Chapter 37

[636]The Comanches 'are divided into three principal bands, to wit: the Comanche, the Yamparack and the Tenawa.'Burnet, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 230; 'Ietans, termed by the Spaniards Comanches, and in their own language Na-uni, signifying "life people."'Prichard's Nat. Hist., vol. ii., p. 549. 'The Comanches and the numerous tribes of Chichimecas ... are comprehended by the Spaniards under the vague name of Mecos.'Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 422. 'The tribe called themselves Niyuna.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., pp. 575-6;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 231;Neighbors, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 175;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 115;French's Hist. La., p. 155. 'Se divide en cuatro ramas considerables bajo los nombres de Cuchanticas, Jupes, Yamparicas y Orientales.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 318; see alsoCortez, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 121. The Jetans or Camanches, as the Spaniards term them, or Padoucas, as they are called by the Pawnees.Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 214.[637]Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 76. 'Los Indios yutas, ... son los mismos que los comanches ó cumanches, pues yuta eso quiere decir en la lengua de los lipanes. Por consiguente no se pueden distinguir esos nombres, que aunque de dos lenguas diferentes espresan una misma nacion.'Berlandier y Thovel,Diario, p. 251. 'The Comanches are a branch of the Shoshones or Snakes.'Ruxton's Adven., p. 244. 'The Pawnees are descended from a cousin-germanship of the same stock.'Edward's Hist. Tex., pp. 108-9. 'Si le sang des Aztéques existe encore sans mélange en Amerique, il doit couler dans les veines des Comanches.'Domenech's Jour., p. 16; see alsoDomenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 24;Buschmann,Spuren der Azt. Spr., p. 391.[638]'Probably because their winter quarters are always located amid the forests which grow upon the Sierras.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 243.[639]Cordero gives the following tribal names, which he says are used among themselves: Vinni ettinenne, Tontos; Segatajenne, Chiricaguis; Tjuiccujenne, Gileños; Iccujenne, Mimbreños; Yutajenne, Faraones; Sejenne, Mescaleros; Cuelcajenne, Llaneros; Lipajenne and Yutajenne, Lipans and Navajos.Orozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 369, 379-385. 'Los pimas gileños llaman á los yavipais taros ó nifores; los jamajabs les llaman yavipais y nosotros apaches.'Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., pp. 265, 352-3. 'Yavipais Tejua que son los indómitos Apaches.'Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 471. 'Yavapais, or Apache Mohaves, as they are more generally called.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 217. 'Pueden dividirse en nueve tribus principales ... Tontos, Chirocahues, Gileños, Mimbreños, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Llaneros, Lipanes y Navajoes. Todos hablan un mismo idioma.... No componen una nacion uniforme en sus usos y costumbres, pero coinciden en la major parte de sus inclinaciones, variando en otras con proporcion á los terrenos de su residencia, á las necesidades que padecen.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 314. Apaches, 'their name is said to signify 'men.'' Mescaleros, 'the meaning of the name, probably, is drinkers of mescal.'Cortez, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 118-9.Froebel's Central Amer., pp. 309, 353, 491;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 161, 223, 425;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 285;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 26;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 351;Ruxton's Adven., p. 194;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 216;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., pp. 212-13;Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 298;Steck, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 108, andId., 1864, p. 182, 1858, p. 197;Bailey, inId., 1858, p. 206;Clum, inId., 1871, p. 42;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 325. Called Coyoteros, because it is believed that 'they feed upon the flesh of the coyote.'Hardy's Trav., p. 430. 'Les Gileños ... avec les Axuas et les Apaches qui viennent de la Sierra Madre sont confondus sous le nom de Pápagos.'Mofras,Explor., tom. i., p. 213;Bustamante, inCavo,Tres Siglos, tom. iii., pp. 79-80. 'Tonto, in Spanish means stupid.' 'Tonto is a Spanish corruption of the original Indian name.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 460;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 5-8;Ayers, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 175;Collins, inId., 1860, p. 161;Id., 1861, p. 122;Maxwell, inId., 1863, p. 116;Parker, inId., 1869, p. 23;Walker, inId., 1872, p. 53;Clum, inId., 1871, p. 368;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 214;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 275;Turner, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 308.[640]'The Apaches and their congeners belong to the Athapascan family.'Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 84, and inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 311;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 10.[641]'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yútahkah. The Navajoes call themselves, as a tribe, Tenúai (man). The appellation Návajo was unquestionably given them by the Spaniards.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 217, 218. 'The Navajoes and Apaches are identically one people.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 306;Ruxton's Adven., p. 194;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 229;Poston, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 389. 'Navajoes and Apaches have descended from the same stock.'Carleton, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 134. 'The Navajoes are a Pueblo Indian.'Griner, inId., p. 329. 'Allied to the Crow Indians.'Fitzpatrick, inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 133;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 348. 'Most civilized of all the wild Indians of North America.'Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 372. The Navajoes 'are a division of the ancient Mexicans.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180.[642]'"Yumah," signifies "Son of the River," and is only applied to the Indians born on the banks of the Colorado. This nation is composed of five tribes ... among which ... the Yabipaïs (Yampaïs or Yampaos).'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 65. 'The Cajuenches and Cuchans ... belong to two different divisions of one tribe, which forms part of the great nation of the Yumas.'Id., p. 10.[643]Cosninos, 'Es ist mehrfach die Ansicht ausgesprochen worden, dass die meisten derselben zu dem Stamme der Apaches gehören, oder vielmehr mit ihnen verwandt sind.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 330-1;Figuier's Human Race, p. 482.[644]'The Yampais form a connecting link between the Gila, Colorado, and Pueblo Indians.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 98. Yampais are related to the Yumas.Möllhausen,Reisen, tom. i., p. 431. Yampais: 'Unable to separate them from the Tonto-Apaches.'Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 302.[645]'Llaman á estos indios los cruzados, por unas cruces que todos, chicos y grandes se atan del copete, que les viene á caer en la frente; y esto hacen cuando ven á los españoles.'Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iii., p. 31.[646]'Unos dicen que á un lado de estas naciones (Yutas) para hácia al Poniente está la nacion de los nijoras, y otros afirman que no hay tal nacion Nijora, sino que esta palabra nijor quiere decir cautivo, y que los cocomaricopas les dan de noche á las naciones mas inmediatas y les quitan sus hijos, los que cautivan y venden á los pimas y éstos á los españoles; si es asi que hay tal nacion, está en esta inmediacion del rio Colorado para el rio Salado ó rio Verde.'Noticias de la Pimeria, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 838. 'Todos estos cautivos llaman por acá fuera Nijores, aunque hay otra nacion Hijeras á parte.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 852.[647]For further particulars as to location of tribes, see notes onTribal Boundaries, at the end of this chapter.[648]'Besonders fiel uns der Unterschied zwischen den im Gebirge, ähnlich den Wölfen lebenden Yampays und Tontos ... und den von vegetabilischen Stoffen sich nährenden Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales auf, indem erstere nur kleine hässliche Gestalten mit widrigem tückischem Ausdruck der Physiognomie waren, die anderen dagegen wie lauter Meisterwerke der schöpferischen Natur erschienen.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 384.[649]The Navajos are 'of good size, nearly six feet in height, and well proportioned; cheek-bones high and prominent, nose straight and well shaped; hair long and black; eyes black; ... feet small; lips of moderate size; head of medium size and well shaped; forehead not small but retreating.'Lethermann, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 288. 'Fine looking, physically.' 'Most symmetrical figure, combining ease, grace and power, and activity.' And the Comanches 'about five feet ten inches in height, with well proportioned shoulders, very deep chest, and long, thin, but muscular arms.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 49, 305, 15. The Mojave 'men are tall, erect, and finely proportioned. Their features are inclined to European regularity; their eyes large, shaded by long lashes.' The Cuchans are 'a noble race, well formed, active and intelligent.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 110, 114. The Navajos are distinguished 'by the fullness and roundness of their eyes.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 31. 'The Camanches are small of stature ... wear moustaches and heads of long hair.'Pope, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 15. The Comanches 'que da un aspecto bien particular á estas naciones, es la falta completa de cejas, pues ellos se las arrancan; algunos tienen una poca barba.'Berlandier and Thovel,Diario, p. 253. The Yumas 'if left to their natural state, would be fine looking,' but the Hualpais 'were squalid, wretched-looking creatures, with splay feet, large joints and diminutive figures ... features like a toad's.... They present a remarkable contrast to our tall and athletic Mojaves.' The Navajos are 'a fine looking race with bold features.' 'The Mojaves are perhaps as fine a race of men physically, as there is in existence.'Ives' Colorado River, pp. 44, 54, 97-8, 108, 73, 128, 19, 39, 59, 66, plate p. 66. The Comanches are 'de buena estatura.'Beaumont,Crónica de Mechoacan, MS., p. 527. The people between the Colorado and Gila rivers. 'Es gente bien agestada y corpulenta, trigueños de color.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cruzados are described as 'bien agestados y nobles y ellas hermosas de lindos ojos y amorosas.'Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31; see alsoCordoue, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., serie i., tom. x., p. 446. In New Mexico Allegre describes them as 'corpulentos y briosos, pero mal agestados, las orejas largas ... tienen poco barba.'Allegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332; and of the same people Alcedo writes 'son de mejor aspecto, color y proporcion que los demás.'Diccionario, tom. iii., p. 184. And Lieut. Möllhausen, who frequently goes into ecstasies over the splendid figures of the lower Colorado people, whom he calls the personification of the ancient gods of the Romans and Greeks, says further that they are 'grosse, schön gewachsene Leute,' and describes their color as 'dunkelkupferfarbig.' Of the women he adds 'Ganz im Gegensatze zu den Männern sind die Weiber der Indianer am Colorado durchgängig klein, untersetzt und so dick, dass ihr Aussehen mitunter an's komische gränzt.' Comparing the Hualapais with the Mojaves he writes 'auf der einen Seite die unbekleideten, riesenhaften und wohlgebildeten Gestalten der Mohaves ... auf der andern Seite dagegen die im Vergleich mit erstern, zwergähnlichen, hagern.... Figuren der Wallpays, mit ihren verwirrten, struppigen Haaren, den kleinen, geschlitzten Augen undmden falschen, gehässigen Ausdruck in ihren Zügen.' The Cosninos he calls 'hässlich und verkümmert.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 331, 382-8;Möllhausen,Reisen, tom. i., pp. 123-4, 199, 215, 274, 293, 318, tom. ii., pp. 43, 37, and plate frontispiece.Möllhausen,Mormonenmädchen, tom. ii., p. 140. The Comanche 'men are about the medium stature, with bright copper-coloured complexions ... the women are short with crooked legs ... far from being as good looking as the men.' In the Colorado Valley 'are the largest and best-formed men I ever saw, their average height being an inch over six feet.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 25, 279. 'Les Comanchés ont la taille haute et élancée, et sont presque aussi blancs que les Européens.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, serie v., No. 96, p. 192. And of the Comanches see further.Dragoon Camp., p. 153. 'Robust, almost Herculean race.'Foote's Texas, vol. i., p. 298. 'Exceedingly handsome.'Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. ii., p. 308;Hartmann and Millard's Texas, p. 109. 'Women are ugly, crooklegged, stoop-shouldered.'Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 189, 232, 194;Mexikanische Zustände, tom. i., p. 373;Froebel's Cent. Am., p. 267; see alsoFroebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 101;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 37-8;Domenech,Journ., p. 132. The Yuma 'women are generally fat.' 'The men are large, muscular, and well formed.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 180, 178. Navajo women are 'much handsomer and have lighter complexions than the men.'Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 218-19;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 52;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 7, 10, 24, 65, plate 8. The Navajos have 'light flaxen hair, light blue eyes ... their skin is of the most delicate whiteness.'Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 545;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 203. On the Mojaves see further,Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 138;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18;Cal. Mercantile Jour., vol. i., p. 227, plate;Clum, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 363. And on the Yumas.Poston, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 387;Browne's Apache Country, p. 61;Taylor, inCal. Farmer,Feb. 22, 1860. Women's 'feet are naturally small.'Emory's Rept., inU. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 109. The Yampais are broad-faced, and have 'aquiline noses and small eyes.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 460.Indian Traits, inHayes Col.[650]'Their average height is about five feet four or five inches. They are but slimly built, and possess but little muscular development ... light brownish red color.' Some have 'a Chinese cast of countenance ... rusty black hair.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418. Their 'features were flat, negro-like ... small legged, big-bellied and broad-shouldered.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 52. 'More miserable looking objects I never beheld;' legs, 'large and muscular.'Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 139. 'Widerliche Physiognomien und Gestalten ... unter mittlerer Grösse ... grosse Köpfe, vorstehende Stirn und Backenknochen, dicke Nasen, aufgeworfene Lippen und kleine geschlitzte Augen.... Ihr Gesicht war dunkler als ich es jemals bei Indianern gefunden.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 360. 'Von zottigen weit abstehenden Haupthaaren bedeckt.'Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iii., p. 49. 'Ill-formed, emaciated, and miserable looking race ... had all a treacherous-fiendish look.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 327. 'Physically of a slighter build than any Indians I have seen.'Clum, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 47. 'Most wretched looking Indians I have ever seen.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 14. 'Small in stature.... Coal-black eye.'Peters' Life of Carson, p. 326. 'Hair is very black and straight, much resembling horse hair ... appears to belong to the Asiatic type.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 211. 'Gipsy looking with an eye singularly wild and piercing.'Houstoun's Texas, p. 227. 'Have very light complexions.'Ward's Mexico, vol. i., p. 580. 'Die Lipanis haben blondes Haar, und sind schöne Leute.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., p. 215, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 421. 'Sont des beaux hommes.'Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82. 'Tall, majestic in figure; muscular.'Brantz-Mayer's Mex. Aztec., etc., vol. ii., p. 123. 'Fine physical conformation.'Foote's Texas, vol. i., p. 298. 'Their skin looked whiter than I have ever seen it in the Indians.'Wizlizenus' Tour, p. 71. 'Crian pié menor que los otros indios.'Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564. 'Todos son morenos, cuerpo bien proporcionado, ojos vivos, cabello largo y lampiños.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 265. 'Su talla y color diferencian algo en cada tribu, variando este desde el bronceado al moreno. Son todos bien proporcionados ... y ninguna barba.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 314; see alsoCordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 370-1. 'Though not tall, are admirably formed, with fine features and a bright complexion, inclining to yellow.'Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 117. 'Son altos, rubios y de bellisimas proporciones.'Revista Científica, tom. i., p. 55. 'Taille ordinaire, de couleur foncé.' 'Comme ces Indiens ne font leur nourriture que de chair et principalement de celle de l'âne et du mulet, ils exhalent une odeur si pénétrante que les chevaux et surtout les mules rebroussent chemin aussitôt qu'ils les éventent.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 187.[651]'Cut their hair short over the forehead, and let it hang behind.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 65. Distinguished 'durch den vollständig gleichmässigen Schnitt ihrer schwarzen Haare.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 274;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 384;Browne's Apache Country, 107;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., pp. 15, 18;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., pp. 460, 461;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 98, 110.[652]Mojave girls, after they marry, tattoo the chin 'with vertical blue lines.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 463. Yumas: 'Doch ist ihnen das Tätowiren nicht fremd; dieses wird indessen mehr von den Frauen angewendet welche sich die Mundwinkel und das Kinn mit blauen Punkten und Linien schmücken.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 124;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 385;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 151-2;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 33, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., and plate;Michler, inEmory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 110;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186;Treasury of Trav., p. 32.[653]'Das Gesicht hatten sich alle Vier (Mojaves) auf gleiche Weise bemalt, nämlich kohlschwarz mit einem rothen Striche, der sich von der Stirne über Nase, Mund und Kinn zog.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 383, 385, 388; plate, 394. 'Painted perfectly black, excepting a red stripe from the top of his forehead, down the bridge of his nose to his chin.'Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 67. The Apaches 'Se tiñen el cuerpo y la cara con bastantes colores.'Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS., p. 5. 'Pintura de greda y almagre con que se untan la cara, brazos y piernas.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 371;Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. iii., p. 11;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 266;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 211;Hardy's Trav., p. 337;Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 33, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., and plate;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 110;Sedelmair, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., vol. iv., p. 858.[654]'Naked with the exception of the breech-cloth.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., pp. 14, 18; see also plates; Mojave men 'simply a breech-cloth.'Touner, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871. 'No clothing but a strip of cotton.... The Yumas display 'a ludicrous variety of tawdry colors and dirty finery.'Ives' Colorado Rept., pp. 54, 59, 66. See colored plates of Yumas, Mojaves, and Hualpais, 'Andan enteramente desnudos.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 111;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 383;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 62;Hardy's Trav., pp. 336, 342;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 138;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 149;Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1872, p. 162;Cortez, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 124;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 33;Cremony's Apaches, pp. 29, 132;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 93, p. 186;Indian Traits, vol. i., inHayes Col.[655]'A few stripes of the inner bark of the willow or acacia tied scantily round their waists.'Hardy's Trav., p. 336. 'Long fringe of strips of willow bark wound around the waist.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18. The men wear 'a strip of cotton,' the women 'a short petticoat, made of strips of bark.'Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 66. 'Nude, with the exception of a diminutive breech cloth.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 29. 'Las mas se cubren de la cintura hasta las piernas con la cáscara interior del sauce.'Sedelmair, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres se cubren de la cintura á la rodilla con la cáscara interior del sauce.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 111;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 384;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., vol. i., p. 123;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 138;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 114;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 33, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., plate and cuts;Touner, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 364;Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 130;Michler, inEmory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., pp. 109, 110, with plate.[656]'Partly clothed like the Spaniards, with wide drawers, moccasins and leggings to the knee ... their moccasins have turned-up square toes ... mostly they have no head-dress, some have hats, some fantastic helmets.'Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 184. 'They prefer the legging and blanket to any other dress.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 320, 328. 'Mexican dress and saddles predominated, showing where they had chiefly made up their wardrobe.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 61. 'Los hombres, se las acomodan alrededor del cuerpo, dejando desambarazados los brazos. Es en lo general la gamuza ó piel del venado la que emplean en este servicio. Cubren la cabeza de un bonete ó gorra de lo mismo, tal vez adornado de plumas de aves, ó cuernos de animales.... El vestuario de las mujeres es igualmente de pieles.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 371. 'Cervinis tergoribus amiciuntur tam fœminæ quam mares.'Benavides, inDe Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 316;Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 431, 437;Sonora, Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564;Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS., p. 5;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 117;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 214;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 451;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 210, 211;Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1872, p. 174;Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 248;Roedel, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 397;Niza, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 161, 424; see alsoFroebel's Cent. Am., pp. 309, 490;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., pp. 46, 166, 167;Linati,Costumes, plate xxii.;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 266;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. ii., p. 173;Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, MS., p. 417;Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82.[657]The hair of the Mohaves is occasionally 'matted on the top of the head into a compact mass with mud.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18. 'Their pigments are ochre, clay, and probably charcoal mingled with oil.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 33, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'Ihr Hauptschmuck dagegen sind die langen, starken Haare, die mittelst nasser Lehmerde in Rollen gedreht.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 124. The Axuas 'Beplastered their bodies and hair with mud.'Hardy's Trav., pp. 343-4, 356, 368, 370;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 61, 63.[658]Small white beads are highly prized by the Mohaves.Ives' Colorado River, pp. 68-9. 'The young girls wear beads ... a necklace with a single sea-shell in front.' The men 'leather bracelets, trimmed with bright buttons ... eagles' feathers, called "sormeh," sometimes white, sometimes of a crimson tint ... strings of wampum, made of circular pieces of shell.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 114, 115. 'Shells of the pearl-oyster, and a rough wooden image are the favorite ornaments of both sexes' with the Apaches.Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 210. 'Sus adornos en el cuello y brazos son sartas de pesuñas de venado y berrendos, conchas, espinas de pescado y raices de yerbas odoríferas. Las familias mas pudientes y aseadas bordan sus trajes y zapatos de la espina del puerco-espin.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 371. 'Adórnanse con gargantillas de caracolillos del mar, entreverados de otras cuentas, de conchas coloradas redondas.'Sedelmair, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres por arracadas ó aretes, se cuelgan conchas enteras de nácar, y otras mayores azules en cada oreja.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 111;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 424;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 61;Cremony's Apaches, p. 222;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., pp. 166, 167;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 149;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 181;Almanza, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 837;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 463;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 266;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 60-64;Michler, inEmory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, pp. 109-110;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 98;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 33, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 389, 394, 399;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 210;Hardy's Trav., p. 364;Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, pp. 418-19;Ternaux-Compans,Voy., serie i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268, 273;Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 437;Mexikanische Zustände, tom. i., p. 64.[659]The 'hair is worn long and tied up behind' by both sexes;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290. 'Langes starkes Haar in einen dicken Zopf zusammengeknotet.'Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iv., p. 36;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 329.[660]'Tolerably well dressed, mostly in buckskin.... They dress with greater comfort than any other tribe, and wear woolen and well-tanned buckskin ... the outer seams are adorned with silver or brass buttons.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 406, 411, 412. Leggins made of deer-skin with thick soles ... a leathern cap shaped like a helmet, decorated with cocks', eagles' or vultures' feathers.Figuier's Hum. Race, pp. 481, 482. 'Auf dem Kopfe tragen sie eine helmartige Lederkappe die gewöhnlich mit einem Busch kurzer, glänzender Truthahnfedern und einigen Geier oder Adlerfedern geschmückt ist.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 229, 230. 'A close banded cap is worn by the men which is gracefully ornamented by feathers, and held under the chin by a small throat-latch.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 435, and plate vii., Fig. 3, p. 74. 'Their wardrobes are never extravagantly supplied.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 212. The women 'wear a blanket.'Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 128, and plate. The women 'wore blankets, leggins and moccasons.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 51, 52, 81. 'Over all is thrown a blanket, under and sometimes over which is worn a belt, to which are attached oval pieces of silver.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290. The women's dress is 'chiefly composed of skins ... showily corded at the bottom, forming a kind of belt of beads and porcupine quills.'Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 118-9.Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 329;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 220, 224, 235;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iv., pp. 36, 37;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 31, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 344;Cremony's Apaches, p. 305.[661]'Tattooed over the body, especially on the chest.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Tattoo their faces and breasts.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 25. 'Mares juxta atque fœminæ facies atque artus lineis quibusdam persignant.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 310;Warden,Recherches, p. 79;Farnham's Trav., p. 32.[662]'They never cut the hair, but wear it of very great length, and ornament it upon state occasions with silver and beads.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 25. 'Their heads are covered with bits of tin and glass.'Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 182. 'Der dicke und lang über den Rücken hinabhängende Zopf mit abwärts immer kleiner werdenden silbernen Scheiben belastet, die, im Nacken mit der Grösse einer mässigen Untertasse beginnend, an der Spitze des Zopfes mit der Grösse eines halben Thalers endigten.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 100, andFroebel's Cent. Am., p. 266. They 'never cut their hair, which they wear long, mingling with it on particular occasions silver ornaments and pearls.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 24. 'Todos ellos llevan la cabeza trasquilada desde la mitad hasta la frente, y dejan lo demas del pelo colgando.'Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, MS., p. 527;Revista Cientifica, tom. i., p. 162;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 194;Dragoon Camp., p. 153;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 115;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 27, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., p. 299;Combier,Voy., p. 224.[663]'Im Gesichte mit Zinnober bemalt, auf dem Kopfe mit Adlerfedern geschmückt.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 100. 'It takes them a considerable time to dress, and stick feathers and beads in their hair.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Fond of decking themselves with paint, beads and feathers.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 25, 26, 30. 'Vederbosschen op't hoofd.'Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 209. 'En quanto á los colores, varian mucho, no solamente en ellos, sino tambien en los dibujos que se hacen en la cara.'García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., p. 299. The Comanches 'de tout sexe portent un miroir attaché au poignet, et se teignent le visage en rouge.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 192;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 27, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 450;Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 35, 36;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 133;Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 181, 194, 197, 202;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 71;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 119;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332;Combier,Voy., p. 224;Hartmann and Millard,Texas, p. 110;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., p. 147, plate;Tempsky's Mitla, p. 80;Gilliam's Trav., p. 305;Horn's Captivity, p. 25.[664]'The Camanches prefer dark clothes.'Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 180, 181, 202. 'Les guerriers portent pour tout vêtement une peau de buffle en manteau.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'Las mugeres andan vestidas de la cintura para abajo con unos cueros de venado adobado en forma de faldellines, y cubren el cuerpo con unos capotillos del mismo cuero.'Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, MS., p. 527. 'Vistense galanos ... asi hombres como mugeres con mantas pintadas y bordadas.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 681. 'Sus vestidos se componen de unas botas, un mediano delantal que cubre sus vergüenzas, y un coton, todo de pieles: las mugeres usan una manta cuadrada de lana negra muy estrecha.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332. 'Tam mares quam fœminæ gossypinis tunicis et ferarum exuviis vestiebantur ad Mexicanorum normam et quod insolens barbaris, ideoque Hispanis novum visum, utebantur calceis atque ocreis quæ è ferarum tergoribus et taurino corio consuta erant. Fœminis capillus bene pexus et elegantur erat dispositus, nec ullo præterea velamine caput tegebant.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 311;Froebel,Aus Amerika, pp. 99, 101;Dragoon Camp., p. 153;Warden,Recherches, pp. 79, 80;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., p. 299;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 31, 91;Revista Cientifica, tom. i., p. 162;Horn's Captivity, p. 22;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 25, 29, 45;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 450;Cremony's Apaches, p. 15;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., p. 147, plate;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 252, 272, 273;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 216, andDapper,Neue Welt, p. 243;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. iv., p. 127;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 71;Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 109;Escudero,Noticias de Chihuahua, p. 230;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 38, 310, 312;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 228;Hartmann and Millard,Texas, p. 110;Domenech,Jour., pp. 134, 135;Maillard,Hist. Tex., p. 240,Jaramillo, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 372, 377;Castaño de Soza, inPacheco,Col. Doc. Inéd., tom. iv., p. 331;Houstoun's Tex., p. 227;Alcedo,Diccionario, tom. iii., p. 184;Farnham's Trav., p. 32;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 133;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 24.[665]The Apaches 'rarely remain more than a week in any one locality.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 240. 'Cette nation étant nomade et toujours à la poursuite du gibier.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. p. 133;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 266;Marcy's Army Life, p. 44;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 202;Backus, inId., vol. iv., p. 213;Ten Broeck, inId., vol. iv., p. 89;Bailey, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 206;Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 325;Foote's Texas, p. 298;Carleton, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1867, p. 325;Holley's Texas, p. 152;Dragoon Camp., p. 153;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 437;Delaporte,Reisen, pt. x., p. 456.[666]'The principal characteristic I believe, is the form of their wigwams; one sets up erect poles, another bends them over in a circular form, and the third gives them a low oval shape.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 106. Other tribes make their lodges in a different way, by a knowledge of which circumstance, travelers are able to discover on arriving at a deserted camp whether it belongs to a hostile or friendly tribe.Parker's Notes on Texas, p. 213;Hartmann and Millard,Texas, p. 110;García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Bulletin, tom. v., p. 315.[667]'Sus chozas ó jacales son circulares, hechas de ramas de los árboles, cubiertas con pieles de caballos, vacas, ó cíbolos.'Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 371. 'I did expect ... to find that the Navajos had other and better habitations than the conical, pole, brush, and mud lodge.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 77. 'The Camanches make their lodges by placing poles in the ground in a circle and tying the tops together.'Parker's Notes on Texas, p. 213. Huts are only temporary, conical, of sticks.Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 289. 'Sie bestanden einfach aus grossen Lauben von Cedernzweigen, deren Wölbung auf starken Pfählen ruhte, und von Aussen theilweise mit Erde, Lehm, und Steinen bedeckt war.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 15, 220-233. 'Un grand nombre de forme ronde.'Jaramillo, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 379. 'Their lodges are rectangular.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 194;Ives' Colorado River, p. 100;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 482.[668]'They make them of upright poles a few feet in height ... upon which rest brush and dirt.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., pp. 111-12. 'The very rudest huts hastily constructed of branches of cedar trees, and sometimes of flat stones for small roofs.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217. These huts are about eight feet high, eighteen feet in diameter at base, the whole being covered with bark or brush and mud.Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 60. 'Exceedingly rude structures of sticks about four or five feet high.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 213. 'The Comanches make their lodges ... in a conical shape ... which they cover with buffalo hides.'Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 213. 'Ils habitent sous des tentes.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., tom. 96, p. 192;Davis' El Gringo, p. 414;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Bent, inId., vol. i., p. 243;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 290;Browne's Apache Country, p. 96;Farnham's Trav., p. 32;Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 299;Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 413;Dufey,Résumé de l'Hist., tom. i., p. 4;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 279;Domenech,Jour., p. 131;Dillon,Hist. Mex., p. 97;Ludecus,Reise, p. 104;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 205;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 352;Emory's Recon., p. 61;Marcy's Rept., p. 219;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cli., p. 274;Jaramillo, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., serie i., tom. ix., pp. 372-9;Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, p. 417;Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 431;Dapper,Neue Welt, p. 239; see also,Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 209;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 109-115;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 230;Cordoue, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. x., p. 443;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 301;Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 544;Hardy's Trav., p. 336.[669]Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18. 'This compels the Navajoes to erect substantial huts of an oval form, the lower portion of the hut being excavated.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 306. 'They live in brush houses, in the winter time, digging a hole in the ground and covering this with a brush roof.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 130;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 218;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 136;Maillard's Hist. Tex., p. 241.[670]'Their lodges are ... about four or five feet high, with a triangular opening for ingress or egress.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 213. The most they do is to build small huts ... with thick poles for the arches and a small door through which a single person can hardly pass.Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 266. A ranchería of the Cuabajai is described as 'formada como una grande galeria en una pieza muy larga adornada con arcos de sauz, y cubierta con esteras de tule muy delgadas y bien cocidas; tenia ventanas para la luz y desahogar el humo y dos puertas, una al Oriente y otra al Poniente, ... á los dos lados de la pieza habia varios cámaras ó alojamientos para dormir.'Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 474-5.[671]'Some live in caves in the rocks.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 289. 'They do not live in houses built of stone as has been repeatedly represented, but in caves, caverns, and fissures of the cliffs.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217. 'Ils habitaient des cavernes et des lieux souterrains, où ils déposaient leurs récoltes.'Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 309. Most of the Navajos 'live in houses built of stone.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 352;Almanza, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 825;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 679;Sanchez, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 93;Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem., p. 88.[672]'The large cottonwood posts and the substantial roof of the wide shed in front, are characteristic of the architecture of this people.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 23, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'They are built upon sandy soil and are thirty or forty feet square; the sides about two feet thick of wicker-work and straw ... their favorite resort seems to be the roof, where could usually be counted from twenty to thirty persons, all apparently at home.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 464.[673]See plate inMarcy's Army Life, p. 48. 'The fire is made in the front of the lodge.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 70.[674]'In every village may be seen small structures, consisting of a frame-work of slight poles, bent into a semi-spherical form and covered with buffalo hides. These are called medicine lodges and are used as vapor-baths.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 60. 'They make huts three feet high for bath-rooms and heat them with hot stones.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 289.[675]Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xviii., p. 464;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 23, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.[676]'Ils sont très-laborieux; ils cultivent les melons, les haricots, et d'autres légumes; ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Bohnen, Mais, Weizen, feingeriebenes Mehl, Kürbisse und Melonen.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 385, 396-7. 'The Yumas and other tribes on the Colorado, irrigate their lands, and raise wheat, corn, melons, &c.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 263, 180, 181;Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 81;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 419;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332;Ives' Colorado River, pp. 60, 67, 70, 73;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., pp. 117, 128, 129;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 123;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 40, 65, 66;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 51, 52, 107;Mowry's Arizona, p. 33;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 91;Mexicanische Zustände, tom. i., p. 64;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 111;Champagnac,Voyageur, p. 84;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 243;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 13, 120, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 349;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 288-9;Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 567;Farnham's Life in Cal.;Davis' El Gringo, p. 411;Clark, inHist. Mag., vol. viii., p. 280;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25-6.[677]'A small but agreeable nut called the Piñon, grows abundantly in this country; and during a period of scarcity, it sometimes constitutes the sole food of the poorer class of natives for many successive weeks.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 212. 'Living upon the fruit of the mezquit and tornilla trees.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., pp. 10, 19;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 112. 'Tambien tienen para su sustento mescali, que es conserva de raiz de maguey.'Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Hardy's Trav., pp. 338;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 147, 331, 350, 396, 397;Cordoue, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. x., p. 446;Castañeda, inId., série i., tom. ix., pp. 53, 54;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 217;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 234.[678]'The quail and hare of the valley, and the deer and lizards of the plains, together furnish but a scanty supply.'Ehrenberg, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 110. 'They ate worms, grasshoppers, and reptiles.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 115-116. 'An den dünnen Gurt hatten unsere Besucher noch Ratten, grosse Eidechsen und Frösche befestigt.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 383. 'Depending upon game and roots for food.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 137, and 1869, p. 92. 'Mas para ellos es plato regaladísimo el de ratones del campo asados ó cocidos y toda especie de insectos.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332;Hardy's Trav., p. 430;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 419, 473;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 484;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 212;Cremony's Apaches, p. 297.[679]On the Rivers Colorado and Gila. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas, en que forman á modo de un pequeño barquito para pescar del infinito pescado que hay en el rio.'Sedelmair, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cajuenches when the produce is insufficient, live on fish.Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 10. The Navajos 'live by raising flocks and herds, instead of hunting and fishing.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 411. The Apaches 'no comen pescado alguno, no obstante de lo que abundan sus rios.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 375. 'El Apache no come el pescado, aunque los hay abundantes en sus rios.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 285;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 123;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 149;Hardy's Trav., p. 373;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., pp. 227-8.[680]'They do not make butter and cheese.... Some who own cattle make from the curd of soured milk small masses, which some have called cheese.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 292. 'They never to my knowledge make butter or cheese, nor do I believe they know what such things are.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217. The Navajoes 'make butter and cheese.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180. Some of the 'men brought into camp a quantity of cheese.'Ives' Colorado River, pp. 128, 130.[681]Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 112. 'They plant corn very deep with a stake and raise very good crops.'Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 337;Merriwether, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 172.[682]'The metate is a slightly hollowed hard stone, upon which soaked maize is laid and then reduced to paste.... The paste so formed is then patted between the hands until it assumes a flat, thin and round appearance when it is laid on a hot pan and baked into a tortilla.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 145-6. 'Ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs dont ils font de tortillas.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Their meat was boiled with water in a Tusquin (clay kettle) and this meat-mush or soup was the staple of food among them.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 114, 115. 'A large Echino Cactus ... hollowed so as to make a trough. Into this were thrown the soft portions of the pulpy substance which surrounds the heart of the cactus; and to them had been added game and plants gathered from the banks of the creek. Mingled with water, the whole had been cooked by stirring it up with heated stones.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 96. 'Ils mangent des pains de maïs cuits sous la cendre, aussi gros que les gros pains de Castille.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 49;Hardy's Trav., p. 238;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 63;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 291;Castaño de Soza, inPacheco,Col. Doc. Inéd., tom. iv., pp. 330-1.[683]'The Apaches rely chiefly upon the flesh of the cattle and sheep they can steal ... they are said, however, to be more fond of the meat of the mule than that of any other animal.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 290-1. 'A nonproductive race, subsisting wholly on plunder and game.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 141. The Jicarilla Apaches: 'the chase is their only means of support.'Carson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1860, p. 164. 'They live entirely by hunting.'Delgado, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 138. 'Die Nahrung der Apaches besteht hauptsächlich in dem Fleische der Rinder und Schafe ... doch soll, wie man sagt, Maulthierfleisch ihre Lieblingsspeise sein.'Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 352. 'Ihre besten Leckerbissen sind Pferde und Mauleselfleisch, welches sie braten und dem Rindfleische vorziehen.'Ochs, inMurr,Nachrichten, p. 289. Their daintiest food is mule and horseflesh.Apostólicos Afanes, p. 432. 'Anteriormente antes que en la frontera abundase el ganado, uno de sus alimentos era la came del caballo, y la caza de diferentes animales.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 266-7;Edward's Hist. Texas, p. 95;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 112;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 327;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 187;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 116;Ward's Mexico, vol. i., p. 580;Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 282;Stanley's Portraits, p. 57;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 460;Edwards' Campaign, p. 95;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 202; see furtherInd. Aff. Repts., from 1854-73;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 308;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 452;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 679.[684]'What I would have sworn was an antelope, proved to be a young Indian, ... who having enveloped himself in an antelope's skin with head, horns and all complete, had gradually crept up to the herd under his disguise.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 28, 194. 'Se viste de una piel de los mismos animales, pone sobre su cabeza otra de la clase de los que va á buscar, y armado de su arco y flechas andando en cuatro piés, procura mezclarse en una banda da ellos.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 375;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., p. 372;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Ferry,Scènes de la Vie Sauvage, p. 262.[685]'They always asked if we had bear on the table, for they wished to avoid it.... I found they had some superstitious prejudice against it.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 324. 'The Apaches are rather fond of lion and panther meat, but seldom touch that of the bear.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 226. 'Tambien matan para comer osos.'Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 25. The Navajoes 'never kill bears or rattlesnakes unless attacked.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 291. 'Sie verehren den Bären, der nie von ihnen getödtet wird, und dessen Fleisch zu essen sie sich scheuen. Schweinefleisch verschmähen sie desgleichen; beim iärgsten Hunger können sie es nicht über sich gewinnen, davon zu kosten.'Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 278;Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 370.[686]'The Northern and Middle Comanches ... subsist almost exclusively upon the flesh of the buffalo, and are known among the Indians as buffalo-eaters.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 19, 26, 46. 'They plant no corn, and their only food is meat, and a few wild plants that grow upon the prairies.'Marcy's Rept., p. 188. The Comanches are a 'nation subsisting solely by the chase.'Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 214. 'Subsist mainly upon the buffalo.'Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 180. 'Acknowledge their entire ignorance of even the rudest methods of agriculture.'Baylor, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 177;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 244;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 575;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 103, andFroebel's Cent. Amer., p. 268;Combier,Voy., p. 292;French's Hist. Coll. La., pt. ii., p. 155;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 115;Gregg's Com. Prairies, pp. 214-16, 307;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 480;Ludecus,Reise, p. 104;Dragoon Camp., p. 153;Foote's Texas, p. 298;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 192;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 21;Domenech,Jour., p. 469;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 345;Holley's Texas, p. 153;Dufey,Résumé, tom. i., p. 4;Dewees' Texas, p. 233;Frost's Ind. Battles, p. 385.[687]'Luego que los cíbolos echan á huir, los cazadores sin apresurarlos demasiado los persiguen á un galope corto, que van activando mas y mas hasta que rompen en carrera ... el indio sin cesar de correr, dispara su arco en todas direcciones, y va sembrando el campo de reses.... Las indias al mismo tiempo van dessollando cada una de aquellas reses, recogiendo la piel y la carne.'Revista Científica, tom. i., pp. 165-6. 'At a suitable distance from their prey they divide into two squadrons, one half taking to the right, and the other to the left, and thus surround it.'Edward's Hist. Tex., p. 108;French's Hist. Coll. La., pt. ii., p. 155;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 214-216. Women when they perceive a deer or antelope 'give it chase, and return only after capturing it with the lasso.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 249.[688]'When any game was killed, the Indians would tear out the heart, liver, and entrails, and eat them raw.'Frost's Ind. Battles, p. 385. 'Ces Indiens se nourissent de viande crue et boivent du sang.... Ils coupent la viande en tranches très-minces et la font sécher au soleil; ils la réduisent ensuite en poudre pour la conserver.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 190-1. 'They "jerked" or dried the meat and made the pemmican.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 18. 'Comen las criadillas crudas, recogiendo la sangre que corre del cuerpo con unas tutundas ó jicaras, se la beben caliente.'Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, MS., p. 528;Farnham's Trav., p. 32;Horn's Captivity, pp. 16, 23;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 345.[689]'At one time their larder is overstocked and they gorge themselves to repletion.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 32, 44, 46. 'Catch and tame these wild horses, and when unsuccessful in chase, subsist upon them.'Holley's Texas, p. 153. 'When pressed by hunger from scarcity of game, they subsist on their young horses and mules.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., pp. 132-3. 'Have a rare capacity for enduring hunger, and manifest great patience under its infliction. After long abstinence they eat voraciously.'Burnet, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 231;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 235;Edward's Hist. Tex., p. 108.[690]The tribe 'lived in the most abject condition of filth and poverty.'Browne's Apache Country, p. 96. 'With very few exceptions, the want of cleanliness is universal—a shirt being worn until it will no longer hang together, and it would be difficult to tell the original color.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290. 'They are fond of bathing in the summer, ... but nothing can induce them to wash themselves in winter.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 302. They give off very unpleasant odors.Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 307. 'They seem to have a natural antipathy against water, considered as the means of cleansing the body ... water is only used by them in extreme cases; for instance, when the vermin become too thick on their heads, they then go through an operation of covering the head with mud, which after some time is washed out.'Dodt, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 130;Ives' Colorado Riv., 108;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 214;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 203;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 470.[691]'They defecate promiscuously near their huts; they leave offal of every character, dead animals and dead skins, close in the vicinity of their huts.'Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 339;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 114;Hardy's Trav., p. 380.[692]The Mojave 'arms are the bow and arrow, the spear and the club.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18. 'Armed with bows and arrows.'Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 39. The Querechos 'use the bow and arrow, lance and shield.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 19, 23. 'The Apache will invariably add his bow and arrows to his personal armament.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 15, 75-6, 103, 189. 'Neben Bogen und Pfeilen führen sie noch sehr lange Lanzen.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 230. 'They use the bow and arrow and spear.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 293. 'Armed with bows and arrows, and the lance.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 214. For colored lithograph of weapons seeWhipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 50, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'El armamento de los apaches se componen de lanza, arco y flechas.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 372. 'Las armas de los apaches son fusil, flechas y lanza.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 315. 'Los Yumas son Indios ... de malas armas, muchos no llevan arco, y si lo llevan es mal dispuesto, y con dos ó tres flechas.'Garces, inArricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 419;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 111;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 399;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 190;Drew, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 105;Odin, inDomenech,Jour., p. 450;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 71;Dewees' Texas, p. 233;Holley's Texas, p. 153;Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 543;Dragoon Camp., p. 153;Moore's Texas, p. 33;Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., p. 602;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 421;Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82;Combier,Voy., p. 224;Brantz-Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 123;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 444;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 452;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 185;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 328-9, 451;Pagés' Travels, vol. i., p. 107;Linati,Costumes, plate xxii.;Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 274;Möllhausen,Mormonenmädchen, tom. ii., p. 152;Figuier's Hum. Race, pp. 480-2, with cut.[693]'Their weapons of war are the spear or lance, the bow, and the laso.'Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 173.[694]Among 'their arms of offence' is 'what is called Macána, a short club, like a round wooden mallet, which is used in close quarters.'Hardy's Trav., p. 373. 'War clubs were prepared in abundance.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 176. Die Apachen 'nur Bogen, Pfeile und Keulen.'Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 444. 'Their clubs are of mezquite wood (a species of acacia) three or four feet long.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 108. 'Ils n'ont d'autre arme qu'un grand croc et une massue.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Arma sunt ... oblongi lignei gladii multis acutis silicibus utrimque muniti.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 311. 'Sus Armas son Flechas, y Macanas.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 681. Among the Comanches: 'Leur massue est une queue de buffle à l'extrémité de laquelle ils insèrent une boule en pierre on en métal.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 193;Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 302.[695]'Mit vierstreifigen Strickschleudern bewaffnet.'Mexikanische Zustände, tom. i., p. 64. 'Sie fechten mit Lanzen, Büchsen, Pfeilen und Tamahaks.'Ludecus,Reise, p. 104. 'Une petite hache en silex.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 193;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., p. 539;Treasury of Trav., p. 31;Escudero,Noticias de Chihuahua, p. 230;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 272.[696]The Querecho 'bows are made of the tough and elastic wood of the "bois d'arc" or Osage orange (Maclura Aurantiaca), strengthened and reenforced with the sinews of the deer wrapped firmly around them, and strung with a cord made of the same material.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 24. The Tonto 'bow is a stout piece of tough wood ... about five feet long, strengthened at points by a wrapping of sinew ... which are joined by a sinew string.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418. The Navajo 'bow is about four feet in length ... and is covered on the back with a kind of fibrous tissue.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 293. The Yuma 'bow is made of willow.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 108. 'Langen Bogen von Weidenholz.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 124. Apaches: 'the bow forms two semicircles, with a shoulder in the middle; the back of it is entirely covered with sinews, which are laid on ... by the use of some glutinous substance.'Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 338. 'Los tamaños de estas armas son differentes, segun las parcialidades que las usan.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 372;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 360;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 453;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 98;Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 117, 149;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 450.[697]The Apaches: 'Tous portaient au poignet gauche le bracelet de cuir ... Ce bracelet de cuir est une espèce de paumelle qui entoure la main gauche, ... Le premier sert à amortir le coup de fouet de la corde de l'arc quand il se détend, la seconde empêche les pennes de la flèche de déchirer la peau de la main.'Ferry,Scènes de la vie Sauvage, p. 256. 'With a leather bracelet on one wrist and a bow and quiver of arrows form the general outfit.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418.[698]The Coyoteros 'use very long arrows of reed, finished out with some hard wood, and an iron or flint head, but invariably with three feathers at the opposite end.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 103. Navajoes: 'the arrow is about two feet long and pointed with iron.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 293. The Querechos 'arrows are twenty inches long, of flexible wood, with a triangular point of iron at one end, and two feathers ... at the opposite extremity.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 24. The Apache 'arrows are quite long, very rarely pointed with flint, usually with iron. The feather upon the arrow is placed or bound down with fine sinew in threes, instead of twos.... The arrow-shaft is usually made of some pithy wood, generally a species of yucca.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 209. 'Sagittæ acutis silicibus asperatæ.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 311. 'Arrows were ... pointed with a head of stone. Some were of white quartz or agate, and others of obsidian.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 98. The Tonto 'arrows ... are three feet long ... the cane is winged with four strips of feather, held in place by threads of sinew ... which bears on its free end an elongated triangular piece of quartz, flint, or rarely iron.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418. The Lipan arrows 'have four straight flutings; the Comanches make two straight black flutings and two red spiral ones.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 270;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18;Tempsky's Mitla, p. 82;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., p. 76;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 360;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iv., p. 31;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 149.

[636]The Comanches 'are divided into three principal bands, to wit: the Comanche, the Yamparack and the Tenawa.'Burnet, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 230; 'Ietans, termed by the Spaniards Comanches, and in their own language Na-uni, signifying "life people."'Prichard's Nat. Hist., vol. ii., p. 549. 'The Comanches and the numerous tribes of Chichimecas ... are comprehended by the Spaniards under the vague name of Mecos.'Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 422. 'The tribe called themselves Niyuna.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., pp. 575-6;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 231;Neighbors, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 175;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 115;French's Hist. La., p. 155. 'Se divide en cuatro ramas considerables bajo los nombres de Cuchanticas, Jupes, Yamparicas y Orientales.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 318; see alsoCortez, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 121. The Jetans or Camanches, as the Spaniards term them, or Padoucas, as they are called by the Pawnees.Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 214.

[637]Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 76. 'Los Indios yutas, ... son los mismos que los comanches ó cumanches, pues yuta eso quiere decir en la lengua de los lipanes. Por consiguente no se pueden distinguir esos nombres, que aunque de dos lenguas diferentes espresan una misma nacion.'Berlandier y Thovel,Diario, p. 251. 'The Comanches are a branch of the Shoshones or Snakes.'Ruxton's Adven., p. 244. 'The Pawnees are descended from a cousin-germanship of the same stock.'Edward's Hist. Tex., pp. 108-9. 'Si le sang des Aztéques existe encore sans mélange en Amerique, il doit couler dans les veines des Comanches.'Domenech's Jour., p. 16; see alsoDomenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 24;Buschmann,Spuren der Azt. Spr., p. 391.

[638]'Probably because their winter quarters are always located amid the forests which grow upon the Sierras.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 243.

[639]Cordero gives the following tribal names, which he says are used among themselves: Vinni ettinenne, Tontos; Segatajenne, Chiricaguis; Tjuiccujenne, Gileños; Iccujenne, Mimbreños; Yutajenne, Faraones; Sejenne, Mescaleros; Cuelcajenne, Llaneros; Lipajenne and Yutajenne, Lipans and Navajos.Orozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 369, 379-385. 'Los pimas gileños llaman á los yavipais taros ó nifores; los jamajabs les llaman yavipais y nosotros apaches.'Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., pp. 265, 352-3. 'Yavipais Tejua que son los indómitos Apaches.'Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 471. 'Yavapais, or Apache Mohaves, as they are more generally called.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 217. 'Pueden dividirse en nueve tribus principales ... Tontos, Chirocahues, Gileños, Mimbreños, Faraones, Mezcaleros, Llaneros, Lipanes y Navajoes. Todos hablan un mismo idioma.... No componen una nacion uniforme en sus usos y costumbres, pero coinciden en la major parte de sus inclinaciones, variando en otras con proporcion á los terrenos de su residencia, á las necesidades que padecen.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 314. Apaches, 'their name is said to signify 'men.'' Mescaleros, 'the meaning of the name, probably, is drinkers of mescal.'Cortez, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 118-9.Froebel's Central Amer., pp. 309, 353, 491;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 161, 223, 425;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 285;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 26;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 351;Ruxton's Adven., p. 194;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 216;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., pp. 212-13;Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 298;Steck, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 108, andId., 1864, p. 182, 1858, p. 197;Bailey, inId., 1858, p. 206;Clum, inId., 1871, p. 42;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 325. Called Coyoteros, because it is believed that 'they feed upon the flesh of the coyote.'Hardy's Trav., p. 430. 'Les Gileños ... avec les Axuas et les Apaches qui viennent de la Sierra Madre sont confondus sous le nom de Pápagos.'Mofras,Explor., tom. i., p. 213;Bustamante, inCavo,Tres Siglos, tom. iii., pp. 79-80. 'Tonto, in Spanish means stupid.' 'Tonto is a Spanish corruption of the original Indian name.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 460;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 5-8;Ayers, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 175;Collins, inId., 1860, p. 161;Id., 1861, p. 122;Maxwell, inId., 1863, p. 116;Parker, inId., 1869, p. 23;Walker, inId., 1872, p. 53;Clum, inId., 1871, p. 368;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 214;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 275;Turner, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 308.

[640]'The Apaches and their congeners belong to the Athapascan family.'Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 84, and inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 311;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 10.

[641]'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yútahkah. The Navajoes call themselves, as a tribe, Tenúai (man). The appellation Návajo was unquestionably given them by the Spaniards.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 217, 218. 'The Navajoes and Apaches are identically one people.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 306;Ruxton's Adven., p. 194;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 229;Poston, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 389. 'Navajoes and Apaches have descended from the same stock.'Carleton, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 134. 'The Navajoes are a Pueblo Indian.'Griner, inId., p. 329. 'Allied to the Crow Indians.'Fitzpatrick, inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 133;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 348. 'Most civilized of all the wild Indians of North America.'Farnham's Life in Cal., p. 372. The Navajoes 'are a division of the ancient Mexicans.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180.

[642]'"Yumah," signifies "Son of the River," and is only applied to the Indians born on the banks of the Colorado. This nation is composed of five tribes ... among which ... the Yabipaïs (Yampaïs or Yampaos).'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 65. 'The Cajuenches and Cuchans ... belong to two different divisions of one tribe, which forms part of the great nation of the Yumas.'Id., p. 10.

[643]Cosninos, 'Es ist mehrfach die Ansicht ausgesprochen worden, dass die meisten derselben zu dem Stamme der Apaches gehören, oder vielmehr mit ihnen verwandt sind.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 330-1;Figuier's Human Race, p. 482.

[644]'The Yampais form a connecting link between the Gila, Colorado, and Pueblo Indians.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 98. Yampais are related to the Yumas.Möllhausen,Reisen, tom. i., p. 431. Yampais: 'Unable to separate them from the Tonto-Apaches.'Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 302.

[645]'Llaman á estos indios los cruzados, por unas cruces que todos, chicos y grandes se atan del copete, que les viene á caer en la frente; y esto hacen cuando ven á los españoles.'Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iii., p. 31.

[646]'Unos dicen que á un lado de estas naciones (Yutas) para hácia al Poniente está la nacion de los nijoras, y otros afirman que no hay tal nacion Nijora, sino que esta palabra nijor quiere decir cautivo, y que los cocomaricopas les dan de noche á las naciones mas inmediatas y les quitan sus hijos, los que cautivan y venden á los pimas y éstos á los españoles; si es asi que hay tal nacion, está en esta inmediacion del rio Colorado para el rio Salado ó rio Verde.'Noticias de la Pimeria, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 838. 'Todos estos cautivos llaman por acá fuera Nijores, aunque hay otra nacion Hijeras á parte.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 852.

[647]For further particulars as to location of tribes, see notes onTribal Boundaries, at the end of this chapter.

[648]'Besonders fiel uns der Unterschied zwischen den im Gebirge, ähnlich den Wölfen lebenden Yampays und Tontos ... und den von vegetabilischen Stoffen sich nährenden Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales auf, indem erstere nur kleine hässliche Gestalten mit widrigem tückischem Ausdruck der Physiognomie waren, die anderen dagegen wie lauter Meisterwerke der schöpferischen Natur erschienen.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 384.

[649]The Navajos are 'of good size, nearly six feet in height, and well proportioned; cheek-bones high and prominent, nose straight and well shaped; hair long and black; eyes black; ... feet small; lips of moderate size; head of medium size and well shaped; forehead not small but retreating.'Lethermann, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 288. 'Fine looking, physically.' 'Most symmetrical figure, combining ease, grace and power, and activity.' And the Comanches 'about five feet ten inches in height, with well proportioned shoulders, very deep chest, and long, thin, but muscular arms.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 49, 305, 15. The Mojave 'men are tall, erect, and finely proportioned. Their features are inclined to European regularity; their eyes large, shaded by long lashes.' The Cuchans are 'a noble race, well formed, active and intelligent.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 110, 114. The Navajos are distinguished 'by the fullness and roundness of their eyes.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 31. 'The Camanches are small of stature ... wear moustaches and heads of long hair.'Pope, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 15. The Comanches 'que da un aspecto bien particular á estas naciones, es la falta completa de cejas, pues ellos se las arrancan; algunos tienen una poca barba.'Berlandier and Thovel,Diario, p. 253. The Yumas 'if left to their natural state, would be fine looking,' but the Hualpais 'were squalid, wretched-looking creatures, with splay feet, large joints and diminutive figures ... features like a toad's.... They present a remarkable contrast to our tall and athletic Mojaves.' The Navajos are 'a fine looking race with bold features.' 'The Mojaves are perhaps as fine a race of men physically, as there is in existence.'Ives' Colorado River, pp. 44, 54, 97-8, 108, 73, 128, 19, 39, 59, 66, plate p. 66. The Comanches are 'de buena estatura.'Beaumont,Crónica de Mechoacan, MS., p. 527. The people between the Colorado and Gila rivers. 'Es gente bien agestada y corpulenta, trigueños de color.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cruzados are described as 'bien agestados y nobles y ellas hermosas de lindos ojos y amorosas.'Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31; see alsoCordoue, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., serie i., tom. x., p. 446. In New Mexico Allegre describes them as 'corpulentos y briosos, pero mal agestados, las orejas largas ... tienen poco barba.'Allegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332; and of the same people Alcedo writes 'son de mejor aspecto, color y proporcion que los demás.'Diccionario, tom. iii., p. 184. And Lieut. Möllhausen, who frequently goes into ecstasies over the splendid figures of the lower Colorado people, whom he calls the personification of the ancient gods of the Romans and Greeks, says further that they are 'grosse, schön gewachsene Leute,' and describes their color as 'dunkelkupferfarbig.' Of the women he adds 'Ganz im Gegensatze zu den Männern sind die Weiber der Indianer am Colorado durchgängig klein, untersetzt und so dick, dass ihr Aussehen mitunter an's komische gränzt.' Comparing the Hualapais with the Mojaves he writes 'auf der einen Seite die unbekleideten, riesenhaften und wohlgebildeten Gestalten der Mohaves ... auf der andern Seite dagegen die im Vergleich mit erstern, zwergähnlichen, hagern.... Figuren der Wallpays, mit ihren verwirrten, struppigen Haaren, den kleinen, geschlitzten Augen undmden falschen, gehässigen Ausdruck in ihren Zügen.' The Cosninos he calls 'hässlich und verkümmert.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 331, 382-8;Möllhausen,Reisen, tom. i., pp. 123-4, 199, 215, 274, 293, 318, tom. ii., pp. 43, 37, and plate frontispiece.Möllhausen,Mormonenmädchen, tom. ii., p. 140. The Comanche 'men are about the medium stature, with bright copper-coloured complexions ... the women are short with crooked legs ... far from being as good looking as the men.' In the Colorado Valley 'are the largest and best-formed men I ever saw, their average height being an inch over six feet.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 25, 279. 'Les Comanchés ont la taille haute et élancée, et sont presque aussi blancs que les Européens.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, serie v., No. 96, p. 192. And of the Comanches see further.Dragoon Camp., p. 153. 'Robust, almost Herculean race.'Foote's Texas, vol. i., p. 298. 'Exceedingly handsome.'Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. ii., p. 308;Hartmann and Millard's Texas, p. 109. 'Women are ugly, crooklegged, stoop-shouldered.'Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 189, 232, 194;Mexikanische Zustände, tom. i., p. 373;Froebel's Cent. Am., p. 267; see alsoFroebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 101;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 37-8;Domenech,Journ., p. 132. The Yuma 'women are generally fat.' 'The men are large, muscular, and well formed.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 180, 178. Navajo women are 'much handsomer and have lighter complexions than the men.'Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 218-19;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 52;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 7, 10, 24, 65, plate 8. The Navajos have 'light flaxen hair, light blue eyes ... their skin is of the most delicate whiteness.'Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 545;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 203. On the Mojaves see further,Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 138;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18;Cal. Mercantile Jour., vol. i., p. 227, plate;Clum, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 363. And on the Yumas.Poston, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 387;Browne's Apache Country, p. 61;Taylor, inCal. Farmer,Feb. 22, 1860. Women's 'feet are naturally small.'Emory's Rept., inU. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 109. The Yampais are broad-faced, and have 'aquiline noses and small eyes.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 460.Indian Traits, inHayes Col.

[650]'Their average height is about five feet four or five inches. They are but slimly built, and possess but little muscular development ... light brownish red color.' Some have 'a Chinese cast of countenance ... rusty black hair.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418. Their 'features were flat, negro-like ... small legged, big-bellied and broad-shouldered.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 52. 'More miserable looking objects I never beheld;' legs, 'large and muscular.'Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 139. 'Widerliche Physiognomien und Gestalten ... unter mittlerer Grösse ... grosse Köpfe, vorstehende Stirn und Backenknochen, dicke Nasen, aufgeworfene Lippen und kleine geschlitzte Augen.... Ihr Gesicht war dunkler als ich es jemals bei Indianern gefunden.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 360. 'Von zottigen weit abstehenden Haupthaaren bedeckt.'Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iii., p. 49. 'Ill-formed, emaciated, and miserable looking race ... had all a treacherous-fiendish look.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 327. 'Physically of a slighter build than any Indians I have seen.'Clum, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 47. 'Most wretched looking Indians I have ever seen.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 14. 'Small in stature.... Coal-black eye.'Peters' Life of Carson, p. 326. 'Hair is very black and straight, much resembling horse hair ... appears to belong to the Asiatic type.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 211. 'Gipsy looking with an eye singularly wild and piercing.'Houstoun's Texas, p. 227. 'Have very light complexions.'Ward's Mexico, vol. i., p. 580. 'Die Lipanis haben blondes Haar, und sind schöne Leute.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., p. 215, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 421. 'Sont des beaux hommes.'Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82. 'Tall, majestic in figure; muscular.'Brantz-Mayer's Mex. Aztec., etc., vol. ii., p. 123. 'Fine physical conformation.'Foote's Texas, vol. i., p. 298. 'Their skin looked whiter than I have ever seen it in the Indians.'Wizlizenus' Tour, p. 71. 'Crian pié menor que los otros indios.'Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564. 'Todos son morenos, cuerpo bien proporcionado, ojos vivos, cabello largo y lampiños.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 265. 'Su talla y color diferencian algo en cada tribu, variando este desde el bronceado al moreno. Son todos bien proporcionados ... y ninguna barba.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 314; see alsoCordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 370-1. 'Though not tall, are admirably formed, with fine features and a bright complexion, inclining to yellow.'Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 117. 'Son altos, rubios y de bellisimas proporciones.'Revista Científica, tom. i., p. 55. 'Taille ordinaire, de couleur foncé.' 'Comme ces Indiens ne font leur nourriture que de chair et principalement de celle de l'âne et du mulet, ils exhalent une odeur si pénétrante que les chevaux et surtout les mules rebroussent chemin aussitôt qu'ils les éventent.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 187.

[651]'Cut their hair short over the forehead, and let it hang behind.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 65. Distinguished 'durch den vollständig gleichmässigen Schnitt ihrer schwarzen Haare.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 274;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 384;Browne's Apache Country, 107;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., pp. 15, 18;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., pp. 460, 461;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 98, 110.

[652]Mojave girls, after they marry, tattoo the chin 'with vertical blue lines.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 463. Yumas: 'Doch ist ihnen das Tätowiren nicht fremd; dieses wird indessen mehr von den Frauen angewendet welche sich die Mundwinkel und das Kinn mit blauen Punkten und Linien schmücken.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 124;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 385;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 151-2;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 33, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., and plate;Michler, inEmory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 110;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186;Treasury of Trav., p. 32.

[653]'Das Gesicht hatten sich alle Vier (Mojaves) auf gleiche Weise bemalt, nämlich kohlschwarz mit einem rothen Striche, der sich von der Stirne über Nase, Mund und Kinn zog.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 383, 385, 388; plate, 394. 'Painted perfectly black, excepting a red stripe from the top of his forehead, down the bridge of his nose to his chin.'Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 67. The Apaches 'Se tiñen el cuerpo y la cara con bastantes colores.'Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS., p. 5. 'Pintura de greda y almagre con que se untan la cara, brazos y piernas.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 371;Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. iii., p. 11;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 266;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 211;Hardy's Trav., p. 337;Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 33, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., and plate;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 110;Sedelmair, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., vol. iv., p. 858.

[654]'Naked with the exception of the breech-cloth.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., pp. 14, 18; see also plates; Mojave men 'simply a breech-cloth.'Touner, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871. 'No clothing but a strip of cotton.... The Yumas display 'a ludicrous variety of tawdry colors and dirty finery.'Ives' Colorado Rept., pp. 54, 59, 66. See colored plates of Yumas, Mojaves, and Hualpais, 'Andan enteramente desnudos.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 111;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 383;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 62;Hardy's Trav., pp. 336, 342;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 138;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 149;Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1872, p. 162;Cortez, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 124;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 33;Cremony's Apaches, pp. 29, 132;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 93, p. 186;Indian Traits, vol. i., inHayes Col.

[655]'A few stripes of the inner bark of the willow or acacia tied scantily round their waists.'Hardy's Trav., p. 336. 'Long fringe of strips of willow bark wound around the waist.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18. The men wear 'a strip of cotton,' the women 'a short petticoat, made of strips of bark.'Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 66. 'Nude, with the exception of a diminutive breech cloth.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 29. 'Las mas se cubren de la cintura hasta las piernas con la cáscara interior del sauce.'Sedelmair, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres se cubren de la cintura á la rodilla con la cáscara interior del sauce.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 111;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 384;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., vol. i., p. 123;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 138;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 114;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 33, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., plate and cuts;Touner, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 364;Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 130;Michler, inEmory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., pp. 109, 110, with plate.

[656]'Partly clothed like the Spaniards, with wide drawers, moccasins and leggings to the knee ... their moccasins have turned-up square toes ... mostly they have no head-dress, some have hats, some fantastic helmets.'Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 184. 'They prefer the legging and blanket to any other dress.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 320, 328. 'Mexican dress and saddles predominated, showing where they had chiefly made up their wardrobe.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 61. 'Los hombres, se las acomodan alrededor del cuerpo, dejando desambarazados los brazos. Es en lo general la gamuza ó piel del venado la que emplean en este servicio. Cubren la cabeza de un bonete ó gorra de lo mismo, tal vez adornado de plumas de aves, ó cuernos de animales.... El vestuario de las mujeres es igualmente de pieles.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 371. 'Cervinis tergoribus amiciuntur tam fœminæ quam mares.'Benavides, inDe Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 316;Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 431, 437;Sonora, Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564;Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS., p. 5;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 117;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 214;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 451;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 210, 211;Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1872, p. 174;Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 248;Roedel, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 397;Niza, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 161, 424; see alsoFroebel's Cent. Am., pp. 309, 490;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., pp. 46, 166, 167;Linati,Costumes, plate xxii.;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 266;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. ii., p. 173;Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, MS., p. 417;Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82.

[657]The hair of the Mohaves is occasionally 'matted on the top of the head into a compact mass with mud.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18. 'Their pigments are ochre, clay, and probably charcoal mingled with oil.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 33, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'Ihr Hauptschmuck dagegen sind die langen, starken Haare, die mittelst nasser Lehmerde in Rollen gedreht.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 124. The Axuas 'Beplastered their bodies and hair with mud.'Hardy's Trav., pp. 343-4, 356, 368, 370;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 61, 63.

[658]Small white beads are highly prized by the Mohaves.Ives' Colorado River, pp. 68-9. 'The young girls wear beads ... a necklace with a single sea-shell in front.' The men 'leather bracelets, trimmed with bright buttons ... eagles' feathers, called "sormeh," sometimes white, sometimes of a crimson tint ... strings of wampum, made of circular pieces of shell.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 114, 115. 'Shells of the pearl-oyster, and a rough wooden image are the favorite ornaments of both sexes' with the Apaches.Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 210. 'Sus adornos en el cuello y brazos son sartas de pesuñas de venado y berrendos, conchas, espinas de pescado y raices de yerbas odoríferas. Las familias mas pudientes y aseadas bordan sus trajes y zapatos de la espina del puerco-espin.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 371. 'Adórnanse con gargantillas de caracolillos del mar, entreverados de otras cuentas, de conchas coloradas redondas.'Sedelmair, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Las mugeres por arracadas ó aretes, se cuelgan conchas enteras de nácar, y otras mayores azules en cada oreja.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 111;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 424;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 61;Cremony's Apaches, p. 222;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., pp. 166, 167;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 149;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 181;Almanza, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 837;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 463;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 266;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 60-64;Michler, inEmory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, pp. 109-110;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 98;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 33, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 389, 394, 399;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 210;Hardy's Trav., p. 364;Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, pp. 418-19;Ternaux-Compans,Voy., serie i., tom. ix., pp. 266, 268, 273;Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 437;Mexikanische Zustände, tom. i., p. 64.

[659]The 'hair is worn long and tied up behind' by both sexes;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290. 'Langes starkes Haar in einen dicken Zopf zusammengeknotet.'Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iv., p. 36;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 329.

[660]'Tolerably well dressed, mostly in buckskin.... They dress with greater comfort than any other tribe, and wear woolen and well-tanned buckskin ... the outer seams are adorned with silver or brass buttons.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 406, 411, 412. Leggins made of deer-skin with thick soles ... a leathern cap shaped like a helmet, decorated with cocks', eagles' or vultures' feathers.Figuier's Hum. Race, pp. 481, 482. 'Auf dem Kopfe tragen sie eine helmartige Lederkappe die gewöhnlich mit einem Busch kurzer, glänzender Truthahnfedern und einigen Geier oder Adlerfedern geschmückt ist.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 229, 230. 'A close banded cap is worn by the men which is gracefully ornamented by feathers, and held under the chin by a small throat-latch.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 435, and plate vii., Fig. 3, p. 74. 'Their wardrobes are never extravagantly supplied.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 212. The women 'wear a blanket.'Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 128, and plate. The women 'wore blankets, leggins and moccasons.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 51, 52, 81. 'Over all is thrown a blanket, under and sometimes over which is worn a belt, to which are attached oval pieces of silver.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290. The women's dress is 'chiefly composed of skins ... showily corded at the bottom, forming a kind of belt of beads and porcupine quills.'Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 118-9.Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 329;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 220, 224, 235;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iv., pp. 36, 37;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 31, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 344;Cremony's Apaches, p. 305.

[661]'Tattooed over the body, especially on the chest.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Tattoo their faces and breasts.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 25. 'Mares juxta atque fœminæ facies atque artus lineis quibusdam persignant.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 310;Warden,Recherches, p. 79;Farnham's Trav., p. 32.

[662]'They never cut the hair, but wear it of very great length, and ornament it upon state occasions with silver and beads.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 25. 'Their heads are covered with bits of tin and glass.'Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 182. 'Der dicke und lang über den Rücken hinabhängende Zopf mit abwärts immer kleiner werdenden silbernen Scheiben belastet, die, im Nacken mit der Grösse einer mässigen Untertasse beginnend, an der Spitze des Zopfes mit der Grösse eines halben Thalers endigten.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 100, andFroebel's Cent. Am., p. 266. They 'never cut their hair, which they wear long, mingling with it on particular occasions silver ornaments and pearls.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 24. 'Todos ellos llevan la cabeza trasquilada desde la mitad hasta la frente, y dejan lo demas del pelo colgando.'Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, MS., p. 527;Revista Cientifica, tom. i., p. 162;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 194;Dragoon Camp., p. 153;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 115;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 27, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., p. 299;Combier,Voy., p. 224.

[663]'Im Gesichte mit Zinnober bemalt, auf dem Kopfe mit Adlerfedern geschmückt.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 100. 'It takes them a considerable time to dress, and stick feathers and beads in their hair.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 281. 'Fond of decking themselves with paint, beads and feathers.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 25, 26, 30. 'Vederbosschen op't hoofd.'Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 209. 'En quanto á los colores, varian mucho, no solamente en ellos, sino tambien en los dibujos que se hacen en la cara.'García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., p. 299. The Comanches 'de tout sexe portent un miroir attaché au poignet, et se teignent le visage en rouge.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 192;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 27, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 450;Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 35, 36;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 133;Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 181, 194, 197, 202;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 71;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 119;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332;Combier,Voy., p. 224;Hartmann and Millard,Texas, p. 110;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., p. 147, plate;Tempsky's Mitla, p. 80;Gilliam's Trav., p. 305;Horn's Captivity, p. 25.

[664]'The Camanches prefer dark clothes.'Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 180, 181, 202. 'Les guerriers portent pour tout vêtement une peau de buffle en manteau.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'Las mugeres andan vestidas de la cintura para abajo con unos cueros de venado adobado en forma de faldellines, y cubren el cuerpo con unos capotillos del mismo cuero.'Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, MS., p. 527. 'Vistense galanos ... asi hombres como mugeres con mantas pintadas y bordadas.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 681. 'Sus vestidos se componen de unas botas, un mediano delantal que cubre sus vergüenzas, y un coton, todo de pieles: las mugeres usan una manta cuadrada de lana negra muy estrecha.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332. 'Tam mares quam fœminæ gossypinis tunicis et ferarum exuviis vestiebantur ad Mexicanorum normam et quod insolens barbaris, ideoque Hispanis novum visum, utebantur calceis atque ocreis quæ è ferarum tergoribus et taurino corio consuta erant. Fœminis capillus bene pexus et elegantur erat dispositus, nec ullo præterea velamine caput tegebant.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 311;Froebel,Aus Amerika, pp. 99, 101;Dragoon Camp., p. 153;Warden,Recherches, pp. 79, 80;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., p. 299;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 31, 91;Revista Cientifica, tom. i., p. 162;Horn's Captivity, p. 22;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 25, 29, 45;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 450;Cremony's Apaches, p. 15;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., p. 147, plate;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 252, 272, 273;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 216, andDapper,Neue Welt, p. 243;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. iv., p. 127;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 71;Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 109;Escudero,Noticias de Chihuahua, p. 230;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 38, 310, 312;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 228;Hartmann and Millard,Texas, p. 110;Domenech,Jour., pp. 134, 135;Maillard,Hist. Tex., p. 240,Jaramillo, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 372, 377;Castaño de Soza, inPacheco,Col. Doc. Inéd., tom. iv., p. 331;Houstoun's Tex., p. 227;Alcedo,Diccionario, tom. iii., p. 184;Farnham's Trav., p. 32;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 133;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 24.

[665]The Apaches 'rarely remain more than a week in any one locality.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 240. 'Cette nation étant nomade et toujours à la poursuite du gibier.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. p. 133;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 266;Marcy's Army Life, p. 44;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 202;Backus, inId., vol. iv., p. 213;Ten Broeck, inId., vol. iv., p. 89;Bailey, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 206;Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 325;Foote's Texas, p. 298;Carleton, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1867, p. 325;Holley's Texas, p. 152;Dragoon Camp., p. 153;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 437;Delaporte,Reisen, pt. x., p. 456.

[666]'The principal characteristic I believe, is the form of their wigwams; one sets up erect poles, another bends them over in a circular form, and the third gives them a low oval shape.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 106. Other tribes make their lodges in a different way, by a knowledge of which circumstance, travelers are able to discover on arriving at a deserted camp whether it belongs to a hostile or friendly tribe.Parker's Notes on Texas, p. 213;Hartmann and Millard,Texas, p. 110;García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Bulletin, tom. v., p. 315.

[667]'Sus chozas ó jacales son circulares, hechas de ramas de los árboles, cubiertas con pieles de caballos, vacas, ó cíbolos.'Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 371. 'I did expect ... to find that the Navajos had other and better habitations than the conical, pole, brush, and mud lodge.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 77. 'The Camanches make their lodges by placing poles in the ground in a circle and tying the tops together.'Parker's Notes on Texas, p. 213. Huts are only temporary, conical, of sticks.Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 289. 'Sie bestanden einfach aus grossen Lauben von Cedernzweigen, deren Wölbung auf starken Pfählen ruhte, und von Aussen theilweise mit Erde, Lehm, und Steinen bedeckt war.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 15, 220-233. 'Un grand nombre de forme ronde.'Jaramillo, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 379. 'Their lodges are rectangular.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 194;Ives' Colorado River, p. 100;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 482.

[668]'They make them of upright poles a few feet in height ... upon which rest brush and dirt.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., pp. 111-12. 'The very rudest huts hastily constructed of branches of cedar trees, and sometimes of flat stones for small roofs.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217. These huts are about eight feet high, eighteen feet in diameter at base, the whole being covered with bark or brush and mud.Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 60. 'Exceedingly rude structures of sticks about four or five feet high.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 213. 'The Comanches make their lodges ... in a conical shape ... which they cover with buffalo hides.'Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 213. 'Ils habitent sous des tentes.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., tom. 96, p. 192;Davis' El Gringo, p. 414;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Bent, inId., vol. i., p. 243;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 290;Browne's Apache Country, p. 96;Farnham's Trav., p. 32;Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 299;Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 413;Dufey,Résumé de l'Hist., tom. i., p. 4;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 279;Domenech,Jour., p. 131;Dillon,Hist. Mex., p. 97;Ludecus,Reise, p. 104;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 205;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 352;Emory's Recon., p. 61;Marcy's Rept., p. 219;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cli., p. 274;Jaramillo, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., serie i., tom. ix., pp. 372-9;Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, p. 417;Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 431;Dapper,Neue Welt, p. 239; see also,Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 209;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 109-115;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 230;Cordoue, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. x., p. 443;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 301;Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 544;Hardy's Trav., p. 336.

[669]Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18. 'This compels the Navajoes to erect substantial huts of an oval form, the lower portion of the hut being excavated.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 306. 'They live in brush houses, in the winter time, digging a hole in the ground and covering this with a brush roof.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 130;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 218;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 136;Maillard's Hist. Tex., p. 241.

[670]'Their lodges are ... about four or five feet high, with a triangular opening for ingress or egress.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 213. The most they do is to build small huts ... with thick poles for the arches and a small door through which a single person can hardly pass.Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 266. A ranchería of the Cuabajai is described as 'formada como una grande galeria en una pieza muy larga adornada con arcos de sauz, y cubierta con esteras de tule muy delgadas y bien cocidas; tenia ventanas para la luz y desahogar el humo y dos puertas, una al Oriente y otra al Poniente, ... á los dos lados de la pieza habia varios cámaras ó alojamientos para dormir.'Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 474-5.

[671]'Some live in caves in the rocks.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 289. 'They do not live in houses built of stone as has been repeatedly represented, but in caves, caverns, and fissures of the cliffs.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217. 'Ils habitaient des cavernes et des lieux souterrains, où ils déposaient leurs récoltes.'Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 309. Most of the Navajos 'live in houses built of stone.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 352;Almanza, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 825;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 679;Sanchez, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 93;Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem., p. 88.

[672]'The large cottonwood posts and the substantial roof of the wide shed in front, are characteristic of the architecture of this people.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 23, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'They are built upon sandy soil and are thirty or forty feet square; the sides about two feet thick of wicker-work and straw ... their favorite resort seems to be the roof, where could usually be counted from twenty to thirty persons, all apparently at home.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 464.

[673]See plate inMarcy's Army Life, p. 48. 'The fire is made in the front of the lodge.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 70.

[674]'In every village may be seen small structures, consisting of a frame-work of slight poles, bent into a semi-spherical form and covered with buffalo hides. These are called medicine lodges and are used as vapor-baths.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 60. 'They make huts three feet high for bath-rooms and heat them with hot stones.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 289.

[675]Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xviii., p. 464;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 23, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.

[676]'Ils sont très-laborieux; ils cultivent les melons, les haricots, et d'autres légumes; ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Bohnen, Mais, Weizen, feingeriebenes Mehl, Kürbisse und Melonen.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 385, 396-7. 'The Yumas and other tribes on the Colorado, irrigate their lands, and raise wheat, corn, melons, &c.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 263, 180, 181;Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 81;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 419;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332;Ives' Colorado River, pp. 60, 67, 70, 73;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., pp. 117, 128, 129;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 123;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 40, 65, 66;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 51, 52, 107;Mowry's Arizona, p. 33;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 91;Mexicanische Zustände, tom. i., p. 64;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 111;Champagnac,Voyageur, p. 84;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 243;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 13, 120, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 349;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 288-9;Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 567;Farnham's Life in Cal.;Davis' El Gringo, p. 411;Clark, inHist. Mag., vol. viii., p. 280;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25-6.

[677]'A small but agreeable nut called the Piñon, grows abundantly in this country; and during a period of scarcity, it sometimes constitutes the sole food of the poorer class of natives for many successive weeks.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 212. 'Living upon the fruit of the mezquit and tornilla trees.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., pp. 10, 19;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 112. 'Tambien tienen para su sustento mescali, que es conserva de raiz de maguey.'Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 31;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Hardy's Trav., pp. 338;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 147, 331, 350, 396, 397;Cordoue, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. x., p. 446;Castañeda, inId., série i., tom. ix., pp. 53, 54;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 217;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 234.

[678]'The quail and hare of the valley, and the deer and lizards of the plains, together furnish but a scanty supply.'Ehrenberg, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 110. 'They ate worms, grasshoppers, and reptiles.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 115-116. 'An den dünnen Gurt hatten unsere Besucher noch Ratten, grosse Eidechsen und Frösche befestigt.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 383. 'Depending upon game and roots for food.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 137, and 1869, p. 92. 'Mas para ellos es plato regaladísimo el de ratones del campo asados ó cocidos y toda especie de insectos.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332;Hardy's Trav., p. 430;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 419, 473;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 484;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 212;Cremony's Apaches, p. 297.

[679]On the Rivers Colorado and Gila. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas, en que forman á modo de un pequeño barquito para pescar del infinito pescado que hay en el rio.'Sedelmair, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. The Cajuenches when the produce is insufficient, live on fish.Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 10. The Navajos 'live by raising flocks and herds, instead of hunting and fishing.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 411. The Apaches 'no comen pescado alguno, no obstante de lo que abundan sus rios.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 375. 'El Apache no come el pescado, aunque los hay abundantes en sus rios.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 285;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 123;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 149;Hardy's Trav., p. 373;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., pp. 227-8.

[680]'They do not make butter and cheese.... Some who own cattle make from the curd of soured milk small masses, which some have called cheese.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 292. 'They never to my knowledge make butter or cheese, nor do I believe they know what such things are.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217. The Navajoes 'make butter and cheese.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180. Some of the 'men brought into camp a quantity of cheese.'Ives' Colorado River, pp. 128, 130.

[681]Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 112. 'They plant corn very deep with a stake and raise very good crops.'Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 337;Merriwether, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 172.

[682]'The metate is a slightly hollowed hard stone, upon which soaked maize is laid and then reduced to paste.... The paste so formed is then patted between the hands until it assumes a flat, thin and round appearance when it is laid on a hot pan and baked into a tortilla.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 145-6. 'Ils récoltent aussi en abondance le maïs dont ils font de tortillas.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Their meat was boiled with water in a Tusquin (clay kettle) and this meat-mush or soup was the staple of food among them.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 114, 115. 'A large Echino Cactus ... hollowed so as to make a trough. Into this were thrown the soft portions of the pulpy substance which surrounds the heart of the cactus; and to them had been added game and plants gathered from the banks of the creek. Mingled with water, the whole had been cooked by stirring it up with heated stones.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 96. 'Ils mangent des pains de maïs cuits sous la cendre, aussi gros que les gros pains de Castille.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 49;Hardy's Trav., p. 238;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 63;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 291;Castaño de Soza, inPacheco,Col. Doc. Inéd., tom. iv., pp. 330-1.

[683]'The Apaches rely chiefly upon the flesh of the cattle and sheep they can steal ... they are said, however, to be more fond of the meat of the mule than that of any other animal.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 290-1. 'A nonproductive race, subsisting wholly on plunder and game.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 141. The Jicarilla Apaches: 'the chase is their only means of support.'Carson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1860, p. 164. 'They live entirely by hunting.'Delgado, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 138. 'Die Nahrung der Apaches besteht hauptsächlich in dem Fleische der Rinder und Schafe ... doch soll, wie man sagt, Maulthierfleisch ihre Lieblingsspeise sein.'Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 352. 'Ihre besten Leckerbissen sind Pferde und Mauleselfleisch, welches sie braten und dem Rindfleische vorziehen.'Ochs, inMurr,Nachrichten, p. 289. Their daintiest food is mule and horseflesh.Apostólicos Afanes, p. 432. 'Anteriormente antes que en la frontera abundase el ganado, uno de sus alimentos era la came del caballo, y la caza de diferentes animales.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 266-7;Edward's Hist. Texas, p. 95;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 112;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 327;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 187;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 116;Ward's Mexico, vol. i., p. 580;Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 282;Stanley's Portraits, p. 57;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 460;Edwards' Campaign, p. 95;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 202; see furtherInd. Aff. Repts., from 1854-73;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 308;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 452;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 679.

[684]'What I would have sworn was an antelope, proved to be a young Indian, ... who having enveloped himself in an antelope's skin with head, horns and all complete, had gradually crept up to the herd under his disguise.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 28, 194. 'Se viste de una piel de los mismos animales, pone sobre su cabeza otra de la clase de los que va á buscar, y armado de su arco y flechas andando en cuatro piés, procura mezclarse en una banda da ellos.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 375;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., p. 372;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Ferry,Scènes de la Vie Sauvage, p. 262.

[685]'They always asked if we had bear on the table, for they wished to avoid it.... I found they had some superstitious prejudice against it.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 324. 'The Apaches are rather fond of lion and panther meat, but seldom touch that of the bear.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 226. 'Tambien matan para comer osos.'Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 25. The Navajoes 'never kill bears or rattlesnakes unless attacked.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 291. 'Sie verehren den Bären, der nie von ihnen getödtet wird, und dessen Fleisch zu essen sie sich scheuen. Schweinefleisch verschmähen sie desgleichen; beim iärgsten Hunger können sie es nicht über sich gewinnen, davon zu kosten.'Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 278;Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 370.

[686]'The Northern and Middle Comanches ... subsist almost exclusively upon the flesh of the buffalo, and are known among the Indians as buffalo-eaters.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 19, 26, 46. 'They plant no corn, and their only food is meat, and a few wild plants that grow upon the prairies.'Marcy's Rept., p. 188. The Comanches are a 'nation subsisting solely by the chase.'Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 214. 'Subsist mainly upon the buffalo.'Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 180. 'Acknowledge their entire ignorance of even the rudest methods of agriculture.'Baylor, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 177;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 244;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 575;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 103, andFroebel's Cent. Amer., p. 268;Combier,Voy., p. 292;French's Hist. Coll. La., pt. ii., p. 155;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 115;Gregg's Com. Prairies, pp. 214-16, 307;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 480;Ludecus,Reise, p. 104;Dragoon Camp., p. 153;Foote's Texas, p. 298;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 192;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 21;Domenech,Jour., p. 469;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 345;Holley's Texas, p. 153;Dufey,Résumé, tom. i., p. 4;Dewees' Texas, p. 233;Frost's Ind. Battles, p. 385.

[687]'Luego que los cíbolos echan á huir, los cazadores sin apresurarlos demasiado los persiguen á un galope corto, que van activando mas y mas hasta que rompen en carrera ... el indio sin cesar de correr, dispara su arco en todas direcciones, y va sembrando el campo de reses.... Las indias al mismo tiempo van dessollando cada una de aquellas reses, recogiendo la piel y la carne.'Revista Científica, tom. i., pp. 165-6. 'At a suitable distance from their prey they divide into two squadrons, one half taking to the right, and the other to the left, and thus surround it.'Edward's Hist. Tex., p. 108;French's Hist. Coll. La., pt. ii., p. 155;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 214-216. Women when they perceive a deer or antelope 'give it chase, and return only after capturing it with the lasso.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 249.

[688]'When any game was killed, the Indians would tear out the heart, liver, and entrails, and eat them raw.'Frost's Ind. Battles, p. 385. 'Ces Indiens se nourissent de viande crue et boivent du sang.... Ils coupent la viande en tranches très-minces et la font sécher au soleil; ils la réduisent ensuite en poudre pour la conserver.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 190-1. 'They "jerked" or dried the meat and made the pemmican.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 18. 'Comen las criadillas crudas, recogiendo la sangre que corre del cuerpo con unas tutundas ó jicaras, se la beben caliente.'Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, MS., p. 528;Farnham's Trav., p. 32;Horn's Captivity, pp. 16, 23;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 345.

[689]'At one time their larder is overstocked and they gorge themselves to repletion.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 32, 44, 46. 'Catch and tame these wild horses, and when unsuccessful in chase, subsist upon them.'Holley's Texas, p. 153. 'When pressed by hunger from scarcity of game, they subsist on their young horses and mules.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., pp. 132-3. 'Have a rare capacity for enduring hunger, and manifest great patience under its infliction. After long abstinence they eat voraciously.'Burnet, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 231;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 235;Edward's Hist. Tex., p. 108.

[690]The tribe 'lived in the most abject condition of filth and poverty.'Browne's Apache Country, p. 96. 'With very few exceptions, the want of cleanliness is universal—a shirt being worn until it will no longer hang together, and it would be difficult to tell the original color.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290. 'They are fond of bathing in the summer, ... but nothing can induce them to wash themselves in winter.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 302. They give off very unpleasant odors.Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 307. 'They seem to have a natural antipathy against water, considered as the means of cleansing the body ... water is only used by them in extreme cases; for instance, when the vermin become too thick on their heads, they then go through an operation of covering the head with mud, which after some time is washed out.'Dodt, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 130;Ives' Colorado Riv., 108;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 214;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 203;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 470.

[691]'They defecate promiscuously near their huts; they leave offal of every character, dead animals and dead skins, close in the vicinity of their huts.'Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 339;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 114;Hardy's Trav., p. 380.

[692]The Mojave 'arms are the bow and arrow, the spear and the club.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18. 'Armed with bows and arrows.'Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 39. The Querechos 'use the bow and arrow, lance and shield.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 19, 23. 'The Apache will invariably add his bow and arrows to his personal armament.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 15, 75-6, 103, 189. 'Neben Bogen und Pfeilen führen sie noch sehr lange Lanzen.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 230. 'They use the bow and arrow and spear.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 293. 'Armed with bows and arrows, and the lance.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 214. For colored lithograph of weapons seeWhipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 50, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'El armamento de los apaches se componen de lanza, arco y flechas.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 372. 'Las armas de los apaches son fusil, flechas y lanza.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 315. 'Los Yumas son Indios ... de malas armas, muchos no llevan arco, y si lo llevan es mal dispuesto, y con dos ó tres flechas.'Garces, inArricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 419;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 111;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 399;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 190;Drew, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 105;Odin, inDomenech,Jour., p. 450;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 71;Dewees' Texas, p. 233;Holley's Texas, p. 153;Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 543;Dragoon Camp., p. 153;Moore's Texas, p. 33;Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., p. 602;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 421;Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82;Combier,Voy., p. 224;Brantz-Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 123;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 444;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 452;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 185;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 328-9, 451;Pagés' Travels, vol. i., p. 107;Linati,Costumes, plate xxii.;Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 274;Möllhausen,Mormonenmädchen, tom. ii., p. 152;Figuier's Hum. Race, pp. 480-2, with cut.

[693]'Their weapons of war are the spear or lance, the bow, and the laso.'Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 173.

[694]Among 'their arms of offence' is 'what is called Macána, a short club, like a round wooden mallet, which is used in close quarters.'Hardy's Trav., p. 373. 'War clubs were prepared in abundance.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 176. Die Apachen 'nur Bogen, Pfeile und Keulen.'Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 444. 'Their clubs are of mezquite wood (a species of acacia) three or four feet long.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 108. 'Ils n'ont d'autre arme qu'un grand croc et une massue.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186. 'Arma sunt ... oblongi lignei gladii multis acutis silicibus utrimque muniti.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 311. 'Sus Armas son Flechas, y Macanas.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 681. Among the Comanches: 'Leur massue est une queue de buffle à l'extrémité de laquelle ils insèrent une boule en pierre on en métal.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 193;Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 302.

[695]'Mit vierstreifigen Strickschleudern bewaffnet.'Mexikanische Zustände, tom. i., p. 64. 'Sie fechten mit Lanzen, Büchsen, Pfeilen und Tamahaks.'Ludecus,Reise, p. 104. 'Une petite hache en silex.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 193;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., p. 539;Treasury of Trav., p. 31;Escudero,Noticias de Chihuahua, p. 230;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 272.

[696]The Querecho 'bows are made of the tough and elastic wood of the "bois d'arc" or Osage orange (Maclura Aurantiaca), strengthened and reenforced with the sinews of the deer wrapped firmly around them, and strung with a cord made of the same material.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 24. The Tonto 'bow is a stout piece of tough wood ... about five feet long, strengthened at points by a wrapping of sinew ... which are joined by a sinew string.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418. The Navajo 'bow is about four feet in length ... and is covered on the back with a kind of fibrous tissue.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 293. The Yuma 'bow is made of willow.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 108. 'Langen Bogen von Weidenholz.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 124. Apaches: 'the bow forms two semicircles, with a shoulder in the middle; the back of it is entirely covered with sinews, which are laid on ... by the use of some glutinous substance.'Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 338. 'Los tamaños de estas armas son differentes, segun las parcialidades que las usan.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 372;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 360;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 453;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 98;Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 117, 149;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 450.

[697]The Apaches: 'Tous portaient au poignet gauche le bracelet de cuir ... Ce bracelet de cuir est une espèce de paumelle qui entoure la main gauche, ... Le premier sert à amortir le coup de fouet de la corde de l'arc quand il se détend, la seconde empêche les pennes de la flèche de déchirer la peau de la main.'Ferry,Scènes de la vie Sauvage, p. 256. 'With a leather bracelet on one wrist and a bow and quiver of arrows form the general outfit.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418.

[698]The Coyoteros 'use very long arrows of reed, finished out with some hard wood, and an iron or flint head, but invariably with three feathers at the opposite end.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 103. Navajoes: 'the arrow is about two feet long and pointed with iron.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 293. The Querechos 'arrows are twenty inches long, of flexible wood, with a triangular point of iron at one end, and two feathers ... at the opposite extremity.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 24. The Apache 'arrows are quite long, very rarely pointed with flint, usually with iron. The feather upon the arrow is placed or bound down with fine sinew in threes, instead of twos.... The arrow-shaft is usually made of some pithy wood, generally a species of yucca.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 209. 'Sagittæ acutis silicibus asperatæ.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 311. 'Arrows were ... pointed with a head of stone. Some were of white quartz or agate, and others of obsidian.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 98. The Tonto 'arrows ... are three feet long ... the cane is winged with four strips of feather, held in place by threads of sinew ... which bears on its free end an elongated triangular piece of quartz, flint, or rarely iron.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418. The Lipan arrows 'have four straight flutings; the Comanches make two straight black flutings and two red spiral ones.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 270;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18;Tempsky's Mitla, p. 82;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., p. 76;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 360;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iv., p. 31;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 149.

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