 226. At San Luis Rey, 'sont bien faits et d'une taille moyenne.'Id., p. 171; quoted inMarmier, p. 229. An Indian seen at Santa Inez Mission 'was about twenty-seven years old, with a black thick beard, iris of the eyes light chocolate-brown, nose small and round, lips not thick, face long and angular.'Cal. Farmer,May 4, 1860. The Noches 'aunque de buena disposicion son delgados y bastante delicados para andar á pié.'Garces, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 295. 'Well proportioned in figure, and of noble appearance.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 45. 'The women (of the Diegeños) are beautifully developed, and superbly formed, their bodies as straight as an arrow.'Michler, inEmory's U. S. and Mex., Bound. Survey, vol. i., p. 107. The Cahuillas 'are a filthy and miserable-looking set, and great beggars, presenting an unfavorable contrast to the Indian upon the Colorado.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 134.[567]The ordinary cloak descends to the waist: 'le chef seul en a une qui lui tombe jusqu'au jarret, et c'est là la seule marque de distinction.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 172; see alsoMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 229.[568]These capes Father Crespi describes as being 'unos capotillos hechos de pieles de liebres y conejos de que hacen tiras y tercidas como mecate; cosen uno con otro y las defienden del frio cubriéndolas por la honestidad.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., pp. 291-2; see alsoId., p. 312.[569]The lobo marino of the Spanish is the common seal and sea calf of the English; le veau marin and phoque commun of the French; vecchio marino of the Italians; Meerwolf and Meerhund of the Germans; Zee-Hund of the Dutch; Sael-hund of the Danes; Sial of the Swedes; and moelrhon of the Welsh.Knight's Eng. Encyc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv., p. 299.[570]Reid, inLos Angeles Star.[571]Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18.[572]This hair turban or coil 'sirve de bolsa para guardar en la cabeza los abalorios y demas chucherias que se les dá.'Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 215. The same custom seems to prevail among the Cibolos of New Mexico, as Marmier, in his additional chapter in the French edition ofBryant's Cal., p. 258, says: 'les hommes du peuple tressent leurs cheveux avec des cordons, et y placent le peu d'objets qu'ils possèdent, notamment la corne qui renferme leur tabac à fumer.'[573]On the subject of dress see alsoNavarrete,Introd., inSutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. lxiv.;Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 79;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 45;Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 240;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 138;Garces, inDoc. Mex. Hist., serie ii., tom. i., p. 294;Marmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 229.[574]On the Los Angeles Coast: 'La ranchería se compone de veinte casas hechas de zacate de forma esférica á modo de uno media naranja con su respiradero en lo alto por donde les entra la luz y tiene salida el humo.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 314;Hoffmann, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. v., p. 149.[575]'Partiéron de allí el 9, entráron en una ensenada espaciosa, y siguiendo la costa viéron en ella un pueblo de Indios junto á la mar con casas grandes á manera de las de Nueva-España.'Navarrete,Introd., inSutil y Mexicana,Viage, pp. xxix., xxxi., xxxvi. The accounts of Cabrillo's voyage are so confused that it is impossible to know the exact locality in which he saw the people he describes. On this point compareCabrillo,Relacion, inCol. Doc. Hist. Florida, tom. i., p. 173;Browne's Lower Cal., pp. 18, 19;Burney's Chron. Hist. Discov., vol. i., pp. 221-5;Clavigero,Storia della Cal., tom. i., pp. 154-5;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 329;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 210-11;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 306. 'Nur um die Meerenge von Santa Barbara fand man, 1769, die Bewohner ein wenig gesittigter. Sie bauten grosse Häuser von pyramidaler Form, in Dörfer vereint.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5.[576]Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 259;Bancroft's Nat. Races, vol. iii., pp. 163-9.[577]'One of their most remarkable superstitions is found in the fact of their not eating the flesh of large game. This arises from their belief that in the bodies of all large animals the souls of certain generations, long since past, have entered.... A term of reproach from a wild tribe to those more tamed is, "they eat venison."'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 215-6; see alsoReid, inLos Angeles Star.[578]'All their food was either cold or nearly so.... Salt was used very sparingly in their food, from an idea that it had a tendency to turn their hair gray.'Reid, inLos Angeles Star. 'I have seen many instances of their taking a rabbit, and sucking its blood with eagerness, previous to consuming the flesh in a crude state.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 239. 'Viven muy regalados con varias semillas, y con la pesca que hacen en sus balsas de tule ... y queriendoles dar cosa de comida, solian decir, que de aquello no, que lo que querian era ropa; y solo con cosa de este género, eran los cambalaches que hacian de su pescado con los Soldados y Arrieros.'Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 79. See alsoTorquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 712;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 139;Stanley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 102;Id., 1869, pp. 194-5;Walker, inId., 1872, p. 67;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 125;Hoffmann, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. v., p. 149;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., vol. i., pp. 82-3.[579]Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, pp. 83-4.[580]Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., pp. 306-9.[581]The baskets, though water-proof, 'were used only for dry purposes. The vessels in use for liquids were roughly made of rushes and plastered outside and in with bitumen or pitch, called by themsanot.'Reid, inLos Angeles Star;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5; andMöllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., vol. i., p. 82.[582]'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres ustensiles sont incrustés avec beaucoup d'art de morceaux de nacre de perle.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 319. 'Mortars and pestles were made of granite, about sixteen inches wide at the top, ten at the bottom, ten inches high and two thick.' Soapstone pots were 'about an inch in thickness, and procured from the Indians of Santa Catalina; the cover used was of the same material.'Reid, inLos Angeles Star. On the eastern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, blankets are made which will easily hold water.Taylor, inSan Francisco Bulletin, 1862, also quoted inShuck's Cal. Scrap Book, p. 405. 'Todas sus obras son primorosas y bien acabadas.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 315.[583]Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., pp. 319-20.[584]'The planks were bent and joined by the heat of fire, and then paved with asphaltum, called by them chapapote.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,June 1, 1860.[585]At Santa Catalina Vizcaino saw 'vnas Canoguelas, que ellos vsan, de Tablas bien hechas, como Barquillos, con las Popas, y Proas levantadas, y mas altas, que el Cuerpo de la Barca, ò Canoa.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 712; see alsoSalmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18. On the coast of Los Angeles Father Crespi saw 'canoas hechas de buenas tablas de pino, bien ligadas y de una forma graciosa con dos proas.... Usan remos largos de dos palas y vogan con indecible lijeriza y velocidad.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 315. At San Diego Palou describes 'balsas de tule, en forma de Canoas, con lo que entran muy adentro del mar.'Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 79;Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 240;Marmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 228. Description of balsas, which differ in no respect from those used north.[586]'The worth of a rial was put on a string which passed twice and a-half round the hand, i. e., from end of middle finger to wrist. Eight of these strings passed for the value of a silver dollar.'Cal. Farmer,June 1, 1860. 'Eight yards of these beads made about one dollar of our currency.'Id.,Jan. 18, 1861.[587]'If a quarrel occurred between parties of distinct lodges (villages), each chief heard the witnesses produced by his own people; and then, associated with the chief of the opposite side, they passed sentence. In case they could not agree, an impartial chief was called in, who heard the statements made by both, and he alone decided. There was no appeal from his decision.'Reid, inLos Angeles Star.[588]'Pour tout ce qui concerne les affaires intérieures, l'influence des devins est bien supérieure à la leur.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 373. At San Diego 'Chaque village est soumis aux ordres absolus d'un chef.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; or seeMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 226. 'I have found that the captains have very little authority.'Stanley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 194.[589]Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., pp. 262-9.[590]Dr. Hoffman states that in the vicinity of San Diego 'their laws allow them to keep as many wives as they can support.'San Francisco Medical Press, vol. vi., p. 150. Fages, speaking of the Indians on the coast from San Diego to San Francisco, says: 'Ces Indiens n'ont qu'une seule femme à la fois, mais ils en changent aussi souvent que cela leur convient.'Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 153. Of those in the vicinity of San Luis Rey the same author says: 'Les chefs de ce district ont le privilége de prendre deux on trois femmes, de les répudier ou de les changer aussi souvent qu'ils le veulent; mais les autres habitants n'en ont qu'une seule et ne peuvent les répudier qu'en cas d'adultère.'Id., p. 173.[591]'Les veufs des deux sexes, qui veulent se remarier, ne peuvent le faire qu'avec d'autres veufs.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 173; see alsoMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 230.[592]'The perverse child, invariably, was destroyed, and the parents of such remained dishonored.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 270. 'Ils ne pensent pas à donner d'autre éducation à leurs enfants qu'à enseigner aux fils exactement ce que faisait leur père; quant aux filles, elles ont le droit de choisir l'occupation qui leur convient le mieux.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1814, tom. ci., p. 153.[593]The intoxicating liquor was 'made from a plant calledPibat, which was reduced to a powder, and mixed with other intoxicating ingredients.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 271.[594]Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 215. For other descriptions of ceremony observed at age of puberty, see:Hoffman, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. vi., pp. 150-1;McKinstry, inSan Francisco Herald,June, 1853.[595]'Pero en la Mision de S. Antonio se pudo algo averiguar, pues avisando á los Padres, que en una de las casas de los Neófitos se habian metido dos Gentiles, el uno con el traje natural de ellos, y el otro con el trage de muger, expresándolo con el nombre de Joya (que dicen llamarlos asi en su lengua nativa) fué luego el P. Misionero con el Cabo y un Soldado á la casa á ver lo que buscaban, y los hallaron en el acto de pecado nefando. Castigáronlos, aunque no con la pena merecida, y afearonles el hecho tan enorme; y respondió el Gentil, que aquella Joya era su muger.... Solo en el tramo de la Canal de Santa Bárbara, se hallan muchos Joyas, pues raro es el Pueblo donde no se vean dos ó tres.'Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 222. 'Así en esta ranchería como en otros de la canal, hemos visto algunos gentiles con traje de muger con sus nagüitas de gamusa, y muy engruesadas y limpias; no hemos podido entender lo que significa, ni á qué fin.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 325. See alsoBoscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., pp. 283-4;Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 371;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., pp. 427;Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 173.[596]'In some tribes the men and the women unite in the dance; in others the men alone trip to the music of the women, whose songs are by no means unpleasant to the ear.'McKinstry, inS. Francisco Herald,June 1853. 'In their religious ceremonial dances they differ much. While, in some tribes, all unite to celebrate them, in others, men alone are allowed to dance, while the women assist in singing.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 214-15.[597]'La danse est exécutée par deux couples au son d'une espèce de flûte, les autres restent simples spectateurs et se contentent d'augmenter le bruit en frappant des roseaux secs.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 176;Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., pp. 289-95;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 214-15;McKinstry, inS. Francisco Herald,June 1853;Reid, inLos Angeles Star;Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 322.[598]Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 380. 'When the new year begun, no thought was given to the past; and on this account, even amongst the most intelligent, they could not tell the number of years which had transpired, when desirous of giving an idea of any remote event.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 303.[599]'For Gonorrhœa they used a strong decoction of an herb that grows very plentifully here, and is called by the Spanish "chancel agua," and wild pigeon manure, rolled up into pills. The decoction is a very bitter astringent, and may cure some sores, but that it fails in many, I have undeniable proof. In syphilis they use the actual cautery, a living coal of fire applied to the chancer, and a decoction of an herb, said to be something like sarsaparilla, called rosia.'Hoffman, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. v., p. 152-3.[600]I am indebted for the only information of value relating to the medical usages of the southern California tribes, toBoscana's MS., literally translated by Robinson in hisLife in Cal., pp. 310-14, and also given in substance inMofras,Explor., tom. ii., pp. 378-9, and to Reid's papers on the Indians of Los Angeles County, in theLos Angeles Star, also quoted inCal. Farmer,Jan. 11, 1861.[601]SeeMofras,Explor., tom. ii., pp. 377-8, and plate, p. 248, and Hoffmann, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. v., p. 152.[602]'The same custom is now in use, but not only applied to deaths, but to their disappointments and adversities in life, thus making public demonstration of their sorrow.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., pp. 314-15.[603]California Farmer,May 22, 1863.[604]Reid, inLos Angeles Star.[605]The latitude of which he fixes at 34° 33´.[606]Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., pp. 173-4. Quoted almost literally byMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 230.[607]Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 317.[608]In spelling the word Shoshone, I have followed the most common orthography. Many, however, write it Shoshonee, others, Shoshonie, either of which would perhaps give a better idea of the pronunciation of the word, as the accent falls on the finale. The word means 'Snake Indian,' according to Stuart,Montana, p. 80; and 'inland,' according to Ross,Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 249. I apply the name Shoshones to the whole of this family; the Shoshones proper, including the Bannacks, I call the Snakes; the remaining tribes I name collectively Utahs.[609]SeeRoss' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 249;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 228-9;Remy and Brenchley's Journey, vol. i., p. 124;Chandless' Visit, p. 118;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 377;Carvalho's Incid. of Trav., p. 200;Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 178;Beckwith, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 42;Farley's Sanitary Rept., inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. iii., p. 154;Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 298;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 88;Hesperian Magazine, vol. x., p. 255;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 197;Prince, quoted inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861;Townsend's Nar., pp. 125, 133;Bryant,Voy. en Cal., pp. 152, 194;Coke's Rocky Mountains, p. 276;Fremont's Explor. Ex., pp. 148, 267;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 312;Figuier's Human Race, p. 484;Burton's City of the Saints, p. 585. Mention is made by Salmeron of a people living south of Utah Lake, who were 'blancas, y rosadas las mejillas como los franceses.'Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101. Escalante, speaking of Indians seen in the same region, lat. 39° 34´ 37´´, says: 'Eran estos de los barbones, y narices agujeradas, y en su idioma se nombran Tirangapui, Tian los cinco, que con su capitan venieron primero, tan crecida la barba, que parecian padres capuchinos ó belemitas.'Doc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 476. Wilkes writes, 'Southwest of the Youta Lake live a tribe who are known by the name of the Monkey Indians; a term which is not a mark of contempt, but is supposed to be a corruption of their name.... They are reported to live in fastnesses among high mountains; to have good clothing and houses; to manufacture blankets, shoes, and various other articles, which they sell to the neighboring tribes. Their colour is as light as that of the Spaniards; and the women in particular are very beautiful, with delicate features, and long flowing hair.... Some have attempted to connect these with an account of an ancient Welsh colony, which others had thought they discovered among the Mandans of the Missouri; while others were disposed to believe they might still exist in the Monkeys of the Western Mountains. There is another account which speaks of the Monquoi Indians, who formerly inhabited Lower California, and were partially civilized by the Spanish missionaries, but who have left that country, and of whom all traces have long since been lost.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 502-3. 'On the southern boundary of Utah exists a peculiar race, of whom little is known. They are said to be fair-skinned, and are called the "White Indians;" have blue eyes and straight hair, and speak a kind of Spanish language differing from other tribes.'San Francisco Evening Bulletin,May 15, 1863. Taylor has a note on the subject, in which he says that these fair Indians were doubtless the Moquis of Western New Mexico.Cal. Farmer,June 26, 1863. Although it is evident that this mysterious and probably mythic people belong in no way to the Shoshone family, yet as they are mentioned by several writers as dwelling in a region which is surrounded on all sides by Shoshones, I have given this note, wherefrom the reader can draw his own conclusions.[610]Beckwith, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 42;Heap's Cent. Route, p. 102.[611]Speaking of women: 'their breasts and stomachs were covered with red mastic, made from an earth peculiar to these rocks, which rendered them hideous. Their only covering was a pair of drawers of hare-skin, badly sewn together, and in holes.'Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. ii., p. 386; see also vol. i., p. 127, and vol. ii., pp. 389, 404, 407. 'The women often dress in skirts made of entrails, dressed and sewed together in a substantial way.'Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861. Hareskins 'they cut into cords with the fur adhering; and braid them together so as to form a sort of cloak with a hole in the middle, through which they thrust their heads.'Farnham's Life and Adven., p. 376. The remaining authorities describe them as naked, or slightly and miserably dressed; seeStansbury's Rept., pp. 82, 202-3;Chandless' Visit, p. 291;Heap's Cent. Route, p. 100;Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 255;Bryant's Cal., p. 194;Forney, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1859, p. 365;Dodge,Ib., pp. 374-5;Fenton, inId., 1869, p. 203;Graves, inId., 1854, p. 178;Burton's City of the Saints, pp. 217-18, 272-3, 581, 585;Fremont's Explor. Ex., pp. 148, 168-9, 212, 218, 225, 227, 267;Bulfinch's Oregon, p. 129;Saxon's Golden Gate, p. 251;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 197;Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 539;Dunn's Oregon, p. 331.[612]Townsend's Nar., pp. 125, 133;De Smet,Voy., p. 25;Dunn's Oregon, p. 325;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 228-30, 308-9;Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., pp. 249-50, 257-8, vol. ii., pp. 22-3;Chandless' Visit, p. 118;Carvalho's Incid. of Trav., p. 200;White's Ogn., p. 377;Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 298;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 244, 281.[613]'The ermine is the fur known to the north-west traders by the name of the white weasel, but is the genuine ermine.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 313.[614]Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 312-15.[615]'On y rencontre aussi des terres métalliques de différentes couleurs, telles que vertes, bleues, jaunes, noires, blanches, et deux sortes d'ocres, l'une pâle, l'autre d'un rouge brillant comme du vermillion. Les Indiens en font très-grand cas; ils s'en servent pour se peindre le corps et le visage.'Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 83.[616]'They remain in a semi-dormant, inactive state the entire winter, leaving their lowly retreats only now and then, at the urgent calls of nature, or to warm their burrows.... In the spring they creep from their holes ... poor and emaciated, with barely flesh enough to hide their bones, and so enervated from hard fare and frequent abstinence, that they can scarcely move.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 179. Stansbury mentions lodges in Utah, east of Salt Lake, which were constructed of 'cedar poles and logs of a considerable size, thatched with bark and branches, and were quite warm and comfortable.'Stansbury's Rept., p. 111;Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 334;Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 255;Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., pp. 80-1, 129, vol. ii., pp. 362, 373;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101;Farley, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. iii., p. 154;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 378;Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 538;Heap's Cent. Route, pp. 98-9;De Smet,Voy., p. 28;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 247, vol. ii., pp. 256-7;Coke's Rocky Mountains, p. 257;Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 117;White's Ogn., p. 376;Irving's Astoria, pp. 257, 290;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 305;Fremont's Explor. Ex., 1842-3, pp. 142, 212, 218;Townsend's Nar., p. 136;Dunn's Oregon, pp. 325, 331-2, 337-8;Bulfinch's Oregon, p. 179;Farnham's Trav., pp. 58, 61-2;Simpson's Route to Cal., p. 51;Burton's City of the Saints, p. 573;Knight's Pioneer Life, MS.[617]Coke's Rocky Mts., p. 275;De Smet,Voy., p. 29;Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 375;Saint-Amant,Voyages, p. 325.[618]'They eat the seed of two species of Conifers, one about the size of a hazel-nut, the other much smaller. They also eat a small stone-fruit, somewhat red, or black in colour, and rather insipid; different berries, among others, those ofVaccinium. They collect the seed of theAtriplexandChenopodium, and occasionally some grasses. Among roots, they highly value that of a bushy, yellowish and tolerably large broomrape, which they cook or dry with the base, or root-stock, which is enlarged, and constitutes the most nutritious part. They also gather the napiform root of aCirsium acaule, which they eat raw or cooked; when cooked, it becomes quite black, resinous as pitch and rather succulent; when raw, it is whitish, soft, and of a pleasant flavour.'Remy and Brenchley's Journey, vol. i., p. 129. The Shoshones of Utah and Nevada 'eat certain roots, which in their native state are rank poison, called Tobacco root, but when put in a hole in the ground, and a large fire burned over them, become wholesome diet.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 697. 'Of the roots used ... the pap-pa, or wild potatoe, is abundant.'Id., vol. iv., p. 222; see also,Id., vol. v., pp. 199-200. At Bear River, 'every living animal, thing, insect, or worm they eat.'Fremont's Explor. Exp., p. 142, see also pp. 148, 160, 173-4, 212, 218-19, 267, 273. Inland savages are passionately fond of salt; those living near the sea detest it.Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 85. The Utahs eat 'the cactus leaf, piñon-nut, and various barks; the seed of the bunch-grass, and of the wheat, or yellow grass, somewhat resembling rye, the rabbit-bush twigs, which are chewed, and various roots and tubers; the soft sego bulb, the rootlet of the cat-tail flag, and of the tule, which when sun-dried and powdered to flour, keeps through the winter and is palatable even to white men.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 581, see also pp. 573, 577. The Pi-Edes 'live principally on lizards, swifts, and horned toads.'Ind. Aff. Rept., 1865. p. 145; see alsoId., 1854, p. 229; 1856, p. 234; 1861, p. 112; 1859, p. 365; 1866, pp. 114; 1869, pp. 203, 216; 1870, pp. 95, 114; 1872, p. 59. The Snakes eat a white-fleshed kind of beaver, which lives on poisonous roots, whose flesh affects white people badly, though the Indians roast and eat it with impunity.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 117, see also vol. i., p. 269-72;Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 539;Farnham's Life and Adven., pp. 371, 376-8;Irving's Bonneville's Adven., pp. 255, 257, 401-2;Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 501;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 219;Bryant's Cal., p. 202;Stansbury's Rept., pp. 77, 148, 233;Kelly's Excursion, vol. i., p. 238;Saxon's Golden Gate, p. 251;Smith, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1828, tom. xxxvii., p. 209;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 178-9;Townsend's Nar., p. 144;White's Ogn., p. 376;Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 228-31, 309;Coke's Rocky Mts., p. 277;Irving's Astoria, pp. 258, 295;De Smet,Voy., pp. 28-30, 127;Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 334;Farnham's Trav., pp. 58, 61;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 242, 270, vol. ii., pp. 19, 60, 61, 64, 244, 311;Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., p. 534;Simpson's Route to Pac., pp. 51-2;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 270, 288-9, 298-9;Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS.[619]The Wararereeks are 'dirty in their camps, in their dress, and in their persons.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 250. The persons of the Piutes are 'more disgusting than those of the Hottentots. Their heads are white with the germs of crawling filth.'Farnham's Trav., p. 58. 'A filthy tribe—the prey of idleness and vermin.'Farnham's Life and Adven., p. 325. Bryant says, of the Utahs between Salt Lake and Ogden's Hole, 'I noticed the females hunting for the vermin in the heads and on the bodies of their children; finding which they ate the animals with an apparent relish.'Bryant's Cal., p. 154. The Snakes 'are filthy beyond description.'Townsend's Nar., p. 137. 'J'ai vu les Sheyennes, les Serpents, les Youts, etc., manger la vermine les uns des autres à pleins peignes.'De Smet,Voy., p. 47. 'The Snakes are rather cleanly in their persons.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 61.[620]'A weapon called by the Chippeways, by whom it was formerly used, the poggamoggon.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 309. Bulfinch,Oregon, p. 126, says the stone weighs about two pounds. Salmeron also mentions a similar weapon used by the people living south of Utah Lake; concerning whom seenote 187, p. 423.[621]The Utahs 'no usan mas armas que las flechas y algunas lanzas de perdernal, ni tienen otro peto, morrion ni espaldar que el que sacaron del vientre de sus madres.'Escalante, quoted inSalmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., ser. iii., part iv., p. 126. 'Bows made of the horns of the bighorn ... are formed by cementing with glue flat pieces of the horn together, covering the back with sinewes and glue, and loading the whole with an unusual quantity of ornaments.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 309. At Ogden River, in Utah, they work obsidian splinters 'into the most beautiful and deadly points, with which they arm the end of their arrows.'Thornton's Ogn. and Cal., vol. i., p. 343. 'Pour toute arme, un arc, des flèches et un bâton pointu.'De Smet,Voy., p. 28. 'Bows and arrows are their (Banattees) only weapons of defence.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 251. The arrows of the Pa-Utes 'are barbed with a very clear translucent stone, a species of opal, nearly as hard as the diamond; and, shot from their long bow, are almost as effective as a gunshot.'Fremont's Expl. Ex., p. 267. The Pi-Utes and Pitches 'have no weapon of defence except the club, and in the use of that they are very unskilful.'Farnham's Trav., p. 58. Southwest of Great Salt Lake, 'their arms are clubs, with small bows and arrows made of reeds.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180. The Pi-Utes 'make some weapons of defence, as bows and arrows. The bows are about six feet long; made of the savine (Juniperus sabina).'Farnham's Life and Adven., p. 378; see farther,Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. ii., pp. 291, 261;Stansbury's Rept., p. 232;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 198;Heap's Cent. Route, pp. 56, 72, 77, 84, 99;Palmer's Jour., p. 134;Bulfinch's Oregon, p. 129;Irving's Bonneville's Adven., pp. 146, 255, 400;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 219;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 228-9, 233;Irving's Astoria, p. 279;Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1822, tom. xiii., p. 50;Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS.;Knight's Pioneer Life, MS.[622]Remy and Brenchley's Jour., vol. ii., p. 407;Heap's Cent. Route, p. 99;Thornton's Ogn. and Cal., vol. i., p. 171.[623]'Taking an enemy's scalp is an honour quite independent of the act of vanquishing him. To kill your adversary is of no importance unless the scalp is brought from the field of battle, and were a warrior to slay any number of his enemies in action, and others were to obtain the scalps or first touch the dead, they would have all the honours, since they have borne off the trophy.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 309; see also p. 265. The Utahs 'will devour the heart of a brave man to increase their courage, or chop it up, boil it in soup, engorge a ladleful, and boast they have drunk the enemy's blood.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 581; see also p. 140. The Utahs never carry arrows when they intend to fight on horseback.Heap's Cent. Route, p. 77; see also p. 100;Remy and Brenchley's Journ., pp. 97, 99;Stansbury's Rept., p. 81;De Smet,Voy., pp. 28-9;Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 275, vol. ii., pp. 93-6;Bulfinch's Oregon, p. 129;Farnham's Trav., p. 36.[624]The pipe of the chief 'was made of a dense transparent green stone, very highly polished, about two and a half inches long, and of an oval figure, the bowl being in the same situation with the stem. A small piece of burnt clay is placed in the bottom of the bowl to separate the tobacco from the end of the stem.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 267. Pots made of 'a stone found in the hills ... which, though soft and white in its natural state, becomes very hard and black after exposure to the fire.'Id., p. 312. 'These vessels, although rude and without gloss, are nevertheless strong, and reflect much credit on Indian ingenuity.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 274. Pipe-stems 'resemble a walking-stick more than anything else, and they are generally of ash, and from two-and-a-half to three feet long.'Id., vol. ii., p. 109. 'Cooking vessels very much resembling reversed bee-hives, made of basket work covered with buffalo skins.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 244. Stansbury discovered pieces of broken Indian pottery and obsidian about Salt Lake.Stansbury's Rept., p. 182. The material of baskets 'was mostly willow twig, with a layer of gum, probably from the pine tree.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 573. The Utahs 'manufacture very beautiful and serviceable blankets.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 200. 'Considering that they have nothing but stone hammers and flint knives it is truly wonderful to see the exquisite finish and neatness of their implements of war and hunting, as well as their ear-rings and waist-bands, made of an amalgam of silver and lead.'Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861. 'Les Indiens en font des jarres, des pots, des plats de diverses formes. Ces vaisseaux communiquent une odeur et une saveur très-agréables à tout ce qu'ils renferment; ce qui provient sans doute de la dissolution de quelque substance bitumineuse contenue dans l'argile.'Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 83. 'The pipes of these Indians are either made of wood or of red earth; sometimes these earthen pipes are exceedingly valuable, and Indians have been known to give a horse in exchange for one of them.'Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., p. 130;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 128-32, 228-9, 234.[625]Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 274.[626]Among the Snakes in Idaho garments of four to five beaver-skins were sold for a knife or an awl, and other articles of fur in proportion. Horses were purchased for an axe each. A ship of seventy-four guns might have been loaded with provision, such as dried buffalo, bought with buttons and rings. Articles of real value they thus disposed of cheaply, while articles of comparatively no value, such as Indian head-dress and other curiosities, were held high. A beaver-skin could thus be had for a brass-ring, while a necklace of bears' claws could not be purchased for a dozen of the same rings. Axes, knives, ammunition, beads, buttons and rings, were most in demand. Clothing was of no value; a knife sold for as much as a blanket; and an ounce of vermilion was of more value than a yard of fine cloth.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., pp. 257-9. See further,Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 316;Townsend's Nar., pp. 133, 138;Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861;Farnham's Trav., p. 61.[627]'They inflict no penalties for minor offences, except loss of character and disfellowship.'Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 306-7;Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., p. 128.[628]'It is virtuous to seize and ravish the women of tribes with whom they are at war, often among themselves, and to retain or sell them and their children as slaves.'Drews' Owyhee Recon., p. 17. The Pi-Edes 'barter their children to the Utes proper for a few trinkets or bits of clothing, by whom they are again sold to the Navajos for blankets.'Simpson's Route to Cal., p. 45. 'Some of the minor tribes in the southern part of the Territory (Utah), near New Mexico, can scarcely show a single squaw, having traded them off for horses and arms.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 582. 'Viennent trouver les blancs, et leur vendent leurs enfants pour des bagatelles.'De Smet,Voy., p. 29;Knight's Pioneer Life, MS.;Utah, Acts, Resolutions, etc., p. 87.[629]'A refusal in these lands is often a serious business; the warrior collects his friends, carries off the recusant fair, and after subjecting her to the insults of all his companions espouses her.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 582.[630]'The women are exceedingly virtuous ... they are a kind of mercantile commodity in the hands of their masters. Polygamy prevails among the chiefs, but the number of wives is not unlimited.'Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., pp. 123-8. They are given to sensual excesses, and other immoralities.Farnham's Trav., p. 62; see also p. 60. 'Prostitution and illegitimacy are unknown ... they are not permitted to marry until eighteen or twenty years old ... it is a capital offence to marry any of another nation without special sanction from their council and head chief. They allow but one wife.'Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861. At the time of their confinement the women 'sit apart; they never touch a cooking utensil, although it is not held impure to address them, and they return only when the signs of wrath have passed away.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 573. 'Infidelity of the wife, or prostitution of an unmarried female, is punishable by death.'Davies, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1861, p. 133. 'Our Pi-Ute has a peculiar way of getting a foretaste of connubial bliss, cohabiting experimentally with his intended for two or three days previous to the nuptial ceremony, at the end of which time, either party can stay further proceedings, to indulge other trials until a companion more congenial is found.'Farley, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. iii., p. 155;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 307-8, 315;De Smet,Voy., p. 27.[631]The Snakes 'ont une sorte de tabac sauvage qui croît dans les plaines contiguës aux montagnes du Spanish-River, il a les feuilles plus étroites que le nôtre, il est plus agréable à fumer, ses effets étant bien moins violens.'Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., pp. 82-3. The Kinik-kinik 'they obtain from three different plants. One is aCornus, resembling ourCornus sanguinea; after having detached the epidermic cuticle, they scrape the bark and dry it, when it is ready for use. Another is a Vaccinium with red berries; they gather the leaves to smoke them when dry; the third is a small shrub, the fruit and flower of which I have never seen, but resembles certain species of Daphnads (particularly that of Kauai), the leaves of which are in like manner smoked.'Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., p. 130; see also p. 132;Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 250;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 306;Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 174;De Smet,Voy., pp. 25-6;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 228-9, 237, 242-3.[632]'En deux occasions diverses, je comptai cinq personnes ainsi montées, dont deux, certes, paraissaient aussi capables, chacune à elle seule, de porter la pauvre bête, que le cheval était à même de supporter leurs poids.'De Smet,Voy., p. 127;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 266, 309-11, 316;Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 178.[633]'With strong constitutions generally, they either die at once or readily recover.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 581. 'There is no lack of pulmonary difficulties among them.'Farley, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. iii., p. 155. Syphilis usually kills them.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 316. 'Theconvollaria stellata... is the best remedial plant known among those Indians.'Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 273;Davies, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1861, p. 132;Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861;Coke's Rocky Mts., p. 276;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 228-9, 240-2.[634]'The Yutas make their graves high up the kanyons, usually in clefts of rock.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 150. At the obsequies of a chief of the Timpenaguchya tribe 'two squaws, two Pa Yuta children, and fifteen of his best horses composed the "customs."'Id., p. 577. 'When a death takes place, they wrap the body in a skin or hide, and drag it by the leg to a grave, which is heaped up with stones, as a protection against wild beasts.'Id., p. 582;Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., pp. 131, 345;De Smet,Voy., p. 28;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 359, 363.[635]The Shoshones of Carson Valley 'are very rigid in their morals.'Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., p. 85. At Haw's Ranch, 'honest and trustworthy, but lazy and dirty.'Id., p. 123. These Kusi-Utahs 'were very inoffensive and seemed perfectly guileless.'Id., vol. ii., p. 412. The Pai-uches are considered as mere dogs, the refuse of the lowest order of humanity.Farnham's Life and Adven., p. 376. The Timpanigos Yutas 'are a noble race ... brave and hospitable.'Id., p. 371. The Pi-utes are 'the most degraded and least intellectual Indians known to the trappers.'Farnham's Trav., p. 58. 'The Snakes are a very intelligent race.'Id., p. 62. The Bannacks are 'a treacherous and dangerous race.'Id., p. 76. The Pi-Edes are 'timid and dejected;' the Snakes are 'fierce and warlike;' the Tosawitches 'very treacherous;' the Bannacks 'treacherous;' the Washoes 'peaceable, but indolent.'Simpson's Route to Cal., p. 45-9. The Utahs 'are brave, impudent, and warlike ... of a revengeful disposition.'Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 178. 'Industrious.'Armstrong, inId., 1856, p. 233. 'A race of men whose cruelty is scarcely a stride removed from that of cannibalism.'Hurt, inId., p. 231. 'The Pah-utes are undoubtedly the most interesting and docile Indians on the continent.'Dodge, inId., 1859, p. 374. The Utahs are 'fox-like, crafty, and cunning.'Archuleta, inId., 1865, p. 167. The Pi-Utes are 'teachable, kind, and industrious ... scrupulously chaste in all their intercourse.'Parker, inId., 1866, p. 115. The Weber-Utes 'are the most worthless and indolent of any in the Territory.'Head, inId., p. 123. The Bannocks 'seem to be imbued with a spirit of dash and bravery quite unusual.'Campbell, inId., p. 120. The Bannacks are 'energetic and industrious.'Danilson, inId., 1869, p. 288. The Washoes are docile and tractable.Douglas, inId., 1870, p. 96. The Pi-utes are 'not warlike, rather cowardly, but pilfering and treacherous.'Powell, inId., 1871, p. 562. The Shoshokoes 'are extremely indolent, but a mild, inoffensive race.'Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 257. The Snakes 'are a thoroughly savage and lazy tribe.'Franchère's Nar., p. 150. The Shoshones are 'frank and communicative.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 306. The Snakes are 'pacific, hospitable and honest.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 325. 'The Snakes are a very intelligent race.'White's Ogn., p. 379. The Pi-utes 'are as degraded a class of humanity as can be found upon the earth. The male is proud, sullen, intensely insolent.... They will not steal. The women are chaste, at least toward their white brethren.'Farley, inSan Francisco Medical Jour., vol. iii., p. 154. The Snakes have been considered 'as rather a dull and degraded people ... weak in intellect, and wanting in courage. And this opinion is very probable to a casual observer at first sight, or when seen in small numbers; for their apparent timidity, grave, and reserved habits, give them an air of stupidity. An intimate knowledge of the Snake character will, however, place them on an equal footing with that of other kindred nations, either east or west of the mountains, both in respect to their mental faculties and moral attributes.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 151. 'Les Sampectches, les Pagouts et les Ampayouts sont ... un peuple plus misérable, plus dégradé et plus pauvre. Les Français les appellent communément les Dignes-de-pitié, et ce nom leur convient à merveille.'De Smet,Voy., p. 28. The Utahs 'pariassent doux et affables, très-polis et hospitaliers pour les étrangers, et charitables entre eux.'Id., p. 30. 'The Indians of Utah are the most miserable, if not the most degraded, beings of all the vast American wilderness.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 64. The Utahs 'possess a capacity for improvement whenever circumstances favor them.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180. The Snakes are 'la plus mauvaise des races des Peaux-Rouges que j'ai fréquentées. Ils sont aussi paresseux que peu prévoyants.'Saint-Amant,Voy., p. 325. The Shoshones of Idaho are 'highly intelligent and lively ... the most virtuous and unsophisticated of all the Indians of the United States.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,April 27, 1860. The Washoes have 'superior intelligence and aptitude for learning.'Id.,June 14, 1861; see alsoId.,June 26, 1863. The Nevada Shoshones 'are the most pure and uncorrupted aborigines upon this continent ... they are scrupulously clean in their persons, and chaste in their habits ... though whole families live together, of all ages and both sexes, in the same tent, immorality and crime are of rare occurrence.'Prince, inId.,Oct. 18, 1861. The Bannacks 'are cowardly, treacherous, filthy and indolent.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 223. 'The Utahs are predatory, voracious and perfidious. Plunderers and murderers by habit ... when their ferocity is not excited, their suspicions are so great as to render what they say unreliable, if they do not remain altogether uncommunicative.'Id., vol. v., pp. 197-8. The Pa-Vants 'are as brave and improvable as their neighbours are mean and vile.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 577. 'The Yuta is less servile, and consequently has a higher ethnic status than the African negro; he will not toil, and he turns at a kick or a blow.'Id., p. 581. The Shoshokoes 'are harmless and exceedingly timid and shy.'Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 538.
[555]Every traveler who has seen them dance enters into details of dress, etc.; but no two of these accounts are alike, and the reason of this is that they have no regular figures or costumes peculiar to their dances, but that every man, when his dress is not paint only, wears all the finery he possesses with an utter disregard for uniformity. 'At some of their dances we were told that they avoid particular articles of food, even fowls and eggs.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 113. Dancing is executed at Santa Cruz, by forming a circle, assuming a stooping posture, raising a loud, discordant chant, and, without moving from their places, lifting and lowering a foot, and twisting the body into various contortions.Archives of Santa Cruz Mission.'In their dances they sometimes wear white masks.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 192. 'Se poudrent les cheveux avec du duvet d'oiseaux.'Choris,Voy. Pitt., part iii., p. 4. When a Wallie chief 'decides to hold a dance in his village, he dispatches messengers to the neighboring rancherias, each bearing a string whereon is tied a certain number of knots. Every morning thereafter the invited chief unties one of the knots, and when the last but one is reached, they joyfully set forth for the dance.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 325. For descriptions of dances of Neeshenams, seePowers, inOverland Monthly, vol. xii., pp. 26-7.
[556]'Each one had two and sometimes three whistles, made of reeds, in his mouth.'San Francisco Bulletin,Oct. 21, 1858.'Some had whistles or double flageolets of reed which were stuck into their noses.'Revere's Tour, p. 133. 'The Gentiles do not possess any instrument whatever.'Comellas' Letter, inCal. Farmer,April 5, 1860. 'Their own original instrument consists of a very primitive whistle, some double, some single, and held in the mouth by one end, without the aid of the fingers; they are about the size and length of a common fife, and only about two notes can be sounded on them.'Cal. Farmer,Oct. 26, 1860.
[557]'They use a species of native tobacco of nauseous and sickening odour.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 107. 'They burned the aulone shell for the lime to mix with their tobacco, which they swallowed to make them drunk.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,April 27, 1860. 'A species of tobacco is found on the sandy beaches which the Indians prepare and smoke.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 202. 'Se pusieron á chupar y reparé en ellos la misma ceremonia de esparcir el humo hácia arriba diciendo en cada bocanada unas palabras; solo entendí una que fuéesmenque quiere decir sol; observé la misma costumbre de chupar primero el mas principal, luego da la pipa á otro, y da vuelta á otros.'Palou,Noticias, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vii., p. 69; see also p. 77.
[558]On the subject of amusements, seeKotzebue's Voy., vol. i., p. 282.Delano's Life on the Plains, p. 307;Helper's Land of Gold, pp. 271-2;Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., pp. 72, 76-7;Kostromitonow, inId., pp. 85-92;Holinski,La Californie, p. 173;Comellas' Letter, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 5, 1860;Wimmel,Californien, p. 178;Drake's World Encomp., p. 128;Revere's Tour, pp. 120-133;San Francisco Bulletin,Oct. 21, 1858,Nov. 29, 1871;Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., pp. 307-8, 501-5, vol. x., pp. 325-7;Power's Pomo, MS.;Laplace,Circumnav., tom. vi., p. 150;Kotzebue's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 127;Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., pp. 442-6;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 367;Hist. Chrétienne, pp. 53-4;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pp. ii., p. 456;Choris,Voy. Pitt., pt. iii., pp. 4-5;La Pérouse,Voy., vol. ii., pp. 306-7.
[559]The Meewocs 'believe that their male physicians, who are more properly sorcerers, can sit on a mountain top fifty miles distant from a man they wish to destroy, and compass his death by filliping poison towards him from their finger-ends.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 327.
[560]'I incautiously entered one of these caverns during the operation above described, and was in a few moments so nearly suffocated with the heat, smoke, and impure air, that I found it difficult to make my way out.'Bryant's Cal., p. 272.
[561]'Zur Heilung bedienen sich die Schamane der Kräuter und Wurzeln, grösstentheils aber saugen sie mit dem Munde das Blut aus der kranken Stelle aus, wobei sie Steinchen oder kleine Schlangen in den Mund nehmen und darauf versichern, sie hätten dieselben aus der Wunde herausgezogen.'Kostromitonow, inBaer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 95; see also pp. 83, 91, 94-5. 'Until now it has not been ascertained that the Indians had any remedy for curing the sick or allaying their sufferings. If they meet with an accident they invariably die.'Comellas' Letter, inCal. Farmer,April 5, 1860. 'Ring-worm is cured by placing the milk of the poison oak in a circle round the affected part.'Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 440. 'Among the Meewocs stomachic affections and severe travail are treated with a plaster of hot ashes and moist earth spread on the stomach.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 327. See further:Petit-Thouars,Voy., tom. ii., p. 140;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 370;Holinski,La Californie, p. 173;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 324;Beechey's Voy., vol. ii., pp. 35, 78;San Joaquin Republican,Sept., 1858;La Pérouse,Voy., tom. iv., p. 63;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 103, 107;Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 193;Pickering's Races, inId., vol. ix., p. 109;Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 333; also quoted inMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 237;Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite, p. 52;Kelly's Excursion to Cal., vol. ii., p. 284;Powers' Pomo, MS.;Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 166;Thornton's Ogn. and Cal., vol. ii., p. 94;Delano's Life on the Plains, p. 295;Laplace,Circumnav., tom. vi., p. 152.
[562]'From north to south, in the present California, up to the Columbia river they burnt the dead in some tribes, and in others buried them. These modes of sepulture differed every few leagues.'Taylor's Indianology, inCal. Farmer,June 8, 1860. A dead Oleepa was buried by one woman in 'a pit about four feet deep, and ten feet in front of the father's door.'Delano's Life on the Plains, p. 301. At Santa Cruz 'the Gentiles burn the bodies of their warriors and allies who fall in war; those who die of natural death they inter at sundown.'Comellas' Letter, inCal. Farmer,April 5, 1860. The Indians of the Bay of San Francisco burned their dead with everything belonging to them, 'but those of the more southern regions buried theirs.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 363. In the vicinity of Clear Lake all the tribes with the exception of the Yubas bury their dead.Geiger, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 289.
[563]'Los Runsienes dividian últimamente entre los parientes las pocas cosas que componian la propiedad del difunto. Los Eslenes, al contrario, no solo no repartian cosa alguna, sino que todos sus amigos y súbditos debian contribuir con algunos abalorios que enterraban con el cadáver del fallecido.'Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 172. 'If a woman dies in becoming a mother, the child, whether living or dead, is buried with its mother.'Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 437.
[564]'Die nächsten Anverwandten schneiden sich das Haar ab und werfen es ins Feuer, wobei sie sich mit Steinen an die Brust schlagen, auf den Boden stürzen, ja bisweilen aus besonderer Anhänglichkeit zu dem Verstorbenen sich blutrünstig oder gar zu Tode stossen; doch sind solche Fälle selten.'Kostromitonow, inBaer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 88. 'The body is consumed upon a scaffold built over a hole, into which the ashes are thrown and covered.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 112. See also:Tehama Gazette,May, 1859;Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, pp. 171-2;Powers' Pomo, MS.; also inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., p. 502, vol. x., p. 328, vol. xii., p. 28;San Francisco Evening Bulletin,April 4, 1861;Macfie's Vanc. Isl., pp. 448-50;La Pérouse,Voy., tom. ii., p. 306;Placerville Index, 1857;Marmier, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., pp. 230, 236;Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 437;Wimmel,Californien, p. 178;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 369;Folsom Dispatch, inCal. Farmer,Nov. 9, 1860;Johnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 225;D'Orbigny,Voy., p. 458;Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 242;Forbes' Cal., p. 195.
[565]In the Russian River Valley the Indians 'sind weichherzig, und von Natur nicht rachsüchtig ... sie erlernen mit Leichtigkeit mancherlei Handarbeiten und Gewerbe.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., pp. 77-8. Near Fort Ross 'sind sie sanft und friedfertig, und sehr fähig, besonders in der Auffassung sinnlicher Gegenstände. Nur in Folge ihrer unmässigen Trägheit und Sorglosigkeit scheinen sie sehr dumm zu seyn.'Kostromitonow, inId., pp. 81-2. 'They appear ... by no means so stupid' as those at the missions.Kotzebue's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 26. At Bodega Bay 'their disposition is most liberal.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 47. At Clear Lake 'they are docile, mild, easily managed ... roguish, ungrateful, and incorrigibly lazy ... cowardly and cringing towards the whites ... thorough sensualists and most abandoned gamblers ... wretchedly improvident.'Revere's Tour, pp. 120-1. In the Sacramento Valley they are 'excessively jealous of their squaws ... stingy and inhospitable.'Kelly's Excursion to Cal., vol. ii., p. 114. 'A mirthful race, always disposed to jest and laugh.'Dana, inHale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 222. 'Possessed of mean, treacherous, and cowardly traits of character, and the most thievish propensities.'Johnson's Cal. and Ogn., p. 143. In the vicinity of San Francisco Bay 'they are certainly a race of the most miserable beings I ever saw, possessing the faculty of human reason.'Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 13. 'For the most part an idle, intemperate race.'Thornton's Ogn. and Cal., vol. ii., p. 78. 'They are a people of a tractable, free, and louing nature, without guile or treachery.'Drake's World Encomp., p. 131. 'Bastantes rancherias de gentiles muy mansos y apacibles.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 497. 'Son muy mansos, afables, de buenas caras y los mas de ellos barbados.'Palou,Noticias, inId., tom. vii., p. 59. At Monterey they 'étaient lourds et peu intelligents.' Those living farther from the missions were not without 'une certaine finesse, commune à tous les hommes élevés dans l'état de nature.'Petit-Thouars,Voy., tom. ii., p. 134. 'Ces peuples sont si peu courageux, qu'ils n'opposent jamais aucune résistance aux trois ou quatre soldats qui violent si évidement à leur égard le droit des gens.'La Pérouse,Voy., tom. ii., p. 297. 'The Yukas are a tigerish, truculent, sullen, thievish, and every way bad, but brave race.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., p. 306. The Tahtoos were very cowardly and peace-loving.Powers' Pomo, MS.Than the Oleepas 'a more jolly, laughter-loving, careless, and good-natured people do not exist.... For intelligence they are far behind the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains.'Delano's Life on the Plains, p. 297. The Kannimares 'were considered a brave and warlike Indian race.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,March 30, 1860. The condition of the Wallas 'is the most miserable that it is possible to conceive; their mode of living, the most abject and destitute known to man.'Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 241. The Fresno River Indians 'are peaceable, quiet and industrious.'Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 304. A rational, calculating people, generally industrious.Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 291. On the coast range north and east of Mendocino 'they are a timid and generally inoffensive race.'Bailey, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 304. In Placer County they are industrious, honest, and temperate; the females strictly virtuous.Brown, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 243. Lazy, trifling, drunken.Applegate,Ib.In Tuolumne: friendly, generally honest, truthful; men lazy, women industrious.Jewett,Id., p. 244. In the Yosemite Valley, 'though low in the scale of man, they are not the abject creatures generally represented; they are mild, harmless, and singularly honest.'Kneeland's Wonders of Yosemite, p. 52. At Santa Clara they have no ambition, are entirely regardless of reputation and renown.Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 21. In stupid apathy 'they exceed every race of men I have ever known, not excepting the degraded races of Terra del Fuego or Van Dieman's Land.'Kotzebue's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 97. At Santa Cruz 'they are so inclined to lying that they almost always will confess offences they have not committed;' very lustful and inhospitable.Comellas' Letter, inCal. Farmer,April 5, 1860. At Kelsey River they are 'amiable and thievish.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 124. 'In general terms, the California Indians are more timid, peaceable, and joyous than any of their neighbors.'Stephens, inPowers' Pomo, MS.'Their stupidity, insensibility, ignorance, inconstancy, slavery to appetite, excessive sloth and laziness, being absorbed for the time in the stir and din of night-watching and battle, give them a new existence.'Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 366. 'Faul und jeder Anstrengung abgeneigt.'Osswald,Californien, p. 63. 'Stupidity seemed to be their distinctive character.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 239. 'Loose, lazy, careless, capricious, childish and fickle.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,March 2, 1860. 'They are really the most harmless tribes on the American continent.'Gerstaecker's Nar., p. 212. Revengeful, timid, treacherous and ungrateful.Kelly's Excursion to Cal., vol. ii., p. 284. 'Cowardly, treacherous, filthy and indolent.'Johnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 223. 'Dull, indolent, phlegmatic, timid and of a gentle, submissive temper.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 199. 'In stature no less than in mind are certainly of a very inferior race of human beings.'Langsdorff's Voy., pt. ii., p. 168. 'Pusillanimous.'Forbes' Cal., p. 183. 'Ils sont également extrêmes dans l'expression de la joie et de la colère.'Rollin, inLa Pérouse,Voy., tom. iv., p. 58. 'Seemed to be almost of the lowest grade of human beings.'King's Rept., inBayard Taylor's El Dorado, Appendix, vol. ii., p. 210. 'Die Indianer von Californien sind physisch und moralisch den andern Indianern untergeordnet.'Wimmel,Californien, p. 177. 'Su estupidez mas parece un entorpecimiento de las potencias por falta de accion y por pereza característica, que limitacion absoluta de sus facultades intelectuales; y así quando se las pone en movimiento, y se les dan ideas, no dexan de discernir y de aprender lo que se les enseña.'Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 164. 'I noticed that all the Indians from Southern to Northern California were low, shiftless, indolent, and cowardly.'Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 16. Cowardly and treacherous in the extreme.Life of Gov. L. W. Boggs, by his Son, MS.
[566]At Santa Catalina 'las mujeres son muy hermosas y honestas, los niños son blancos y rubios y muy risueños.'Salmeron,Relaciones, p. 18, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv. See alsoFarnham's Life in Cal., p. 140;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 712. At Santa Barbara, 'son mas altos, dispuestos, y membrados, que otros, que antes se avian visto.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 714. On the coast from San Diego to San Francisco they are 'd'une couleur foncée, de petite taille, et assez mal faits.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; see alsoMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 226. At San Luis Rey, 'sont bien faits et d'une taille moyenne.'Id., p. 171; quoted inMarmier, p. 229. An Indian seen at Santa Inez Mission 'was about twenty-seven years old, with a black thick beard, iris of the eyes light chocolate-brown, nose small and round, lips not thick, face long and angular.'Cal. Farmer,May 4, 1860. The Noches 'aunque de buena disposicion son delgados y bastante delicados para andar á pié.'Garces, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 295. 'Well proportioned in figure, and of noble appearance.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 45. 'The women (of the Diegeños) are beautifully developed, and superbly formed, their bodies as straight as an arrow.'Michler, inEmory's U. S. and Mex., Bound. Survey, vol. i., p. 107. The Cahuillas 'are a filthy and miserable-looking set, and great beggars, presenting an unfavorable contrast to the Indian upon the Colorado.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 134.
[567]The ordinary cloak descends to the waist: 'le chef seul en a une qui lui tombe jusqu'au jarret, et c'est là la seule marque de distinction.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 172; see alsoMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 229.
[568]These capes Father Crespi describes as being 'unos capotillos hechos de pieles de liebres y conejos de que hacen tiras y tercidas como mecate; cosen uno con otro y las defienden del frio cubriéndolas por la honestidad.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., pp. 291-2; see alsoId., p. 312.
[569]The lobo marino of the Spanish is the common seal and sea calf of the English; le veau marin and phoque commun of the French; vecchio marino of the Italians; Meerwolf and Meerhund of the Germans; Zee-Hund of the Dutch; Sael-hund of the Danes; Sial of the Swedes; and moelrhon of the Welsh.Knight's Eng. Encyc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv., p. 299.
[570]Reid, inLos Angeles Star.
[571]Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18.
[572]This hair turban or coil 'sirve de bolsa para guardar en la cabeza los abalorios y demas chucherias que se les dá.'Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 215. The same custom seems to prevail among the Cibolos of New Mexico, as Marmier, in his additional chapter in the French edition ofBryant's Cal., p. 258, says: 'les hommes du peuple tressent leurs cheveux avec des cordons, et y placent le peu d'objets qu'ils possèdent, notamment la corne qui renferme leur tabac à fumer.'
[573]On the subject of dress see alsoNavarrete,Introd., inSutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. lxiv.;Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 79;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 45;Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 240;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 138;Garces, inDoc. Mex. Hist., serie ii., tom. i., p. 294;Marmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 229.
[574]On the Los Angeles Coast: 'La ranchería se compone de veinte casas hechas de zacate de forma esférica á modo de uno media naranja con su respiradero en lo alto por donde les entra la luz y tiene salida el humo.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 314;Hoffmann, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. v., p. 149.
[575]'Partiéron de allí el 9, entráron en una ensenada espaciosa, y siguiendo la costa viéron en ella un pueblo de Indios junto á la mar con casas grandes á manera de las de Nueva-España.'Navarrete,Introd., inSutil y Mexicana,Viage, pp. xxix., xxxi., xxxvi. The accounts of Cabrillo's voyage are so confused that it is impossible to know the exact locality in which he saw the people he describes. On this point compareCabrillo,Relacion, inCol. Doc. Hist. Florida, tom. i., p. 173;Browne's Lower Cal., pp. 18, 19;Burney's Chron. Hist. Discov., vol. i., pp. 221-5;Clavigero,Storia della Cal., tom. i., pp. 154-5;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 329;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 210-11;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 306. 'Nur um die Meerenge von Santa Barbara fand man, 1769, die Bewohner ein wenig gesittigter. Sie bauten grosse Häuser von pyramidaler Form, in Dörfer vereint.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5.
[576]Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 259;Bancroft's Nat. Races, vol. iii., pp. 163-9.
[577]'One of their most remarkable superstitions is found in the fact of their not eating the flesh of large game. This arises from their belief that in the bodies of all large animals the souls of certain generations, long since past, have entered.... A term of reproach from a wild tribe to those more tamed is, "they eat venison."'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 215-6; see alsoReid, inLos Angeles Star.
[578]'All their food was either cold or nearly so.... Salt was used very sparingly in their food, from an idea that it had a tendency to turn their hair gray.'Reid, inLos Angeles Star. 'I have seen many instances of their taking a rabbit, and sucking its blood with eagerness, previous to consuming the flesh in a crude state.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 239. 'Viven muy regalados con varias semillas, y con la pesca que hacen en sus balsas de tule ... y queriendoles dar cosa de comida, solian decir, que de aquello no, que lo que querian era ropa; y solo con cosa de este género, eran los cambalaches que hacian de su pescado con los Soldados y Arrieros.'Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 79. See alsoTorquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 712;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 139;Stanley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 102;Id., 1869, pp. 194-5;Walker, inId., 1872, p. 67;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 125;Hoffmann, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. v., p. 149;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., vol. i., pp. 82-3.
[579]Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, pp. 83-4.
[580]Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., pp. 306-9.
[581]The baskets, though water-proof, 'were used only for dry purposes. The vessels in use for liquids were roughly made of rushes and plastered outside and in with bitumen or pitch, called by themsanot.'Reid, inLos Angeles Star;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, vol. ii., pt. ii., pp. 454-5; andMöllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., vol. i., p. 82.
[582]'Leurs mortiers de pierre et divers autres ustensiles sont incrustés avec beaucoup d'art de morceaux de nacre de perle.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 319. 'Mortars and pestles were made of granite, about sixteen inches wide at the top, ten at the bottom, ten inches high and two thick.' Soapstone pots were 'about an inch in thickness, and procured from the Indians of Santa Catalina; the cover used was of the same material.'Reid, inLos Angeles Star. On the eastern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, blankets are made which will easily hold water.Taylor, inSan Francisco Bulletin, 1862, also quoted inShuck's Cal. Scrap Book, p. 405. 'Todas sus obras son primorosas y bien acabadas.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 315.
[583]Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., pp. 319-20.
[584]'The planks were bent and joined by the heat of fire, and then paved with asphaltum, called by them chapapote.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,June 1, 1860.
[585]At Santa Catalina Vizcaino saw 'vnas Canoguelas, que ellos vsan, de Tablas bien hechas, como Barquillos, con las Popas, y Proas levantadas, y mas altas, que el Cuerpo de la Barca, ò Canoa.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 712; see alsoSalmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 18. On the coast of Los Angeles Father Crespi saw 'canoas hechas de buenas tablas de pino, bien ligadas y de una forma graciosa con dos proas.... Usan remos largos de dos palas y vogan con indecible lijeriza y velocidad.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 315. At San Diego Palou describes 'balsas de tule, en forma de Canoas, con lo que entran muy adentro del mar.'Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 79;Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 240;Marmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 228. Description of balsas, which differ in no respect from those used north.
[586]'The worth of a rial was put on a string which passed twice and a-half round the hand, i. e., from end of middle finger to wrist. Eight of these strings passed for the value of a silver dollar.'Cal. Farmer,June 1, 1860. 'Eight yards of these beads made about one dollar of our currency.'Id.,Jan. 18, 1861.
[587]'If a quarrel occurred between parties of distinct lodges (villages), each chief heard the witnesses produced by his own people; and then, associated with the chief of the opposite side, they passed sentence. In case they could not agree, an impartial chief was called in, who heard the statements made by both, and he alone decided. There was no appeal from his decision.'Reid, inLos Angeles Star.
[588]'Pour tout ce qui concerne les affaires intérieures, l'influence des devins est bien supérieure à la leur.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 373. At San Diego 'Chaque village est soumis aux ordres absolus d'un chef.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 153; or seeMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 226. 'I have found that the captains have very little authority.'Stanley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 194.
[589]Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., pp. 262-9.
[590]Dr. Hoffman states that in the vicinity of San Diego 'their laws allow them to keep as many wives as they can support.'San Francisco Medical Press, vol. vi., p. 150. Fages, speaking of the Indians on the coast from San Diego to San Francisco, says: 'Ces Indiens n'ont qu'une seule femme à la fois, mais ils en changent aussi souvent que cela leur convient.'Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 153. Of those in the vicinity of San Luis Rey the same author says: 'Les chefs de ce district ont le privilége de prendre deux on trois femmes, de les répudier ou de les changer aussi souvent qu'ils le veulent; mais les autres habitants n'en ont qu'une seule et ne peuvent les répudier qu'en cas d'adultère.'Id., p. 173.
[591]'Les veufs des deux sexes, qui veulent se remarier, ne peuvent le faire qu'avec d'autres veufs.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 173; see alsoMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 230.
[592]'The perverse child, invariably, was destroyed, and the parents of such remained dishonored.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 270. 'Ils ne pensent pas à donner d'autre éducation à leurs enfants qu'à enseigner aux fils exactement ce que faisait leur père; quant aux filles, elles ont le droit de choisir l'occupation qui leur convient le mieux.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1814, tom. ci., p. 153.
[593]The intoxicating liquor was 'made from a plant calledPibat, which was reduced to a powder, and mixed with other intoxicating ingredients.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 271.
[594]Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 215. For other descriptions of ceremony observed at age of puberty, see:Hoffman, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. vi., pp. 150-1;McKinstry, inSan Francisco Herald,June, 1853.
[595]'Pero en la Mision de S. Antonio se pudo algo averiguar, pues avisando á los Padres, que en una de las casas de los Neófitos se habian metido dos Gentiles, el uno con el traje natural de ellos, y el otro con el trage de muger, expresándolo con el nombre de Joya (que dicen llamarlos asi en su lengua nativa) fué luego el P. Misionero con el Cabo y un Soldado á la casa á ver lo que buscaban, y los hallaron en el acto de pecado nefando. Castigáronlos, aunque no con la pena merecida, y afearonles el hecho tan enorme; y respondió el Gentil, que aquella Joya era su muger.... Solo en el tramo de la Canal de Santa Bárbara, se hallan muchos Joyas, pues raro es el Pueblo donde no se vean dos ó tres.'Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 222. 'Así en esta ranchería como en otros de la canal, hemos visto algunos gentiles con traje de muger con sus nagüitas de gamusa, y muy engruesadas y limpias; no hemos podido entender lo que significa, ni á qué fin.'Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 325. See alsoBoscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., pp. 283-4;Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 371;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., pp. 427;Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 173.
[596]'In some tribes the men and the women unite in the dance; in others the men alone trip to the music of the women, whose songs are by no means unpleasant to the ear.'McKinstry, inS. Francisco Herald,June 1853. 'In their religious ceremonial dances they differ much. While, in some tribes, all unite to celebrate them, in others, men alone are allowed to dance, while the women assist in singing.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 214-15.
[597]'La danse est exécutée par deux couples au son d'une espèce de flûte, les autres restent simples spectateurs et se contentent d'augmenter le bruit en frappant des roseaux secs.'Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., p. 176;Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., pp. 289-95;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 214-15;McKinstry, inS. Francisco Herald,June 1853;Reid, inLos Angeles Star;Crespi, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. vi., p. 322.
[598]Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 380. 'When the new year begun, no thought was given to the past; and on this account, even amongst the most intelligent, they could not tell the number of years which had transpired, when desirous of giving an idea of any remote event.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 303.
[599]'For Gonorrhœa they used a strong decoction of an herb that grows very plentifully here, and is called by the Spanish "chancel agua," and wild pigeon manure, rolled up into pills. The decoction is a very bitter astringent, and may cure some sores, but that it fails in many, I have undeniable proof. In syphilis they use the actual cautery, a living coal of fire applied to the chancer, and a decoction of an herb, said to be something like sarsaparilla, called rosia.'Hoffman, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. v., p. 152-3.
[600]I am indebted for the only information of value relating to the medical usages of the southern California tribes, toBoscana's MS., literally translated by Robinson in hisLife in Cal., pp. 310-14, and also given in substance inMofras,Explor., tom. ii., pp. 378-9, and to Reid's papers on the Indians of Los Angeles County, in theLos Angeles Star, also quoted inCal. Farmer,Jan. 11, 1861.
[601]SeeMofras,Explor., tom. ii., pp. 377-8, and plate, p. 248, and Hoffmann, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. v., p. 152.
[602]'The same custom is now in use, but not only applied to deaths, but to their disappointments and adversities in life, thus making public demonstration of their sorrow.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., pp. 314-15.
[603]California Farmer,May 22, 1863.
[604]Reid, inLos Angeles Star.
[605]The latitude of which he fixes at 34° 33´.
[606]Fages, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1844, tom. ci., pp. 173-4. Quoted almost literally byMarmier,Notice, inBryant,Voy. en Cal., p. 230.
[607]Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 317.
[608]In spelling the word Shoshone, I have followed the most common orthography. Many, however, write it Shoshonee, others, Shoshonie, either of which would perhaps give a better idea of the pronunciation of the word, as the accent falls on the finale. The word means 'Snake Indian,' according to Stuart,Montana, p. 80; and 'inland,' according to Ross,Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 249. I apply the name Shoshones to the whole of this family; the Shoshones proper, including the Bannacks, I call the Snakes; the remaining tribes I name collectively Utahs.
[609]SeeRoss' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 249;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 228-9;Remy and Brenchley's Journey, vol. i., p. 124;Chandless' Visit, p. 118;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 377;Carvalho's Incid. of Trav., p. 200;Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 178;Beckwith, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 42;Farley's Sanitary Rept., inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. iii., p. 154;Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 298;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 88;Hesperian Magazine, vol. x., p. 255;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 197;Prince, quoted inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861;Townsend's Nar., pp. 125, 133;Bryant,Voy. en Cal., pp. 152, 194;Coke's Rocky Mountains, p. 276;Fremont's Explor. Ex., pp. 148, 267;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 312;Figuier's Human Race, p. 484;Burton's City of the Saints, p. 585. Mention is made by Salmeron of a people living south of Utah Lake, who were 'blancas, y rosadas las mejillas como los franceses.'Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101. Escalante, speaking of Indians seen in the same region, lat. 39° 34´ 37´´, says: 'Eran estos de los barbones, y narices agujeradas, y en su idioma se nombran Tirangapui, Tian los cinco, que con su capitan venieron primero, tan crecida la barba, que parecian padres capuchinos ó belemitas.'Doc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 476. Wilkes writes, 'Southwest of the Youta Lake live a tribe who are known by the name of the Monkey Indians; a term which is not a mark of contempt, but is supposed to be a corruption of their name.... They are reported to live in fastnesses among high mountains; to have good clothing and houses; to manufacture blankets, shoes, and various other articles, which they sell to the neighboring tribes. Their colour is as light as that of the Spaniards; and the women in particular are very beautiful, with delicate features, and long flowing hair.... Some have attempted to connect these with an account of an ancient Welsh colony, which others had thought they discovered among the Mandans of the Missouri; while others were disposed to believe they might still exist in the Monkeys of the Western Mountains. There is another account which speaks of the Monquoi Indians, who formerly inhabited Lower California, and were partially civilized by the Spanish missionaries, but who have left that country, and of whom all traces have long since been lost.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 502-3. 'On the southern boundary of Utah exists a peculiar race, of whom little is known. They are said to be fair-skinned, and are called the "White Indians;" have blue eyes and straight hair, and speak a kind of Spanish language differing from other tribes.'San Francisco Evening Bulletin,May 15, 1863. Taylor has a note on the subject, in which he says that these fair Indians were doubtless the Moquis of Western New Mexico.Cal. Farmer,June 26, 1863. Although it is evident that this mysterious and probably mythic people belong in no way to the Shoshone family, yet as they are mentioned by several writers as dwelling in a region which is surrounded on all sides by Shoshones, I have given this note, wherefrom the reader can draw his own conclusions.
[610]Beckwith, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 42;Heap's Cent. Route, p. 102.
[611]Speaking of women: 'their breasts and stomachs were covered with red mastic, made from an earth peculiar to these rocks, which rendered them hideous. Their only covering was a pair of drawers of hare-skin, badly sewn together, and in holes.'Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. ii., p. 386; see also vol. i., p. 127, and vol. ii., pp. 389, 404, 407. 'The women often dress in skirts made of entrails, dressed and sewed together in a substantial way.'Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861. Hareskins 'they cut into cords with the fur adhering; and braid them together so as to form a sort of cloak with a hole in the middle, through which they thrust their heads.'Farnham's Life and Adven., p. 376. The remaining authorities describe them as naked, or slightly and miserably dressed; seeStansbury's Rept., pp. 82, 202-3;Chandless' Visit, p. 291;Heap's Cent. Route, p. 100;Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 255;Bryant's Cal., p. 194;Forney, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1859, p. 365;Dodge,Ib., pp. 374-5;Fenton, inId., 1869, p. 203;Graves, inId., 1854, p. 178;Burton's City of the Saints, pp. 217-18, 272-3, 581, 585;Fremont's Explor. Ex., pp. 148, 168-9, 212, 218, 225, 227, 267;Bulfinch's Oregon, p. 129;Saxon's Golden Gate, p. 251;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 197;Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 539;Dunn's Oregon, p. 331.
[612]Townsend's Nar., pp. 125, 133;De Smet,Voy., p. 25;Dunn's Oregon, p. 325;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 228-30, 308-9;Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., pp. 249-50, 257-8, vol. ii., pp. 22-3;Chandless' Visit, p. 118;Carvalho's Incid. of Trav., p. 200;White's Ogn., p. 377;Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 298;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 244, 281.
[613]'The ermine is the fur known to the north-west traders by the name of the white weasel, but is the genuine ermine.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 313.
[614]Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 312-15.
[615]'On y rencontre aussi des terres métalliques de différentes couleurs, telles que vertes, bleues, jaunes, noires, blanches, et deux sortes d'ocres, l'une pâle, l'autre d'un rouge brillant comme du vermillion. Les Indiens en font très-grand cas; ils s'en servent pour se peindre le corps et le visage.'Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 83.
[616]'They remain in a semi-dormant, inactive state the entire winter, leaving their lowly retreats only now and then, at the urgent calls of nature, or to warm their burrows.... In the spring they creep from their holes ... poor and emaciated, with barely flesh enough to hide their bones, and so enervated from hard fare and frequent abstinence, that they can scarcely move.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 179. Stansbury mentions lodges in Utah, east of Salt Lake, which were constructed of 'cedar poles and logs of a considerable size, thatched with bark and branches, and were quite warm and comfortable.'Stansbury's Rept., p. 111;Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 334;Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 255;Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., pp. 80-1, 129, vol. ii., pp. 362, 373;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 101;Farley, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. iii., p. 154;Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 378;Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 538;Heap's Cent. Route, pp. 98-9;De Smet,Voy., p. 28;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 247, vol. ii., pp. 256-7;Coke's Rocky Mountains, p. 257;Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 117;White's Ogn., p. 376;Irving's Astoria, pp. 257, 290;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 305;Fremont's Explor. Ex., 1842-3, pp. 142, 212, 218;Townsend's Nar., p. 136;Dunn's Oregon, pp. 325, 331-2, 337-8;Bulfinch's Oregon, p. 179;Farnham's Trav., pp. 58, 61-2;Simpson's Route to Cal., p. 51;Burton's City of the Saints, p. 573;Knight's Pioneer Life, MS.
[617]Coke's Rocky Mts., p. 275;De Smet,Voy., p. 29;Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 375;Saint-Amant,Voyages, p. 325.
[618]'They eat the seed of two species of Conifers, one about the size of a hazel-nut, the other much smaller. They also eat a small stone-fruit, somewhat red, or black in colour, and rather insipid; different berries, among others, those ofVaccinium. They collect the seed of theAtriplexandChenopodium, and occasionally some grasses. Among roots, they highly value that of a bushy, yellowish and tolerably large broomrape, which they cook or dry with the base, or root-stock, which is enlarged, and constitutes the most nutritious part. They also gather the napiform root of aCirsium acaule, which they eat raw or cooked; when cooked, it becomes quite black, resinous as pitch and rather succulent; when raw, it is whitish, soft, and of a pleasant flavour.'Remy and Brenchley's Journey, vol. i., p. 129. The Shoshones of Utah and Nevada 'eat certain roots, which in their native state are rank poison, called Tobacco root, but when put in a hole in the ground, and a large fire burned over them, become wholesome diet.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 697. 'Of the roots used ... the pap-pa, or wild potatoe, is abundant.'Id., vol. iv., p. 222; see also,Id., vol. v., pp. 199-200. At Bear River, 'every living animal, thing, insect, or worm they eat.'Fremont's Explor. Exp., p. 142, see also pp. 148, 160, 173-4, 212, 218-19, 267, 273. Inland savages are passionately fond of salt; those living near the sea detest it.Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 85. The Utahs eat 'the cactus leaf, piñon-nut, and various barks; the seed of the bunch-grass, and of the wheat, or yellow grass, somewhat resembling rye, the rabbit-bush twigs, which are chewed, and various roots and tubers; the soft sego bulb, the rootlet of the cat-tail flag, and of the tule, which when sun-dried and powdered to flour, keeps through the winter and is palatable even to white men.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 581, see also pp. 573, 577. The Pi-Edes 'live principally on lizards, swifts, and horned toads.'Ind. Aff. Rept., 1865. p. 145; see alsoId., 1854, p. 229; 1856, p. 234; 1861, p. 112; 1859, p. 365; 1866, pp. 114; 1869, pp. 203, 216; 1870, pp. 95, 114; 1872, p. 59. The Snakes eat a white-fleshed kind of beaver, which lives on poisonous roots, whose flesh affects white people badly, though the Indians roast and eat it with impunity.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 117, see also vol. i., p. 269-72;Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 539;Farnham's Life and Adven., pp. 371, 376-8;Irving's Bonneville's Adven., pp. 255, 257, 401-2;Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 501;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 219;Bryant's Cal., p. 202;Stansbury's Rept., pp. 77, 148, 233;Kelly's Excursion, vol. i., p. 238;Saxon's Golden Gate, p. 251;Smith, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1828, tom. xxxvii., p. 209;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 178-9;Townsend's Nar., p. 144;White's Ogn., p. 376;Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 228-31, 309;Coke's Rocky Mts., p. 277;Irving's Astoria, pp. 258, 295;De Smet,Voy., pp. 28-30, 127;Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 334;Farnham's Trav., pp. 58, 61;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 242, 270, vol. ii., pp. 19, 60, 61, 64, 244, 311;Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., p. 534;Simpson's Route to Pac., pp. 51-2;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 270, 288-9, 298-9;Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS.
[619]The Wararereeks are 'dirty in their camps, in their dress, and in their persons.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 250. The persons of the Piutes are 'more disgusting than those of the Hottentots. Their heads are white with the germs of crawling filth.'Farnham's Trav., p. 58. 'A filthy tribe—the prey of idleness and vermin.'Farnham's Life and Adven., p. 325. Bryant says, of the Utahs between Salt Lake and Ogden's Hole, 'I noticed the females hunting for the vermin in the heads and on the bodies of their children; finding which they ate the animals with an apparent relish.'Bryant's Cal., p. 154. The Snakes 'are filthy beyond description.'Townsend's Nar., p. 137. 'J'ai vu les Sheyennes, les Serpents, les Youts, etc., manger la vermine les uns des autres à pleins peignes.'De Smet,Voy., p. 47. 'The Snakes are rather cleanly in their persons.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 61.
[620]'A weapon called by the Chippeways, by whom it was formerly used, the poggamoggon.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 309. Bulfinch,Oregon, p. 126, says the stone weighs about two pounds. Salmeron also mentions a similar weapon used by the people living south of Utah Lake; concerning whom seenote 187, p. 423.
[621]The Utahs 'no usan mas armas que las flechas y algunas lanzas de perdernal, ni tienen otro peto, morrion ni espaldar que el que sacaron del vientre de sus madres.'Escalante, quoted inSalmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., ser. iii., part iv., p. 126. 'Bows made of the horns of the bighorn ... are formed by cementing with glue flat pieces of the horn together, covering the back with sinewes and glue, and loading the whole with an unusual quantity of ornaments.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 309. At Ogden River, in Utah, they work obsidian splinters 'into the most beautiful and deadly points, with which they arm the end of their arrows.'Thornton's Ogn. and Cal., vol. i., p. 343. 'Pour toute arme, un arc, des flèches et un bâton pointu.'De Smet,Voy., p. 28. 'Bows and arrows are their (Banattees) only weapons of defence.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 251. The arrows of the Pa-Utes 'are barbed with a very clear translucent stone, a species of opal, nearly as hard as the diamond; and, shot from their long bow, are almost as effective as a gunshot.'Fremont's Expl. Ex., p. 267. The Pi-Utes and Pitches 'have no weapon of defence except the club, and in the use of that they are very unskilful.'Farnham's Trav., p. 58. Southwest of Great Salt Lake, 'their arms are clubs, with small bows and arrows made of reeds.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180. The Pi-Utes 'make some weapons of defence, as bows and arrows. The bows are about six feet long; made of the savine (Juniperus sabina).'Farnham's Life and Adven., p. 378; see farther,Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. ii., pp. 291, 261;Stansbury's Rept., p. 232;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 198;Heap's Cent. Route, pp. 56, 72, 77, 84, 99;Palmer's Jour., p. 134;Bulfinch's Oregon, p. 129;Irving's Bonneville's Adven., pp. 146, 255, 400;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 219;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 228-9, 233;Irving's Astoria, p. 279;Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1822, tom. xiii., p. 50;Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS.;Knight's Pioneer Life, MS.
[622]Remy and Brenchley's Jour., vol. ii., p. 407;Heap's Cent. Route, p. 99;Thornton's Ogn. and Cal., vol. i., p. 171.
[623]'Taking an enemy's scalp is an honour quite independent of the act of vanquishing him. To kill your adversary is of no importance unless the scalp is brought from the field of battle, and were a warrior to slay any number of his enemies in action, and others were to obtain the scalps or first touch the dead, they would have all the honours, since they have borne off the trophy.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 309; see also p. 265. The Utahs 'will devour the heart of a brave man to increase their courage, or chop it up, boil it in soup, engorge a ladleful, and boast they have drunk the enemy's blood.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 581; see also p. 140. The Utahs never carry arrows when they intend to fight on horseback.Heap's Cent. Route, p. 77; see also p. 100;Remy and Brenchley's Journ., pp. 97, 99;Stansbury's Rept., p. 81;De Smet,Voy., pp. 28-9;Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 275, vol. ii., pp. 93-6;Bulfinch's Oregon, p. 129;Farnham's Trav., p. 36.
[624]The pipe of the chief 'was made of a dense transparent green stone, very highly polished, about two and a half inches long, and of an oval figure, the bowl being in the same situation with the stem. A small piece of burnt clay is placed in the bottom of the bowl to separate the tobacco from the end of the stem.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 267. Pots made of 'a stone found in the hills ... which, though soft and white in its natural state, becomes very hard and black after exposure to the fire.'Id., p. 312. 'These vessels, although rude and without gloss, are nevertheless strong, and reflect much credit on Indian ingenuity.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 274. Pipe-stems 'resemble a walking-stick more than anything else, and they are generally of ash, and from two-and-a-half to three feet long.'Id., vol. ii., p. 109. 'Cooking vessels very much resembling reversed bee-hives, made of basket work covered with buffalo skins.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 244. Stansbury discovered pieces of broken Indian pottery and obsidian about Salt Lake.Stansbury's Rept., p. 182. The material of baskets 'was mostly willow twig, with a layer of gum, probably from the pine tree.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 573. The Utahs 'manufacture very beautiful and serviceable blankets.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 200. 'Considering that they have nothing but stone hammers and flint knives it is truly wonderful to see the exquisite finish and neatness of their implements of war and hunting, as well as their ear-rings and waist-bands, made of an amalgam of silver and lead.'Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861. 'Les Indiens en font des jarres, des pots, des plats de diverses formes. Ces vaisseaux communiquent une odeur et une saveur très-agréables à tout ce qu'ils renferment; ce qui provient sans doute de la dissolution de quelque substance bitumineuse contenue dans l'argile.'Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 83. 'The pipes of these Indians are either made of wood or of red earth; sometimes these earthen pipes are exceedingly valuable, and Indians have been known to give a horse in exchange for one of them.'Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., p. 130;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 128-32, 228-9, 234.
[625]Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 274.
[626]Among the Snakes in Idaho garments of four to five beaver-skins were sold for a knife or an awl, and other articles of fur in proportion. Horses were purchased for an axe each. A ship of seventy-four guns might have been loaded with provision, such as dried buffalo, bought with buttons and rings. Articles of real value they thus disposed of cheaply, while articles of comparatively no value, such as Indian head-dress and other curiosities, were held high. A beaver-skin could thus be had for a brass-ring, while a necklace of bears' claws could not be purchased for a dozen of the same rings. Axes, knives, ammunition, beads, buttons and rings, were most in demand. Clothing was of no value; a knife sold for as much as a blanket; and an ounce of vermilion was of more value than a yard of fine cloth.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., pp. 257-9. See further,Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 316;Townsend's Nar., pp. 133, 138;Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861;Farnham's Trav., p. 61.
[627]'They inflict no penalties for minor offences, except loss of character and disfellowship.'Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 306-7;Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., p. 128.
[628]'It is virtuous to seize and ravish the women of tribes with whom they are at war, often among themselves, and to retain or sell them and their children as slaves.'Drews' Owyhee Recon., p. 17. The Pi-Edes 'barter their children to the Utes proper for a few trinkets or bits of clothing, by whom they are again sold to the Navajos for blankets.'Simpson's Route to Cal., p. 45. 'Some of the minor tribes in the southern part of the Territory (Utah), near New Mexico, can scarcely show a single squaw, having traded them off for horses and arms.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 582. 'Viennent trouver les blancs, et leur vendent leurs enfants pour des bagatelles.'De Smet,Voy., p. 29;Knight's Pioneer Life, MS.;Utah, Acts, Resolutions, etc., p. 87.
[629]'A refusal in these lands is often a serious business; the warrior collects his friends, carries off the recusant fair, and after subjecting her to the insults of all his companions espouses her.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 582.
[630]'The women are exceedingly virtuous ... they are a kind of mercantile commodity in the hands of their masters. Polygamy prevails among the chiefs, but the number of wives is not unlimited.'Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., pp. 123-8. They are given to sensual excesses, and other immoralities.Farnham's Trav., p. 62; see also p. 60. 'Prostitution and illegitimacy are unknown ... they are not permitted to marry until eighteen or twenty years old ... it is a capital offence to marry any of another nation without special sanction from their council and head chief. They allow but one wife.'Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861. At the time of their confinement the women 'sit apart; they never touch a cooking utensil, although it is not held impure to address them, and they return only when the signs of wrath have passed away.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 573. 'Infidelity of the wife, or prostitution of an unmarried female, is punishable by death.'Davies, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1861, p. 133. 'Our Pi-Ute has a peculiar way of getting a foretaste of connubial bliss, cohabiting experimentally with his intended for two or three days previous to the nuptial ceremony, at the end of which time, either party can stay further proceedings, to indulge other trials until a companion more congenial is found.'Farley, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. iii., p. 155;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 307-8, 315;De Smet,Voy., p. 27.
[631]The Snakes 'ont une sorte de tabac sauvage qui croît dans les plaines contiguës aux montagnes du Spanish-River, il a les feuilles plus étroites que le nôtre, il est plus agréable à fumer, ses effets étant bien moins violens.'Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., pp. 82-3. The Kinik-kinik 'they obtain from three different plants. One is aCornus, resembling ourCornus sanguinea; after having detached the epidermic cuticle, they scrape the bark and dry it, when it is ready for use. Another is a Vaccinium with red berries; they gather the leaves to smoke them when dry; the third is a small shrub, the fruit and flower of which I have never seen, but resembles certain species of Daphnads (particularly that of Kauai), the leaves of which are in like manner smoked.'Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., p. 130; see also p. 132;Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 250;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 306;Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 174;De Smet,Voy., pp. 25-6;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 228-9, 237, 242-3.
[632]'En deux occasions diverses, je comptai cinq personnes ainsi montées, dont deux, certes, paraissaient aussi capables, chacune à elle seule, de porter la pauvre bête, que le cheval était à même de supporter leurs poids.'De Smet,Voy., p. 127;Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 266, 309-11, 316;Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 178.
[633]'With strong constitutions generally, they either die at once or readily recover.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 581. 'There is no lack of pulmonary difficulties among them.'Farley, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. iii., p. 155. Syphilis usually kills them.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 316. 'Theconvollaria stellata... is the best remedial plant known among those Indians.'Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 273;Davies, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1861, p. 132;Prince, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861;Coke's Rocky Mts., p. 276;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 228-9, 240-2.
[634]'The Yutas make their graves high up the kanyons, usually in clefts of rock.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 150. At the obsequies of a chief of the Timpenaguchya tribe 'two squaws, two Pa Yuta children, and fifteen of his best horses composed the "customs."'Id., p. 577. 'When a death takes place, they wrap the body in a skin or hide, and drag it by the leg to a grave, which is heaped up with stones, as a protection against wild beasts.'Id., p. 582;Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., pp. 131, 345;De Smet,Voy., p. 28;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 359, 363.
[635]The Shoshones of Carson Valley 'are very rigid in their morals.'Remy and Brenchley's Journ., vol. i., p. 85. At Haw's Ranch, 'honest and trustworthy, but lazy and dirty.'Id., p. 123. These Kusi-Utahs 'were very inoffensive and seemed perfectly guileless.'Id., vol. ii., p. 412. The Pai-uches are considered as mere dogs, the refuse of the lowest order of humanity.Farnham's Life and Adven., p. 376. The Timpanigos Yutas 'are a noble race ... brave and hospitable.'Id., p. 371. The Pi-utes are 'the most degraded and least intellectual Indians known to the trappers.'Farnham's Trav., p. 58. 'The Snakes are a very intelligent race.'Id., p. 62. The Bannacks are 'a treacherous and dangerous race.'Id., p. 76. The Pi-Edes are 'timid and dejected;' the Snakes are 'fierce and warlike;' the Tosawitches 'very treacherous;' the Bannacks 'treacherous;' the Washoes 'peaceable, but indolent.'Simpson's Route to Cal., p. 45-9. The Utahs 'are brave, impudent, and warlike ... of a revengeful disposition.'Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 178. 'Industrious.'Armstrong, inId., 1856, p. 233. 'A race of men whose cruelty is scarcely a stride removed from that of cannibalism.'Hurt, inId., p. 231. 'The Pah-utes are undoubtedly the most interesting and docile Indians on the continent.'Dodge, inId., 1859, p. 374. The Utahs are 'fox-like, crafty, and cunning.'Archuleta, inId., 1865, p. 167. The Pi-Utes are 'teachable, kind, and industrious ... scrupulously chaste in all their intercourse.'Parker, inId., 1866, p. 115. The Weber-Utes 'are the most worthless and indolent of any in the Territory.'Head, inId., p. 123. The Bannocks 'seem to be imbued with a spirit of dash and bravery quite unusual.'Campbell, inId., p. 120. The Bannacks are 'energetic and industrious.'Danilson, inId., 1869, p. 288. The Washoes are docile and tractable.Douglas, inId., 1870, p. 96. The Pi-utes are 'not warlike, rather cowardly, but pilfering and treacherous.'Powell, inId., 1871, p. 562. The Shoshokoes 'are extremely indolent, but a mild, inoffensive race.'Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 257. The Snakes 'are a thoroughly savage and lazy tribe.'Franchère's Nar., p. 150. The Shoshones are 'frank and communicative.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 306. The Snakes are 'pacific, hospitable and honest.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 325. 'The Snakes are a very intelligent race.'White's Ogn., p. 379. The Pi-utes 'are as degraded a class of humanity as can be found upon the earth. The male is proud, sullen, intensely insolent.... They will not steal. The women are chaste, at least toward their white brethren.'Farley, inSan Francisco Medical Jour., vol. iii., p. 154. The Snakes have been considered 'as rather a dull and degraded people ... weak in intellect, and wanting in courage. And this opinion is very probable to a casual observer at first sight, or when seen in small numbers; for their apparent timidity, grave, and reserved habits, give them an air of stupidity. An intimate knowledge of the Snake character will, however, place them on an equal footing with that of other kindred nations, either east or west of the mountains, both in respect to their mental faculties and moral attributes.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 151. 'Les Sampectches, les Pagouts et les Ampayouts sont ... un peuple plus misérable, plus dégradé et plus pauvre. Les Français les appellent communément les Dignes-de-pitié, et ce nom leur convient à merveille.'De Smet,Voy., p. 28. The Utahs 'pariassent doux et affables, très-polis et hospitaliers pour les étrangers, et charitables entre eux.'Id., p. 30. 'The Indians of Utah are the most miserable, if not the most degraded, beings of all the vast American wilderness.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 64. The Utahs 'possess a capacity for improvement whenever circumstances favor them.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180. The Snakes are 'la plus mauvaise des races des Peaux-Rouges que j'ai fréquentées. Ils sont aussi paresseux que peu prévoyants.'Saint-Amant,Voy., p. 325. The Shoshones of Idaho are 'highly intelligent and lively ... the most virtuous and unsophisticated of all the Indians of the United States.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,April 27, 1860. The Washoes have 'superior intelligence and aptitude for learning.'Id.,June 14, 1861; see alsoId.,June 26, 1863. The Nevada Shoshones 'are the most pure and uncorrupted aborigines upon this continent ... they are scrupulously clean in their persons, and chaste in their habits ... though whole families live together, of all ages and both sexes, in the same tent, immorality and crime are of rare occurrence.'Prince, inId.,Oct. 18, 1861. The Bannacks 'are cowardly, treacherous, filthy and indolent.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 223. 'The Utahs are predatory, voracious and perfidious. Plunderers and murderers by habit ... when their ferocity is not excited, their suspicions are so great as to render what they say unreliable, if they do not remain altogether uncommunicative.'Id., vol. v., pp. 197-8. The Pa-Vants 'are as brave and improvable as their neighbours are mean and vile.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 577. 'The Yuta is less servile, and consequently has a higher ethnic status than the African negro; he will not toil, and he turns at a kick or a blow.'Id., p. 581. The Shoshokoes 'are harmless and exceedingly timid and shy.'Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 538.