Chapter 39

[781]Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217;Domenech,Jour., pp. 13, 139;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 42, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 240-1. Among the Comanches during the steam bath, 'the shamans, or medicine-men, who profess to have the power of communicating with the unseen world, and of propitiating the malevolence of evil spirits, are performing various incantations, accompanied by music on the outside.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 60;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 576;Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 358. 'De aquí ha sucedido que algunos indios naturalmente astutos, se han convertido en adivinos, que han llegado á sostener como á sus oràculos. Estos mismos adivinos hacen de médicos, que por darse importancía á la aplicacion de ciertas yerbas, agregan porcion de ceremonias supersticiosas y ridiculas, con cánticos estraños, en que hablan á sus enfermos miles de embustes y patrañas.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 280.[782]At the Colorado river they 'burned those which dyed.'Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 432;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 404;Browne's Apache Country, p. 97;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 467;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 240-1. 'It is the custom of the Mojaves to burn their property when a relation dies to whose memory they wish to pay especial honor.'Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 69. 'Die Comanches tödteten früher das Lieblingsweib des gestorbenen Häuptlings.'Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 88. 'No Navajo will ever occupy a lodge in which a person has died. The lodge is burned.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 213;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 289. 'When a death occurs they (Yumas) move their villages, although sometimes only a short distance, but never occupying exactly the same locality.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 110.[783]'When a Comanche dies ... he is usually wrapped in his best blankets or robes, and interred with most of his "jewelry," and other articles of esteem.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 317, 243. 'Cuando muere algun indio, ... juntando sus deudos todas las alhajas de su peculio, se las ponen y de esta manera lo envuelven en una piel de cíbolo y lo llevan á enterrar.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 336;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 69. The Comanches cover their tombs 'with grass and plants to keep them concealed.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 363;Id.,Jour., p. 14. The Apaches: 'probably they bury their dead in caves; no graves are ever found that I ever heard of.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212. See alsoJames' Exped., vol. ii., p. 305. 'On the highest point of the hill, was a Comanche grave, marked by a pile of stones and some remnants of scanty clothing.'Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 137, 151. The custom of the Mescalero Apaches 'heretofore has been to leave their dead unburied in some secluded spot.'Curtis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 402;Cremony's Apaches, p. 50;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 233;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 119.[784]Among the Navajos 'Immediately after a death occurs a vessel containing water is placed near the dwelling of the deceased, where it remains over night; in the morning two naked Indians come to get the body for burial, with their hair falling over and upon their face and shoulders. When the ceremony is completed they retire to the water, wash, dress, do up their hair, and go about their usual avocations.'Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 358. The Navajos 'all walked in solemn procession round it (the grave) singing their funeral songs. As they left it, every one left a present on the grave; some an arrow, others meat, moccasins, tobacco, war-feathers, and the like, all articles of value to them.'Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 119;Revista Científica, tom. i., p. 57. 'A los niños y niñas de pecho les llevan en una jicara la leche ordenada de sus pechos las mismas madres, y se las echan en la sepultura; y esto lo hacen por algunos dias continuos.'Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 543;Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 133;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 280;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 100;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 304;Marcy's Army Life, p. 56. 'When a young warrior dies, they mourn a long time, but when an old person dies, they mourn but little, saying that they cannot live forever, and it was time they should go.'Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 192, 236.[785]Davis' El Gringo, pp. 414-5;Cremony's Apaches, pp. 250, 297.[786]'The quality of mercy is unknown among the Apaches.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 33-4, 193, 215-16, 227-8. 'Perfectly lawless, savage, and brave.'Marcy's Rept., p. 197. 'For the sake of the booty, also take life.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 202. 'Inclined to intemperance in strong drinks.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 211. 'Ferocísimos de condicion, de naturaleza sangrientos.'Almanza, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 824. 'Sumamente vengativo.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 283. 'Alevoso y vengativo caracte ... rastutos ladrones, y sanguinarios.'Bustamante, inCavo,Tres Siglos, tom. iii., p. 78. 'I have not seen a more intelligent, cheerful, and grateful tribe of Indians than the roving Apaches.'Colyer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, pp. 15, 47, 51;García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., pp. 314-15, 317;Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS., p. 4;Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 371;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 322, 326-7;Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 419;Apostólicos Afanes, p. 430;Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 83;Turner, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852, tom. cxxxv., pp. 307, 314;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 5, 6, 8;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 294;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 330, 361;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 243;Ward's Mexico, vol. i., p. 580;Mowry's Arizona, pp. 31-2;Pope, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 13;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 14, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 273;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 291, 295;Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal., p. 99;Edward's Hist. Tex., p. 95;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 323;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 187;Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 341;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., pp. 462-3;Figuier's Hum. Race, pp. 482, 484;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 419;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., p. 404;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 44;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 111;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 475-6, andCent. Amer., p. 527;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 117;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 99;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 850; see further,Ind. Aff. Repts., from 1854 to 1872;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 116, 122.[787]The Navajos: 'Hospitality exists among these Indians to a great extent.... Nor are these people cruel.... They are treacherous.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, pp. 292, 295. 'Brave, hardy, industrious.'Colyer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 89;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 40. 'Tricky and unreliable.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 56. The Mojaves: 'They are lazy, cruel, selfish; ... there is one good quality in them, the exactitude with which they fulfil an agreement.'Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 20, 71-2;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 211;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 329;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 234;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 217-18;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 203;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 384.[788]Cortez, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 124. 'Estos indios se aventajan en muchas circunstancias á los yumas y demas naciones del Rio Colorado; son menos molestos y nada ladrones.'Garces, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 273; also inArricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 472;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 62.[789]'Grave and dignified ... implacable and unrelenting ... hospitable, and kind ... affectionate to each other ... jealous of their own freedom.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 25, 30-1, 34, 36-9, 41, 60. 'Alta estima hacen del valor estas razas nomadas.'Museo Mex., tom. ii., p. 34. 'Loin d'être cruels, ils-sont très-doux et très-fidèles dans leurs amitiés.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., serie i., tom. ix., p. 191;Payno, inRevista Científica, tom. i., p. 57;Escudero,Noticias de Chihuahua, pp. 229-30;Domenech,Jour., pp. 13, 137, 469;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, tom. v., No. 96, p. 193;Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., pp. 132-3;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 293, 295; vol. ii., pp. 307, 313;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 273;Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 182;Pagés' Travels, vol. i., p. 107;Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. ii., p. 308.[790]'Tiguex est situé vers le nord, à environ quarante lieues,' from Cíbola.Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 165. 'La province de Cibola contient sept villages; le plus grand se nomme Muzaque.'Id., p. 163. Of two provinces north of Tiguex, 'l'une se nommait Hemes, et renfermait sept villages; l'autre Yuque-Yunque.'Id., p. 138. 'Plus au nord (of Tiguex) est la province de Quirix ... et celle de Tutahaco.'Id., p. 168. From Cicuyé to Quivira, 'On compte sept autres villages.'Id., p. 179. 'Il existe aussi, d'après le rapport ... un autre royaume très-vaste, nommé villes, et la capitale. Acus sans aspiration est un royaume.'Niza, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 271. 'The kingdome of Totonteac so much extolled by the Father prouinciall, ... the Indians say is a hotte lake, about which are five or sixe houses; and that there were certaine other, but that they are ruinated by warre. The kingdome of Marata is not to be found, neither haue the Indians any knowledge thereof. The kingdome of Acus is one onely small citie, where they gather cotton which is called Acucu, and I say that this is a towne. For Acus with an aspiration nor without, is no word of they countrey. And because I gesse that they would deriue Acucu of Acus, I say that it is this towne whereinto the kingdom of Acus is conuerted.'Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 378;Espeio, inId., pp. 386-394;Mendoza,Lettre, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 296;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 315;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 100;Escalante, inId., pp. 124-5;Pike's Explor. Trav., pp. 341-2;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 528-9;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 220;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 197.[791]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 10-12, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 128-130;Hezio,Noticia de las Misiones, inMeline's Two Thousand Miles, pp. 208-9;Chacon, inId., pp. 210-11;Alencaster, inId., p. 212;Davis' El Gringo, p. 115;Calhoun, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 633.[792]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 13, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'Los nombres de los pueblos del Moqui son, segun lengua de los Yavipais, Sesepaulabá, Masagneve, Janogualpa, Muqui, Concabe y Muca á quien los zuñís llaman Oraive, que es en el que estuve.'Garces, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 332;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 195;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 127.[793]Affirmations are abundant enough, but they have no foundation whatever in fact, and many are absurd on their face. 'Nous affirmons que les Indiens Pueblos et les anciens Mexicains sont issus d'une seule et même souche.'Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 44. 'These Indians claim, and are generally supposed, to have descended from the ancient Aztec race.'Merriwether, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 174. 'They are the descendants of the ancient rulers of the country.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 114. 'They are the remains of a once powerful people.'Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1872, p. 55;Colyer, inId., 1869, p. 90. 'They (Moquis) are supposed by some to be descended from the band of Welsh, which Prince Madoc took with him on a voyage of discovery, in the twelfth century; and it is said that they weave peculiarly and in the same manner as the people of Wales.'Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 81. 'Il est assez singulier que les Moquis soient désignés par les trappers et les chasseurs américains, qui pènètrent dans leur pays ... sous le nom d'Indiens Welches.'Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 55. 'Moques, supposed to be vestiges of Aztecs.'Amer. Quart. Register, vol. i., p. 173;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 431.[794]'Les hommes sont petits.'Mendoza,Lettre, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 294. The Moquis are 'of medium size and indifferently proportioned, their features strongly marked and homely, with an expression generally bright and good-natured.'Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 120-2, 123-7. The Keres 'sind hohen Wuchses.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 453;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 197;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 240;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 301;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 93;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 67-8;Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 52-3;Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 342.[795]'The people are somewhat white.'Niza, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 372. 'Much fairer in complexion than other tribes.'Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 195;Kendall's Nar., vol. i., p. 379;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 230;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 423, 431;Walker, inS. F. Herald,Oct. 15, 1853;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 41.[796]'Prettiest squaws I have yet seen.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 111. Good looking and symmetrical.Davis' El Gringo, pp. 421-2.[797]Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 81. 'Many of the inhabitants have white skin, fair hair, and blue eyes.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 210, vol. ii., p. 66;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 220-1;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 285;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 456.[798]'A robust and well-formed race.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 90, 103. 'Well built, generally tall and bony.'Walker's Pimas, MS.The Maricopas 'sont de stature plus haute et plus athlétique que les Pijmos.'Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 290; see alsoEmory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., pp. 49, 50;Id., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 12;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 19;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 103;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 196;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 132;Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS.;Johnson's Hist. Arizona, p. 11;Brackett, inWestern Monthly, p. 169;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 448;San Francisco Bulletin,July, 1860.[799]'Las mujeres hermosas.'Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., pp. 298, 364. 'Rather too much inclined to embonpoint.'Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 31, 33, 39;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 229.[800]'Ambos secsos ... no mal parecidos y muy melenudos.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 116, 161. 'Trigueños de color.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Die Masse, Dicke und Länge ihres Haupthaares grenzt an das Unglaubliche.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 455;Id.,Cent. Amer., p. 513;Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 557;Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 143-5, 149;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 180.[801]'Heads are uncovered.'Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 196. 'Los hombres visten, y calçan de cuero, y las mugeres, que se precian de largos cabellos, cubren sus cabeças y verguenças con lo mesmo.'Gomara,Hist. Ind., fol. 275. 'De kleeding bestond uit kotoene mantels, huiden tot broeken, genaeyt, schoenen en laerzen van goed leder.'Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 209, 217-18. The women 'having the calves of their legs wrapped or stuffed in such a manner as to give them a swelled appearance.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 14, 115;De Laet,Novus Orbis, pp. 297-8, 301, 303, 312-13;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 377, 380;Espejo, inId., pp. 384-96;Niza, inId., pp. 368, 370;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 457;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 30, 122, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 197, 203, vol. ii., pp. 213, 281;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 73-88;Wizlizenus' Tour, p. 26;Larenaudière,Mex. et Gaut., p. 147;Warden,Recherches, p. 79;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 99-100, 105-6;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 394;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 61-68, 76, 163, 173, 177;Jaramillo, inId., pp. 369-371;Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 119-127;Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 53;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 220;Abert, inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 471;Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 359;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 217, 283;Kendall's Nar., vol. i., p. 379;Revilla-Gigedo,Carta, MS.;Alcedo,Diccionario, tom. iv., p. 388;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 479;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 248, 279-80;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 195, 239.[802]Both sexes go bareheaded. 'The hair is worn long, and is done up in a great queue that falls down behind.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 147, 154-5, 421. The women 'trençan los cabellos, y rodeanse los à la cabeça, por sobre las orejas.'Gomara,Hist. Ind., fol. 273. 'Llevan las viejas el pelo hecho dos trenzas y las mozas un moño sobre cada oreja.'Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., pp. 328-9;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 220.[803]'Van vestidos estos indios con frazadas de algodon, que ellos fabrican, y otras de lana.'Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 235. Their dress is cotton of domestic manufacture.Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 132. 'Kunstreich dagegen sind die bunten Gürtel gewebt, mit denen die Mädchen ein Stück Zeug als Rock um die Hüften binden.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 440, 447;Browne's Apache Country, p. 68;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 123;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 452, vol. ii., pp. 216-7, 219;Cremony's Apaches, p. 104;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 103;Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 31, 33;Mowry's Arizona, p. 30;Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., pp. 364-5;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 116;Briefe aus den Verein. Staat., tom. ii., p. 322.[804]'Men never cut their hair.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 90. They plait and wind it round their heads in many ways; one of the most general forms a turban which they smear with wet earth.Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 454-6;Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 47;Emory, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 9;Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 143, 145, 149;Browne's Apache Country, p. 107;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 296.[805]Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 542. 'All of them paint, using no particular design; the men mostly with dark colors, the women, red and yellow.'Walker's Pimas, MS.;Johnson's Hist. Arizona, p. 11. 'The women when they arrive at maturity, ... draw two lines with some blue-colored dye from each corner of the mouth to the chin.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 228.[806]'Adornanse con gargantillas de caracolillos del mar, entreverados de otras cuentas de concha colorada redonda.'Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 299. 'They had many ornaments of sea shells.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 132. 'Some have long strings of sea-shells.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 230-1. 'Rarely use ornaments.'Walker's Pimas, MS.;Murr,Nachrichten, pp. 252-6;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 850-1.[807]Cremony's Apaches, p. 91;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. 131, p. 292;Browne's Apache Country, p. 108. The Maricopas 'occupy thatched cottages, thirty or forty feet in diameter, made of the twigs of cotton-wood trees, interwoven with the straw of wheat, corn-stalks, and cane.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 132;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 117;Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., pp. 277, 365-6. 'Leurs (Pápagos) maisons sont de formes coniques et construites en jonc et en bois.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 188;Walker's Pimas, MS.;Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 395;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 115, 161. 'Andere, besonders die dummen Papagos, machten Löcher und schliefen des Nachts hierinnen; ja im Winter machten sie in ihren Dachslöchern zuvor Feuer, und hitzten dieselben.'Murr,Nachrichten, p. 245. 'Their summer shelters are of a much more temporary nature, being constructed after the manner of a common arbor, covered with willow rods, to obstruct the rays of the vertical sun.'Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 222. In front of the Pimo house is usually 'a large arbor, on top of which is piled the cotton in the pod, for drying.'Emory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 48. The Pápagos' huts were 'fermées par des peaux de buffles.'Ferry,Scènes de la Vie Sauvage, p. 107. Granary built like the Mexicanjakals. They are better structures than their dwellings, more open, in order to give a free circulation of air through the grain deposited in them.Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 233-5.[808]Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 412;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 21, 23, 122, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii.;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 177;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 30-1. 'Ellas son las que hacen, y edifican las Casas, assi de Piedra, como de Adove, y Tierra amasada; y con no tener la Pared mas de vn pie de ancho, suben las Casas dos, y tres, y quatro, y cinco Sobrados, ó Altos; y á cada Alto, corresponde vn Corredor por de fuera; si sobre esta altura hechan mas altos, ó Sobrados (porque ay Casas que llegan á siete) son los demás, no de Barro, sino de Madera.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 681. For further particulars, seeCastañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 42, 58, 69, 71, 76, 80, 138, 163, 167, 169;Niza, inId., pp. 261, 269, 270, 279;Diaz, inId., pp. 293, 296;Jaramillo, inId., pp. 369,Cordoue, inId., tom. x., pp. 438-9;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 13, 90, 114;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 244;Ten Broeck, inId., vol. iv., pp. 76, 80, and plates, pp. 24, 72;Warden,Recherches, p. 79;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 191;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 455;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 453;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 278;Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 359;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 268, 276;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 195;Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 322;Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 119, 121, 126;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 97, 99, 104, 105;Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 42, 45, 52, 57;Gallatin, inId., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 248, 257, 267, 270, 277, 278, 288;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 385, 392, 394-6;Coronado, inId., vol. iii., pp. 377, 379;Niza, inId., vol. iii., pp. 367, 372;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 238;Id.,Tagebuch, pp. 217-18, 285;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 209, 215, 217. The town of Cíbola 'domos è lapidibus et caemento affabre constructas et conjunctim dispositas esse, superliminaria portarum cyaneis gemmis, (Turcoides vocant) ornata.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, pp. 297, 311-14;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 480. 'The houses are well distributed and very neat. One room is designed for the kitchen, and another to grind the grain. This last is apart, and contains a furnace and three stones made fast in masonry.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 118-20, 141, 311, 313, 318, 420, 422;Castaño de Sosa, inPacheco,Col. Doc. Inéd., tom. iv., pp. 329-30;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 178;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 394.[809]In the province of Tucayan, 'domiciliis inter se junctis et affabre constructis, in quibus et tepidaria quae vulgo Stuvas appellamus, sub terra constructa adversus hyemis vehementiam.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 301. 'In the centre was a small square box of stone, in which was a fire of guava bushes, and around this a few old men were smoking.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 110. 'Estufas, que mas propiamente deberian llamar sinagogas. En estas hacen sus juntas, forman sus conciliábulos, y ensayan sus bailes á puerta cerrada.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 333;Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, MS., p. 418;Gomara,Hist. Ind., fol. 273;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 13, 21;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 139, 165, 169-70, 176;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 392-3;Niel, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 90-1.[810]'Magna ipsis Mayzü copia et leguminum.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, pp. 298, 302, 310-13, 315. 'Hallaron en los pueblos y casas muchos mantenimientos, y gran infinidad de gallinas de la tierra.'Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 386, 393. 'Criaban las Indias muchas Gallinas de la Tierra.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 678. 'Zy leven by mair, witte orweten, haesen, konynen en vorder wild-braed.'Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 215, andDapper,Neue Welt, p. 242. CompareScenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 177;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 97-8, 104, 108;Cortez, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 122;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., pp. 5-6;Jaramillo, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 369-71;Diaz, inId., pp. 294-5;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 268, 281;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 86;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 16, 82, 91, 113;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 26;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 244; Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 52;Gallatin, inId., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 270-1, 279, 288-9, 292, 297;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 439, 445, 453;Möllhausen,Reisen in the Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 239, 284;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 178, 214-18, 233-7;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 78, 94, 107-10, 141-2, 276-7;Sedelmair, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 848, 850;Id., serie iv., tom. i., p. 19;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 131;Mowry's Arizona, p. 30;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 278;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 196, 221;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 221;Gomara,Hist. Ind., fol. 273;Ind. Aff. Repts., from 1857 to 1872.[811]'Para su sustento no reusa animal, por inmundo que sea.'Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 395. 'Los pápagos se mantienen de los frutos silvestres.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 160-1. 'Hatten grossen Appetit zu Pferd- und Mauleselfleisch.'Murr,Nachrichten, pp. 247-9, 267, 282-92;Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 837-8;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 188;Stone, inHist. Mag., vol. v., p. 166.[812]The Pimas 'Hacen grandes siembras ... para cuyo riego tienen formadas buenas acequias.'Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., pp. 235, 237. 'We were at once impressed with the beauty, order, and disposition of the arrangements for irrigating.'Emory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., pp. 47-8. With the Pueblos: 'Regen-bakken vergaederden 't water: of zy leiden 't uit een rievier door graften.'Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 218;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 312;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., pp. 385-7, 392-4;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 196.[813]Walker's Pimas, MS.;Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 299. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 851-2.[814]'Hacen de la Masa de Ma'z por la mañana Atole.... Tambien hacen Tamales, y Tortillas.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 679. 'The fruit of the petajaya ... is dried in the sun.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 89, 91, 106, 111-12. 'From the suwarrow (Cereus Giganteus) and pitaya they make an excellent preserve.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 123. See alsoIves' Colorado Riv., pp. 31, 45, 121, 123, 126;Carleton, inSmithsonian Rept., 1854, p. 308;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 8, 76;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., p. 378;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 113, 115;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 71, 164, 170-2;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 114, 119, 121-2, 147-8;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 218-9, 285.[815]Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 119-20, 124. 'Ils vont faire leurs odeurs au loin, et rassemblent les urines dans de grands vases de terre que l'on va vider hors du village.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 171.[816]'The only defensive armor they use is a rude shield made of raw bull-hide.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 145-6. 'Bows and arrows, and the wooden boomerang.'Colyer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 91. The Papagos 'armes sont la massue, la lance et l'arc; ils portent aussi une cuirasse et un bouclier en peau de buffle.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 188. For further comparisons seeWhipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 30, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 280;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 300;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., p. 147;Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 342;Niza, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., p. 372;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528.;Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 299;Sedelmair, inId., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851;Salmeron,Relaciones, inId., p. 106;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 217, 237.[817]Bows 'of strong willow-boughs.'Walker's Pimas, MS.'Bows are six feet in length, and made of a very tough and elastic kind of wood, which the Spaniards call Tarnio.'Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 91, 149.[818]The Pima 'arrows differ from those of all the Apache tribes in having only two feathers.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 103. 'War arrows have stone points and three feathers; hunting arrows, two feathers and a wooden point.'Walker's Pimas, MS.;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., p. 380.[819]The Pimas: 'Flechas, ennervadas con el eficaz mortífero veneno que componen de varias ponzoñas, y el zumo de la yerba llamada en pimaUsap.'Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 307. 'Die Spitzen ihrer Pfeile ... welche mit einer dunklen Substanz überzogen waren. Sie behaupteten, dass diese aus Schlangengift bestehe, was mir indess unwahrscheinlich ist.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 438;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 59, 107, 126.[820]'Una macana, como clava ó porra.... Estas son de un palo muy duro y pesado.'Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 556. 'Macanas, que son vnas palos de media vara de largo, y llanos todos de pedernales agudos, que bastan a partir por medio vn hombre.'Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., pp. 386, 393.[821]'De grosses pierres avaient été rassemblées au sommet, pour les rouler sur quiconque attaquerait la place.'Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 270. 'They have placed around all the trails leading to the town, pits, ten feet deep.'Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 81. See further,Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 376;Browne's Apache Country, p. 279;Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 840;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 179.[822]'Painted to the eyes, their own heads and their horses covered with all the strange equipments that the brute creation could afford.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 37.[823]'Sometimes a fellow would stoop almost to the earth, to shoot under his horse's belly, at full speed.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 37.[824]Walker's Pimas, MS.[825]Cremony's Apaches, p. 106.[826]Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 274-5;Browne's Apache Country, p. 104;Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 93, 148;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 223;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, serie v., No. 96, p. 188.[827]Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 78-9;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 206;Cremony's Apaches, pp. 108-9.[828]Walker's Pimas, MS.;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 292-4.[829]Baskets and pottery 'are ornamented with geometrical figures.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 227-8, 236. 'Schüsselförmige runde Körbe (Coritas), diese flechten sie aus einem hornförmigen, gleich einer Ahle spitzigen Unkraute.'Murr,Nachrichten, p. 193. The Pueblos had 'de la vaiselle de terre très-belle, bien vernie et avec beaucoup d'ornements. On y vit aussi de grands jarres remplies d'un métal brillant qui servait à faire le vernis de cette faïence.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 138, 173, 185; see alsoNiza, inId., p. 259. 'They (Pueblos) vse vessels of gold and siluer.'Niza, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 372;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 216, 271, 273, 279;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 435;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 97, 111;Carleton, inSmithsonian Rept., 1854, p. 308;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., pp. 457, 459;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 278;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 393;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 97;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 425;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 380;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 68, 109, 112, 276.[830]'All the inhabitants of the Citie (Cíbola) lie vpon beddes raysed a good height from the ground, with quilts and canopies ouer them, which couer the sayde Beds.'Niza, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 370;Id., inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 271. The Quires had 'umbracula (vulgo Tirazoles) quibus Sinenses utuntur Solis, Lunæ, et Stellarum imaginibus eleganter picta.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 312;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 393. The Moquis' chief men have pipes made of smooth polished stone.Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 87;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 121.[831]Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 72, 76, 87. 'Sie flechten von zartgeschlitzten Palmen auf Damastart die schönsten ganz leichten Hüthe, aus einem Stücke.'Murr,Nachrichten, p. 192. The Maricopa blankets will turn rain.Cremony's Apaches, pp. 106, 90. The Moquis wove blankets from the wool of their sheep, and made cotton cloth from the indigenous staple.Poston, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 388. The Maricopas make a heavy cloth of wool and cotton, 'used by the women to put around their loins; and an article from 3 to 4 inches wide, used as a band for the head, or a girdle for the waist.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 224. 'Rupicaprarum tergora eminebant (among the Yumanes) tam industriè præparata ut cum Belgicis certarent.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 310.[832]De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 301;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., pp. 117, 123;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 290;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 91, 113, 115;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 81, 86;Eaton, inId., vol. iv., p. 221;Emory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 48; see furtherInd. Aff. Reports, from 1854 to 1872;Browne's Apache Country, p. 290. 'These Papagos regularly visit a salt lake, which lies near the coast and just across the line of Sonora, from which they pack large quantities of salt, and find a ready market at Tubac and Tucson.'Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1859, p. 352, and 1860, p. 168. 'Many Pimas had jars of the molasses expressed from the fruit of the Cereus Giganteus.'Emory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 48.[833]'Die Vernichtung des Eigenthums eines Verstorbenen,—einen unglücklichen Gebrauch der jeden materiellen Fortschritt unmöglich macht.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. i., p. 437. 'The right of inheritance is held by the females generally, but it is often claimed by the men also.'Gorman, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 200. 'All the effects of the deceased (Pima) become common property: his grain is distributed; his fields shared out to those who need land; his chickens and dogs divided up among the tribe.'Browne's Apache Country, pp. 69, 112;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 121;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 262;Niza, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 264, 265, 267, 268;Id., inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 372. The Zuñis 'will sell nothing for money, but dispose of their commodities entirely in barter.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 91. The Pimos 'wanted white beads for what they had to sell, and knew the value of money.'Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 188;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. xi., pp. 164, 72. 'Ils apportèrent des coquillages, des turquoises et des plumes.'Cabeza de Vaca,Relation, inId., tom. vii., p. 274;Diaz, inId., tom. xi., p. 294;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 377. Many of the Pueblo Indians are rich, 'one family being worth over one hundred thousand dollars. They have large flocks.'Colyer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 89;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 144.[834]Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 278;Davis' El Gringo, p. 147;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 177;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 458;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., p. 380;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 284.[835]'Estos ahijados tienen mucho oro y lo benefician.'Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. i., p. 28. 'They vse vessels of gold and siluer, for they have no other mettal.'Niza, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 372;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 133;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 386-8, 393-5;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 217;Diaz, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 294.[836]Pueblo government purely democratic; election held once a year. 'Besides the officers elected by universal suffrage, the principal chiefs compose a "council of wise men."'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 142-4. 'One of their regulations is to appoint a secret watch for the purpose of keeping down disorders and vices of every description.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 274. See further:Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 168;Niza, inId., p. 269;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 455;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 298;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 26;Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 359;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxi., p. 277;Stanley's Portraits, p. 55.[837]Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 85, 76;Marcy's Army Life, p. 108.[838]'Gobierno no tienen alguno, ni leyes, tradiciones ó costumbres con que gobernarse.'Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 366. 'Cada cual gobernado por un anciano, y todas por el general de la nacion.'Escudero,Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa, p. 142;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 267. Compare:Grossman, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 124;Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1859, p. 356;Walker's Pimas, MS.[839]'Un homme n'épouse jamais plus d'une seule femme.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 164;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 86-7;Ward, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 190.[840]'Ils traitent bien leurs femmes.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 126. 'Desde que maman los Niños, los laban sus Madres con Nieve todo el cuerpo.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 679;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 123;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 178.[841]'Early marriages occur ... but the relation is not binding until progeny results.'Poston, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 152. 'No girl is forced to marry against her will, however eligible her parents may consider the match.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 222-4;Davis' El Gringo, p. 146;Cremony's Apaches, p. 105;Browne's Apache Country, p. 112.[842]'Si el marido y mujer se desavienen y los hijos non pequeños, se arriman á cualquiera de los dos y cada uno gana por su lado.'Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'Tanto los pápagos occidentales, como los citados gilas desconocen la poligamia.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 161. 'Among the Pimas loose women are tolerated.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 102-4;Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 59;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 117.[843]'The Pimas also cultivate a kind of tobacco, this, which is very light, they make up into cigaritos, never using a pipe.'Walker's Pimas, MS.The Pueblos 'sometimes get intoxicated.'Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1860, p. 169. The Pueblos 'are generally free from drunkenness.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 146.Cremony's Apaches, p. 112;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 446;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 249.[844]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 17. 'Their hair hung loose upon their shoulders, and both men and women had their hands painted with white clay, in such a way as to resemble open-work gloves. The women ... were bare-footed, with the exception of a little piece tied about the heel.... They all wore their hair combed over their faces, in a manner that rendered it utterly impossible to recognize any of them.... They keep their elbows close to their sides, and their heels pressed firmly together, and do not raise the feet, but shuffle along with a kind of rolling motion, moving their arms, from the elbows down, with time to the step. At times, each man dances around his squaw; while she turns herself about, as if her heels formed a pivot on which she moved.'Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 74. The dresses of the men were similar to those worn on other festivities, 'except that they wear on their heads large pasteboard towers painted typically, and curiously decorated with feathers; and each man has his face entirely covered by a vizor made of small willows with the bark peeled off, and dyed a deep brown.'Id., p. 83. 'Such horrible masks I never saw before—noses six inches long, mouths from ear to ear, and great goggle eyes, as big as half a hen's egg, hanging by a string partly out of the socket.'Id., p. 85. 'Each Pueblo generally had its particular uniform dress and its particular dance. The men of one village would sometimes disguise themselves as elks, with horns on their heads, moving on all-fours, and mimicking the animal they were attempting to personate. Others would appear in the garb of a turkey, with large heavy wings.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 271, 275. 'Festejo todo (Pimas) el dia nuestra llegada con un esquisito baile en forma circular, en cuyo centro figaraba una prolongada asta donde pendian trece cabelleras, arcos, flechas y demas despojos de otros tantos enemigos apaches que habian muerto.'Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 277. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de ridículo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gustan tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., pp. 333-5. For further particulars seeKendall's Nar., vol. i., p. 378;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 104-8;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 244;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 154-5;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 394;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., plates 1, 2, 3;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 67;Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 343.[845]Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 73-4;Johnson's Hist. Arizona, p. 11. 'Their instruments consisted, each of half a gourd, placed before them, with the convex side up; upon this they placed, with the left hand, a smooth stick, and with their right drew forward and backwards upon it, in a sawing manner, a notched one.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 17. 'I noticed, among other things, a reed musical instrument with a bell-shaped end like a clarionet, and a pair of painted drumsticks tipped with gaudy feathers.'Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 121. 'Les Indiens (Pueblos) accompagnent leurs danses et leur chants avec des flûtes, où sont marqués les endroits où il faut placer les doigts.... Ils disent que ces gens se réunissent cinq ou six pour jouer de la flûte; que ces instruments sont d'inégales grandeurs.'Diaz, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 295;Castañeda, inId., pp. 72, 172;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 455;Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 331. 'While they are at work, a man, seated at the door, plays on a bagpipe, so that they work keeping time: they sing in three voices.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 119.[846]The Cocomaricopas, 'componen unas bolas redondas del tamaño de una pelota de materia negra como pez, y embutidas en ellas varias conchitas pequeñas del mar con que hacen labores y con que juegan y apuestan, tirándola con la punta del pié corren tres ó cuatro leguas y la particularidad es que el que da vuelta y llega al puesto donde comenzaron y salieron á la par ese gana.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'It is a favorite amusement with both men [Maricopas] and boys to try their skill at hitting the pitahaya, which presents a fine object on the plain. Numbers often collect for this purpose; and in crossing the great plateau, where these plants abound, it is common to see them pierced with arrows.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 237;Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 301. 'Amusements of all kinds are universally resorted to [among the Pueblos]; such as foot-racing, horse-racing, cock-fighting, gambling, dancing, eating, and drinking.'Ward, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 192;Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., pp. 299, 365.[847]Walker's Pimas, MS.'The Papago of to-day will on no account kill a coyote.'Davidson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 132. 'Eben so abergläubischen Gebrauch hatten sie bey drohenden Kieselwetter, da sie den Hagel abzuwenden ein Stück von einem Palmteppiche an einem Stecken anhefteten und gegen die Wolken richteten.'Murr,Nachrichten, pp. 203, 207;Arny, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, pp. 385, 389. 'A sentinel ascends every morning at sunrise to the roof of the highest house, and, with eyes directed towards the east, looks out for the arrival of the divine chieftain, who is to give the sign of deliverance.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 165, 197, 390, 210, and vol. ii., p. 54. 'On a dit que la coutume singulière de conserver perpétuellement un feu sacré près duquel les anciens Mexicains attendaient le retour du dieu Quetzacoatl, existe aussi chez les Pueblos.'Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 58;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv.. p. 851;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 278;Cremony's Apaches, p. 92;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 93. 'I, however, one night, at San Felipe, clandestinely witnessed a portion of their secret worship. One of their secret night dances is called Tocina, which is too horrible to write about.'Arny, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 385;Ward, inId., 1864, p. 192;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 121;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 73, 77;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 278. 'Ils ont des prêtres ... ils montent sur la terrasse la plus élevée du village et font un sermon au moment où le soleil se lève.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 133, 164, 239.[848]Walker's Pimas, MS.;Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 361;Ruggles, inId., 1869, p. 209;Andrews, inId., 1870, p. 117;Ward, inId., 1864, p. 188;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 119, 311. The cause of the decrease of the Pecos Indians is 'owing to the fact that they seldom if ever marry outside of their respective pueblos.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 251;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 273. 'Au milieu [of the estufa] est un foyer allumé, sur lequel on jette de temps en temps une poignée de thym, ce qui suffit pour entretenir la chaleur, de sorte qu'on y est comme dans un bain.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 170.[849]Walker's Pimas, MS.The Pimas, 'usan enterrar sus varones con su arco y flechas, y algun bastimento y calabazo de agua, señal que alcanzan vislumbre de la immortalidad, aunque no con la distincion de prémio ó castigo.'Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'The Maricopas invariably bury their dead, and mock the ceremony of cremation.' ... 'sacrifice at the grave of a warrior all the property of which he died possessed, together with all in possession of his various relatives.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 103, 105. 'The Pimos bury their dead, while the Coco-Maricopas burn theirs.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 262. 'The females of the family [Pueblo] approached in a mournful procession (while the males stood around in solemn silence), each one bearing on her head a tinaja, or water-jar, filled with water, which she emptied into the grave, and whilst doing so commenced the death-cry. They came singly and emptied their jars, and each one joined successively in the death-cry; ... They believe that on a certain day (in August, I think) the dead rise from their graves and flit about the neighboring hills, and on that day, all who have lost friends, carry out quantities of corn, bread, meat, and such other good things of this life as they can obtain, and place them in the haunts frequented by the dead, in order that the departed spirits may once more enjoy the comforts of this nether world.'Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 75-8. If the dead Pima was a chief, 'the villagers are summoned to his burial. Over his grave they hold a grand festival. The women weep and the men howl, and they go into a profound mourning of tar. Soon the cattle are driven up and slaughtered, and every body heavily-laden with sorrow, loads his squaw with beef, and feasts for many days.'Browne's Apache Country, pp. 112-13;Murr,Nachrichten, pp. 204, 210, 281;Ferry,Scènes de la vie Sauvage, p. 115;Froebel's Cent. Amer., p. 500;Id.,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 437;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 165.[850]'Though naturally disposed to peaceful pursuits, the Papagoes are not deficient in courage.'Browne's Apache Country, pp. 142, 107, 110-11, 140, 277;Johnson's Hist. Arizona, p. 10;Stone, inHist. Mag., vol. v., p. 166;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 188;Escudero,Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa, p. 142;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 116, 160;Froebel's Cent. Amer., pp. 500, 506, 512;Id.,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 437, 447, 454;Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 238;Sedelmair,Relacion, inId., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 850;Gallardo, inId., p. 892. 'The peaceful disposition of the Maricopas is not the result of incapacity for war, for they are at all times enabled to meet, and vanquish the Apaches in battle.'Emory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 49;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., pp. 62, 103;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 282;Hardy's Trav., pp. 440, 443;Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., pp. 365-6;Mowry's Arizona, p. 30;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 397, 412;Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 553-5, 838. 'The Pueblos were industrious and unwarlike in their habits.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 98, 110. The Moquis 'are a mild and peaceful race of people, almost unacquainted with the use of arms, and not given to war. They are strictly honest.... They are kind and hospitable to strangers.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 421, 145. 'C'est une race (Pueblos) remarquablement sobre et industrieuse, qui se distingue par sa moralité.'Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 277, 288, 290;Ruxton, inId., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 45, 47, 60;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 191;Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 31, 36, 45, 122, 124-7;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 120, 268, 274;Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 342;Ribas,Hist. de los Triumphos, p. 241;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. iv., p. 453;Champagnac,Voyageur, p. 84;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 196, 221;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 392;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 26;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 91;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 72, 87;Eaton, inId., p. 220;Bent, inId., vol. i., p. 244;Kendall's Nar., vol. i., p. 378;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 126, 163;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 144;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 240. The Pueblos 'are passionately fond of dancing, and give themselves up to this diversion with a kind of frenzy.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 198, 185, 203, 206, and vol. ii., pp. 19, 51-2;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., pp. 188-9, 222;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 81, 91, 113, 115;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 177;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 679-80;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 239;Id.,Mex., Aztec etc., vol. ii., p. 358. See further:Ind. Aff. Rept., from 1854 to 1872.[851]Baegert, inSmithsonian Rept., 1863, p. 359;Forbes' Cal., pp. 20-2;Mofras,Explor., tom. i., p. 239;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 451;Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church, vol. i., pp. 95-6;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 446. 'Esse sono tre nella California Cristiana, cioè quelle de' Pericui, de' Guaicuri, e de' Cochimì.'Clavigero,Storia della Cal., tom. i., p. 109. Venegas, in giving the opinion of Father Taravàl, says: 'Tres son (dice este habil Missionero) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericù, y la de Loreto. De esta ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycùra, y la Uchiti; verdad es, que es la variacion tanta, que el que no tuviere connocimiento de las tres Lenguas, juzgara, no solo que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay cinco.... Està poblada la primera àzia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasta mas acá del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericú, ó siguiendo la terminacion Castellana de los Pericúes: la segunda desde la Paz, hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real de Loreto, es de los Monquis; la tercera desde el territorio de Loreto, por todo lo descubierto al Norte de la nacion Cochimi, ó de los Cochimíes.'Venegas,Noticia de la Cal., tom. i., pp. 63-6. 'Auf der Halbinsel Alt-Californien wohnen: an der Südspitze die Perícues, dann die Monquis oder Menguis, zu welchen die Familien der Guaycúras und Coras gehören, die Cochímas oder Colímiës, die Laimónes, die Utschítas oder Vehítis, und die Icas.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., p. 212. 'All the Indian tribes of the Peninsula seem to be affiliated with the Yumas of the Colorado and with the Coras below La Paz ... in no case do they differ in intellect, habits, customs, dress, implements of war, or hunting, traditions, or appearances from the well-known Digger Indians of Alta-California, and undoubtedly belong to the same race or family.'Browne's Lower Cal., pp. 53-4.[852]'Di buona statura, ben fatti, sani, e robusti.'Clavigero,Storia della Cal., tom. i., pp. 112-13. 'El color en todos es muy moreno ... no tienen barba ni nada de vello en el cuerpo.'Californias, Noticias, carta i., pp. 47, 61, carta ii., p. 12. Compare:Kino, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 407;Crespi, inId., serie iv., tom. vii., p. 135;Ulloa, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 345, 351;Venegas,Noticia de la Cal., tom. i., p. 68;Baegert, inSmithsonian Rept., 1863, p. 357;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 443-4;Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church, p. 99.[853]'Siendo de gran deshonra en los varones el vestido.'Salvatierra, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. v., p. 42. 'Aprons are about a span wide, and of different length.'Baegert, inSmithsonian Rept., 1863, pp. 361-2. Consult further:Venegas,Noticia de la Cal., tom. i., pp. 81-8, 113;Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church, pp. 96-9, 107-10;Forbes' Cal., pp. 9, 18;Clavigero,Storia della Cal., tom. i., pp. 120-3, 133, 144;Gemelli Careri, inChurchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 469, and inBerenger,Col. de Voy., tom. ii., p. 371.[854]'Unos se cortan un pedazo de oreja, otros las dos; otros agugerean el labio inferior, otros las narizes, y es cosa de risa, pues allí llevan colgando ratoncillos, lagartijitas, conchitas. &c.'Californias, Noticias, carta i., pp. 48, 22. 'It has been asserted that they also pierce the nose. I can only say that I saw no one disfigured in that particular manner.'Baegert, inSmithsonian Rept., 1863, p. 362. 'Nudi agunt, genas quadratis quibusdam notis signati.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 306. Further reference:Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 279, 282;Ulloa, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 347-8, and inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 412;Delaporte,Reisen, tom. x., p. 428.

[781]Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 217;Domenech,Jour., pp. 13, 139;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 42, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212;Parker's Notes on Tex., p. 240-1. Among the Comanches during the steam bath, 'the shamans, or medicine-men, who profess to have the power of communicating with the unseen world, and of propitiating the malevolence of evil spirits, are performing various incantations, accompanied by music on the outside.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 60;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 576;Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 358. 'De aquí ha sucedido que algunos indios naturalmente astutos, se han convertido en adivinos, que han llegado á sostener como á sus oràculos. Estos mismos adivinos hacen de médicos, que por darse importancía á la aplicacion de ciertas yerbas, agregan porcion de ceremonias supersticiosas y ridiculas, con cánticos estraños, en que hablan á sus enfermos miles de embustes y patrañas.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 280.

[782]At the Colorado river they 'burned those which dyed.'Alarchon, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 432;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 404;Browne's Apache Country, p. 97;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 467;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 240-1. 'It is the custom of the Mojaves to burn their property when a relation dies to whose memory they wish to pay especial honor.'Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 69. 'Die Comanches tödteten früher das Lieblingsweib des gestorbenen Häuptlings.'Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 88. 'No Navajo will ever occupy a lodge in which a person has died. The lodge is burned.'Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 213;Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, p. 289. 'When a death occurs they (Yumas) move their villages, although sometimes only a short distance, but never occupying exactly the same locality.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 110.

[783]'When a Comanche dies ... he is usually wrapped in his best blankets or robes, and interred with most of his "jewelry," and other articles of esteem.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., pp. 317, 243. 'Cuando muere algun indio, ... juntando sus deudos todas las alhajas de su peculio, se las ponen y de esta manera lo envuelven en una piel de cíbolo y lo llevan á enterrar.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 336;Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 347;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 69. The Comanches cover their tombs 'with grass and plants to keep them concealed.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 363;Id.,Jour., p. 14. The Apaches: 'probably they bury their dead in caves; no graves are ever found that I ever heard of.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 212. See alsoJames' Exped., vol. ii., p. 305. 'On the highest point of the hill, was a Comanche grave, marked by a pile of stones and some remnants of scanty clothing.'Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 137, 151. The custom of the Mescalero Apaches 'heretofore has been to leave their dead unburied in some secluded spot.'Curtis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 402;Cremony's Apaches, p. 50;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 233;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 119.

[784]Among the Navajos 'Immediately after a death occurs a vessel containing water is placed near the dwelling of the deceased, where it remains over night; in the morning two naked Indians come to get the body for burial, with their hair falling over and upon their face and shoulders. When the ceremony is completed they retire to the water, wash, dress, do up their hair, and go about their usual avocations.'Bristol, inInd. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com., 1867, p. 358. The Navajos 'all walked in solemn procession round it (the grave) singing their funeral songs. As they left it, every one left a present on the grave; some an arrow, others meat, moccasins, tobacco, war-feathers, and the like, all articles of value to them.'Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 119;Revista Científica, tom. i., p. 57. 'A los niños y niñas de pecho les llevan en una jicara la leche ordenada de sus pechos las mismas madres, y se las echan en la sepultura; y esto lo hacen por algunos dias continuos.'Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 543;Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 133;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 280;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 100;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 304;Marcy's Army Life, p. 56. 'When a young warrior dies, they mourn a long time, but when an old person dies, they mourn but little, saying that they cannot live forever, and it was time they should go.'Parker's Notes on Tex., pp. 192, 236.

[785]Davis' El Gringo, pp. 414-5;Cremony's Apaches, pp. 250, 297.

[786]'The quality of mercy is unknown among the Apaches.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 33-4, 193, 215-16, 227-8. 'Perfectly lawless, savage, and brave.'Marcy's Rept., p. 197. 'For the sake of the booty, also take life.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 202. 'Inclined to intemperance in strong drinks.'Henry, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 211. 'Ferocísimos de condicion, de naturaleza sangrientos.'Almanza, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 824. 'Sumamente vengativo.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 283. 'Alevoso y vengativo caracte ... rastutos ladrones, y sanguinarios.'Bustamante, inCavo,Tres Siglos, tom. iii., p. 78. 'I have not seen a more intelligent, cheerful, and grateful tribe of Indians than the roving Apaches.'Colyer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, pp. 15, 47, 51;García Conde, inSoc. Mex. Geog.,Boletin, tom. v., pp. 314-15, 317;Doc. Hist. N. Vizcaya, MS., p. 4;Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 371;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 322, 326-7;Smart, inSmithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 419;Apostólicos Afanes, p. 430;Lachapelle,Raousset-Boulbon, p. 83;Turner, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1852, tom. cxxxv., pp. 307, 314;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 5, 6, 8;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. i., p. 294;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 330, 361;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 243;Ward's Mexico, vol. i., p. 580;Mowry's Arizona, pp. 31-2;Pope, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 13;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 14, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 273;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 291, 295;Hist. Chrétienne de la Cal., p. 99;Edward's Hist. Tex., p. 95;Peters' Life of Carson, p. 323;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 187;Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 341;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 276;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., pp. 462-3;Figuier's Hum. Race, pp. 482, 484;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 419;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., p. 404;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 44;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 111;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 475-6, andCent. Amer., p. 527;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 117;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 99;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 850; see further,Ind. Aff. Repts., from 1854 to 1872;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, pp. 116, 122.

[787]The Navajos: 'Hospitality exists among these Indians to a great extent.... Nor are these people cruel.... They are treacherous.'Letherman, inSmithsonian Rept., 1855, pp. 292, 295. 'Brave, hardy, industrious.'Colyer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 89;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 40. 'Tricky and unreliable.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 56. The Mojaves: 'They are lazy, cruel, selfish; ... there is one good quality in them, the exactitude with which they fulfil an agreement.'Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 20, 71-2;Backus, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 211;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 329;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 234;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 217-18;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 203;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 384.

[788]Cortez, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 124. 'Estos indios se aventajan en muchas circunstancias á los yumas y demas naciones del Rio Colorado; son menos molestos y nada ladrones.'Garces, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 273; also inArricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 472;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 62.

[789]'Grave and dignified ... implacable and unrelenting ... hospitable, and kind ... affectionate to each other ... jealous of their own freedom.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 25, 30-1, 34, 36-9, 41, 60. 'Alta estima hacen del valor estas razas nomadas.'Museo Mex., tom. ii., p. 34. 'Loin d'être cruels, ils-sont très-doux et très-fidèles dans leurs amitiés.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., serie i., tom. ix., p. 191;Payno, inRevista Científica, tom. i., p. 57;Escudero,Noticias de Chihuahua, pp. 229-30;Domenech,Jour., pp. 13, 137, 469;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, tom. v., No. 96, p. 193;Neighbors, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., pp. 132-3;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 293, 295; vol. ii., pp. 307, 313;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 273;Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, p. 182;Pagés' Travels, vol. i., p. 107;Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. ii., p. 308.

[790]'Tiguex est situé vers le nord, à environ quarante lieues,' from Cíbola.Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 165. 'La province de Cibola contient sept villages; le plus grand se nomme Muzaque.'Id., p. 163. Of two provinces north of Tiguex, 'l'une se nommait Hemes, et renfermait sept villages; l'autre Yuque-Yunque.'Id., p. 138. 'Plus au nord (of Tiguex) est la province de Quirix ... et celle de Tutahaco.'Id., p. 168. From Cicuyé to Quivira, 'On compte sept autres villages.'Id., p. 179. 'Il existe aussi, d'après le rapport ... un autre royaume très-vaste, nommé villes, et la capitale. Acus sans aspiration est un royaume.'Niza, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 271. 'The kingdome of Totonteac so much extolled by the Father prouinciall, ... the Indians say is a hotte lake, about which are five or sixe houses; and that there were certaine other, but that they are ruinated by warre. The kingdome of Marata is not to be found, neither haue the Indians any knowledge thereof. The kingdome of Acus is one onely small citie, where they gather cotton which is called Acucu, and I say that this is a towne. For Acus with an aspiration nor without, is no word of they countrey. And because I gesse that they would deriue Acucu of Acus, I say that it is this towne whereinto the kingdom of Acus is conuerted.'Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 378;Espeio, inId., pp. 386-394;Mendoza,Lettre, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 296;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 315;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 100;Escalante, inId., pp. 124-5;Pike's Explor. Trav., pp. 341-2;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 528-9;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 220;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 197.

[791]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 10-12, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 128-130;Hezio,Noticia de las Misiones, inMeline's Two Thousand Miles, pp. 208-9;Chacon, inId., pp. 210-11;Alencaster, inId., p. 212;Davis' El Gringo, p. 115;Calhoun, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 633.

[792]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 13, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. 'Los nombres de los pueblos del Moqui son, segun lengua de los Yavipais, Sesepaulabá, Masagneve, Janogualpa, Muqui, Concabe y Muca á quien los zuñís llaman Oraive, que es en el que estuve.'Garces, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 332;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 195;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 127.

[793]Affirmations are abundant enough, but they have no foundation whatever in fact, and many are absurd on their face. 'Nous affirmons que les Indiens Pueblos et les anciens Mexicains sont issus d'une seule et même souche.'Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 44. 'These Indians claim, and are generally supposed, to have descended from the ancient Aztec race.'Merriwether, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 174. 'They are the descendants of the ancient rulers of the country.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 114. 'They are the remains of a once powerful people.'Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1872, p. 55;Colyer, inId., 1869, p. 90. 'They (Moquis) are supposed by some to be descended from the band of Welsh, which Prince Madoc took with him on a voyage of discovery, in the twelfth century; and it is said that they weave peculiarly and in the same manner as the people of Wales.'Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 81. 'Il est assez singulier que les Moquis soient désignés par les trappers et les chasseurs américains, qui pènètrent dans leur pays ... sous le nom d'Indiens Welches.'Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 55. 'Moques, supposed to be vestiges of Aztecs.'Amer. Quart. Register, vol. i., p. 173;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 431.

[794]'Les hommes sont petits.'Mendoza,Lettre, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 294. The Moquis are 'of medium size and indifferently proportioned, their features strongly marked and homely, with an expression generally bright and good-natured.'Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 120-2, 123-7. The Keres 'sind hohen Wuchses.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 453;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 197;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 240;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 301;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 93;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 67-8;Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 52-3;Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 342.

[795]'The people are somewhat white.'Niza, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 372. 'Much fairer in complexion than other tribes.'Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 195;Kendall's Nar., vol. i., p. 379;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 230;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 423, 431;Walker, inS. F. Herald,Oct. 15, 1853;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 41.

[796]'Prettiest squaws I have yet seen.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 111. Good looking and symmetrical.Davis' El Gringo, pp. 421-2.

[797]Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 81. 'Many of the inhabitants have white skin, fair hair, and blue eyes.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 210, vol. ii., p. 66;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 220-1;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 285;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 456.

[798]'A robust and well-formed race.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 90, 103. 'Well built, generally tall and bony.'Walker's Pimas, MS.The Maricopas 'sont de stature plus haute et plus athlétique que les Pijmos.'Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 290; see alsoEmory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., pp. 49, 50;Id., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 12;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 19;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 103;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 196;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 132;Bigler's Early Days in Utah and Nevada, MS.;Johnson's Hist. Arizona, p. 11;Brackett, inWestern Monthly, p. 169;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 448;San Francisco Bulletin,July, 1860.

[799]'Las mujeres hermosas.'Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., pp. 298, 364. 'Rather too much inclined to embonpoint.'Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 31, 33, 39;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 229.

[800]'Ambos secsos ... no mal parecidos y muy melenudos.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 116, 161. 'Trigueños de color.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'Die Masse, Dicke und Länge ihres Haupthaares grenzt an das Unglaubliche.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 455;Id.,Cent. Amer., p. 513;Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 557;Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 143-5, 149;Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls, p. 180.

[801]'Heads are uncovered.'Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 196. 'Los hombres visten, y calçan de cuero, y las mugeres, que se precian de largos cabellos, cubren sus cabeças y verguenças con lo mesmo.'Gomara,Hist. Ind., fol. 275. 'De kleeding bestond uit kotoene mantels, huiden tot broeken, genaeyt, schoenen en laerzen van goed leder.'Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 209, 217-18. The women 'having the calves of their legs wrapped or stuffed in such a manner as to give them a swelled appearance.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 14, 115;De Laet,Novus Orbis, pp. 297-8, 301, 303, 312-13;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 377, 380;Espejo, inId., pp. 384-96;Niza, inId., pp. 368, 370;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 457;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 30, 122, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 197, 203, vol. ii., pp. 213, 281;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 73-88;Wizlizenus' Tour, p. 26;Larenaudière,Mex. et Gaut., p. 147;Warden,Recherches, p. 79;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 99-100, 105-6;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 394;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 61-68, 76, 163, 173, 177;Jaramillo, inId., pp. 369-371;Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 119-127;Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 53;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 220;Abert, inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 471;Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 359;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 217, 283;Kendall's Nar., vol. i., p. 379;Revilla-Gigedo,Carta, MS.;Alcedo,Diccionario, tom. iv., p. 388;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 479;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 248, 279-80;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 195, 239.

[802]Both sexes go bareheaded. 'The hair is worn long, and is done up in a great queue that falls down behind.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 147, 154-5, 421. The women 'trençan los cabellos, y rodeanse los à la cabeça, por sobre las orejas.'Gomara,Hist. Ind., fol. 273. 'Llevan las viejas el pelo hecho dos trenzas y las mozas un moño sobre cada oreja.'Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., pp. 328-9;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 220.

[803]'Van vestidos estos indios con frazadas de algodon, que ellos fabrican, y otras de lana.'Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 235. Their dress is cotton of domestic manufacture.Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 132. 'Kunstreich dagegen sind die bunten Gürtel gewebt, mit denen die Mädchen ein Stück Zeug als Rock um die Hüften binden.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 440, 447;Browne's Apache Country, p. 68;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 123;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 452, vol. ii., pp. 216-7, 219;Cremony's Apaches, p. 104;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., p. 103;Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 31, 33;Mowry's Arizona, p. 30;Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., pp. 364-5;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 116;Briefe aus den Verein. Staat., tom. ii., p. 322.

[804]'Men never cut their hair.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 90. They plait and wind it round their heads in many ways; one of the most general forms a turban which they smear with wet earth.Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 454-6;Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 47;Emory, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 9;Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 143, 145, 149;Browne's Apache Country, p. 107;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 296.

[805]Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 542. 'All of them paint, using no particular design; the men mostly with dark colors, the women, red and yellow.'Walker's Pimas, MS.;Johnson's Hist. Arizona, p. 11. 'The women when they arrive at maturity, ... draw two lines with some blue-colored dye from each corner of the mouth to the chin.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 228.

[806]'Adornanse con gargantillas de caracolillos del mar, entreverados de otras cuentas de concha colorada redonda.'Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 299. 'They had many ornaments of sea shells.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 132. 'Some have long strings of sea-shells.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 230-1. 'Rarely use ornaments.'Walker's Pimas, MS.;Murr,Nachrichten, pp. 252-6;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 850-1.

[807]Cremony's Apaches, p. 91;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. 131, p. 292;Browne's Apache Country, p. 108. The Maricopas 'occupy thatched cottages, thirty or forty feet in diameter, made of the twigs of cotton-wood trees, interwoven with the straw of wheat, corn-stalks, and cane.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 132;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 117;Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., pp. 277, 365-6. 'Leurs (Pápagos) maisons sont de formes coniques et construites en jonc et en bois.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 188;Walker's Pimas, MS.;Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 395;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 115, 161. 'Andere, besonders die dummen Papagos, machten Löcher und schliefen des Nachts hierinnen; ja im Winter machten sie in ihren Dachslöchern zuvor Feuer, und hitzten dieselben.'Murr,Nachrichten, p. 245. 'Their summer shelters are of a much more temporary nature, being constructed after the manner of a common arbor, covered with willow rods, to obstruct the rays of the vertical sun.'Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 222. In front of the Pimo house is usually 'a large arbor, on top of which is piled the cotton in the pod, for drying.'Emory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 48. The Pápagos' huts were 'fermées par des peaux de buffles.'Ferry,Scènes de la Vie Sauvage, p. 107. Granary built like the Mexicanjakals. They are better structures than their dwellings, more open, in order to give a free circulation of air through the grain deposited in them.Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 233-5.

[808]Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 412;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., pp. 21, 23, 122, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii.;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 177;Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 25, 30-1. 'Ellas son las que hacen, y edifican las Casas, assi de Piedra, como de Adove, y Tierra amasada; y con no tener la Pared mas de vn pie de ancho, suben las Casas dos, y tres, y quatro, y cinco Sobrados, ó Altos; y á cada Alto, corresponde vn Corredor por de fuera; si sobre esta altura hechan mas altos, ó Sobrados (porque ay Casas que llegan á siete) son los demás, no de Barro, sino de Madera.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 681. For further particulars, seeCastañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 42, 58, 69, 71, 76, 80, 138, 163, 167, 169;Niza, inId., pp. 261, 269, 270, 279;Diaz, inId., pp. 293, 296;Jaramillo, inId., pp. 369,Cordoue, inId., tom. x., pp. 438-9;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 13, 90, 114;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 244;Ten Broeck, inId., vol. iv., pp. 76, 80, and plates, pp. 24, 72;Warden,Recherches, p. 79;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 191;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 455;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 453;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 278;Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 359;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 268, 276;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 195;Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 322;Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 119, 121, 126;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 97, 99, 104, 105;Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 42, 45, 52, 57;Gallatin, inId., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 248, 257, 267, 270, 277, 278, 288;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 385, 392, 394-6;Coronado, inId., vol. iii., pp. 377, 379;Niza, inId., vol. iii., pp. 367, 372;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 238;Id.,Tagebuch, pp. 217-18, 285;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 209, 215, 217. The town of Cíbola 'domos è lapidibus et caemento affabre constructas et conjunctim dispositas esse, superliminaria portarum cyaneis gemmis, (Turcoides vocant) ornata.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, pp. 297, 311-14;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 480. 'The houses are well distributed and very neat. One room is designed for the kitchen, and another to grind the grain. This last is apart, and contains a furnace and three stones made fast in masonry.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 118-20, 141, 311, 313, 318, 420, 422;Castaño de Sosa, inPacheco,Col. Doc. Inéd., tom. iv., pp. 329-30;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 178;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 394.

[809]In the province of Tucayan, 'domiciliis inter se junctis et affabre constructis, in quibus et tepidaria quae vulgo Stuvas appellamus, sub terra constructa adversus hyemis vehementiam.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 301. 'In the centre was a small square box of stone, in which was a fire of guava bushes, and around this a few old men were smoking.'Marcy's Army Life, p. 110. 'Estufas, que mas propiamente deberian llamar sinagogas. En estas hacen sus juntas, forman sus conciliábulos, y ensayan sus bailes á puerta cerrada.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 333;Beaumont,Crón. de Mechoacan, MS., p. 418;Gomara,Hist. Ind., fol. 273;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 13, 21;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 139, 165, 169-70, 176;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 392-3;Niel, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 90-1.

[810]'Magna ipsis Mayzü copia et leguminum.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, pp. 298, 302, 310-13, 315. 'Hallaron en los pueblos y casas muchos mantenimientos, y gran infinidad de gallinas de la tierra.'Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 386, 393. 'Criaban las Indias muchas Gallinas de la Tierra.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 678. 'Zy leven by mair, witte orweten, haesen, konynen en vorder wild-braed.'Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 215, andDapper,Neue Welt, p. 242. CompareScenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 177;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 97-8, 104, 108;Cortez, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 122;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., pp. 5-6;Jaramillo, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 369-71;Diaz, inId., pp. 294-5;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 268, 281;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 86;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 16, 82, 91, 113;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 26;Bent, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 244; Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 52;Gallatin, inId., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 270-1, 279, 288-9, 292, 297;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 439, 445, 453;Möllhausen,Reisen in the Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 239, 284;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 178, 214-18, 233-7;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 78, 94, 107-10, 141-2, 276-7;Sedelmair, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 848, 850;Id., serie iv., tom. i., p. 19;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 131;Mowry's Arizona, p. 30;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 278;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 196, 221;Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 221;Gomara,Hist. Ind., fol. 273;Ind. Aff. Repts., from 1857 to 1872.

[811]'Para su sustento no reusa animal, por inmundo que sea.'Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 395. 'Los pápagos se mantienen de los frutos silvestres.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 160-1. 'Hatten grossen Appetit zu Pferd- und Mauleselfleisch.'Murr,Nachrichten, pp. 247-9, 267, 282-92;Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 837-8;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 188;Stone, inHist. Mag., vol. v., p. 166.

[812]The Pimas 'Hacen grandes siembras ... para cuyo riego tienen formadas buenas acequias.'Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., pp. 235, 237. 'We were at once impressed with the beauty, order, and disposition of the arrangements for irrigating.'Emory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., pp. 47-8. With the Pueblos: 'Regen-bakken vergaederden 't water: of zy leiden 't uit een rievier door graften.'Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 218;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 312;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., pp. 385-7, 392-4;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 196.

[813]Walker's Pimas, MS.;Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 299. 'Usan de hilo torcido unas redes y otras de varios palitos, que los tuercen y juntan por las puntas.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 851-2.

[814]'Hacen de la Masa de Ma'z por la mañana Atole.... Tambien hacen Tamales, y Tortillas.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 679. 'The fruit of the petajaya ... is dried in the sun.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 89, 91, 106, 111-12. 'From the suwarrow (Cereus Giganteus) and pitaya they make an excellent preserve.'Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 123. See alsoIves' Colorado Riv., pp. 31, 45, 121, 123, 126;Carleton, inSmithsonian Rept., 1854, p. 308;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 8, 76;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., p. 378;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 113, 115;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 71, 164, 170-2;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 114, 119, 121-2, 147-8;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 218-9, 285.

[815]Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 119-20, 124. 'Ils vont faire leurs odeurs au loin, et rassemblent les urines dans de grands vases de terre que l'on va vider hors du village.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 171.

[816]'The only defensive armor they use is a rude shield made of raw bull-hide.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 145-6. 'Bows and arrows, and the wooden boomerang.'Colyer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 91. The Papagos 'armes sont la massue, la lance et l'arc; ils portent aussi une cuirasse et un bouclier en peau de buffle.'Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 188. For further comparisons seeWhipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., p. 30, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii.;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 280;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 300;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., p. 147;Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 342;Niza, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., p. 372;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528.;Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 299;Sedelmair, inId., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851;Salmeron,Relaciones, inId., p. 106;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 217, 237.

[817]Bows 'of strong willow-boughs.'Walker's Pimas, MS.'Bows are six feet in length, and made of a very tough and elastic kind of wood, which the Spaniards call Tarnio.'Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 91, 149.

[818]The Pima 'arrows differ from those of all the Apache tribes in having only two feathers.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 103. 'War arrows have stone points and three feathers; hunting arrows, two feathers and a wooden point.'Walker's Pimas, MS.;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., p. 380.

[819]The Pimas: 'Flechas, ennervadas con el eficaz mortífero veneno que componen de varias ponzoñas, y el zumo de la yerba llamada en pimaUsap.'Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 307. 'Die Spitzen ihrer Pfeile ... welche mit einer dunklen Substanz überzogen waren. Sie behaupteten, dass diese aus Schlangengift bestehe, was mir indess unwahrscheinlich ist.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 438;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 59, 107, 126.

[820]'Una macana, como clava ó porra.... Estas son de un palo muy duro y pesado.'Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 556. 'Macanas, que son vnas palos de media vara de largo, y llanos todos de pedernales agudos, que bastan a partir por medio vn hombre.'Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., pp. 386, 393.

[821]'De grosses pierres avaient été rassemblées au sommet, pour les rouler sur quiconque attaquerait la place.'Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 270. 'They have placed around all the trails leading to the town, pits, ten feet deep.'Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 81. See further,Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 376;Browne's Apache Country, p. 279;Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 840;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 179.

[822]'Painted to the eyes, their own heads and their horses covered with all the strange equipments that the brute creation could afford.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 37.

[823]'Sometimes a fellow would stoop almost to the earth, to shoot under his horse's belly, at full speed.'Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 37.

[824]Walker's Pimas, MS.

[825]Cremony's Apaches, p. 106.

[826]Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 274-5;Browne's Apache Country, p. 104;Pattie's Pers. Nar., pp. 93, 148;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 223;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, serie v., No. 96, p. 188.

[827]Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 78-9;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 206;Cremony's Apaches, pp. 108-9.

[828]Walker's Pimas, MS.;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 292-4.

[829]Baskets and pottery 'are ornamented with geometrical figures.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 382, vol. ii., pp. 227-8, 236. 'Schüsselförmige runde Körbe (Coritas), diese flechten sie aus einem hornförmigen, gleich einer Ahle spitzigen Unkraute.'Murr,Nachrichten, p. 193. The Pueblos had 'de la vaiselle de terre très-belle, bien vernie et avec beaucoup d'ornements. On y vit aussi de grands jarres remplies d'un métal brillant qui servait à faire le vernis de cette faïence.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 138, 173, 185; see alsoNiza, inId., p. 259. 'They (Pueblos) vse vessels of gold and siluer.'Niza, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 372;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 216, 271, 273, 279;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 435;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 97, 111;Carleton, inSmithsonian Rept., 1854, p. 308;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., pp. 457, 459;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 278;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 393;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 97;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 425;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 380;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 68, 109, 112, 276.

[830]'All the inhabitants of the Citie (Cíbola) lie vpon beddes raysed a good height from the ground, with quilts and canopies ouer them, which couer the sayde Beds.'Niza, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 370;Id., inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 271. The Quires had 'umbracula (vulgo Tirazoles) quibus Sinenses utuntur Solis, Lunæ, et Stellarum imaginibus eleganter picta.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 312;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 393. The Moquis' chief men have pipes made of smooth polished stone.Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 87;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 121.

[831]Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 72, 76, 87. 'Sie flechten von zartgeschlitzten Palmen auf Damastart die schönsten ganz leichten Hüthe, aus einem Stücke.'Murr,Nachrichten, p. 192. The Maricopa blankets will turn rain.Cremony's Apaches, pp. 106, 90. The Moquis wove blankets from the wool of their sheep, and made cotton cloth from the indigenous staple.Poston, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 388. The Maricopas make a heavy cloth of wool and cotton, 'used by the women to put around their loins; and an article from 3 to 4 inches wide, used as a band for the head, or a girdle for the waist.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 224. 'Rupicaprarum tergora eminebant (among the Yumanes) tam industriè præparata ut cum Belgicis certarent.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 310.

[832]De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 301;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., pp. 117, 123;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 290;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 91, 113, 115;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 81, 86;Eaton, inId., vol. iv., p. 221;Emory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 48; see furtherInd. Aff. Reports, from 1854 to 1872;Browne's Apache Country, p. 290. 'These Papagos regularly visit a salt lake, which lies near the coast and just across the line of Sonora, from which they pack large quantities of salt, and find a ready market at Tubac and Tucson.'Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1859, p. 352, and 1860, p. 168. 'Many Pimas had jars of the molasses expressed from the fruit of the Cereus Giganteus.'Emory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 48.

[833]'Die Vernichtung des Eigenthums eines Verstorbenen,—einen unglücklichen Gebrauch der jeden materiellen Fortschritt unmöglich macht.'Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. i., p. 437. 'The right of inheritance is held by the females generally, but it is often claimed by the men also.'Gorman, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1858, p. 200. 'All the effects of the deceased (Pima) become common property: his grain is distributed; his fields shared out to those who need land; his chickens and dogs divided up among the tribe.'Browne's Apache Country, pp. 69, 112;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 121;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 262;Niza, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 264, 265, 267, 268;Id., inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 372. The Zuñis 'will sell nothing for money, but dispose of their commodities entirely in barter.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 91. The Pimos 'wanted white beads for what they had to sell, and knew the value of money.'Cutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 188;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. xi., pp. 164, 72. 'Ils apportèrent des coquillages, des turquoises et des plumes.'Cabeza de Vaca,Relation, inId., tom. vii., p. 274;Diaz, inId., tom. xi., p. 294;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 377. Many of the Pueblo Indians are rich, 'one family being worth over one hundred thousand dollars. They have large flocks.'Colyer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 89;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 144.

[834]Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 278;Davis' El Gringo, p. 147;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 177;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 458;Coronado, inHakluyt's Voy., tom. iii., p. 380;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 284.

[835]'Estos ahijados tienen mucho oro y lo benefician.'Salmeron,Relaciones, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. i., p. 28. 'They vse vessels of gold and siluer, for they have no other mettal.'Niza, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 372;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 2, 133;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., pp. 386-8, 393-5;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 217;Diaz, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 294.

[836]Pueblo government purely democratic; election held once a year. 'Besides the officers elected by universal suffrage, the principal chiefs compose a "council of wise men."'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 142-4. 'One of their regulations is to appoint a secret watch for the purpose of keeping down disorders and vices of every description.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 274. See further:Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 61, 168;Niza, inId., p. 269;Palmer, inHarper's Mag., vol. xvii., p. 455;De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 298;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 26;Mayer's Mex., Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 359;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxi., p. 277;Stanley's Portraits, p. 55.

[837]Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 85, 76;Marcy's Army Life, p. 108.

[838]'Gobierno no tienen alguno, ni leyes, tradiciones ó costumbres con que gobernarse.'Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 366. 'Cada cual gobernado por un anciano, y todas por el general de la nacion.'Escudero,Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa, p. 142;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 267. Compare:Grossman, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 124;Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1859, p. 356;Walker's Pimas, MS.

[839]'Un homme n'épouse jamais plus d'une seule femme.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 164;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 86-7;Ward, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 190.

[840]'Ils traitent bien leurs femmes.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 126. 'Desde que maman los Niños, los laban sus Madres con Nieve todo el cuerpo.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 679;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 123;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 178.

[841]'Early marriages occur ... but the relation is not binding until progeny results.'Poston, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 152. 'No girl is forced to marry against her will, however eligible her parents may consider the match.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 222-4;Davis' El Gringo, p. 146;Cremony's Apaches, p. 105;Browne's Apache Country, p. 112.

[842]'Si el marido y mujer se desavienen y los hijos non pequeños, se arriman á cualquiera de los dos y cada uno gana por su lado.'Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'Tanto los pápagos occidentales, como los citados gilas desconocen la poligamia.'Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, p. 161. 'Among the Pimas loose women are tolerated.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 102-4;Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 59;Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey, vol. i., p. 117.

[843]'The Pimas also cultivate a kind of tobacco, this, which is very light, they make up into cigaritos, never using a pipe.'Walker's Pimas, MS.The Pueblos 'sometimes get intoxicated.'Walker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1860, p. 169. The Pueblos 'are generally free from drunkenness.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 146.Cremony's Apaches, p. 112;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 446;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 249.

[844]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 17. 'Their hair hung loose upon their shoulders, and both men and women had their hands painted with white clay, in such a way as to resemble open-work gloves. The women ... were bare-footed, with the exception of a little piece tied about the heel.... They all wore their hair combed over their faces, in a manner that rendered it utterly impossible to recognize any of them.... They keep their elbows close to their sides, and their heels pressed firmly together, and do not raise the feet, but shuffle along with a kind of rolling motion, moving their arms, from the elbows down, with time to the step. At times, each man dances around his squaw; while she turns herself about, as if her heels formed a pivot on which she moved.'Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 74. The dresses of the men were similar to those worn on other festivities, 'except that they wear on their heads large pasteboard towers painted typically, and curiously decorated with feathers; and each man has his face entirely covered by a vizor made of small willows with the bark peeled off, and dyed a deep brown.'Id., p. 83. 'Such horrible masks I never saw before—noses six inches long, mouths from ear to ear, and great goggle eyes, as big as half a hen's egg, hanging by a string partly out of the socket.'Id., p. 85. 'Each Pueblo generally had its particular uniform dress and its particular dance. The men of one village would sometimes disguise themselves as elks, with horns on their heads, moving on all-fours, and mimicking the animal they were attempting to personate. Others would appear in the garb of a turkey, with large heavy wings.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 271, 275. 'Festejo todo (Pimas) el dia nuestra llegada con un esquisito baile en forma circular, en cuyo centro figaraba una prolongada asta donde pendian trece cabelleras, arcos, flechas y demas despojos de otros tantos enemigos apaches que habian muerto.'Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 277. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de ridículo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los mayores desórdenes, y gustan tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.'Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., pp. 333-5. For further particulars seeKendall's Nar., vol. i., p. 378;Marcy's Army Life, pp. 104-8;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 244;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 154-5;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 394;Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., plates 1, 2, 3;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 67;Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 343.

[845]Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 73-4;Johnson's Hist. Arizona, p. 11. 'Their instruments consisted, each of half a gourd, placed before them, with the convex side up; upon this they placed, with the left hand, a smooth stick, and with their right drew forward and backwards upon it, in a sawing manner, a notched one.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 17. 'I noticed, among other things, a reed musical instrument with a bell-shaped end like a clarionet, and a pair of painted drumsticks tipped with gaudy feathers.'Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 121. 'Les Indiens (Pueblos) accompagnent leurs danses et leur chants avec des flûtes, où sont marqués les endroits où il faut placer les doigts.... Ils disent que ces gens se réunissent cinq ou six pour jouer de la flûte; que ces instruments sont d'inégales grandeurs.'Diaz, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 295;Castañeda, inId., pp. 72, 172;Froebel,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 455;Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 331. 'While they are at work, a man, seated at the door, plays on a bagpipe, so that they work keeping time: they sing in three voices.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 119.

[846]The Cocomaricopas, 'componen unas bolas redondas del tamaño de una pelota de materia negra como pez, y embutidas en ellas varias conchitas pequeñas del mar con que hacen labores y con que juegan y apuestan, tirándola con la punta del pié corren tres ó cuatro leguas y la particularidad es que el que da vuelta y llega al puesto donde comenzaron y salieron á la par ese gana.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 851. 'It is a favorite amusement with both men [Maricopas] and boys to try their skill at hitting the pitahaya, which presents a fine object on the plain. Numbers often collect for this purpose; and in crossing the great plateau, where these plants abound, it is common to see them pierced with arrows.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 237;Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 301. 'Amusements of all kinds are universally resorted to [among the Pueblos]; such as foot-racing, horse-racing, cock-fighting, gambling, dancing, eating, and drinking.'Ward, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 192;Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., pp. 299, 365.

[847]Walker's Pimas, MS.'The Papago of to-day will on no account kill a coyote.'Davidson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 132. 'Eben so abergläubischen Gebrauch hatten sie bey drohenden Kieselwetter, da sie den Hagel abzuwenden ein Stück von einem Palmteppiche an einem Stecken anhefteten und gegen die Wolken richteten.'Murr,Nachrichten, pp. 203, 207;Arny, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, pp. 385, 389. 'A sentinel ascends every morning at sunrise to the roof of the highest house, and, with eyes directed towards the east, looks out for the arrival of the divine chieftain, who is to give the sign of deliverance.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 165, 197, 390, 210, and vol. ii., p. 54. 'On a dit que la coutume singulière de conserver perpétuellement un feu sacré près duquel les anciens Mexicains attendaient le retour du dieu Quetzacoatl, existe aussi chez les Pueblos.'Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., p. 58;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv.. p. 851;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., p. 278;Cremony's Apaches, p. 92;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 93. 'I, however, one night, at San Felipe, clandestinely witnessed a portion of their secret worship. One of their secret night dances is called Tocina, which is too horrible to write about.'Arny, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 385;Ward, inId., 1864, p. 192;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 121;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 73, 77;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 278. 'Ils ont des prêtres ... ils montent sur la terrasse la plus élevée du village et font un sermon au moment où le soleil se lève.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 133, 164, 239.

[848]Walker's Pimas, MS.;Mowry, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 361;Ruggles, inId., 1869, p. 209;Andrews, inId., 1870, p. 117;Ward, inId., 1864, p. 188;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 119, 311. The cause of the decrease of the Pecos Indians is 'owing to the fact that they seldom if ever marry outside of their respective pueblos.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 251;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 273. 'Au milieu [of the estufa] est un foyer allumé, sur lequel on jette de temps en temps une poignée de thym, ce qui suffit pour entretenir la chaleur, de sorte qu'on y est comme dans un bain.'Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 170.

[849]Walker's Pimas, MS.The Pimas, 'usan enterrar sus varones con su arco y flechas, y algun bastimento y calabazo de agua, señal que alcanzan vislumbre de la immortalidad, aunque no con la distincion de prémio ó castigo.'Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 369. 'The Maricopas invariably bury their dead, and mock the ceremony of cremation.' ... 'sacrifice at the grave of a warrior all the property of which he died possessed, together with all in possession of his various relatives.'Cremony's Apaches, pp. 103, 105. 'The Pimos bury their dead, while the Coco-Maricopas burn theirs.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 262. 'The females of the family [Pueblo] approached in a mournful procession (while the males stood around in solemn silence), each one bearing on her head a tinaja, or water-jar, filled with water, which she emptied into the grave, and whilst doing so commenced the death-cry. They came singly and emptied their jars, and each one joined successively in the death-cry; ... They believe that on a certain day (in August, I think) the dead rise from their graves and flit about the neighboring hills, and on that day, all who have lost friends, carry out quantities of corn, bread, meat, and such other good things of this life as they can obtain, and place them in the haunts frequented by the dead, in order that the departed spirits may once more enjoy the comforts of this nether world.'Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 75-8. If the dead Pima was a chief, 'the villagers are summoned to his burial. Over his grave they hold a grand festival. The women weep and the men howl, and they go into a profound mourning of tar. Soon the cattle are driven up and slaughtered, and every body heavily-laden with sorrow, loads his squaw with beef, and feasts for many days.'Browne's Apache Country, pp. 112-13;Murr,Nachrichten, pp. 204, 210, 281;Ferry,Scènes de la vie Sauvage, p. 115;Froebel's Cent. Amer., p. 500;Id.,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., p. 437;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., p. 165.

[850]'Though naturally disposed to peaceful pursuits, the Papagoes are not deficient in courage.'Browne's Apache Country, pp. 142, 107, 110-11, 140, 277;Johnson's Hist. Arizona, p. 10;Stone, inHist. Mag., vol. v., p. 166;Soc. Géog.,Bulletin, série v., No. 96, p. 188;Escudero,Noticias de Sonora y Sinaloa, p. 142;Velasco,Noticias de Sonora, pp. 116, 160;Froebel's Cent. Amer., pp. 500, 506, 512;Id.,Aus Amerika, tom. ii., pp. 437, 447, 454;Garces,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., tom. i., p. 238;Sedelmair,Relacion, inId., serie iii., tom. iv., p. 850;Gallardo, inId., p. 892. 'The peaceful disposition of the Maricopas is not the result of incapacity for war, for they are at all times enabled to meet, and vanquish the Apaches in battle.'Emory, inFremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 49;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. iii., pp. 62, 103;Murr,Nachrichten, p. 282;Hardy's Trav., pp. 440, 443;Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., pp. 365-6;Mowry's Arizona, p. 30;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 397, 412;Sonora,Descrip. Geog., inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 553-5, 838. 'The Pueblos were industrious and unwarlike in their habits.'Marcy's Army Life, pp. 98, 110. The Moquis 'are a mild and peaceful race of people, almost unacquainted with the use of arms, and not given to war. They are strictly honest.... They are kind and hospitable to strangers.'Davis' El Gringo, pp. 421, 145. 'C'est une race (Pueblos) remarquablement sobre et industrieuse, qui se distingue par sa moralité.'Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 277, 288, 290;Ruxton, inId., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 45, 47, 60;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 191;Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 31, 36, 45, 122, 124-7;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 120, 268, 274;Pike's Explor. Trav., p. 342;Ribas,Hist. de los Triumphos, p. 241;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. iv., p. 453;Champagnac,Voyageur, p. 84;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 196, 221;Espejo, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 392;Wislizenus' Tour, p. 26;Pattie's Pers. Nar., p. 91;Ten Broeck, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 72, 87;Eaton, inId., p. 220;Bent, inId., vol. i., p. 244;Kendall's Nar., vol. i., p. 378;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 126, 163;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 528;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 144;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., p. 240. The Pueblos 'are passionately fond of dancing, and give themselves up to this diversion with a kind of frenzy.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 198, 185, 203, 206, and vol. ii., pp. 19, 51-2;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., pp. 188-9, 222;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 81, 91, 113, 115;Scenes in the Rocky Mts., p. 177;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 679-80;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 239;Id.,Mex., Aztec etc., vol. ii., p. 358. See further:Ind. Aff. Rept., from 1854 to 1872.

[851]Baegert, inSmithsonian Rept., 1863, p. 359;Forbes' Cal., pp. 20-2;Mofras,Explor., tom. i., p. 239;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 451;Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church, vol. i., pp. 95-6;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., p. 446. 'Esse sono tre nella California Cristiana, cioè quelle de' Pericui, de' Guaicuri, e de' Cochimì.'Clavigero,Storia della Cal., tom. i., p. 109. Venegas, in giving the opinion of Father Taravàl, says: 'Tres son (dice este habil Missionero) las Lenguas: la Cochimi, la Pericù, y la de Loreto. De esta ultima salen dos ramos, y son: la Guaycùra, y la Uchiti; verdad es, que es la variacion tanta, que el que no tuviere connocimiento de las tres Lenguas, juzgara, no solo que hay quatro Lenguas, sino que hay cinco.... Està poblada la primera àzia el Medioda, desde el Cabo de San Lucas, hasta mas acá del Puerto de la Paz de la Nacion Pericú, ó siguiendo la terminacion Castellana de los Pericúes: la segunda desde la Paz, hasta mas arriba del Presidio Real de Loreto, es de los Monquis; la tercera desde el territorio de Loreto, por todo lo descubierto al Norte de la nacion Cochimi, ó de los Cochimíes.'Venegas,Noticia de la Cal., tom. i., pp. 63-6. 'Auf der Halbinsel Alt-Californien wohnen: an der Südspitze die Perícues, dann die Monquis oder Menguis, zu welchen die Familien der Guaycúras und Coras gehören, die Cochímas oder Colímiës, die Laimónes, die Utschítas oder Vehítis, und die Icas.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., p. 212. 'All the Indian tribes of the Peninsula seem to be affiliated with the Yumas of the Colorado and with the Coras below La Paz ... in no case do they differ in intellect, habits, customs, dress, implements of war, or hunting, traditions, or appearances from the well-known Digger Indians of Alta-California, and undoubtedly belong to the same race or family.'Browne's Lower Cal., pp. 53-4.

[852]'Di buona statura, ben fatti, sani, e robusti.'Clavigero,Storia della Cal., tom. i., pp. 112-13. 'El color en todos es muy moreno ... no tienen barba ni nada de vello en el cuerpo.'Californias, Noticias, carta i., pp. 47, 61, carta ii., p. 12. Compare:Kino, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. i., p. 407;Crespi, inId., serie iv., tom. vii., p. 135;Ulloa, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 345, 351;Venegas,Noticia de la Cal., tom. i., p. 68;Baegert, inSmithsonian Rept., 1863, p. 357;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 443-4;Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church, p. 99.

[853]'Siendo de gran deshonra en los varones el vestido.'Salvatierra, inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie iv., tom. v., p. 42. 'Aprons are about a span wide, and of different length.'Baegert, inSmithsonian Rept., 1863, pp. 361-2. Consult further:Venegas,Noticia de la Cal., tom. i., pp. 81-8, 113;Gleeson's Hist. Cath. Church, pp. 96-9, 107-10;Forbes' Cal., pp. 9, 18;Clavigero,Storia della Cal., tom. i., pp. 120-3, 133, 144;Gemelli Careri, inChurchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 469, and inBerenger,Col. de Voy., tom. ii., p. 371.

[854]'Unos se cortan un pedazo de oreja, otros las dos; otros agugerean el labio inferior, otros las narizes, y es cosa de risa, pues allí llevan colgando ratoncillos, lagartijitas, conchitas. &c.'Californias, Noticias, carta i., pp. 48, 22. 'It has been asserted that they also pierce the nose. I can only say that I saw no one disfigured in that particular manner.'Baegert, inSmithsonian Rept., 1863, p. 362. 'Nudi agunt, genas quadratis quibusdam notis signati.'De Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 306. Further reference:Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 279, 282;Ulloa, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 347-8, and inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 412;Delaporte,Reisen, tom. x., p. 428.

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