Chapter 38

[699]The Apache 'quivers are usually made of deer-skin, with the hair turned inside or outside, and sometimes of the skin of the wild-cat, with the tail appended.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 210. 'Quiver of sheep-skin.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 461. 'Quiver of fresh-cut reeds.'Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 39. 'Un carcax ó bolsa de piel de leopardo en lo general.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 373;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 31, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Tempsky's Mitla, p. 80.[700]'The spear is eight or ten feet in length, including the point, which is about eighteen inches long, and also made of iron.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 293. Should the Apaches possess any useless firearms, 'generalmente vienen á darles nuevo uso, haciendo de ellas lanzas, cuchillos, lengüetas de flechas.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 372. 'La lanza la usan muy larga.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 315. 'Lance of fifteen feet in length.'Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 338;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276;Holley's Texas, p. 153;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 242;Revista Científica, tom. i., p. 162;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 195;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 298.[701]The Comanche 'shield was round ... made of wicker-work, covered first with deer skins and then a tough piece of raw buffalo-hide drawn over, ... ornamented with a human scalp, a grizzly bear's claw and a mule's tail ... for the arm were pieces of cotton cloth twisted into a rope.'Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 195. 'En el brazo izquierdo llevaba el chimal, que es un escudo ovalado, cubierto todo de plumas, espejos, chaquiras y adornos de paño encarnado.'Revista Científica, tom. i., p. 162. Their shield 'is generally painted a bright yellow.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 268. 'Shield of circular form, covered with two thicknesses of hard, undressed buffalo hide, ... stuffed with hair ... a rifle-ball will not penetrate it unless it strikes perpendicular to the surface.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 24-5;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iv., p. 31;Tempsky's Mitla, p. 80. A 'Navajo shield ... with an image of a demon painted on one side ... border of red cloth, ... trimmed with feathers.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 454;Linati,Costumes, plate xxii.;Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 182;Edward's Hist. Tex., p. 104.[702]'Wherever their observations can be made from neighboring heights with a chance of successful ambush, the Apache never shows himself.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 79, 189. 'Attacking only when their numbers, and a well-laid ambush, promise a certainty of success.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 419. 'Colocan de antemano una emboscada.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 375;Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, pp. 221-3, 256;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 4;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 47;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, p. 107;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186;Davis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1868, p. 161.[703]'Salen ... generalmente divididos en pequeñas partidas para ocultar mejor sus rastros.... Es imponderable la velocidad con que huyen despues que han ejecutado un crecido robo ... las montañas que encumbran, los desiertos sin agua que atraviesan.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 316. 'They steal upon their enemies under the cover of night.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 107;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 303;Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 83;Apostólicos Afanes, p. 434;Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 375-6;Browne's Apache Country, p. 279;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 480;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276.[704]'La practica, que observan para avisarse los unos à los otros ... es levantar humaredas.'Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 394. 'Smokes are of various kinds, each one significant of a particular object.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 183-4. 'In token of retreate sounded on a certaine small trumpet ... made fires, and were answered againe afarre off ... to giue their fellowes vnderstanding, how wee marched and where we arriued.'Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., p. 376;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. ii., p. 157;Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 419.[705]'La suma crueldad con que tratan á los vencidos atenaccandolos vivos y comiendose los pedazos de la carne que la arrancan.'Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS., p. 4. 'Their savage and blood-thirsty natures experience a real pleasure in tormenting their victim.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 266. 'Hang their victims by the heels to a tree and put a slow fire under their head.'Browne's Apache Country, pp. 201, 93, 96. Among the Navajos, 'Captives taken in their forays are usually treated kindly.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 295. 'Ils scalpent avec la corde de leur arc, en la tournant rapidement autour de la tête de leur victime.'Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 303;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 114-118, 138, 149, 218;Farnham's Trav., p. 32;Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 180;Labadi, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1862, p. 247;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 453;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180;Stone, inHist. Mag., vol. v., p. 167;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. iii., p. 10;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 118.[706]Cremony's Apaches, p. 216;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 114.[707]'Obran en la guerra con mas táctica que los apaches.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 318. 'A young man is never considered worthy to occupy a seat in council until he has encountered an enemy in battle.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 34;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 22;Domenech,Jour., pp. 140-1;Foote's Texas, vol. i., p. 298;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 346;Maillard's Hist. Tex., p. 243.[708]'When a chieftain desires to organize a war-party, he ... rides around through the camp singing the war-song.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 53. 'When a chief wishes to go to war ... the preliminaries are discussed at a war-dance.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 132;Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 280;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 315.[709]'They dart forward in a column like lightning.... At a suitable distance from their prey, they divide into two squadrons.'Holley's Texas, p. 153. 'A Comanche will often throw himself upon the opposite side of his charger, so as to be protected from the darts of the enemy.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 312-13;Dewees' Texas, p. 234;Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 182;Ludecus,Reise, p. 104.[710]'Ils tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que les enfants, qu'ils élèvent avec soin pour s'en servir comme d'esclaves.'Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 290. 'Invariably kill such men as offer the slightest impediment to their operations, and take women and children prisoners.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 24, 54. 'Prisoners of war belong to the captors.'Burnet, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 232;Farnham's Trav., p. 32;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 480;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 41;Foote's Texas, vol. i., p. 298;Horn's Captivity, p. 15;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 205.[711]'Ten chiefs were seated in a circle within our tent, when the pipe, the Indian token of peace, was produced ... they at first refused to smoke, their excuse being, that it was not their custom to smoke until they had received some presents.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 39.[712]'I saw no earthenware vessels among them; the utensils employed in the preparation of food being shallow basins of closely netted straw. They carried water in pitchers of the same material, but they were matted all over with a pitch.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 419. 'Aus Binsen und Weiden geflochtene Gefässe, mitunter auch einige aus Thon geformte;' ... by the door stood 'ein breiter Stein ... auf welchem mittelst eines kleineren die Mehlfrüchte zerrieben wurden.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 396, 404. 'Panniers of wicker-work, for holding provisions, are generally carried on the horse by the women.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 210;Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 129. 'Their only implements are sticks.'Greene, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 140. 'They (the Axuas of Colorado River) had a beautiful fishing-net made out of grass.' ... 'They had also burnt earthen jars, extremely well made. The size of each of them might be about two feet in diameter in the greatest swell; very thin, light, and well formed.'Hardy's Trav., p. 338. 'Nets wrought with the bark of the willow.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 220;Browne's Apache Country, p. 200. 'Tienen mucha loza de las coloradas, y pintadas y negras, platos, caxetes, saleros; almofias, xicaras muy galanas: alguna de la loza está vidriada. Tienen mucho apercibimiento de leña, é de madera, para hacer sus casas, en tal manera, á lo que nos dieron á entender, que cuando uno queria hacer casa, tiene aquella madera allí de puesto para el efecto, y hay mucha cantidad. Tiene dos guaxexes á los lados del pueblo, que le sirven para se bañar, porque de otros ojos de agua, á tiro de arcabuz, beben y se sirven. A un cuarto de legua va el rio Salado, que decimos, por donde fué nuestro camino, aunque el agua salada se pierde de muchas leguas atrás.'Castaño de Sosa, inPacheco,Col. Doc. Inéd., tom. iv., p. 331;Taylor, inCal. Farmer,Feb. 14th, 1862;Browne's Apache Country, p. 200. 'Their only means of farming are sharpened sticks.'Colyer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 50.[713]'Their utensils for the purpose of grinding breadstuff, consist of two stones; one flat, with a concavity in the middle; the other round, fitting partly into the hollow of the flat stone.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 209;Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 282.[714]'The cradle of the Navajo Indians resembles the same article made by the Western Indians. It consists of a flat board, to support the vertebral column of the infant, with a layer of blankets and soft wadding, to give ease to the position, having the edges of the frame-work ornamented with leather fringe. Around and over the head of the child, who is strapped to this plane, is an ornamented hoop, to protect the face and cranium from accident. A leather strap is attached to the vertebral shell-work, to enable the mother to sling it on her back.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 435-6, and plate p. 74.[715]'The saddle is not peculiar but generally resembles that used by the Mexicans. They ride with a very short stirrup, which is placed further to the front than on a Mexican saddle. The bit of the bridle has a ring attached to it, through which the lower jaw is partly thrust, and a powerful pressure is exerted by this means when the reins are tightened.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 292. 'Sa selle est faite de deux rouleaux de paille reliés par une courroie et maintenus par une sangle de cuir.'Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82;Tempsky's Mitla, p. 80. The Navajos have 'aus zähem Eschenholz gefertigten Sattelbogen.'Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iv., p. 39.[716]'Das Netz war weitmaschig, aus feinen, aber sehr starken Bastfäden geflochten, vier Fuss hoch, und ungefähr dreissig Fuss lang. Von vier zu vier Fuss befanden sich lange Stäbe an demselben, mittelst welcher es im Wasser, zugleich aber auch auf dem Boden und aufrecht gehalten wurde.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 227;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 220.[717]'El apache para sacar lumbre, usa ... un pedazo de sosole y otro de lechuguilla bien secos. Al primero le forman una punta, lo que frotan con la segunda con cuanta velocidad pueden á la manera del ejercicio de nuestros molinillos para hacer el chocolate: luego que ambos palos se calientan con la frotacion, se encienden y producen el fuego.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 282.[718]The Navajos 'manufacture the celebrated, and, for warmth and durability, unequaled, Navajo blanket. The Navajo blankets are a wonder of patient workmanship, and often sell as high as eighty, a hundred, or a hundred and fifty dollars.'Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1872, p. 53. 'Navajo blankets have a wide and merited reputation for beauty and excellence.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 305;Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 341;Turner, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 314;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 13, 32, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Davis' El Gringo, p. 411;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 203;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 481;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 125;Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 567;Farnham's Life in Cal., pp. 373-4.[719]'This art may have been acquired from the New Mexicans, or the Pueblo Indians.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217. 'This manufacture of blankets ... was originally learned from the Mexicans when the two people lived on amicable terms.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 367.[720]'The blanket is woven by a tedious and rude process, after the manner of the Pueblo Indians.... The manner of weaving is peculiar, and is, no doubt, original with these people and the neighboring tribes.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 291;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 437.[721]'The spinning and weaving is done ... by hand. The thread is made entirely by hand, and is coarse and uneven.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 291. 'The wool or cotton is first prepared by carding. It is then fastened to the spindle near its top, and is held in the left hand. The spindle is held between the thumb and the first finger of the right hand, and stands vertically in the earthen bowl. The operator now gives the spindle a twirl, as a boy turns his top, and while it is revolving, she proceeds to draw out her thread, precisely as is done by our own operatives, in using the common spinning-wheel. As soon as the thread is spun, the spindle is turned in an opposite direction, for the purpose of winding up the thread on the portion of it next to the wooden block.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 436.[722]Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 436. 'The colors are woven in bands and diamonds. We have never observed blankets with figures of a complicated pattern.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 291.[723]'The colors, which are given in the yarn, are red, black, and blue. The juice of certain plants is employed in dyeing, but it is asserted by recent authorities that the brightest red and blue are obtained by macerating strips of Spanish cochineal, and altamine dyed goods, which have been purchased at the towns.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 436. 'The colors are red, blue, black, and yellow; black and red being the most common. The red strands are obtained by unravelling red cloth, black by using the wool of black sheep, blue by dissolving indigo in fermented urine, and yellow is said to be by coloring with a particular flower.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 291. The women 'welche sich in der Wahl der Farben und der Zusammenstellung von bunten Streifen und phantastischen Figuren in dem Gewebe gegenseitig zu übertreffen suchen. Ursprünglich trugen die Decken nur die verschiedenen Farben der Schafe in breiten Streifen, doch seit die Navahoes farbige, wollene Stoffe von Neu-Mexiko beziehen können, verschaffen sie sich solche, um sie in Fäden aufzulösen, und diese dann zu ihrer eigenen Weberei zu verwenden.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 235;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 195.[724]'Ils (the Apaches) travaillent bien les cuirs, font de belles brides.'Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82. 'They manufacture rough leather.'Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 335. 'Man macht Leder.'Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 195. 'It has been represented that these tribes (the Navajos) wear leather shoes.... Inquiry from persons who have visited or been stationed in New Mexico, disaffirms this observation, showing that in all cases the Navajo shoes are skins, dressed and smoked after the Indian method.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 204;Cremony's Apaches, p. 305;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 286. They 'knit woolen stockings.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 411. 'They also manufacture ... a coarse woolen cloth with which they clothe themselves.'Clark, inHist. Mag., vol. viii., p. 280;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 403, vol. ii., pp. 244-5. 'The Navajoes raise no cotton.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 212. 'Sie sind noch immer in einigen Baumwollengeweben ausgezeichnet.'Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 349. 'These people (the inhabitants of Arizona in 1540) had cotton, but they were not very carefull to vse the same: because there was none among them that knew the arte of weauing, and to make apparel thereof.'Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 433;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 243;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 89;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 680;Alcedo,Diccionario, tom. iii., p. 184.[725]The Xicarillas, 'manufacture a sort of pottery which resists the action of fire.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 8;Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 177. The Yuma 'women make baskets of willow, and also of tule, which are impervious to water; also earthen ollas or pots, which are used for cooking and for cooling water.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 111;Revillagigedo,Carta, MS., p. 21. 'Figure 4. A scoop or dipper, from the Mohave tribe, and as neat and original an article in earthenware as could well be designed by a civilized potter.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 46, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'Professor Cox was informed that the New Mexican Indians colored their pottery black by using the gum of the mezquite, which has much the appearance and properties of gum arabic, and then baking it. Much of the ancient pottery from the Colorado Chiquito is colored, the prevailing tints being white, black, and red.'Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 250;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 195. The Yampais had 'some admirably made baskets of so close a texture as to hold water; a wicker jar coated with pine tree gum.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi. Ex., p. 10;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 243.[726]Gregg's Com. Prairies, p. 286. 'In regard to the manufacture of plumage, or feather-work, they certainly display a greater fondness for decorations of this sort than any Indians we have seen.... I saw no exhibition of it in the way of embroidery.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 79;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 349.[727]'Mines d'argent exploitées par les Comanches, qui en tirent des ornements pour eux et pour leurs chevaux, ainsi que des balles pour leurs fusils.'Domenech,Jour., p. 132.[728]The Mescaleros had 'a raft of bulrush or cane, floated and supported by some twenty or thirty hollow pumpkins fastened together.'Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 56. The Yumas had 'batteaus which could hold 200 or 300 pounds weight.'Id., vol. iv., p. 546. The Mojaves had 'Flössen, die von Binsen-Bündeln zusammengefügt waren (die einzige Art von Fahrzeug, welche ich bei den Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales bemerkte).'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 401. 'Merely bundles of rushes placed side by side, and securely bound together with willow twigs ... their owners paddled them about with considerable dexterity.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 117, and plate.Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., pp. 238, 254;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 69.[729]'Immense numbers of horses and sheep, attesting the wealth of the tribe.'Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 128, 130. 'They possess more wealth than all the other wild tribes in New Mexico combined.'Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 179. 'They are owners of large flocks and herds.'Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 243;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 211, 212;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180;Davis' El Gringo, p. 411;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, pp. 291-2;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 289;Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 567;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 173;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 124;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 349;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 79;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 460;Cremony's Apaches, p. 254;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 60.[730]The Jicarilla Apaches 'manufacture a species of coarse earthenware, which they exchange for corn and wheat.'Keithly, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 115.Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 123.[731]'Das Eigenthum des Vaters nicht auf den Sohn übergeht, sondern dass Neffen und Nichten als die rechtmässigen Erben anerkannt werden wenn nicht der Vater bei Lebzeiten schon seine Habe an die eigenen Kinder geschenkt hat.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 234. 'The husband has no control over the property of his wife.... Property does not descend from father to son, but goes to the nephew of the decedent, or, in default of a nephew, to the niece ... but if, while living, he distributes his property to his children, that disposition is recognised.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, pp. 294-5. 'When the father dies ... a fair division is not made; the strongest usually get the bulk of the effects.'Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 357.[732]'The blankets, though not purchasable with money ... were sold, in some instances, for the most trifling article of ornament or clothing.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 81. Shell beads, which they call 'pook,' are their substitute for money.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 115.[733]The Querechos encountered by Coronado had with them 'un grand troupeau de chiens qui portaient tout ce qu'ils possédaient.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 117. 'The only property of these people, with the exception of a few articles belonging to their domestic economy, consists entirely in horses and mules.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 22;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 23;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347;Marcy's Rept., p. 188;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 116-17.[734]'There are no subdivisions of land acknowledged in their territory, and no exclusive right of game.'Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 131. 'Their code is strictly Spartan.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 23.[735]'They are sufficiently astute in dealing.'Burnet, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 232. 'Le chef des Indiens choisit, parmi ces objets, ceux qui sont nécessaires à sa tribu.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 193. 'In Comanche trade the main trouble consists in fixing the price of the first animal. This being settled by the chiefs.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 45;Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 190, 234;Burnet, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 232;Domenech,Jour., p. 130;Dewees' Texas, p. 36.[736]Mr Bartlett, describing an excursion he made to the Sierra Waco near the Copper Mines in New Mexico, says, he saw 'an overhanging rock extending for some distance, the whole surface of which is covered with rude paintings and sculptures, representing men, animals, birds, snakes, and fantastic figures ... some of them, evidently of great age, had been partly defaced to make room for more recent devices.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 170-4, with cuts. In Arizona, Emory found 'a mound of granite boulders ... covered with unknown characters.... On the ground nearby were also traces of some of the figures, showing some of the hieroglyphics, at least, to have been the work of modern Indians.'Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 89, 90, with cut. The Comanches 'aimaient beaucoup les images, qu'ils ne se lassaient pas d'admirer.'Domenech,Jour., p. 136.[737]'The Apaches count ten thousand with as much regularity as we do. They even make use of the decimal sequences.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 237.[738]'They have no computation of time beyond the seasons ... the cold and hot season ... frequently count by the Caddo mode—from one to ten, and by tens to one hundred, &c.... They are ignorant of the elements of figures.'Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., pp. 129-30. 'Ce qu'ils savent d'astronomie se borne à la connaissance de l'étoile polaire.... L'arithmétique des sauvages est sur leurs doigts; ... Il leur faut absolument un objet pour nombrer.'Hartmann and Millard,Tex., pp. 112-13.[739]The Navajos have no tribal government, and in reality no chiefs.Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 288. 'Their form of government is so exceedingly primitive as to be hardly worthy the name of a political organization.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 412, 413;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 71. 'Ils n'ont jamais connu de domination.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série. v., No. 96, p. 187. 'Each is sovereign in his own right as a warrior.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 177.[740]'It is my opinion that the Navajo chiefs have but very little influence with their people.'Bennett, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 238, and 1870, p. 152;Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 357.[741]'Los padres de familia ejercen esta autoridad en tanto que los hijos no salen de la infancia, porque poco antes de salir de la pubertad son como libres y no reconocen mas superioridad que sus propias fuerzas, ó la del indio que los manda en la campaña.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 282-3. 'Every rich man has many dependants, and these dependants are obedient to his will, in peace and in war.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 211;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 89. 'Every one who has a few horses and sheep is a "head man."'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 288;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 233. The rule of the Querechos is 'essentially patriarchal.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 20.[742]'When one or more (of the Navajos) are successful in battle or fortunate in their raids to the settlements on the Rio Grande, he is endowed with the title of captain or chief.'Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1867, p. 357. 'En cualquiera de estas incorporaciones toma el mando del todo por comun consentimiento el mas acreditado de valiente.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 373. The Comanches have 'a right to displace a chief, and elect his successor, at pleasure.'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 346. A chief of the Comanches is never degraded 'for any private act unconnected with the welfare of the whole tribe.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 130.[743]The office of chief is not hereditary with the Navajos.Cremony's Apaches, p. 307. The wise old men of the Querechos 'curb the impetuosity of ambitious younger warriors.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 20. 'I infer that rank is (among the Mojaves), to some extent, hereditary.'Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 67, 71. 'This captain is often the oldest son of the chief, and assumes the command of the tribe on the death of his father,' among the Apaches.Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 210.[744]The Mescaleros and Apaches 'choose a head-man to direct affairs for the time being.'Carleton, inSmithsonian Rept., 1854, p. 315. 'Es gibt auch Stämme, an deren Spitze ein Kriegs- sowie ein Friedens-Häuptling steht.'Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 279;García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 315.[745]When Col. Langberg visited the Comanches who inhabit the Bolson de Mapimi, 'wurde dieser Stamm von einer alten Frau angeführt.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 222;Id.,Cent. Amer., p. 352;Hardy's Trav., p. 348. 'I have never known them (Comanches) to make a treaty that a portion of the tribe do not violate its stipulations before one year rolls around.'Neighbors, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 267.[746]The chiefs of the Comanches 'are in turn subject to the control of a principal chief.'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 345. 'La autoridad central de su gobierno reside en un gefe supremo.'Revista Científica, tom. i., p. 57;Escudero,Noticias de Chihuahua, p. 229. The southern Comanches 'do not of late years acknowledge the sovereignty of a common ruler and leader in their united councils nor in war.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 43. The Gila Apaches acknowledge 'no common head or superior.'Merriwether, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 170, 172.[747]The Comanches 'hold regular councils quarterly, and a grand council of the whole tribe once a year.'Edward's Hist. Tex., p. 108. 'At these councils prisoners of war are tried, as well as all cases of adultery, theft, sedition and murder, which are punished by death. The grand council also takes cognizance of all disputes between the chiefs, and other matters of importance.'Maillard's Hist. Tex., p. 244. 'Their decisions are of but little moment, unless they meet the approbation of the mass of the people; and for this reason these councils are exceedingly careful not to run counter to the wishes of the poorer but more numerous class, being aware of the difficulty, if not impossibility, of enforcing any act that would not command their approval.'Collins, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 274. 'Singulis pagis sui Reguli erant, qui per praecones suos edicta populo denuntiabant.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 311. 'Tienen otra Persona, que llaman Pregonero, y es la segunda Persona de la República; el oficio de este, es manifestar al Pueblo todas las cosas que se han de hacer.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 337;Id., tom. i., p. 680. They recognize 'no law but that of individual caprice.'Steck, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 109. The Comanches 'acknowledge no right but the right of the strongest.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 575. 'La loi du talion est la base fondamentale du code politique, civil et criminel de ces diverses peuplades, et cette loi reçoit une rigoureuse application de nation à nation, de famille à famille, d'individu à individu.'Hartmann and Millard,Tex., p. 114.[748]The Comanches punish 'Adultery, theft, murder, and other crimes ... by established usage.'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347. Among the Navajos, 'Lewdness is punished by a public exposure of the culprit.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180.Marcy's Army Life, pp. 26, 59. Navajoes 'regard each other's right of property, and punish with great severity any one who infringes upon it. In one case a Navajo was found stealing a horse; they held a council and put him to death.'Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 344. A Cuchano young boy who frightened a child by foretelling its death, which accidentally took place the next day, 'was secretly accused and tried before the council for "being under the influence of evil spirits,"' and put to death.Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. iii.;Feudge, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1868, p. 137. Among the Yumas, 'Each chief punishes delinquents by beating them across the back with a stick. Criminals brought before the general council for examination, if convicted, are placed in the hands of a regularly appointed executioner of the tribe, who inflicts such punishment as the council may direct.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. iii.[749]The Apache chief Ponce, speaking of the grief of a poor woman at the loss of her son, says: 'The mother of the dead brave demands the life of his murderer. Nothing else will satisfy her.... Would money satisfy me for the death of my son? No! I would demand the blood of the murderer. Then I would be satisfied.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 69. 'If one man (Apache) kills another, the next of kin to the defunct individual may kill the murderer—if he can. He has the right to challenge him to single-combat.... There is no trial, no set council, no regular examination into the crime or its causes; but the ordeal of battle settles the whole matter.'Id., p. 293.[750]Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 7;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 294. 'Ils (Comanches) tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que les enfans.'Dillon,Hist. Mex., p. 98. The Navajos 'have in their possession many prisoners, men, women, and children, ... whom they hold and treat as slaves.'Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 244.[751]One boy from Mexico taken by the Comanches, said, 'dass sein Geschäft in der Gefangenschaft darin bestehe die Pferde seines Herrn zu weiden.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 102;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 313. The natives of New Mexico take the women prisoners 'for wives.'Marcy's Rept., p. 187. Some prisoners liberated from the Comanches, were completely covered with stripes and bruises.Dewees' Texas, p. 232. Miss Olive Oatman detained among the Mohaves says: 'They invented modes and seemed to create necessities of labor that they might gratify themselves by taxing us to the utmost, and even took unwarranted delight in whipping us on beyond our strength. And all their requests and exactions were couched in the most insulting and taunting language and manner, as it then seemed, and as they had the frankness soon to confess, to fume their hate against the race to whom we belonged. Often under the frown and lash were we compelled to labor for whole days upon an allowance amply sufficient to starve a common dandy civilized idler.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 114-18, 130.[752]'It appeared that the poor girl had been stolen, as the Indian (Axua) said, from the Yuma tribe the day before, and he now offered her for sale.'Hardy's Trav., p. 379. 'The practice of parents selling their children is another proof of poverty' of the Axuans.Id., p. 371.[753]'According to their (Tontos') physiology the female, especially the young female, should be allowed meat only when necessary to prevent starvation.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 115. The Comanches 'enter the marriage state at a very early age frequently before the age of puberty.'Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 132. Whenever a Jicarilla female arrives at a marriageable age, in honor of the 'event the parents will sacrifice all the property they possess, the ceremony being protracted from five to ten days with every demonstration of hilarity.'Steck, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 109;Marcy's Army Life, p. 28-9. Among the Yumas, the applicant for womanhood is placed in an oven or closely covered hut, in which she is steamed for three days, alternating the treatment with plunges into the near river, and maintaining a fast all the time.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., pp. 110-11. The Apaches celebrate a feast with singing, dancing, and mimic display when a girl arrives at the marriageable state, during which time the girl remains 'isolated in a huge lodge' and 'listens patiently to the responsibilities of her marriageable condition,' recounted to her by the old men and chiefs. 'After it is finished she is divested of her eyebrows.... A month afterward the eye lashes are pulled out.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 143, 243-6.[754]There is no marriage ceremony among the Navajoes 'a young man wishing a woman for his wife ascertains who her father is; he goes and states the cause of his visit and offers from one to fifteen horses for the daughter. The consent of the father is absolute, and the one so purchased assents or is taken away by force. All the marriageable women or squaws in a family can be taken in a similar manner by the same individual; i. e., he can purchase wives as long as his property holds out.'Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 357;Marcy's Army Life, p. 49;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 214;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 233.[755]Among the Apaches, the lover 'stakes his horse in front of her roost.... Should the girl favor the suitor, his horse is taken by her, led to water, fed, and secured in front of his lodge.... Four days comprise the term allowed her for an answer.... A ready acceptance is apt to be criticised with some severity, while a tardy one is regarded as the extreme of coquetry.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 245-9;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 89;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 30, 51. The Apache 'who can support or keep, or attract by his power to keep, the greatest number of women, is the man who is deemed entitled to the greatest amount of honor and respect.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 44, 85. Un Comanche, 'peut épouser autant de femmes qu'il veut, à la seule condition de donner à chacune un cheval.'Domenech,Jour., p. 135. Among the Navajoes, 'The wife last chosen is always mistress of her predecessors.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 42, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. They seldom, if ever, marry out of the tribe.Ward, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 455. 'In general, when an Indian wishes to have many wives he chooses above all others, if he can, sisters, because he thinks he can thus secure more domestic peace.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 306. 'I think that few, if any, have more than one wife,' of the Mojaves.Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 71.[756]'The Navajo marriage-ceremony consists simply of a feast upon horse-flesh.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 460. When the Navajos desire to marry, 'they sit down on opposite sides of a basket, made to hold water, filled with atole or some other food, and partake of it. This simple proceeding makes them husband and wife.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 415.[757]The Comanche women 'are drudges.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 575;Dufey,Résumé de l'Hist., tom. i., p. 4;Neighbors, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 265;Escudero,Noticias de Chihuahua, p. 230;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 308. Labor is considered degrading by the Comanches.Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347. The Apache men 'no cuidan de otras cosas, sino de cazar y divertirse.'Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 563;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 29, 49, 56. 'La femme (du Comanche) son esclave absolue, doit tout faire pour lui. Souvent il n'apporte pas même le gibier qu'il a tué, mais il envoie sa femme le chercher au loin.'Dubuis, inDomenech,Jour., p. 459. The Navajos 'treat their women with great attention, consider them equals, and relieve them from the drudgery of menial work.'Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 203. The Navajo women 'are the real owners of all the sheep.... They admit women into their councils, who sometimes control their deliberations; and they also eat with them.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 412;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 101., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'De aquí proviene que sean árbitros de sus mugeres, dandoles un trato servilísimo, y algunas veces les quitan hasta la vida por celos.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 268. 'Les Comanches, obligent le prisonnier blanc, dont ils ont admiré le valeur dans le combat, á s'unir aux leurs pour perpétuer sa race.'Fossey,Mexique, p. 462.[758]Among the Apaches, 'muchas veces suele disolverse el contrato por unánime consentimiento de los desposados, y volviendo la mujer á su padre, entrega este lo que recibió por ella.'Cordero. inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 373. When the Navajo women abandon the husband, the latter 'asks to wipe out the disgrace by killing some one.'Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 334;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217.[759]Navajo women, 'when in parturition, stand upon their feet, holding to a rope suspended overhead, or upon the knees, the body being erect.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290. 'Previous to a birth, the (Yuma) mother leaves her village for some short distance and lives by herself until a month after the child is born; the band to which she belongs then assemble and select a name for the little one, which is given with some trivial ceremony.'Emory's Rept., vol. i., p. 110;Marcy's Army Life, p. 31. 'Si el parto es en marcha, se hacen á un lado del camino debajo de un árbol, en donde salen del lance con la mayor facilidad y sin apuro ninguno, continuando la marcha con la criatura y algun otro de sus chiquillos, dentro de una especie de red, que á la manera de una canasta cargan en los hombros, pendiente de la frente con una tira de cuero ó de vaqueta que la contiene, en donde llevan ademas alunos trastos ó cosas que comer.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 281;Fossey,Mexique, p. 462. 'Luego que sale á luz esta, sale la vieja de aquel lugar con la mano puesta en los ojos, y no se descubre hasta que no haya dado una vuelta fuera de la casa, y el objeto que primero se le presenta á la vista, es el nombre que se le pone á la criatura.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 335.[760]Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 92;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 320;Ives' Colorado River, pp. 66, 71;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 211. 'Quand les Indiennes (Comanches) voyagent avec leurs enfants en bas âge, elles les suspendent à la selle avec des courroies qu'elles leur passent entre les jambes et sous les bras. Les soubresauts du cheval, les branches, les broussailles heurtent ces pauvres petits, les déchirent, les meurtrissent: peu importe, c'est une façon de les aguerrir.'Domenech,Journ.p. 135;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 52. 'A la edad de siete años de los apaches, ó antes, lo primero que hacen los padres, es poner á sus hijos el carcax en la mano enseñándoles á tirar bien, cuya táctica empiezan á aprender en la caza.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 283. The Apaches, 'juventutem sedulo instituunt castigant quod aliis barbaris insolitum.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 316. Male children of the Comanches 'are even privileged to rebel against their parents, who are not entitled to chastise them but by consent of the tribe.'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 346-7. In fact a Navajo Indian has said, 'that he was afraid to correct his own boy, lest the child should wait for a convenient opportunity, and shoot him with an arrow.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 294.[761]Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 354;Cremony's Apaches, p. 367;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 399;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 119.[762]'The Navajo women are very loose, and do not look upon fornication as a crime.'Guyther, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 339;Cremony's Apaches, p. 244. 'Prostitution is the rule among the (Yuma) women, not the exception.'Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 301;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 476;Browne's Apache Country, p. 96. 'Prostitution prevails to a great extent among the Navajoes, the Maricopas, and the Yuma Indians; and its attendant diseases, as before stated, have more or less tainted the blood of the adults; and by inheritance of the children.'Carleton, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 433. Among the Navajoes, 'the most unfortunate thing which can befall a captive woman is to be claimed by two persons. In this case, she is either shot or delivered up for indiscriminate violence.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 50. The Colorado River Indians 'barter and sell their women into prostitution, with hardly an exception.'Safford, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 139. 'The Comanche women are, as in many other wild tribes, the slaves of their lords, and it is a common practice for their husbands to lend or sell them to a visitor for one, two, or three days at a time.'Marcy's Rept., p. 187;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 419. 'Las faltas conyugales no se castigan por la primera vez; pero á la segunda el marido corta la punta de la nariz á su infiel esposa, y la despide de su lado.'Revista Científica, vol. i., p. 57;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'The squaw who has been mutilated for such a cause, isipso factodivorced, and, it is said, for ever precluded from marrying again. The consequence is, that she becomes a confirmed harlot in the tribe.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 43, 308-10, 313. 'El culpable, segun dicen, jamas es castigado por el marido con la muerte; solamente se abroga el derecho de darle algunos golpes y cogerse sus mulas ó caballos.'Berlandier y Thovel,Diario, p. 253;Marcy's Army Life, p. 49. 'These yung men may not haue carnall copulation with any woman: but all the yung men of the countrey which are to marrie, may company with them.... I saw likewise certaine women which liued dishonestly among men.'Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 436.[763]'They tolde mey that ... such as remayned widowes, stayed halfe a yeere, or a whole yeere before they married.'Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 431;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 110;Marcy's Army Life, p. 54;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 234;García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 315.[764]'En las referidas reuniones los bailes son sus diversiones favoritas. Los hacen de noche al son de una olla cubierta la boca con una piel tirante, que suenan con un palo, en cuya estremidad lian un boton de trapos. Se interpolan ambos secsos, saltan todos a un mismo tiempo, dando alaridos y haciendo miles de ademanes, en que mueven todos los miembros del cuerpo con una destreza extraordinaria, arremedando al coyote y al venado. Desta manera forman diferentes grupos simétricamente.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 269;Marcy's Army Life, p. 177;Cremony's Apaches, p. 285. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de ridiculo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gusten tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 335. 'The females (of the Apaches) do the principal part of the dancing.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212. 'Among the Abenakis, Chactas, Comanches, and other Indian tribes, the women dance the same dances, but after the men, and far out of their sight ... they are seldom admitted to share any amusement, their lot being to work.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 199, 214. 'De éstos vinieron cinco danzas, cada una compuesta de treinta indias; de éstas, veintiseis como de 15 à 20 años, y las cuatro restantes de mas edad, que eran las que cuidaban y dirigian à las jóvenes.'Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 288. 'The dance (of the Tontos) is similar to that of the California Indians; a stamp around, with clapping of hands and slapping of thighs in time to a drawl of monotones.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 419.[765]Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 180. The Yumas 'sing some few monotonous songs, and the beaux captivate the hearts of their lady-loves by playing on a flute made of cane.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. iii. 'No tienen mas orquesta que sus voces y una olla ó casco de calabazo à que se amarra una piel tirante y se toca con un palo.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 373-4;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 419;Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 71-2;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., pp. 166, 168.[766]Stanley's Portraits, p. 55;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 133. 'Y el vicio que tienen estos Indios, es jugar en las Estufas las Mantas, y otras Preseas con vnas Cañuelas, que hechan en alto (el qual Juego vsaban estos Indios Mexicanos) y al que no tiene mas que vna Manta, y la pierde, se la buelven; con condicion, que ha de andar desnudo por todo el Pueblo, pintado, y embijado todo el cuerpo, y los Muchachos dandole grita.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 680.[767]Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347.[768]'The players generally take each about ten arrows, which they hold with their bows in the left hand; he whose turn it is advances in front of the judges, and lances his first arrow upwards as high as possible, for he must send off all the others before it comes down. The victory belongs to him who has most arrows in the air together, and he who can make them all fly at once is a hero.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 198. 'The Indians amuse themselves shooting at the fruit (pitaya), and when one misses his aim and leaves his arrow sticking in the top of the cactus, it is a source of much laughter to his comrades.'Browne's Apache Country, p. 78;Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 309. The hoop and pole game of the Mojaves is thus played. 'The hoop is six inches in diameter, and made of elastic cord; the poles are straight, and about fifteen feet in length. Rolling the hoop from one end of the course toward the other, two of the players chase it half-way, and at the same time throw their poles. He who succeeds in piercing the hoop wins the game.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 463;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. iii.;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 114;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., pp. 216, 223;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 395;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 214. 'Tienen unas pelotas de materia negra como pez, embutidas en ella varias conchuelas pequeñas del mar, con que juegan y apuestan arrojándola con el pié.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 111;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851.[769]'Los salvages recogen sus hojas generalmente en el Otoño, las que entónces están rojas y muy oxidadas: para hacer su provision, la secan al fuego ó al sol, y para fumarlas, las mezclan con tabaco.'Berlandier y Thovel,Diario, p. 257. The Comanches smoke tobacco, 'mixed with the dried leaves of the sumach, inhaling the smoke into their lungs, and giving it out through their nostrils.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 29, 32;Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 432;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 285.[770]Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 352. The Comanches 'avoid the use of ardent spirits, which they call "fool's water."'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 307.Dubuis, inDomenech,Jour., p. 469. 'In order to make an intoxicating beverage of the mescal, the roasted root is macerated in a proportionable quantity of water, which is allowed to stand several days, when it ferments rapidly. The liquor is boiled down and produces a strongly intoxicating fluid.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 217. 'When its stem (of the maguey) is tapped there flows from it a juice which, on being fermented, produces the pulque.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 290. The Apaches out of corn make an intoxicating drink which they called "teeswin," made by boiling the corn and fermenting it.Murphy, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 347;Hardy's Trav., pp. 334, 337.[771]Jones, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 223;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 108;Domenech,Jour., p. 137;Turner, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852, tom. 135, p. 307;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 212;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., 1849, tom. i., p. 165;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 277;Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 182;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 114-6;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 61;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 399. The Apache women, 'Son tan buenas ginetas, que brincan en un potro, y sin mas riendas que un cabrestillo, saben arrendarlo.'Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 298;Marcy's Army Life, p. 28;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 480. 'A short hair halter was passed around under the neck of the horse, and both ends tightly braided into the mane, on the withers, leaving a loop to hang under the neck, and against the breast, which, being caught up in the hand, makes a sling into which the elbow falls, taking the weight of the body on the middle of the upper arm. Into this loop the rider drops suddenly and fearlessly, leaving his heel to hang over the back of the horse, to steady him, and also to restore him when he wishes to regain his upright position on the horse's back.'Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 540;Davis' El Gringo, p. 412. Les Comanches 'regardent comme un déshonneur d'aller à pied.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 192;Cremony's Apaches, p. 282. The Comanches, for hardening the hoofs of horses and mules, have a custom of making a fire of the wild rosemary—artemisia—and exposing their hoofs to the vapor and smoke by leading them slowly through it.Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 203.[772]Marcy's Army Life, p. 18;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 290;Cordoue, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. x., p. 443;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 454;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 209. 'Les Teyas et Querechos ont de grands troupeaux de chiens qui portent leur bagage; ils l'attachent sur le dos de ces animaux au moyen d'une sangle et d'un petit bât. Quand la charge se dérange les chiens se mettent à hurler, pour avertir leur maître de l'arranger.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 117, 125, 190. 'On the top of the bank we struck a Camanche trail, very broad, and made by the lodge poles, which they transport from place to place ... by fastening them on each side of their pack horses, leaving the long ends trailing upon the ground.'Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 154. 'Si carecen de cabalgaduras, cargan los muebles las mujeres igualmente que sus criaturas.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 317;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 128.[773]Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 132;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., p. 234;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 29, 33, 189;Marcy's Rept., p. 187;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 38, 46;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 473, 475;Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 378. When the Yampais 'wish to parley they raise a firebrand in the air as a sign of friendship.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 218.[774]'These messengers (of the Mohaves) were their news-carriers and sentinels. Frequently two criers were employed (sometimes more) one from each tribe. These would have their meeting stations. At these stations these criers would meet with promptness, and by word of mouth, each would deposit his store of news with his fellow expressman, and then each would return to his own tribe with the news.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 220, 283. 'El modo de darse sus avisos para reunirse en casos de urgencia de ser perseguidos, es por medio de sus telégrafos de humos que forman en los cerros mas elevados formando hogueras de los palos mas humientos que ellos conocen muy bien.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 281.Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 5. 'Para no detenerse en hacer los humos, llevan los mas de los hombres y mujeres, los instrumentos necessarios para sacar lumbre; prefieren la piedra, el eslabon, y la yesca; pero si no tienen estos útiles, suplen su falta con palos preparados al efecto bien secos, que frotados se inflaman.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 317.[775]Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18. 'Su frazada en tiempo de frio es un tizon encendido que aplicándolo á la boca del estómago caminan por los mañanas, y calentando ya el sol como a las ocho tiran los tizones, que por muchos que hayan tirado por los caminos, pueden ser guias de los caminantes.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851.[776]The Comanches 'have yearly gatherings to light the sacred fires; they build numerous huts, and sit huddled about them, taking medicine for purification, and fasting for seven days. Those who can endure to keep the fast unbroken become sacred in the eyes of the others.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 451. If a Yuma kills one of his own tribe he keeps 'a fast for one moon; on such occasions he eats no meat—only vegetables—drinks only water, knows no woman, and bathes frequently during the day to purify the flesh.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 110. 'It was their (Mojaves,) custom never to eat salted meat for the next moon after the coming of a captive among them.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 180;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 402;Domenech,Jour., p. 13;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 125-6.[777]'Entre cuyas tribus hay algunas que se comen á sus enemigos.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332. 'Los chirumas, que me parecen ser los yumas, no se que coman carne humana como dijo el indio cosnina.'Garces, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 363. 'Among the spoil which we took from these Camanches, we found large portions of human flesh evidently prepared for cooking.'Dewees' Texas, p. 232-3. Certain Europeans have represented the Comanches 'as a race of cannibals; but according to the Spaniards ... they are merely a cruel, dastardly race of savages.'Pagés' Travels, vol. i., p. 107.[778]Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 451;Berlandier y Thovel,Diario, p. 253;Cremony's Apaches, p. 34;Davis' El Gringo, p. 407.[779]Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418. 'Gonorrhœa and syphilis are not at all rare' among the Navajos.Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290;Marcy's Army Life, p. 31.[780]Hardy's Trav., p. 442-3. 'Los comanches la llaman Puip; y cuando uno de entre ellos está herido, mascan la raiz (que es muy larga) y esprimen el yugo y la saliva en la llaga.'Berlandier y Thovel,Diario, p. 257;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 118;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 156;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 289;Browne's Apache Country, p. 63;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 142;Id.,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 118;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 335;Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 130;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 193. The Apaches: 'Cuando se enferma alguno á quien no han podido hacer efecto favorable la aplicacion de las yerbas, único antidoto con que se curan, lo abandonan, sin mas diligencia ulterior que ponerle un monton de brasas á la cabecera y una poca de agua, sin saberse hasta hoy qué significa ésto ó con qué fin la hacen.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 280.

[699]The Apache 'quivers are usually made of deer-skin, with the hair turned inside or outside, and sometimes of the skin of the wild-cat, with the tail appended.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 210. 'Quiver of sheep-skin.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 461. 'Quiver of fresh-cut reeds.'Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 39. 'Un carcax ó bolsa de piel de leopardo en lo general.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 373;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 31, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Tempsky's Mitla, p. 80.

[700]'The spear is eight or ten feet in length, including the point, which is about eighteen inches long, and also made of iron.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 293. Should the Apaches possess any useless firearms, 'generalmente vienen á darles nuevo uso, haciendo de ellas lanzas, cuchillos, lengüetas de flechas.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 372. 'La lanza la usan muy larga.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 315. 'Lance of fifteen feet in length.'Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 338;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276;Holley's Texas, p. 153;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 242;Revista Científica, tom. i., p. 162;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 195;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 298.

[701]The Comanche 'shield was round ... made of wicker-work, covered first with deer skins and then a tough piece of raw buffalo-hide drawn over, ... ornamented with a human scalp, a grizzly bear's claw and a mule's tail ... for the arm were pieces of cotton cloth twisted into a rope.'Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 195. 'En el brazo izquierdo llevaba el chimal, que es un escudo ovalado, cubierto todo de plumas, espejos, chaquiras y adornos de paño encarnado.'Revista Científica, tom. i., p. 162. Their shield 'is generally painted a bright yellow.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 268. 'Shield of circular form, covered with two thicknesses of hard, undressed buffalo hide, ... stuffed with hair ... a rifle-ball will not penetrate it unless it strikes perpendicular to the surface.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 24-5;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iv., p. 31;Tempsky's Mitla, p. 80. A 'Navajo shield ... with an image of a demon painted on one side ... border of red cloth, ... trimmed with feathers.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 454;Linati,Costumes, plate xxii.;Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 182;Edward's Hist. Tex., p. 104.

[702]'Wherever their observations can be made from neighboring heights with a chance of successful ambush, the Apache never shows himself.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 79, 189. 'Attacking only when their numbers, and a well-laid ambush, promise a certainty of success.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 419. 'Colocan de antemano una emboscada.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 375;Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, pp. 221-3, 256;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 4;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 47;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, p. 107;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 186;Davis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1868, p. 161.

[703]'Salen ... generalmente divididos en pequeñas partidas para ocultar mejor sus rastros.... Es imponderable la velocidad con que huyen despues que han ejecutado un crecido robo ... las montañas que encumbran, los desiertos sin agua que atraviesan.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 316. 'They steal upon their enemies under the cover of night.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 107;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 303;Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 83;Apostólicos Afanes, p. 434;Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 375-6;Browne's Apache Country, p. 279;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 480;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276.

[704]'La practica, que observan para avisarse los unos à los otros ... es levantar humaredas.'Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 394. 'Smokes are of various kinds, each one significant of a particular object.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 183-4. 'In token of retreate sounded on a certaine small trumpet ... made fires, and were answered againe afarre off ... to giue their fellowes vnderstanding, how wee marched and where we arriued.'Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., p. 376;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. ii., p. 157;Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 419.

[705]'La suma crueldad con que tratan á los vencidos atenaccandolos vivos y comiendose los pedazos de la carne que la arrancan.'Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS., p. 4. 'Their savage and blood-thirsty natures experience a real pleasure in tormenting their victim.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 266. 'Hang their victims by the heels to a tree and put a slow fire under their head.'Browne's Apache Country, pp. 201, 93, 96. Among the Navajos, 'Captives taken in their forays are usually treated kindly.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 295. 'Ils scalpent avec la corde de leur arc, en la tournant rapidement autour de la tête de leur victime.'Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 303;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 114-118, 138, 149, 218;Farnham's Trav., p. 32;Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 180;Labadi, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1862, p. 247;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 453;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180;Stone, inHist. Mag., vol. v., p. 167;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Doc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. iii., p. 10;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 118.

[706]Cremony's Apaches, p. 216;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 114.

[707]'Obran en la guerra con mas táctica que los apaches.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 318. 'A young man is never considered worthy to occupy a seat in council until he has encountered an enemy in battle.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 34;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 22;Domenech,Jour., pp. 140-1;Foote's Texas, vol. i., p. 298;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 346;Maillard's Hist. Tex., p. 243.

[708]'When a chieftain desires to organize a war-party, he ... rides around through the camp singing the war-song.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 53. 'When a chief wishes to go to war ... the preliminaries are discussed at a war-dance.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 132;Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 280;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 315.

[709]'They dart forward in a column like lightning.... At a suitable distance from their prey, they divide into two squadrons.'Holley's Texas, p. 153. 'A Comanche will often throw himself upon the opposite side of his charger, so as to be protected from the darts of the enemy.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 312-13;Dewees' Texas, p. 234;Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 182;Ludecus,Reise, p. 104.

[710]'Ils tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que les enfants, qu'ils élèvent avec soin pour s'en servir comme d'esclaves.'Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 290. 'Invariably kill such men as offer the slightest impediment to their operations, and take women and children prisoners.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 24, 54. 'Prisoners of war belong to the captors.'Burnet, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 232;Farnham's Trav., p. 32;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 480;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 41;Foote's Texas, vol. i., p. 298;Horn's Captivity, p. 15;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 205.

[711]'Ten chiefs were seated in a circle within our tent, when the pipe, the Indian token of peace, was produced ... they at first refused to smoke, their excuse being, that it was not their custom to smoke until they had received some presents.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 39.

[712]'I saw no earthenware vessels among them; the utensils employed in the preparation of food being shallow basins of closely netted straw. They carried water in pitchers of the same material, but they were matted all over with a pitch.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 419. 'Aus Binsen und Weiden geflochtene Gefässe, mitunter auch einige aus Thon geformte;' ... by the door stood 'ein breiter Stein ... auf welchem mittelst eines kleineren die Mehlfrüchte zerrieben wurden.'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 396, 404. 'Panniers of wicker-work, for holding provisions, are generally carried on the horse by the women.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 210;Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 129. 'Their only implements are sticks.'Greene, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 140. 'They (the Axuas of Colorado River) had a beautiful fishing-net made out of grass.' ... 'They had also burnt earthen jars, extremely well made. The size of each of them might be about two feet in diameter in the greatest swell; very thin, light, and well formed.'Hardy's Trav., p. 338. 'Nets wrought with the bark of the willow.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 220;Browne's Apache Country, p. 200. 'Tienen mucha loza de las coloradas, y pintadas y negras, platos, caxetes, saleros; almofias, xicaras muy galanas: alguna de la loza está vidriada. Tienen mucho apercibimiento de leña, é de madera, para hacer sus casas, en tal manera, á lo que nos dieron á entender, que cuando uno queria hacer casa, tiene aquella madera allí de puesto para el efecto, y hay mucha cantidad. Tiene dos guaxexes á los lados del pueblo, que le sirven para se bañar, porque de otros ojos de agua, á tiro de arcabuz, beben y se sirven. A un cuarto de legua va el rio Salado, que decimos, por donde fué nuestro camino, aunque el agua salada se pierde de muchas leguas atrás.'Castaño de Sosa, inPacheco,Col. Doc. Inéd., tom. iv., p. 331;Taylor, inCal. Farmer,Feb. 14th, 1862;Browne's Apache Country, p. 200. 'Their only means of farming are sharpened sticks.'Colyer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 50.

[713]'Their utensils for the purpose of grinding breadstuff, consist of two stones; one flat, with a concavity in the middle; the other round, fitting partly into the hollow of the flat stone.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 209;Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 282.

[714]'The cradle of the Navajo Indians resembles the same article made by the Western Indians. It consists of a flat board, to support the vertebral column of the infant, with a layer of blankets and soft wadding, to give ease to the position, having the edges of the frame-work ornamented with leather fringe. Around and over the head of the child, who is strapped to this plane, is an ornamented hoop, to protect the face and cranium from accident. A leather strap is attached to the vertebral shell-work, to enable the mother to sling it on her back.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 435-6, and plate p. 74.

[715]'The saddle is not peculiar but generally resembles that used by the Mexicans. They ride with a very short stirrup, which is placed further to the front than on a Mexican saddle. The bit of the bridle has a ring attached to it, through which the lower jaw is partly thrust, and a powerful pressure is exerted by this means when the reins are tightened.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 292. 'Sa selle est faite de deux rouleaux de paille reliés par une courroie et maintenus par une sangle de cuir.'Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82;Tempsky's Mitla, p. 80. The Navajos have 'aus zähem Eschenholz gefertigten Sattelbogen.'Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. iv., p. 39.

[716]'Das Netz war weitmaschig, aus feinen, aber sehr starken Bastfäden geflochten, vier Fuss hoch, und ungefähr dreissig Fuss lang. Von vier zu vier Fuss befanden sich lange Stäbe an demselben, mittelst welcher es im Wasser, zugleich aber auch auf dem Boden und aufrecht gehalten wurde.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 227;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 220.

[717]'El apache para sacar lumbre, usa ... un pedazo de sosole y otro de lechuguilla bien secos. Al primero le forman una punta, lo que frotan con la segunda con cuanta velocidad pueden á la manera del ejercicio de nuestros molinillos para hacer el chocolate: luego que ambos palos se calientan con la frotacion, se encienden y producen el fuego.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 282.

[718]The Navajos 'manufacture the celebrated, and, for warmth and durability, unequaled, Navajo blanket. The Navajo blankets are a wonder of patient workmanship, and often sell as high as eighty, a hundred, or a hundred and fifty dollars.'Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1872, p. 53. 'Navajo blankets have a wide and merited reputation for beauty and excellence.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 305;Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 341;Turner, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852, tom. cxxxv., p. 314;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 13, 32, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Davis' El Gringo, p. 411;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 203;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 481;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 125;Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 567;Farnham's Life in Cal., pp. 373-4.

[719]'This art may have been acquired from the New Mexicans, or the Pueblo Indians.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217. 'This manufacture of blankets ... was originally learned from the Mexicans when the two people lived on amicable terms.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 367.

[720]'The blanket is woven by a tedious and rude process, after the manner of the Pueblo Indians.... The manner of weaving is peculiar, and is, no doubt, original with these people and the neighboring tribes.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 291;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 437.

[721]'The spinning and weaving is done ... by hand. The thread is made entirely by hand, and is coarse and uneven.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 291. 'The wool or cotton is first prepared by carding. It is then fastened to the spindle near its top, and is held in the left hand. The spindle is held between the thumb and the first finger of the right hand, and stands vertically in the earthen bowl. The operator now gives the spindle a twirl, as a boy turns his top, and while it is revolving, she proceeds to draw out her thread, precisely as is done by our own operatives, in using the common spinning-wheel. As soon as the thread is spun, the spindle is turned in an opposite direction, for the purpose of winding up the thread on the portion of it next to the wooden block.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 436.

[722]Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 436. 'The colors are woven in bands and diamonds. We have never observed blankets with figures of a complicated pattern.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 291.

[723]'The colors, which are given in the yarn, are red, black, and blue. The juice of certain plants is employed in dyeing, but it is asserted by recent authorities that the brightest red and blue are obtained by macerating strips of Spanish cochineal, and altamine dyed goods, which have been purchased at the towns.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 436. 'The colors are red, blue, black, and yellow; black and red being the most common. The red strands are obtained by unravelling red cloth, black by using the wool of black sheep, blue by dissolving indigo in fermented urine, and yellow is said to be by coloring with a particular flower.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 291. The women 'welche sich in der Wahl der Farben und der Zusammenstellung von bunten Streifen und phantastischen Figuren in dem Gewebe gegenseitig zu übertreffen suchen. Ursprünglich trugen die Decken nur die verschiedenen Farben der Schafe in breiten Streifen, doch seit die Navahoes farbige, wollene Stoffe von Neu-Mexiko beziehen können, verschaffen sie sich solche, um sie in Fäden aufzulösen, und diese dann zu ihrer eigenen Weberei zu verwenden.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 235;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 195.

[724]'Ils (the Apaches) travaillent bien les cuirs, font de belles brides.'Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 82. 'They manufacture rough leather.'Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 335. 'Man macht Leder.'Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 195. 'It has been represented that these tribes (the Navajos) wear leather shoes.... Inquiry from persons who have visited or been stationed in New Mexico, disaffirms this observation, showing that in all cases the Navajo shoes are skins, dressed and smoked after the Indian method.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 204;Cremony's Apaches, p. 305;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 286. They 'knit woolen stockings.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 411. 'They also manufacture ... a coarse woolen cloth with which they clothe themselves.'Clark, inHist. Mag., vol. viii., p. 280;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 403, vol. ii., pp. 244-5. 'The Navajoes raise no cotton.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 212. 'Sie sind noch immer in einigen Baumwollengeweben ausgezeichnet.'Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 349. 'These people (the inhabitants of Arizona in 1540) had cotton, but they were not very carefull to vse the same: because there was none among them that knew the arte of weauing, and to make apparel thereof.'Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 433;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 243;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 89;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 680;Alcedo,Diccionario, tom. iii., p. 184.

[725]The Xicarillas, 'manufacture a sort of pottery which resists the action of fire.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 8;Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 177. The Yuma 'women make baskets of willow, and also of tule, which are impervious to water; also earthen ollas or pots, which are used for cooking and for cooling water.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 111;Revillagigedo,Carta, MS., p. 21. 'Figure 4. A scoop or dipper, from the Mohave tribe, and as neat and original an article in earthenware as could well be designed by a civilized potter.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 46, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'Professor Cox was informed that the New Mexican Indians colored their pottery black by using the gum of the mezquite, which has much the appearance and properties of gum arabic, and then baking it. Much of the ancient pottery from the Colorado Chiquito is colored, the prevailing tints being white, black, and red.'Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 250;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 195. The Yampais had 'some admirably made baskets of so close a texture as to hold water; a wicker jar coated with pine tree gum.'Sitgreaves' Zuñi. Ex., p. 10;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 243.

[726]Gregg's Com. Prairies, p. 286. 'In regard to the manufacture of plumage, or feather-work, they certainly display a greater fondness for decorations of this sort than any Indians we have seen.... I saw no exhibition of it in the way of embroidery.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 79;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 349.

[727]'Mines d'argent exploitées par les Comanches, qui en tirent des ornements pour eux et pour leurs chevaux, ainsi que des balles pour leurs fusils.'Domenech,Jour., p. 132.

[728]The Mescaleros had 'a raft of bulrush or cane, floated and supported by some twenty or thirty hollow pumpkins fastened together.'Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 56. The Yumas had 'batteaus which could hold 200 or 300 pounds weight.'Id., vol. iv., p. 546. The Mojaves had 'Flössen, die von Binsen-Bündeln zusammengefügt waren (die einzige Art von Fahrzeug, welche ich bei den Bewohnern des Colorado-Thales bemerkte).'Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 401. 'Merely bundles of rushes placed side by side, and securely bound together with willow twigs ... their owners paddled them about with considerable dexterity.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 117, and plate.Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., pp. 238, 254;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 69.

[729]'Immense numbers of horses and sheep, attesting the wealth of the tribe.'Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 128, 130. 'They possess more wealth than all the other wild tribes in New Mexico combined.'Graves, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 179. 'They are owners of large flocks and herds.'Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 243;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 211, 212;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180;Davis' El Gringo, p. 411;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, pp. 291-2;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 289;Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 567;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 173;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 124;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 349;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 79;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 460;Cremony's Apaches, p. 254;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 60.

[730]The Jicarilla Apaches 'manufacture a species of coarse earthenware, which they exchange for corn and wheat.'Keithly, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 115.Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 123.

[731]'Das Eigenthum des Vaters nicht auf den Sohn übergeht, sondern dass Neffen und Nichten als die rechtmässigen Erben anerkannt werden wenn nicht der Vater bei Lebzeiten schon seine Habe an die eigenen Kinder geschenkt hat.'Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 234. 'The husband has no control over the property of his wife.... Property does not descend from father to son, but goes to the nephew of the decedent, or, in default of a nephew, to the niece ... but if, while living, he distributes his property to his children, that disposition is recognised.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, pp. 294-5. 'When the father dies ... a fair division is not made; the strongest usually get the bulk of the effects.'Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 357.

[732]'The blankets, though not purchasable with money ... were sold, in some instances, for the most trifling article of ornament or clothing.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 81. Shell beads, which they call 'pook,' are their substitute for money.'Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 115.

[733]The Querechos encountered by Coronado had with them 'un grand troupeau de chiens qui portaient tout ce qu'ils possédaient.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 117. 'The only property of these people, with the exception of a few articles belonging to their domestic economy, consists entirely in horses and mules.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 22;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 23;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347;Marcy's Rept., p. 188;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 116-17.

[734]'There are no subdivisions of land acknowledged in their territory, and no exclusive right of game.'Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 131. 'Their code is strictly Spartan.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 23.

[735]'They are sufficiently astute in dealing.'Burnet, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 232. 'Le chef des Indiens choisit, parmi ces objets, ceux qui sont nécessaires à sa tribu.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 193. 'In Comanche trade the main trouble consists in fixing the price of the first animal. This being settled by the chiefs.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 45;Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 190, 234;Burnet, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 232;Domenech,Jour., p. 130;Dewees' Texas, p. 36.

[736]Mr Bartlett, describing an excursion he made to the Sierra Waco near the Copper Mines in New Mexico, says, he saw 'an overhanging rock extending for some distance, the whole surface of which is covered with rude paintings and sculptures, representing men, animals, birds, snakes, and fantastic figures ... some of them, evidently of great age, had been partly defaced to make room for more recent devices.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 170-4, with cuts. In Arizona, Emory found 'a mound of granite boulders ... covered with unknown characters.... On the ground nearby were also traces of some of the figures, showing some of the hieroglyphics, at least, to have been the work of modern Indians.'Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 89, 90, with cut. The Comanches 'aimaient beaucoup les images, qu'ils ne se lassaient pas d'admirer.'Domenech,Jour., p. 136.

[737]'The Apaches count ten thousand with as much regularity as we do. They even make use of the decimal sequences.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 237.

[738]'They have no computation of time beyond the seasons ... the cold and hot season ... frequently count by the Caddo mode—from one to ten, and by tens to one hundred, &c.... They are ignorant of the elements of figures.'Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., pp. 129-30. 'Ce qu'ils savent d'astronomie se borne à la connaissance de l'étoile polaire.... L'arithmétique des sauvages est sur leurs doigts; ... Il leur faut absolument un objet pour nombrer.'Hartmann and Millard,Tex., pp. 112-13.

[739]The Navajos have no tribal government, and in reality no chiefs.Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 288. 'Their form of government is so exceedingly primitive as to be hardly worthy the name of a political organization.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 412, 413;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 71. 'Ils n'ont jamais connu de domination.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série. v., No. 96, p. 187. 'Each is sovereign in his own right as a warrior.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 177.

[740]'It is my opinion that the Navajo chiefs have but very little influence with their people.'Bennett, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 238, and 1870, p. 152;Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 357.

[741]'Los padres de familia ejercen esta autoridad en tanto que los hijos no salen de la infancia, porque poco antes de salir de la pubertad son como libres y no reconocen mas superioridad que sus propias fuerzas, ó la del indio que los manda en la campaña.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 282-3. 'Every rich man has many dependants, and these dependants are obedient to his will, in peace and in war.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 211;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 89. 'Every one who has a few horses and sheep is a "head man."'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 288;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 233. The rule of the Querechos is 'essentially patriarchal.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 20.

[742]'When one or more (of the Navajos) are successful in battle or fortunate in their raids to the settlements on the Rio Grande, he is endowed with the title of captain or chief.'Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1867, p. 357. 'En cualquiera de estas incorporaciones toma el mando del todo por comun consentimiento el mas acreditado de valiente.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 373. The Comanches have 'a right to displace a chief, and elect his successor, at pleasure.'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 346. A chief of the Comanches is never degraded 'for any private act unconnected with the welfare of the whole tribe.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 130.

[743]The office of chief is not hereditary with the Navajos.Cremony's Apaches, p. 307. The wise old men of the Querechos 'curb the impetuosity of ambitious younger warriors.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 20. 'I infer that rank is (among the Mojaves), to some extent, hereditary.'Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 67, 71. 'This captain is often the oldest son of the chief, and assumes the command of the tribe on the death of his father,' among the Apaches.Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 210.

[744]The Mescaleros and Apaches 'choose a head-man to direct affairs for the time being.'Carleton, inSmithsonian Rept., 1854, p. 315. 'Es gibt auch Stämme, an deren Spitze ein Kriegs- sowie ein Friedens-Häuptling steht.'Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 279;García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 315.

[745]When Col. Langberg visited the Comanches who inhabit the Bolson de Mapimi, 'wurde dieser Stamm von einer alten Frau angeführt.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 222;Id.,Cent. Amer., p. 352;Hardy's Trav., p. 348. 'I have never known them (Comanches) to make a treaty that a portion of the tribe do not violate its stipulations before one year rolls around.'Neighbors, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 267.

[746]The chiefs of the Comanches 'are in turn subject to the control of a principal chief.'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 345. 'La autoridad central de su gobierno reside en un gefe supremo.'Revista Científica, tom. i., p. 57;Escudero,Noticias de Chihuahua, p. 229. The southern Comanches 'do not of late years acknowledge the sovereignty of a common ruler and leader in their united councils nor in war.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 43. The Gila Apaches acknowledge 'no common head or superior.'Merriwether, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 170, 172.

[747]The Comanches 'hold regular councils quarterly, and a grand council of the whole tribe once a year.'Edward's Hist. Tex., p. 108. 'At these councils prisoners of war are tried, as well as all cases of adultery, theft, sedition and murder, which are punished by death. The grand council also takes cognizance of all disputes between the chiefs, and other matters of importance.'Maillard's Hist. Tex., p. 244. 'Their decisions are of but little moment, unless they meet the approbation of the mass of the people; and for this reason these councils are exceedingly careful not to run counter to the wishes of the poorer but more numerous class, being aware of the difficulty, if not impossibility, of enforcing any act that would not command their approval.'Collins, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 274. 'Singulis pagis sui Reguli erant, qui per praecones suos edicta populo denuntiabant.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 311. 'Tienen otra Persona, que llaman Pregonero, y es la segunda Persona de la República; el oficio de este, es manifestar al Pueblo todas las cosas que se han de hacer.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 337;Id., tom. i., p. 680. They recognize 'no law but that of individual caprice.'Steck, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 109. The Comanches 'acknowledge no right but the right of the strongest.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 575. 'La loi du talion est la base fondamentale du code politique, civil et criminel de ces diverses peuplades, et cette loi reçoit une rigoureuse application de nation à nation, de famille à famille, d'individu à individu.'Hartmann and Millard,Tex., p. 114.

[748]The Comanches punish 'Adultery, theft, murder, and other crimes ... by established usage.'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347. Among the Navajos, 'Lewdness is punished by a public exposure of the culprit.'Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 180.Marcy's Army Life, pp. 26, 59. Navajoes 'regard each other's right of property, and punish with great severity any one who infringes upon it. In one case a Navajo was found stealing a horse; they held a council and put him to death.'Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 344. A Cuchano young boy who frightened a child by foretelling its death, which accidentally took place the next day, 'was secretly accused and tried before the council for "being under the influence of evil spirits,"' and put to death.Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. iii.;Feudge, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1868, p. 137. Among the Yumas, 'Each chief punishes delinquents by beating them across the back with a stick. Criminals brought before the general council for examination, if convicted, are placed in the hands of a regularly appointed executioner of the tribe, who inflicts such punishment as the council may direct.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. iii.

[749]The Apache chief Ponce, speaking of the grief of a poor woman at the loss of her son, says: 'The mother of the dead brave demands the life of his murderer. Nothing else will satisfy her.... Would money satisfy me for the death of my son? No! I would demand the blood of the murderer. Then I would be satisfied.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 69. 'If one man (Apache) kills another, the next of kin to the defunct individual may kill the murderer—if he can. He has the right to challenge him to single-combat.... There is no trial, no set council, no regular examination into the crime or its causes; but the ordeal of battle settles the whole matter.'Id., p. 293.

[750]Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 7;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 294. 'Ils (Comanches) tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que les enfans.'Dillon,Hist. Mex., p. 98. The Navajos 'have in their possession many prisoners, men, women, and children, ... whom they hold and treat as slaves.'Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 244.

[751]One boy from Mexico taken by the Comanches, said, 'dass sein Geschäft in der Gefangenschaft darin bestehe die Pferde seines Herrn zu weiden.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 102;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 313. The natives of New Mexico take the women prisoners 'for wives.'Marcy's Rept., p. 187. Some prisoners liberated from the Comanches, were completely covered with stripes and bruises.Dewees' Texas, p. 232. Miss Olive Oatman detained among the Mohaves says: 'They invented modes and seemed to create necessities of labor that they might gratify themselves by taxing us to the utmost, and even took unwarranted delight in whipping us on beyond our strength. And all their requests and exactions were couched in the most insulting and taunting language and manner, as it then seemed, and as they had the frankness soon to confess, to fume their hate against the race to whom we belonged. Often under the frown and lash were we compelled to labor for whole days upon an allowance amply sufficient to starve a common dandy civilized idler.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 114-18, 130.

[752]'It appeared that the poor girl had been stolen, as the Indian (Axua) said, from the Yuma tribe the day before, and he now offered her for sale.'Hardy's Trav., p. 379. 'The practice of parents selling their children is another proof of poverty' of the Axuans.Id., p. 371.

[753]'According to their (Tontos') physiology the female, especially the young female, should be allowed meat only when necessary to prevent starvation.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 115. The Comanches 'enter the marriage state at a very early age frequently before the age of puberty.'Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 132. Whenever a Jicarilla female arrives at a marriageable age, in honor of the 'event the parents will sacrifice all the property they possess, the ceremony being protracted from five to ten days with every demonstration of hilarity.'Steck, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 109;Marcy's Army Life, p. 28-9. Among the Yumas, the applicant for womanhood is placed in an oven or closely covered hut, in which she is steamed for three days, alternating the treatment with plunges into the near river, and maintaining a fast all the time.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., pp. 110-11. The Apaches celebrate a feast with singing, dancing, and mimic display when a girl arrives at the marriageable state, during which time the girl remains 'isolated in a huge lodge' and 'listens patiently to the responsibilities of her marriageable condition,' recounted to her by the old men and chiefs. 'After it is finished she is divested of her eyebrows.... A month afterward the eye lashes are pulled out.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 143, 243-6.

[754]There is no marriage ceremony among the Navajoes 'a young man wishing a woman for his wife ascertains who her father is; he goes and states the cause of his visit and offers from one to fifteen horses for the daughter. The consent of the father is absolute, and the one so purchased assents or is taken away by force. All the marriageable women or squaws in a family can be taken in a similar manner by the same individual; i. e., he can purchase wives as long as his property holds out.'Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 357;Marcy's Army Life, p. 49;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 214;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 233.

[755]Among the Apaches, the lover 'stakes his horse in front of her roost.... Should the girl favor the suitor, his horse is taken by her, led to water, fed, and secured in front of his lodge.... Four days comprise the term allowed her for an answer.... A ready acceptance is apt to be criticised with some severity, while a tardy one is regarded as the extreme of coquetry.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 245-9;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 89;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 30, 51. The Apache 'who can support or keep, or attract by his power to keep, the greatest number of women, is the man who is deemed entitled to the greatest amount of honor and respect.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 44, 85. Un Comanche, 'peut épouser autant de femmes qu'il veut, à la seule condition de donner à chacune un cheval.'Domenech,Jour., p. 135. Among the Navajoes, 'The wife last chosen is always mistress of her predecessors.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 42, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. They seldom, if ever, marry out of the tribe.Ward, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 455. 'In general, when an Indian wishes to have many wives he chooses above all others, if he can, sisters, because he thinks he can thus secure more domestic peace.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 306. 'I think that few, if any, have more than one wife,' of the Mojaves.Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 71.

[756]'The Navajo marriage-ceremony consists simply of a feast upon horse-flesh.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 460. When the Navajos desire to marry, 'they sit down on opposite sides of a basket, made to hold water, filled with atole or some other food, and partake of it. This simple proceeding makes them husband and wife.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 415.

[757]The Comanche women 'are drudges.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 575;Dufey,Résumé de l'Hist., tom. i., p. 4;Neighbors, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 265;Escudero,Noticias de Chihuahua, p. 230;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 308. Labor is considered degrading by the Comanches.Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347. The Apache men 'no cuidan de otras cosas, sino de cazar y divertirse.'Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 563;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 29, 49, 56. 'La femme (du Comanche) son esclave absolue, doit tout faire pour lui. Souvent il n'apporte pas même le gibier qu'il a tué, mais il envoie sa femme le chercher au loin.'Dubuis, inDomenech,Jour., p. 459. The Navajos 'treat their women with great attention, consider them equals, and relieve them from the drudgery of menial work.'Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 203. The Navajo women 'are the real owners of all the sheep.... They admit women into their councils, who sometimes control their deliberations; and they also eat with them.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 412;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 101., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'De aquí proviene que sean árbitros de sus mugeres, dandoles un trato servilísimo, y algunas veces les quitan hasta la vida por celos.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 268. 'Les Comanches, obligent le prisonnier blanc, dont ils ont admiré le valeur dans le combat, á s'unir aux leurs pour perpétuer sa race.'Fossey,Mexique, p. 462.

[758]Among the Apaches, 'muchas veces suele disolverse el contrato por unánime consentimiento de los desposados, y volviendo la mujer á su padre, entrega este lo que recibió por ella.'Cordero. inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 373. When the Navajo women abandon the husband, the latter 'asks to wipe out the disgrace by killing some one.'Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 334;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217.

[759]Navajo women, 'when in parturition, stand upon their feet, holding to a rope suspended overhead, or upon the knees, the body being erect.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290. 'Previous to a birth, the (Yuma) mother leaves her village for some short distance and lives by herself until a month after the child is born; the band to which she belongs then assemble and select a name for the little one, which is given with some trivial ceremony.'Emory's Rept., vol. i., p. 110;Marcy's Army Life, p. 31. 'Si el parto es en marcha, se hacen á un lado del camino debajo de un árbol, en donde salen del lance con la mayor facilidad y sin apuro ninguno, continuando la marcha con la criatura y algun otro de sus chiquillos, dentro de una especie de red, que á la manera de una canasta cargan en los hombros, pendiente de la frente con una tira de cuero ó de vaqueta que la contiene, en donde llevan ademas alunos trastos ó cosas que comer.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 281;Fossey,Mexique, p. 462. 'Luego que sale á luz esta, sale la vieja de aquel lugar con la mano puesta en los ojos, y no se descubre hasta que no haya dado una vuelta fuera de la casa, y el objeto que primero se le presenta á la vista, es el nombre que se le pone á la criatura.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 335.

[760]Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 92;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 320;Ives' Colorado River, pp. 66, 71;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 211. 'Quand les Indiennes (Comanches) voyagent avec leurs enfants en bas âge, elles les suspendent à la selle avec des courroies qu'elles leur passent entre les jambes et sous les bras. Les soubresauts du cheval, les branches, les broussailles heurtent ces pauvres petits, les déchirent, les meurtrissent: peu importe, c'est une façon de les aguerrir.'Domenech,Journ.p. 135;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 52. 'A la edad de siete años de los apaches, ó antes, lo primero que hacen los padres, es poner á sus hijos el carcax en la mano enseñándoles á tirar bien, cuya táctica empiezan á aprender en la caza.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 283. The Apaches, 'juventutem sedulo instituunt castigant quod aliis barbaris insolitum.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 316. Male children of the Comanches 'are even privileged to rebel against their parents, who are not entitled to chastise them but by consent of the tribe.'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 346-7. In fact a Navajo Indian has said, 'that he was afraid to correct his own boy, lest the child should wait for a convenient opportunity, and shoot him with an arrow.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 294.

[761]Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 354;Cremony's Apaches, p. 367;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 399;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 119.

[762]'The Navajo women are very loose, and do not look upon fornication as a crime.'Guyther, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 339;Cremony's Apaches, p. 244. 'Prostitution is the rule among the (Yuma) women, not the exception.'Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 301;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 476;Browne's Apache Country, p. 96. 'Prostitution prevails to a great extent among the Navajoes, the Maricopas, and the Yuma Indians; and its attendant diseases, as before stated, have more or less tainted the blood of the adults; and by inheritance of the children.'Carleton, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 433. Among the Navajoes, 'the most unfortunate thing which can befall a captive woman is to be claimed by two persons. In this case, she is either shot or delivered up for indiscriminate violence.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 50. The Colorado River Indians 'barter and sell their women into prostitution, with hardly an exception.'Safford, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 139. 'The Comanche women are, as in many other wild tribes, the slaves of their lords, and it is a common practice for their husbands to lend or sell them to a visitor for one, two, or three days at a time.'Marcy's Rept., p. 187;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 419. 'Las faltas conyugales no se castigan por la primera vez; pero á la segunda el marido corta la punta de la nariz á su infiel esposa, y la despide de su lado.'Revista Científica, vol. i., p. 57;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 192. 'The squaw who has been mutilated for such a cause, isipso factodivorced, and, it is said, for ever precluded from marrying again. The consequence is, that she becomes a confirmed harlot in the tribe.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 43, 308-10, 313. 'El culpable, segun dicen, jamas es castigado por el marido con la muerte; solamente se abroga el derecho de darle algunos golpes y cogerse sus mulas ó caballos.'Berlandier y Thovel,Diario, p. 253;Marcy's Army Life, p. 49. 'These yung men may not haue carnall copulation with any woman: but all the yung men of the countrey which are to marrie, may company with them.... I saw likewise certaine women which liued dishonestly among men.'Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 436.

[763]'They tolde mey that ... such as remayned widowes, stayed halfe a yeere, or a whole yeere before they married.'Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 431;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 110;Marcy's Army Life, p. 54;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 234;García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 315.

[764]'En las referidas reuniones los bailes son sus diversiones favoritas. Los hacen de noche al son de una olla cubierta la boca con una piel tirante, que suenan con un palo, en cuya estremidad lian un boton de trapos. Se interpolan ambos secsos, saltan todos a un mismo tiempo, dando alaridos y haciendo miles de ademanes, en que mueven todos los miembros del cuerpo con una destreza extraordinaria, arremedando al coyote y al venado. Desta manera forman diferentes grupos simétricamente.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 269;Marcy's Army Life, p. 177;Cremony's Apaches, p. 285. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de ridiculo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gusten tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 335. 'The females (of the Apaches) do the principal part of the dancing.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212. 'Among the Abenakis, Chactas, Comanches, and other Indian tribes, the women dance the same dances, but after the men, and far out of their sight ... they are seldom admitted to share any amusement, their lot being to work.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 199, 214. 'De éstos vinieron cinco danzas, cada una compuesta de treinta indias; de éstas, veintiseis como de 15 à 20 años, y las cuatro restantes de mas edad, que eran las que cuidaban y dirigian à las jóvenes.'Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 288. 'The dance (of the Tontos) is similar to that of the California Indians; a stamp around, with clapping of hands and slapping of thighs in time to a drawl of monotones.'Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 419.

[765]Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 180. The Yumas 'sing some few monotonous songs, and the beaux captivate the hearts of their lady-loves by playing on a flute made of cane.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. iii. 'No tienen mas orquesta que sus voces y una olla ó casco de calabazo à que se amarra una piel tirante y se toca con un palo.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 373-4;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 419;Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 71-2;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., pp. 166, 168.

[766]Stanley's Portraits, p. 55;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 133. 'Y el vicio que tienen estos Indios, es jugar en las Estufas las Mantas, y otras Preseas con vnas Cañuelas, que hechan en alto (el qual Juego vsaban estos Indios Mexicanos) y al que no tiene mas que vna Manta, y la pierde, se la buelven; con condicion, que ha de andar desnudo por todo el Pueblo, pintado, y embijado todo el cuerpo, y los Muchachos dandole grita.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 680.

[767]Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347.

[768]'The players generally take each about ten arrows, which they hold with their bows in the left hand; he whose turn it is advances in front of the judges, and lances his first arrow upwards as high as possible, for he must send off all the others before it comes down. The victory belongs to him who has most arrows in the air together, and he who can make them all fly at once is a hero.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 198. 'The Indians amuse themselves shooting at the fruit (pitaya), and when one misses his aim and leaves his arrow sticking in the top of the cactus, it is a source of much laughter to his comrades.'Browne's Apache Country, p. 78;Armin,Das Heutige Mexiko, p. 309. The hoop and pole game of the Mojaves is thus played. 'The hoop is six inches in diameter, and made of elastic cord; the poles are straight, and about fifteen feet in length. Rolling the hoop from one end of the course toward the other, two of the players chase it half-way, and at the same time throw their poles. He who succeeds in piercing the hoop wins the game.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 463;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. iii.;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 114;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., pp. 216, 223;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 395;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 214. 'Tienen unas pelotas de materia negra como pez, embutidas en ella varias conchuelas pequeñas del mar, con que juegan y apuestan arrojándola con el pié.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 111;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851.

[769]'Los salvages recogen sus hojas generalmente en el Otoño, las que entónces están rojas y muy oxidadas: para hacer su provision, la secan al fuego ó al sol, y para fumarlas, las mezclan con tabaco.'Berlandier y Thovel,Diario, p. 257. The Comanches smoke tobacco, 'mixed with the dried leaves of the sumach, inhaling the smoke into their lungs, and giving it out through their nostrils.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 29, 32;Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 432;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 285.

[770]Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 352. The Comanches 'avoid the use of ardent spirits, which they call "fool's water."'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 307.Dubuis, inDomenech,Jour., p. 469. 'In order to make an intoxicating beverage of the mescal, the roasted root is macerated in a proportionable quantity of water, which is allowed to stand several days, when it ferments rapidly. The liquor is boiled down and produces a strongly intoxicating fluid.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 217. 'When its stem (of the maguey) is tapped there flows from it a juice which, on being fermented, produces the pulque.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 290. The Apaches out of corn make an intoxicating drink which they called "teeswin," made by boiling the corn and fermenting it.Murphy, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 347;Hardy's Trav., pp. 334, 337.

[771]Jones, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 223;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 108;Domenech,Jour., p. 137;Turner, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852, tom. 135, p. 307;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 212;García Conde, inAlbum Mex., 1849, tom. i., p. 165;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 277;Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 182;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 114-6;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 61;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 399. The Apache women, 'Son tan buenas ginetas, que brincan en un potro, y sin mas riendas que un cabrestillo, saben arrendarlo.'Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 298;Marcy's Army Life, p. 28;Figuier's Hum. Race, p. 480. 'A short hair halter was passed around under the neck of the horse, and both ends tightly braided into the mane, on the withers, leaving a loop to hang under the neck, and against the breast, which, being caught up in the hand, makes a sling into which the elbow falls, taking the weight of the body on the middle of the upper arm. Into this loop the rider drops suddenly and fearlessly, leaving his heel to hang over the back of the horse, to steady him, and also to restore him when he wishes to regain his upright position on the horse's back.'Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 540;Davis' El Gringo, p. 412. Les Comanches 'regardent comme un déshonneur d'aller à pied.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 192;Cremony's Apaches, p. 282. The Comanches, for hardening the hoofs of horses and mules, have a custom of making a fire of the wild rosemary—artemisia—and exposing their hoofs to the vapor and smoke by leading them slowly through it.Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 203.

[772]Marcy's Army Life, p. 18;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 290;Cordoue, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. x., p. 443;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 454;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 209. 'Les Teyas et Querechos ont de grands troupeaux de chiens qui portent leur bagage; ils l'attachent sur le dos de ces animaux au moyen d'une sangle et d'un petit bât. Quand la charge se dérange les chiens se mettent à hurler, pour avertir leur maître de l'arranger.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 117, 125, 190. 'On the top of the bank we struck a Camanche trail, very broad, and made by the lodge poles, which they transport from place to place ... by fastening them on each side of their pack horses, leaving the long ends trailing upon the ground.'Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 154. 'Si carecen de cabalgaduras, cargan los muebles las mujeres igualmente que sus criaturas.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 317;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 128.

[773]Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 132;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., p. 234;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 29, 33, 189;Marcy's Rept., p. 187;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 38, 46;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 473, 475;Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 378. When the Yampais 'wish to parley they raise a firebrand in the air as a sign of friendship.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 218.

[774]'These messengers (of the Mohaves) were their news-carriers and sentinels. Frequently two criers were employed (sometimes more) one from each tribe. These would have their meeting stations. At these stations these criers would meet with promptness, and by word of mouth, each would deposit his store of news with his fellow expressman, and then each would return to his own tribe with the news.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 220, 283. 'El modo de darse sus avisos para reunirse en casos de urgencia de ser perseguidos, es por medio de sus telégrafos de humos que forman en los cerros mas elevados formando hogueras de los palos mas humientos que ellos conocen muy bien.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 281.Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 5. 'Para no detenerse en hacer los humos, llevan los mas de los hombres y mujeres, los instrumentos necessarios para sacar lumbre; prefieren la piedra, el eslabon, y la yesca; pero si no tienen estos útiles, suplen su falta con palos preparados al efecto bien secos, que frotados se inflaman.'García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., p. 317.

[775]Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 18. 'Su frazada en tiempo de frio es un tizon encendido que aplicándolo á la boca del estómago caminan por los mañanas, y calentando ya el sol como a las ocho tiran los tizones, que por muchos que hayan tirado por los caminos, pueden ser guias de los caminantes.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851.

[776]The Comanches 'have yearly gatherings to light the sacred fires; they build numerous huts, and sit huddled about them, taking medicine for purification, and fasting for seven days. Those who can endure to keep the fast unbroken become sacred in the eyes of the others.'Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 451. If a Yuma kills one of his own tribe he keeps 'a fast for one moon; on such occasions he eats no meat—only vegetables—drinks only water, knows no woman, and bathes frequently during the day to purify the flesh.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 110. 'It was their (Mojaves,) custom never to eat salted meat for the next moon after the coming of a captive among them.'Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 180;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 402;Domenech,Jour., p. 13;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 125-6.

[777]'Entre cuyas tribus hay algunas que se comen á sus enemigos.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 332. 'Los chirumas, que me parecen ser los yumas, no se que coman carne humana como dijo el indio cosnina.'Garces, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 363. 'Among the spoil which we took from these Camanches, we found large portions of human flesh evidently prepared for cooking.'Dewees' Texas, p. 232-3. Certain Europeans have represented the Comanches 'as a race of cannibals; but according to the Spaniards ... they are merely a cruel, dastardly race of savages.'Pagés' Travels, vol. i., p. 107.

[778]Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 451;Berlandier y Thovel,Diario, p. 253;Cremony's Apaches, p. 34;Davis' El Gringo, p. 407.

[779]Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 418. 'Gonorrhœa and syphilis are not at all rare' among the Navajos.Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290;Marcy's Army Life, p. 31.

[780]Hardy's Trav., p. 442-3. 'Los comanches la llaman Puip; y cuando uno de entre ellos está herido, mascan la raiz (que es muy larga) y esprimen el yugo y la saliva en la llaga.'Berlandier y Thovel,Diario, p. 257;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 290;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 118;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 156;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 289;Browne's Apache Country, p. 63;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 142;Id.,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 118;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 335;Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 130;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 193. The Apaches: 'Cuando se enferma alguno á quien no han podido hacer efecto favorable la aplicacion de las yerbas, único antidoto con que se curan, lo abandonan, sin mas diligencia ulterior que ponerle un monton de brasas á la cabecera y una poca de agua, sin saberse hasta hoy qué significa ésto ó con qué fin la hacen.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 280.

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