[694]In Tezcuco the wards were each occupied by a distinct class of tradespeople, and this was doubtless the case in Mexico also, to a certain extent.'Cada Oficio se vsase en Barrios de por sì; de suerte, que los que eran Plateros de Oro, avian de estàr juntos, y todos los de aquel Barrio, lo avian de ser, y no se avian de mezclar otros con ellos; y los de Plata, en otro Barrio,' etc.Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 147;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 3;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 218.[695]'Al rededor de la ciudad habia muchos diques y esclusas para contener las aguas en caso necesario ... no pocas que tenian en medio una acequia entre dos terraplenes.'Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., pp. 218-19.[696]'Hay sus puentes de muy anchas y muy grandes vigas juntas y recias y bien labradas; y tales, que por muchas dellas pueden pasar diez de caballo juntos á la par.'In case of necessity'quitadas las puentes de las entradas y salidas.'With this facility for cutting off retreat, Cortés found it best to construct brigantines.Cartas, p. 103;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 187;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 73.'Otra Calle avia ... mui angosta, y tanto, que apenas podian ir dos Personas juntas, son finalmente vnos Callejones mui estrechos.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 291;Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xiii.[697]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 157-8. It is here said to be four fathoms broad.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 231-2;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 32; Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt ii., p. 255, says:'Reste des ... gegen 39,400 Fuss langen and 65 Fuss breiten Dammes aus Steinen in Lehm, zu beiden Seiten mit Pallisaden verbrämt.'[698]Cortés,Cartas, p. 103;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 116;Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., p. 299;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 608.[699]'Cosi grande come sarebbe tre volte la piazza di Salamanca.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 181.[700]The Anonymous Conqueror states that this road carried the aqueduct which was three quarters of a league in length.Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309;Cortés,Cartas, p. 108;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 4;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 207;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 114.[701]'Los caños, que eran de madera y de cal y canto.'Cortés,Cartas, pp. 209, 108;Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., p. 304.Other writers make the pipes larger.'Tan gordos como vn buey cada vno.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 113. 'Tan anchas como tres hombres juntos y mas.'Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l.[702]Cortés,Cartas, p. 108, says'echan la dulce por unas canales tan gruesas como un buey, que son de la longura de las dichas puentes.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 207;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l.;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 114;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 664.[703]Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 113;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xiii.[704]Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., pp. 500-1;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 207;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 4.[705]Duran,Hist. Indias, MS., tom. ii., cap. xlviii., xlix.[706]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 427, tom. iv., pp. 209-10;Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 184.[707]Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., p. 319;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 206, 460.[708]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 7.'En todos los caminos que tenian hechos de cañas, ò paja, ò yervas, porque no los viessen los que passasen por ellos, y alli se metian, si tenian gana de purgar los vientres, porque no se les perdiesse aquella suciedad.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70.[709]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 298. The authorities for the description of the city are:Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309, and inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 390-2, with plans;Cortés,Cartas, pp. 43, 83-4, 102-9, 209;Id.,Despatches, p. 333, plan;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70-3;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i. pp. 91-4, 147, 157-8, 206-7, 288-98, 306-7, 460;Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., pp. 465-8, 500-1;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 180-3, 187-8;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l.;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 113-16;Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., pp. 283-4, 299, 305;Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. ii., p. 141;Ortega, inId., tom. iii., p. 319;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xiii., xiv., dec. iii., lib. ii., cap. xi.;Id., (Translation, Lond. 1725), vol. ii., p. 372, vol. iii., p. 194, view and plan;Camargo,Hist. Tlax., inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcix., pp. 174-5;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., pp. 168-9;Heredia y Sarmiento,Sermon, pp. 95-6;Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 184;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 81, 238-9;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 443-9, tom. iii., pp. 231-2, 427, tom. iv., pp. 3-7, 209-10;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 310-14, 664, tom. ii., pp. 216-28, with plan;Prescott's Mex., vol. i., pp. 16-17, vol. ii., pp. 69, 76-86;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt ii., p. 255;Alaman,Disertaciones, tom. i., p. 184-8;Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., pp. 310-14, 456, 471-2, 490-1, with plans;Carli,Cartas, pt i., pp. 35-6;Peter Martyr, dec. v., lib. x.[710]Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 197;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 69.[711]Cortés says'piedra seca.'Cartas, p. 60, but this is contradicted by Bernal Diaz, who found it to be of stone and mortar.Hist. Conq., fol. 43.'Sin mezcla de cal ni barro.'Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vi., cap. iv.[712]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 150, gives the measurement at eight feet in height and eighteen in width.[713]Cortés,Cartas, p. 60;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 43;West-Indische Spieghel, pp. 225-6.Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 150, with a cut.[714]Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 186.[715]Delaporte says that streets met on the hills.Reisen, tom. x., p. 256.[716]Cortés,Cartas, p. 67;Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 308;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vi., cap. xii.[717]Cortés,Cartas, p. 171. SeeWarden,Recherches, pp. 67-8, on fortifications. In Michoacan, some towns had walls of planks two fathoms high and one broad.Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. iii., lib. iii., cap. iii.[718]Meaning place of detention, because here the immigrating tribes used to halt, while deciding upon their settlement.Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 214.[719]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix., says that it was nearly as large as Mexico.Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 115. Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 182, gives it a league in width and six in length. Peter Martyr, dec. viii., lib. iv., gives it 20,000 houses. Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 87-8, estimates it at 30,000 houses, and thinks that Torquemada must have included the three outlying towns to attain his figure.Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 304.[720]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., pp. 89-90, 303-4;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 87-8;Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., pp. 242-4. For further references to Mexican towns, forts, etc., see:Cortés,Cartas, pp. 24, 57-60, 67-8, 74-5, 92-3, 153, 171, 186, 196;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 43;Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 308;Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., tom. ix., pp. 214, 242, 251-2, 257;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix.;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 251-2, 304, 449-50;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 26, 51, 115;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. v., cap. viii., lib. vi., cap. iv., xii., xvi., lib. vii., cap. iv., dec. iii., lib. iii., cap. iii.;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 150, with cut;Peter Martyr, dec. iv., lib. iv., vii., dec. viii., lib. iv.;Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., p. 283;West-Indische Spieghel, pp. 221, 225-6;Bologne, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. x., p. 212;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 236;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 186;Delaporte,Reisen, tom. x., p. 256;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 87-8, 259, 663, tom. ii., pp. 51, 161;Warden,Recherches, pp. 67-8;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 65;Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., p. 296;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., pp. 240, 243.[721]Las Casas states that when a warrior distinguished himself abroad he was allowed to build his house in the style used by the enemy, a privilege allowed to none else.Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. lxvi.[722]'I fondamenti delle case grandi della Capitale si gettavano a cagione della poca sodezza di quel terreno sopra un piano di grosse stanghe di cedro ficcate in terra.'Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 202.'Porque la humedad no les causase enfermedad, alzaban los aposentos hasta un estado poco mas ó menos, y así quedaban como entresuelos.'Mendieta,Hist. Ecles., p. 121.Speaking of Cempoalla, Peter Martyr says: 'Vnto these houses or habitations they ascend by 10. or 12. steppes or stayres.' Dec. iv., tom. vii. The floor of the palace at Mitla consisted of slabs of stone three feet thick, which rested on ten feet piles.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 26. Houses with elevated terraces were only allowed to chiefs.Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 188.[723]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix. This mode of whitewashing the walls and polishing them with gypsum seems to have been very common in all parts of Mexico, for we repeatedly meet with mentions of the dazzling white walls, like silver, which the Spaniards noticed all through their march.Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 251;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 202.[724]In Cempoalla, says Peter Martyr, 'none may charge his neighbours wall with beames or rafters. All the houses are seperated the distance of 3. paces asunder.' Dec. iv., lib. vii. Cortés,Cartas, p. 24, mentions as many as five courts.[725]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 291;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l.;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., pp. 76-7;Chevalier,Mex., Ancien et Mod., p. 173.'N'avaient guère qu'un étage, à cause de la fréquence des tremblement de terre.'Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., p. 173.[726]Cortés,Cartas, p. 24.[727]Chaves,Rapport, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série ii., tom. v., p. 328. The palace at Tecpeque, says Las Casas, was a very labyrinth, in which visitors were liable to lose themselves without a guide. In the palace allotted to Cortés at Mexico he found comfortable quarters for 400 of his own men, 2000 allies, and a number of attendants.Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. lii., l.'Auia salas con sus camaras, que cabia cada vno en su cama, ciento y cincuenta Castellanos.'Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. v.'Intorno d'una gran corti fossero prima grandissime sale & stantie, però v'era vna sala cosi grande che vi poteano star dentro senza dar l'un fastidio all'altro piu di tre mila persone.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309.[728]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 200, 202;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 251.[729]Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 188, says that chiefs were permitted to erect towers pierced with arrows in the courtyard.Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 120. The houses were often quite surrounded with trees.West-Indische Spieghel, p. 220.[730]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 656.[731]Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 135-6.[732]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 291. Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l., says:'Encalados por encima, que no se pueden llover.' 'Couered with reede, thatch, or marish sedge: yet many of them are couered with slate, or shingle stone.'Peter Martyr, dec. iv., lib. vii., dec. v., lib. x.[733]Peter Martyr, dec. iv., lib. iv., dec. v., lib. x.;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 219.[734]Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., p. 314.[735]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 658.[736]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 200-2;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., pp. 173-4;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 662-3, 665.[737]'Eran los Patios, y Suelos de ellos, de argamasa, y despues de encalados, cubrian la superficie, y haz, con Almagre, y despues bruñianlos, con vnos guijarros, y piedras mui lisas, y quedaban con tan buena tèz, y tan hermosamente bruñidos, que no podia estarlo mas vn Plato de Plata; pues como fuese de mañana, y el Sol començase à derramar, y esparcir la Lumbre de sus Raios, y començasen à reberverar en los Suelos, encendianlos de manera, que à quien llevaba tan buen deseo, y ansia de haber Oro, y Plata, le pudo parecer, que era Oro el Suelo; y es mui cierto, que los suelos de las Casas, y de los Patios (en especial, de los Templos, y de los Señores, y Personas Principales) se hacian, y adereçaban, en aquellos Tiempos, tales, que eran mui de vèr, y algunos de estos hemos visto tan lisos, y limpios, que sin asco se podia comer en ellos, sin Manteles, qualquier Manjar.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 251-2;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix.[738]'Toldillos encima.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 66.[739]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l.;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 318;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 66, 68;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. v., vii.;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., pp. 174-5;Cortés,Cartas, pp. 79, 174-5. Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 15-16, mentions stools of cane and reed; and firebugs which were used for lights.[740]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 381;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 201;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 662.'No ay puertas ni ventanas que cerrar, todo es abierto.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 318.[741]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 8.[742]Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vi., cap. xii.;Peter Martyr, dec. v., lib. x.;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix-l.;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 76.[743]Peter Martyr, dec. v., lib. x.[744]Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 199;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 200;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 318;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 657;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 661-2.[745]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 214-15, with cut;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 662, 671-2, with cut. The poorer had doubtless resort to public baths; they certainly existed in Tlascala.Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vi., cap. xvi.;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., p. 240.[746]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 155;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 635;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 564. For description of houses, see:Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 251-2, 291, tom. ii., pp. 381, 564;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vi., cap. xii., xvi., lib. vii., cap. v.;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 155, 200-2, 214-15, with cut;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix.-lii.;Cortés,Cartas, p. 24;Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 66, 68;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 318;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 199;Mendieta,Hist. Ecles., p. 121;Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 188;Peter Martyr, dec. iv., lib. iv., vii., dec. v., cap. x.;Chaves,Rapport, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série ii., tom. v., p. 328;West-Indische Spieghel, p. 221;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 26, 222, 635, 656-8, iv., p. 8;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., pp. 76-7, 120;Chevalier,Mex., Ancien et Mod., p. 31;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., pp. 173-5, 240;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 661-3, 671-2, with cut, tom. ii., p. 219;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 135-6;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 15-16.[747]'El anden, hácia la pared de la huerta, va todo labrado de cañas con unas vergas.'Cortés,Cartas, p. 83.[748]'Un anden de muy buen suelo ladrillado.'Cortés,Cartas, p. 83.[749]Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., p. 283;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 636;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 156.[750]Cortés,Cartas, p. 196;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 157.[751]See this vol., p.345.[752]'Hay sus puentes de muy anchas y muy grandes vigas juntas y recias y bien labradas; y tales, que por muchas dellas pueden pasar diez de caballo juntos á la par.'Cortés,Cartas, p. 103.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 632, says that stone bridges were most common, which is doubtless a mistake. Speaking of swinging bridges, Klemm says:'Manche waren so fest angespannt, dass sie gar keine schwankende Bewegung hatten.'Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 75;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 169.[753]'En los mismos patios de los pueblos principales habia otros cada doce ó quince teocallis harto grandes, unos mayores que otros.'Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 64.'Entre quatro, ó cinco barrios tenian vn Adoratorio, y sus idolos.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 72.[754]Mendieta,Hist. Ecles., pp. 84-6;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 141;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv.;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 35.[755]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 26, 34, cuts;Herrera,Hist. Gen., (Translation, Lond. 1725), vol. ii., pp. 372, 378, cuts.[756]Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 151-3.[757]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 186;Vetancvrt,Teatro Mex., pt. ii., p. 37. Other authors give the number at 60,460, and the attendance at 6,000,000.Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., p. 257.[758]'Recibia dentro de su hueco todo el suelo en que aora està edificada la Iglesia Maior, Casas del Marquès del Valle, Casas Reales, y Casas Arçobispales, con mucha parte de lo que aora es Plaça, que parece cosa increìble.'Sahagun, quoted inTorquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 146.To-day the Cathedral stands upon the Plaza, and many houses occupy the spot; seeCarbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., pp. 226-7, 233-5. Opposite the south gate was the market and'en face du grand temple se trouvait le palais.'Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 152.[759]'Dos cercas al rededor de cal, y canto.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70-1.[760]'Mayores que la plaça que ay en Salamanca.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70.Cortés,Cartas, p. 106, states that a town of 500 houses could be located within its compass. Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 144, Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119, Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li., and Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xvii., agree upon a length to each side of one cross-bow or musket shot, and this, according to Las Casas, cap. cxxxii., is 750 paces; in the same places he gives the length at four shots, or 3000 paces, an evident mistake, unless by this is meant the circumference. Hernandez estimates it at about 80 perches, or 1,420 feet. Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., p. 197, who seems to have investigated the matter more closely, places it at 200 fathoms, which cannot be too high, when we consider that the court enclosed 77 or more edifices, besides the great temple. Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 226, gives a length of 250 varas.[761]'Era todo cercado de piedra de manposterìa mui bien labrado.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 144. 'Estaban mui bien encaladas, blancas, y bruñidas.'Id., p. 141.[762]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 27;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 661;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 142.'Era labrada de piedras grandes a manera de culebras asidas las vnas a las otras.'Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 333;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 63.[763]Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 333, says an idol stood over each gate, facing the road. It is not stated by any author that the arsenals formed the gateway, but as they rose over the entrance, and nearly all mention upper and lower rooms, and as buildings of this size could not have rested upon the walls alone, it follows that the lower story must have formed the sides of the entrance.'A cada parte y puerta de las cuatro del patio del templo grande ya dicho habia una gran sala con muy buenos aposentos altos y bajos en rededor.'Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li.;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 146;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 120. Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 152, mentions three gates.'À l'orient et à l'occident d'une petite porte et d'une grande vis-à-vis de l'escalier méridional.'[764]'Y el mismo patio, y sitio todo empedrado de piedras grandes de losas blancas, y muy lisas: y adonde no auia de aquellas piedras, estaua encalado, y bruñido.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70.The white stones had no doubt received that color from plaster.'Los patios y suelos eran teñidos de Almagre bruñido, y incorporado con la misma cal.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 141;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix. The dimensions given by the different authors are extremely varied; the Anonymous Conqueror, as the only eye-witness who has given any measurements, certainly deserves credit for those that appear reasonable, namely the length and width; the height seems out of proportion.[765]'Cento & cinquanta passi, ò poco piu di lunghezza, & cento quindici, ò cento & venti di larghezza.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 307.This would give the length and breadth of the base in the text, assuming two and a half feet to the pace. With a decrease of two good paces for each of the four ledges which surround the pyramid, the summit measurement is arrived at. The terraces are stated by the same author to be two men's stature in height, but this scarcely agrees with the height indicated by the 120 or 30 steps given. Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70, counted 114 steps, and as most authors estimate each of these at a span, or nine inches in height, this would give an altitude of 86 feet. Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 28-9, gives about 50 fathoms (perches, he calls them) by 43 to the base, and, allowing a perch to the ledges, he places the summit dimensions at 43 by 34 fathoms. The height he estimates at 19 fathoms, giving the height of each step as one foot. To prove that he has not over-estimated the summit dimensions, at least, he refers to the statements of Cortés, who affirms that he fought 500 Mexicans on the top platform, and of Diaz, who says that over 4,000 men garrisoned the temple. Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., pp. 144-5, who follows Sahagun, states it to be 360 feet square at the base, and over 70 at the top; the steps he says are'vna tercia, y mas'in height, which closely approaches a foot. Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li., says:'Una torre triangular ó de tres esquinas de tierra y piedra maciza; y ancha de esquina á esquina de ciento y viente pasos ó cuasi ... con un llano ó plaza de obra de setenta pies.'In cap. cxxxii. he calls it 100 men's stature in height. Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119, says 50 fathoms square at the base and 18 at the top. Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 245, describes a temple which seems to be that of Mexico, and states it to be 80 fathoms square, with a height of 27 men's stature. Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xvii., places the dimensions as low as 30 varas square at the base and from 12 to 15 at the top. Of modern authors Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 659, gives the dimensions at 300 by 250 feet for the base, and 60 feet for the summit, after allowing from 5 to 6 feet for the ledges, a rather extraordinary computation; unless, indeed, we assume that the terraces were sloping, but there is no reliable cut or description to confirm such a supposition. Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 169-70, has 97 mètres for the square, and 37 for the height. Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., pp. 280-82, is positive that the height was certainly no less than 38 varas. Prescott,Mex., vol. ii., p. 144, remarks that there is no authority for describing the temple as oblong, except thecontemptiblecut of the Anonymous Conqueror. This may be just enough as regards the cut, but if he had examined the description attached to it, he would have found the dimensions of an oblong structure given. We must consider that the Anonymous Conqueror is the only eye-witness who gives any measurement, and, further, that as two chapels were situated at one end of the platform the structure ought to have been oblong to give the space in front a fair outline.[766]'Alto come due stature d'vn huomo.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 307.[767]'Lasciano vna strada di larghezza di duo passi.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 307.See note87;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 64.[768]The Anonymous Conqueror,Relatione, etc., ubi supra, Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv., Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119, and Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 145, all say that there was no ledge on the west side, merely steps, but this is, doubtless, a careless expression, for 23 steps allotted to each terrace would scarcely have extended over a length of about 300 feet, the breadth of the pyramid. Nearly all agree upon the number of the steps, namely 114. Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 245, however, gives 160 steps; Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., pp. 502-3, 60 steps; and Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 333, 30 steps, 30 fathoms wide, but the latter author has evidently mixed up the accounts of two different temples. Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 152, states that the temple had three stairways, with 360 steps in all, one for every day in the Mexican year. According toKlemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 155, the steps are on the south corner, but there is no authority for this statement; in the cuts they appear on the north.[769]'De tierra y piedra, mezclada con cal muy macizada.'Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xvii. 'Por la parte de fuera iba su pared de piedra: lo de dentro henchíanlo de piedra todo, ó de barro y adobe; otros de tierra bien tapiada.'Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 63-4. 'Hecha de manposteria.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 144.The pyramid of Teotihuacan, which, according to some authors, has been a model for others, is built of clay mixed with small stones, covered by a heavy wall of tetzontli, which is coated with lime.Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 187.'Todas las piedras estauan assentadas de tal suerte, que la mezcla casi no parecia, sino todas las piedras vna.'Dávila Padilla,Hist. Fvnd. Mex., p. 75.The whitewash may, however, have given it this solid appearance.'Todos aquellos Templos, y Salas; y todas sus paredes que los cercaban, estaban mui bien encaladas, blancas, y bruñidas.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 141.The mortar was mixed with precious stones and gold-dust.Tezozomoc,Crónica Mex., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 60.[770]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 659, states that three sides of the platform were protected by a balustrade of sculptured stone, and this is not unlikely when we consider the slippery nature of the floor and the dizzy height. SeeTorquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 141;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix., cxxiv., and note75on polished floors. Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 664, states that the summit was paved with marble.[771]'In alto dieci, ò dodici stature d'huomo.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 307.This is followed by Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 29, who says 56 feet, or about 9 perches. No other dimensions are mentioned by the old chroniclers; Brasseur de Bourbourg, however, gives them a base of 20 feet square,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 659-60, but this becomes absurd when we consider the height of the buildings, and the accommodation required for the gigantic idols they contained. This author hazards the opinion that the chapels were placed close to the edge, to enable the people to see the idols from below, but there is no mention of any doors on the east side, and it is stated that the chapels were placed at this end so that the people in praying might face the rising sun.Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li.[772]'Que se mandaban por la parte de adentro, por unas escaleras de madera movedizas.'Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 245.Acosta states that the towers were ascended by 120 steps.Hist. de las Ynd., p. 334. The towers were made of 'artesones.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119. Brasseur de Bourbourg states that the outside of the walls was painted with various figures and monsters, but this seems to be a misinterpretation of Gomara, who places the paintings on the inside.Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 660. Bernal Diaz says, besides, that the towers were'todas blanqueando.'Hist. Conq., fol. 70.[773]The eaves or the domes of the temples were decorated with fine red and white pillars, set with jet black stones and holding two figures of stone with torches in their hands, which supported a battlement in form of spiral shells; the torches were adorned with yellow and green feathers and fringes.Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 333;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 242.[774]Most of the old authors say that Tlaloc occupied the second chapel, but as the next largest temple in the court is dedicated to this god, I am inclined to think, with Clavigero, that Tezcatlipoca shared the chief pyramid with Huitzilopochtli. Another reason for this belief is that Tezcatlipoca was held to be the half-brother of Huitzilopochtli, and their feasts were sometimes attended with similar ceremonies. Tezcatlipoca was also one of the highest if not the highest god, and, accordingly, entitled to the place of honor by the side of the favorite god of the Aztecs. Tlaloc, on the other hand, had nothing in common with Huitzilopochtli, and the only possible ground that can be found for his promotion to the chief pyramid is to be seen in the fable of the foundation of Mexico, in which Tlaloc, as the lord of the site, gives the Aztecs permission to settle there. We have, besides, the testimony of Bernal Diaz, who saw Tezcatlipoca, adorned with thetezcatl, or mirror ornament, seated in the left hand temple.Hist. Conq., fol. 71;Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., p. 281. Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 660, thinks it possible that the second temple was occupied by different idols, in turn, according to the festival.[775]'No eran mas altos que cinco palmos.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119.Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 29.[776]Clavigero thinks that the stone was of jasper.Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 46, with cut. It is difficult to define the position of this stone; some place it before the idol within the chapel, others at the western extremity of the platform. Referring to the idols in the chapel, Sahagun says:'Delante de cada una de estas estaba una piedra redonda á manera de tajon que llamantexcatl, donde mataban los que sacrificaban á honra de aquel dios, y desde la piedra hasta abajo unregaxalde sangre de los que mataban en él'—he describes the stone as round.Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., p. 198. And this I am inclined to accept as correct, especially as several points indicate that the stones stood inside the chapel. Their floor, we are told, were steeped in blood that must have flown from the victims; further, we know that the reeking heart was held up before or thrown at the feet of the idol, immediately after being torn out. The act of sacrifice was in itself a ceremony which could only have been performed before the idol. Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 334, and Solis,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. i., p. 397, place it in the middle of the platform. Prescott,Mex., vol. ii., p. 145, states that the stone (one only) stood near the head of the stairway, but this is most likely a hasty interpretation of Diaz' vague account. There may, however, have been a large stone at this place, which was used for the great and general sacrifices.Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv. Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 660-1, manages very dexterously to place the two stones before the chapel, and at the same time near the head of the steps. Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 98, mentions one stone with a hollow in the middle.[777]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxxii.;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119.[778]Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 71.[779]Cortés,Cartas, p. 106. It is also stated that certain chapels in the streets were used for burial places by the lords.'Inde Straten waren veel Cappellen, die meest diendeden tot begravinghe van de groote Heeren.'West-Indische Spieghel, p. 248.[780]'Dezian, que era el Dios de las sementeras'(called Centeotl).Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 71.[781]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 29-30;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 228;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 145; on p. 141, he says, in contradiction:'Delante de los Altares en estos Templos avia vnos braseros hechos de piedra, y cal, de tres quartas en alto, de figura circular, ò redonda, y otros quadrados, donde de dia, y de noche ardia continuo fuego, tenian sus fogones, y braseros todas las Salas de los dichos Templos, donde encendian fuego, para calentarse los Señores, quando iban à ellos, y para los Sacerdotes.' 'Tan altos como tres palmos y cuatro.'Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv.[782]Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70.[783]See note119;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 65.[784]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 30. Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li., and Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 64, say that they face in all directions, which tends to prove that they must have faced the temple of the supreme and patron gods.'Estando encontrados, y puestos vnos contra otros,' addsTorquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., pp. 141, 145.Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119, states that they were turned against all points but the east, so as to differ from the chief temple.'Tenian la cara ácia el occidente.'Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., p. 198.Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 334, states that the court held eight or nine temples facing all quarters.[785]'Todos eran vnos; pero diferenciabanse en el asiento, y postura.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 145. 'La cubierta ... era de diversas, y varias formas, que aunque eran vnas de madera, y otras de paja, como de Centeno, eran mui primamente labradas, vnas coberturas piramidales, y quadradas, y otras redondas, y de otras formas.'Ib.Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 118-19;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 662-3.[786]'La menor dellas tiene çinqüenta escalones para subir al cuerpo de la torre.'Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., p. 302;Cortés,Cartas, p. 106.[787]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 145.[788]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., pp. 147-50.[789]Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., pp. 201-7;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 149; Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 32, calls it Hueitzompan.[790]'En los escalones habia tambien un cráneo entre piedra y piedra.'Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., p. 287.But this is unlikely. See alsoGomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 121.[791]'Estos palos hazian muchas aspas por las vigas, y cada tercio de aspa o palo, tenia cinco cabeças ensartadas por las sienes.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 121-2.Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 334, places the masts a fathom apart, and twenty skulls upon each cross-pole, which is, to say the least, very close packing.[792]At each end of the platform.Warden,Recherches, p. 66.[793]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 32;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 121-2;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xviii.;Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., pp. 333-5. The account of the latter author is so mixed up with that of the chief temple as to be of little value; Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 242-3, follows him.[794]Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 333, says that 8,000 to 10,000 persons could dance with joined hands in this place.[795]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 48, with cut;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 154;Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., p. 283;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 662.[796]Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 120;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., pp. 146-7;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li.[797]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 151;Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 244.[798]'Residen en el a la contina cinco mil personas, y todas duermen dentro, y comen a su costa del.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 120.'V'hauea vna guarnigione di dieci mila homini di guerra.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309.[799]The authorities on the temple of Mexico are:Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70-2;Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 307, 309, and inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 384-5, 394-5, with cuts;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 186, tom. ii., pp. 140-56;Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., pp. 197-211;Cortés,Cartas, p. 106;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 118-22;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix., li., cxxiv.;Vetancvrt,Teatro Mex., pt ii., p. 37;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., pp. 257-8, tom. ii., pp. 25-32, 46-8, with cuts made up from the various descriptions of Diaz and others; see his remarks, p. 26.Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., pp. 333-5; this author mixes up the descriptions of the chief temple and the Tzompantli, and represents this account as that of Huitzilopochtli's sanctuary;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xvii., xviii.;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 63-5;Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., pp. 279-89;Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 151-3, 193;Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 245;Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., pp. 302-3, 502-3;Dávila Padilla,Hist. Fvnd. Mex., p. 75;Solis,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. i., pp. 394-98;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 242;West-Indische Spieghel, p. 248;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 187;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 154-5;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 659-65;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 664, tom. ii., pp. 226-35, with cuts;Warden,Recherches, p. 66;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., pp. 142-5.[800]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 145;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 33. Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 120, says that there were 2000 idols, each of which is supposed to have had a separate chapel.Cavo,Tres Siglos, tom. i., p. 2;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxxii.; in cap. cxxiv., he adds that 100 of these were great temples.[801]Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 120. Some temple pyramids, says Dávila Padilla, formed a perfect cone, the casing being composed of large stones at the bottom; as the wall rose, the stones decreased in size; the summit was crowned with a precious stone.Hist. Fvnd. Mex., p. 75;Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 72.[802]'Los grandes tenian tres sobrados encima de los altares, todosde terrados ybien altos.'Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 64;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv.;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 141.[803]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv.;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 239-40;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 33-4. Bernal Diaz counted 120 steps, which scarcely agrees with the height of the pyramid.Hist. Conq., fol. 72. Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., pp. 390-1, mentions 60 steps only.'Alto bien mas de quarenta estados: fue hecho de Adove, y Piedra.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 281.Montanus adds that on the summit stood a square structure, supported by 28 pillars, within which were thousands of skulls; he mentions two chapels.Nieuwe Weereld, p. 236. It had 1508 steps; in the wall was a large diamond.West-Indische Spieghel, p. 238.[804]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix. Some of these had two chapels, which would make the number of towers about 400.Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. ii.[805]Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 245. The description of the temple as given by this writer is almost identical with that of the great temple at Mexico.Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 72;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 305.[806]Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 257.[807]Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 107-8. Further authorities on Mexican buildings:Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. iv-v., viii-xi., xiii-xviii., dec. iii., lib. i., cap. viii., lib. ii., cap. xi., xv.;Peter Martyr, dec. v., lib. ii-iii., viii., x., dec. viii., lib. iv.;Mendieta,Hist. Ecles., pp. 84-7, 121;Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., p. 155;Zuazo,Carta, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 359, 362;West-Indische Spieghel, pp. 240-8;Munster,Cosmographia, p. 1410;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 80-5, 235-7, 242-3;Cortés,Aven. y Conq., pp. 120, 128-33;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., pp. 123-7, 172-5, 252-3, 258-9, 266;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 31-2, 75, 84-5, 97-9, 152-62;Monglave,Résumé, pp. 20-1, 24-5, 36-7;Touron,Hist. Gén., tom. iii., pp. 40-8;Cooper's Hist. N. Amer., pt ii., p. 164;Lafond,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 106-7;Brownell's Ind. Races, pp. 92-5;Ranking's Hist. Researches, pp. 336-7;Domenech,Mexique, pp. 70-2;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 391;Dilworth's Conq. Mex., pp. 64, 70-1;Lenoir,Parallèle, pp. 20-1;Pimentel,Mem. sobre la Raza Indígena, pp. 55-7;Chevalier,Mex., Ancien et Mod., pp. 30-3;Purchas his Pilgrimes, vol. iv., pp. 1033, 1123-4, 1133.[808]Hernandez,Nova Plantarum, etc. The MSS., comprising 24 books of text and 11 books of plates, were sent to the Escurial in Spain, and from them abridged editions were published in Mexico, 1615, and Rome, 1651. The latter edition is the one in my collection. Sahagun also devotes considerable space to a description of herbs and their properties.Hist. Gen., tom. iii., lib. x., xi.[809]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 157;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xi.;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 623-4.[810]'É da maravigliare, che i Messicani, e massimamente i poveri, non fossero a molte malattie sottoposti atteso la qualità de' loro alimenta.'Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 217;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 88.[811]'Las principales enfermedades que corrian entre esta gente, eran de abundancia de colera, y flema, o otros malos humores, causados de mala comida, y falta de abrigo.'Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. x., cap. xxi.[812]Tezozomoc,Crón. Mex., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 64;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 365.[813]'Hacia malparir las Mugeres, de antojo de comer de aquello que asaban ... daban camazas á los Viejos de deseo de comer de aquello; y á las Mugeres se los hinchaban los brazos, las manos, y las piernas, que adolecian mucho, y morian con aquel deseo.'Duran,Hist. Indias, MS., tom. i., cap. x.Torquemada qualifies this by'Esto dicho, pase por cuento.'Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 93;Tezozomoc,Crón. Mex., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., pp. 21-2, 64.[814]Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 250.[815]Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 15;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 148.[816]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., pp. 117-19, tom. iv., pp. 303-28;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. x., cap. xxi.;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 148;Pauw,Rech. Phil., tom. i., pp. 46-9;Pimentel,Mem. sobre la Raza Indígena, pp. 99-101;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., pp. 434-5;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 66-71;Chevalier,Mex., Ancien et Mod., p. 53;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 182;Id., inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1858, tom. clx., p. 280;Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. ii., lib. vii., p. 246.
[694]In Tezcuco the wards were each occupied by a distinct class of tradespeople, and this was doubtless the case in Mexico also, to a certain extent.'Cada Oficio se vsase en Barrios de por sì; de suerte, que los que eran Plateros de Oro, avian de estàr juntos, y todos los de aquel Barrio, lo avian de ser, y no se avian de mezclar otros con ellos; y los de Plata, en otro Barrio,' etc.Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 147;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 3;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 218.
[695]'Al rededor de la ciudad habia muchos diques y esclusas para contener las aguas en caso necesario ... no pocas que tenian en medio una acequia entre dos terraplenes.'Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., pp. 218-19.
[696]'Hay sus puentes de muy anchas y muy grandes vigas juntas y recias y bien labradas; y tales, que por muchas dellas pueden pasar diez de caballo juntos á la par.'In case of necessity'quitadas las puentes de las entradas y salidas.'With this facility for cutting off retreat, Cortés found it best to construct brigantines.Cartas, p. 103;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 187;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 73.'Otra Calle avia ... mui angosta, y tanto, que apenas podian ir dos Personas juntas, son finalmente vnos Callejones mui estrechos.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 291;Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xiii.
[697]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 157-8. It is here said to be four fathoms broad.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 231-2;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 32; Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt ii., p. 255, says:'Reste des ... gegen 39,400 Fuss langen and 65 Fuss breiten Dammes aus Steinen in Lehm, zu beiden Seiten mit Pallisaden verbrämt.'
[698]Cortés,Cartas, p. 103;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 116;Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., p. 299;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 608.
[699]'Cosi grande come sarebbe tre volte la piazza di Salamanca.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 181.
[700]The Anonymous Conqueror states that this road carried the aqueduct which was three quarters of a league in length.Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309;Cortés,Cartas, p. 108;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 4;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 207;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 114.
[701]'Los caños, que eran de madera y de cal y canto.'Cortés,Cartas, pp. 209, 108;Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., p. 304.Other writers make the pipes larger.'Tan gordos como vn buey cada vno.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 113. 'Tan anchas como tres hombres juntos y mas.'Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l.
[702]Cortés,Cartas, p. 108, says'echan la dulce por unas canales tan gruesas como un buey, que son de la longura de las dichas puentes.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 207;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l.;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 114;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 664.
[703]Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 113;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xiii.
[704]Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., pp. 500-1;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 207;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 4.
[705]Duran,Hist. Indias, MS., tom. ii., cap. xlviii., xlix.
[706]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 427, tom. iv., pp. 209-10;Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 184.
[707]Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., p. 319;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 206, 460.
[708]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 7.'En todos los caminos que tenian hechos de cañas, ò paja, ò yervas, porque no los viessen los que passasen por ellos, y alli se metian, si tenian gana de purgar los vientres, porque no se les perdiesse aquella suciedad.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70.
[709]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 298. The authorities for the description of the city are:Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309, and inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 390-2, with plans;Cortés,Cartas, pp. 43, 83-4, 102-9, 209;Id.,Despatches, p. 333, plan;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70-3;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i. pp. 91-4, 147, 157-8, 206-7, 288-98, 306-7, 460;Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., pp. 465-8, 500-1;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 180-3, 187-8;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l.;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 113-16;Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., pp. 283-4, 299, 305;Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. ii., p. 141;Ortega, inId., tom. iii., p. 319;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xiii., xiv., dec. iii., lib. ii., cap. xi.;Id., (Translation, Lond. 1725), vol. ii., p. 372, vol. iii., p. 194, view and plan;Camargo,Hist. Tlax., inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcix., pp. 174-5;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., pp. 168-9;Heredia y Sarmiento,Sermon, pp. 95-6;Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 184;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 81, 238-9;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., pp. 443-9, tom. iii., pp. 231-2, 427, tom. iv., pp. 3-7, 209-10;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 310-14, 664, tom. ii., pp. 216-28, with plan;Prescott's Mex., vol. i., pp. 16-17, vol. ii., pp. 69, 76-86;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt ii., p. 255;Alaman,Disertaciones, tom. i., p. 184-8;Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., pp. 310-14, 456, 471-2, 490-1, with plans;Carli,Cartas, pt i., pp. 35-6;Peter Martyr, dec. v., lib. x.
[710]Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 197;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 69.
[711]Cortés says'piedra seca.'Cartas, p. 60, but this is contradicted by Bernal Diaz, who found it to be of stone and mortar.Hist. Conq., fol. 43.'Sin mezcla de cal ni barro.'Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vi., cap. iv.
[712]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 150, gives the measurement at eight feet in height and eighteen in width.
[713]Cortés,Cartas, p. 60;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 43;West-Indische Spieghel, pp. 225-6.Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 150, with a cut.
[714]Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 186.
[715]Delaporte says that streets met on the hills.Reisen, tom. x., p. 256.
[716]Cortés,Cartas, p. 67;Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 308;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vi., cap. xii.
[717]Cortés,Cartas, p. 171. SeeWarden,Recherches, pp. 67-8, on fortifications. In Michoacan, some towns had walls of planks two fathoms high and one broad.Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. iii., lib. iii., cap. iii.
[718]Meaning place of detention, because here the immigrating tribes used to halt, while deciding upon their settlement.Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 214.
[719]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix., says that it was nearly as large as Mexico.Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 115. Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 182, gives it a league in width and six in length. Peter Martyr, dec. viii., lib. iv., gives it 20,000 houses. Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 87-8, estimates it at 30,000 houses, and thinks that Torquemada must have included the three outlying towns to attain his figure.Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 304.
[720]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., pp. 89-90, 303-4;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 87-8;Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., pp. 242-4. For further references to Mexican towns, forts, etc., see:Cortés,Cartas, pp. 24, 57-60, 67-8, 74-5, 92-3, 153, 171, 186, 196;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 43;Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 308;Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., tom. ix., pp. 214, 242, 251-2, 257;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix.;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 251-2, 304, 449-50;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 26, 51, 115;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. v., cap. viii., lib. vi., cap. iv., xii., xvi., lib. vii., cap. iv., dec. iii., lib. iii., cap. iii.;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 150, with cut;Peter Martyr, dec. iv., lib. iv., vii., dec. viii., lib. iv.;Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., p. 283;West-Indische Spieghel, pp. 221, 225-6;Bologne, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. x., p. 212;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 236;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 186;Delaporte,Reisen, tom. x., p. 256;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 87-8, 259, 663, tom. ii., pp. 51, 161;Warden,Recherches, pp. 67-8;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 65;Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., p. 296;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., pp. 240, 243.
[721]Las Casas states that when a warrior distinguished himself abroad he was allowed to build his house in the style used by the enemy, a privilege allowed to none else.Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. lxvi.
[722]'I fondamenti delle case grandi della Capitale si gettavano a cagione della poca sodezza di quel terreno sopra un piano di grosse stanghe di cedro ficcate in terra.'Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 202.'Porque la humedad no les causase enfermedad, alzaban los aposentos hasta un estado poco mas ó menos, y así quedaban como entresuelos.'Mendieta,Hist. Ecles., p. 121.Speaking of Cempoalla, Peter Martyr says: 'Vnto these houses or habitations they ascend by 10. or 12. steppes or stayres.' Dec. iv., tom. vii. The floor of the palace at Mitla consisted of slabs of stone three feet thick, which rested on ten feet piles.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 26. Houses with elevated terraces were only allowed to chiefs.Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 188.
[723]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix. This mode of whitewashing the walls and polishing them with gypsum seems to have been very common in all parts of Mexico, for we repeatedly meet with mentions of the dazzling white walls, like silver, which the Spaniards noticed all through their march.Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 251;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 202.
[724]In Cempoalla, says Peter Martyr, 'none may charge his neighbours wall with beames or rafters. All the houses are seperated the distance of 3. paces asunder.' Dec. iv., lib. vii. Cortés,Cartas, p. 24, mentions as many as five courts.
[725]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 291;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l.;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., pp. 76-7;Chevalier,Mex., Ancien et Mod., p. 173.'N'avaient guère qu'un étage, à cause de la fréquence des tremblement de terre.'Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., p. 173.
[726]Cortés,Cartas, p. 24.
[727]Chaves,Rapport, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série ii., tom. v., p. 328. The palace at Tecpeque, says Las Casas, was a very labyrinth, in which visitors were liable to lose themselves without a guide. In the palace allotted to Cortés at Mexico he found comfortable quarters for 400 of his own men, 2000 allies, and a number of attendants.Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. lii., l.'Auia salas con sus camaras, que cabia cada vno en su cama, ciento y cincuenta Castellanos.'Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. v.'Intorno d'una gran corti fossero prima grandissime sale & stantie, però v'era vna sala cosi grande che vi poteano star dentro senza dar l'un fastidio all'altro piu di tre mila persone.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309.
[728]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 200, 202;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 251.
[729]Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 188, says that chiefs were permitted to erect towers pierced with arrows in the courtyard.Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 120. The houses were often quite surrounded with trees.West-Indische Spieghel, p. 220.
[730]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 656.
[731]Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 135-6.
[732]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 291. Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l., says:'Encalados por encima, que no se pueden llover.' 'Couered with reede, thatch, or marish sedge: yet many of them are couered with slate, or shingle stone.'Peter Martyr, dec. iv., lib. vii., dec. v., lib. x.
[733]Peter Martyr, dec. iv., lib. iv., dec. v., lib. x.;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 219.
[734]Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., p. 314.
[735]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 658.
[736]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 200-2;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., pp. 173-4;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 662-3, 665.
[737]'Eran los Patios, y Suelos de ellos, de argamasa, y despues de encalados, cubrian la superficie, y haz, con Almagre, y despues bruñianlos, con vnos guijarros, y piedras mui lisas, y quedaban con tan buena tèz, y tan hermosamente bruñidos, que no podia estarlo mas vn Plato de Plata; pues como fuese de mañana, y el Sol començase à derramar, y esparcir la Lumbre de sus Raios, y començasen à reberverar en los Suelos, encendianlos de manera, que à quien llevaba tan buen deseo, y ansia de haber Oro, y Plata, le pudo parecer, que era Oro el Suelo; y es mui cierto, que los suelos de las Casas, y de los Patios (en especial, de los Templos, y de los Señores, y Personas Principales) se hacian, y adereçaban, en aquellos Tiempos, tales, que eran mui de vèr, y algunos de estos hemos visto tan lisos, y limpios, que sin asco se podia comer en ellos, sin Manteles, qualquier Manjar.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 251-2;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix.
[738]'Toldillos encima.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 66.
[739]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. l.;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 318;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 66, 68;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. v., vii.;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., pp. 174-5;Cortés,Cartas, pp. 79, 174-5. Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 15-16, mentions stools of cane and reed; and firebugs which were used for lights.
[740]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 381;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 201;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 662.'No ay puertas ni ventanas que cerrar, todo es abierto.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 318.
[741]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 8.
[742]Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vi., cap. xii.;Peter Martyr, dec. v., lib. x.;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix-l.;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 76.
[743]Peter Martyr, dec. v., lib. x.
[744]Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 199;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 200;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 318;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 657;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 661-2.
[745]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 214-15, with cut;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 662, 671-2, with cut. The poorer had doubtless resort to public baths; they certainly existed in Tlascala.Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vi., cap. xvi.;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., p. 240.
[746]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 155;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 635;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 564. For description of houses, see:Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., pp. 251-2, 291, tom. ii., pp. 381, 564;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vi., cap. xii., xvi., lib. vii., cap. v.;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 155, 200-2, 214-15, with cut;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix.-lii.;Cortés,Cartas, p. 24;Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309;Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 66, 68;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 318;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 199;Mendieta,Hist. Ecles., p. 121;Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 188;Peter Martyr, dec. iv., lib. iv., vii., dec. v., cap. x.;Chaves,Rapport, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série ii., tom. v., p. 328;West-Indische Spieghel, p. 221;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 26, 222, 635, 656-8, iv., p. 8;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., pp. 76-7, 120;Chevalier,Mex., Ancien et Mod., p. 31;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., pp. 173-5, 240;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 661-3, 671-2, with cut, tom. ii., p. 219;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 135-6;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 15-16.
[747]'El anden, hácia la pared de la huerta, va todo labrado de cañas con unas vergas.'Cortés,Cartas, p. 83.
[748]'Un anden de muy buen suelo ladrillado.'Cortés,Cartas, p. 83.
[749]Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., p. 283;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 636;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 156.
[750]Cortés,Cartas, p. 196;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 157.
[751]See this vol., p.345.
[752]'Hay sus puentes de muy anchas y muy grandes vigas juntas y recias y bien labradas; y tales, que por muchas dellas pueden pasar diez de caballo juntos á la par.'Cortés,Cartas, p. 103.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 632, says that stone bridges were most common, which is doubtless a mistake. Speaking of swinging bridges, Klemm says:'Manche waren so fest angespannt, dass sie gar keine schwankende Bewegung hatten.'Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 75;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 169.
[753]'En los mismos patios de los pueblos principales habia otros cada doce ó quince teocallis harto grandes, unos mayores que otros.'Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 64.'Entre quatro, ó cinco barrios tenian vn Adoratorio, y sus idolos.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 72.
[754]Mendieta,Hist. Ecles., pp. 84-6;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 141;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv.;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 35.
[755]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 26, 34, cuts;Herrera,Hist. Gen., (Translation, Lond. 1725), vol. ii., pp. 372, 378, cuts.
[756]Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 151-3.
[757]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 186;Vetancvrt,Teatro Mex., pt. ii., p. 37. Other authors give the number at 60,460, and the attendance at 6,000,000.Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., p. 257.
[758]'Recibia dentro de su hueco todo el suelo en que aora està edificada la Iglesia Maior, Casas del Marquès del Valle, Casas Reales, y Casas Arçobispales, con mucha parte de lo que aora es Plaça, que parece cosa increìble.'Sahagun, quoted inTorquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 146.To-day the Cathedral stands upon the Plaza, and many houses occupy the spot; seeCarbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., pp. 226-7, 233-5. Opposite the south gate was the market and'en face du grand temple se trouvait le palais.'Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 152.
[759]'Dos cercas al rededor de cal, y canto.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70-1.
[760]'Mayores que la plaça que ay en Salamanca.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70.Cortés,Cartas, p. 106, states that a town of 500 houses could be located within its compass. Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 144, Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119, Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li., and Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xvii., agree upon a length to each side of one cross-bow or musket shot, and this, according to Las Casas, cap. cxxxii., is 750 paces; in the same places he gives the length at four shots, or 3000 paces, an evident mistake, unless by this is meant the circumference. Hernandez estimates it at about 80 perches, or 1,420 feet. Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., p. 197, who seems to have investigated the matter more closely, places it at 200 fathoms, which cannot be too high, when we consider that the court enclosed 77 or more edifices, besides the great temple. Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 226, gives a length of 250 varas.
[761]'Era todo cercado de piedra de manposterìa mui bien labrado.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 144. 'Estaban mui bien encaladas, blancas, y bruñidas.'Id., p. 141.
[762]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 27;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 661;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., p. 142.'Era labrada de piedras grandes a manera de culebras asidas las vnas a las otras.'Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 333;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 63.
[763]Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 333, says an idol stood over each gate, facing the road. It is not stated by any author that the arsenals formed the gateway, but as they rose over the entrance, and nearly all mention upper and lower rooms, and as buildings of this size could not have rested upon the walls alone, it follows that the lower story must have formed the sides of the entrance.'A cada parte y puerta de las cuatro del patio del templo grande ya dicho habia una gran sala con muy buenos aposentos altos y bajos en rededor.'Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li.;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 146;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 120. Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 152, mentions three gates.'À l'orient et à l'occident d'une petite porte et d'une grande vis-à-vis de l'escalier méridional.'
[764]'Y el mismo patio, y sitio todo empedrado de piedras grandes de losas blancas, y muy lisas: y adonde no auia de aquellas piedras, estaua encalado, y bruñido.'Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70.The white stones had no doubt received that color from plaster.'Los patios y suelos eran teñidos de Almagre bruñido, y incorporado con la misma cal.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 141;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix. The dimensions given by the different authors are extremely varied; the Anonymous Conqueror, as the only eye-witness who has given any measurements, certainly deserves credit for those that appear reasonable, namely the length and width; the height seems out of proportion.
[765]'Cento & cinquanta passi, ò poco piu di lunghezza, & cento quindici, ò cento & venti di larghezza.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 307.This would give the length and breadth of the base in the text, assuming two and a half feet to the pace. With a decrease of two good paces for each of the four ledges which surround the pyramid, the summit measurement is arrived at. The terraces are stated by the same author to be two men's stature in height, but this scarcely agrees with the height indicated by the 120 or 30 steps given. Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70, counted 114 steps, and as most authors estimate each of these at a span, or nine inches in height, this would give an altitude of 86 feet. Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 28-9, gives about 50 fathoms (perches, he calls them) by 43 to the base, and, allowing a perch to the ledges, he places the summit dimensions at 43 by 34 fathoms. The height he estimates at 19 fathoms, giving the height of each step as one foot. To prove that he has not over-estimated the summit dimensions, at least, he refers to the statements of Cortés, who affirms that he fought 500 Mexicans on the top platform, and of Diaz, who says that over 4,000 men garrisoned the temple. Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., pp. 144-5, who follows Sahagun, states it to be 360 feet square at the base, and over 70 at the top; the steps he says are'vna tercia, y mas'in height, which closely approaches a foot. Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li., says:'Una torre triangular ó de tres esquinas de tierra y piedra maciza; y ancha de esquina á esquina de ciento y viente pasos ó cuasi ... con un llano ó plaza de obra de setenta pies.'In cap. cxxxii. he calls it 100 men's stature in height. Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119, says 50 fathoms square at the base and 18 at the top. Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 245, describes a temple which seems to be that of Mexico, and states it to be 80 fathoms square, with a height of 27 men's stature. Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xvii., places the dimensions as low as 30 varas square at the base and from 12 to 15 at the top. Of modern authors Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 659, gives the dimensions at 300 by 250 feet for the base, and 60 feet for the summit, after allowing from 5 to 6 feet for the ledges, a rather extraordinary computation; unless, indeed, we assume that the terraces were sloping, but there is no reliable cut or description to confirm such a supposition. Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 169-70, has 97 mètres for the square, and 37 for the height. Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., pp. 280-82, is positive that the height was certainly no less than 38 varas. Prescott,Mex., vol. ii., p. 144, remarks that there is no authority for describing the temple as oblong, except thecontemptiblecut of the Anonymous Conqueror. This may be just enough as regards the cut, but if he had examined the description attached to it, he would have found the dimensions of an oblong structure given. We must consider that the Anonymous Conqueror is the only eye-witness who gives any measurement, and, further, that as two chapels were situated at one end of the platform the structure ought to have been oblong to give the space in front a fair outline.
[766]'Alto come due stature d'vn huomo.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 307.
[767]'Lasciano vna strada di larghezza di duo passi.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 307.See note87;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 64.
[768]The Anonymous Conqueror,Relatione, etc., ubi supra, Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv., Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119, and Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 145, all say that there was no ledge on the west side, merely steps, but this is, doubtless, a careless expression, for 23 steps allotted to each terrace would scarcely have extended over a length of about 300 feet, the breadth of the pyramid. Nearly all agree upon the number of the steps, namely 114. Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 245, however, gives 160 steps; Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., pp. 502-3, 60 steps; and Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 333, 30 steps, 30 fathoms wide, but the latter author has evidently mixed up the accounts of two different temples. Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 152, states that the temple had three stairways, with 360 steps in all, one for every day in the Mexican year. According toKlemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 155, the steps are on the south corner, but there is no authority for this statement; in the cuts they appear on the north.
[769]'De tierra y piedra, mezclada con cal muy macizada.'Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xvii. 'Por la parte de fuera iba su pared de piedra: lo de dentro henchíanlo de piedra todo, ó de barro y adobe; otros de tierra bien tapiada.'Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 63-4. 'Hecha de manposteria.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 144.The pyramid of Teotihuacan, which, according to some authors, has been a model for others, is built of clay mixed with small stones, covered by a heavy wall of tetzontli, which is coated with lime.Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 187.'Todas las piedras estauan assentadas de tal suerte, que la mezcla casi no parecia, sino todas las piedras vna.'Dávila Padilla,Hist. Fvnd. Mex., p. 75.The whitewash may, however, have given it this solid appearance.'Todos aquellos Templos, y Salas; y todas sus paredes que los cercaban, estaban mui bien encaladas, blancas, y bruñidas.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 141.The mortar was mixed with precious stones and gold-dust.Tezozomoc,Crónica Mex., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 60.
[770]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 659, states that three sides of the platform were protected by a balustrade of sculptured stone, and this is not unlikely when we consider the slippery nature of the floor and the dizzy height. SeeTorquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 141;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix., cxxiv., and note75on polished floors. Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 664, states that the summit was paved with marble.
[771]'In alto dieci, ò dodici stature d'huomo.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 307.This is followed by Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 29, who says 56 feet, or about 9 perches. No other dimensions are mentioned by the old chroniclers; Brasseur de Bourbourg, however, gives them a base of 20 feet square,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 659-60, but this becomes absurd when we consider the height of the buildings, and the accommodation required for the gigantic idols they contained. This author hazards the opinion that the chapels were placed close to the edge, to enable the people to see the idols from below, but there is no mention of any doors on the east side, and it is stated that the chapels were placed at this end so that the people in praying might face the rising sun.Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li.
[772]'Que se mandaban por la parte de adentro, por unas escaleras de madera movedizas.'Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 245.Acosta states that the towers were ascended by 120 steps.Hist. de las Ynd., p. 334. The towers were made of 'artesones.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119. Brasseur de Bourbourg states that the outside of the walls was painted with various figures and monsters, but this seems to be a misinterpretation of Gomara, who places the paintings on the inside.Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 660. Bernal Diaz says, besides, that the towers were'todas blanqueando.'Hist. Conq., fol. 70.
[773]The eaves or the domes of the temples were decorated with fine red and white pillars, set with jet black stones and holding two figures of stone with torches in their hands, which supported a battlement in form of spiral shells; the torches were adorned with yellow and green feathers and fringes.Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 333;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 242.
[774]Most of the old authors say that Tlaloc occupied the second chapel, but as the next largest temple in the court is dedicated to this god, I am inclined to think, with Clavigero, that Tezcatlipoca shared the chief pyramid with Huitzilopochtli. Another reason for this belief is that Tezcatlipoca was held to be the half-brother of Huitzilopochtli, and their feasts were sometimes attended with similar ceremonies. Tezcatlipoca was also one of the highest if not the highest god, and, accordingly, entitled to the place of honor by the side of the favorite god of the Aztecs. Tlaloc, on the other hand, had nothing in common with Huitzilopochtli, and the only possible ground that can be found for his promotion to the chief pyramid is to be seen in the fable of the foundation of Mexico, in which Tlaloc, as the lord of the site, gives the Aztecs permission to settle there. We have, besides, the testimony of Bernal Diaz, who saw Tezcatlipoca, adorned with thetezcatl, or mirror ornament, seated in the left hand temple.Hist. Conq., fol. 71;Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., p. 281. Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 660, thinks it possible that the second temple was occupied by different idols, in turn, according to the festival.
[775]'No eran mas altos que cinco palmos.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119.Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 29.
[776]Clavigero thinks that the stone was of jasper.Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 46, with cut. It is difficult to define the position of this stone; some place it before the idol within the chapel, others at the western extremity of the platform. Referring to the idols in the chapel, Sahagun says:'Delante de cada una de estas estaba una piedra redonda á manera de tajon que llamantexcatl, donde mataban los que sacrificaban á honra de aquel dios, y desde la piedra hasta abajo unregaxalde sangre de los que mataban en él'—he describes the stone as round.Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., p. 198. And this I am inclined to accept as correct, especially as several points indicate that the stones stood inside the chapel. Their floor, we are told, were steeped in blood that must have flown from the victims; further, we know that the reeking heart was held up before or thrown at the feet of the idol, immediately after being torn out. The act of sacrifice was in itself a ceremony which could only have been performed before the idol. Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 334, and Solis,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. i., p. 397, place it in the middle of the platform. Prescott,Mex., vol. ii., p. 145, states that the stone (one only) stood near the head of the stairway, but this is most likely a hasty interpretation of Diaz' vague account. There may, however, have been a large stone at this place, which was used for the great and general sacrifices.Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv. Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 660-1, manages very dexterously to place the two stones before the chapel, and at the same time near the head of the steps. Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 98, mentions one stone with a hollow in the middle.
[777]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxxii.;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119.
[778]Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 71.
[779]Cortés,Cartas, p. 106. It is also stated that certain chapels in the streets were used for burial places by the lords.'Inde Straten waren veel Cappellen, die meest diendeden tot begravinghe van de groote Heeren.'West-Indische Spieghel, p. 248.
[780]'Dezian, que era el Dios de las sementeras'(called Centeotl).Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 71.
[781]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 29-30;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. ii., p. 228;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 145; on p. 141, he says, in contradiction:'Delante de los Altares en estos Templos avia vnos braseros hechos de piedra, y cal, de tres quartas en alto, de figura circular, ò redonda, y otros quadrados, donde de dia, y de noche ardia continuo fuego, tenian sus fogones, y braseros todas las Salas de los dichos Templos, donde encendian fuego, para calentarse los Señores, quando iban à ellos, y para los Sacerdotes.' 'Tan altos como tres palmos y cuatro.'Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv.
[782]Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70.
[783]See note119;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 65.
[784]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 30. Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li., and Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 64, say that they face in all directions, which tends to prove that they must have faced the temple of the supreme and patron gods.'Estando encontrados, y puestos vnos contra otros,' addsTorquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., pp. 141, 145.Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 119, states that they were turned against all points but the east, so as to differ from the chief temple.'Tenian la cara ácia el occidente.'Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., p. 198.Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 334, states that the court held eight or nine temples facing all quarters.
[785]'Todos eran vnos; pero diferenciabanse en el asiento, y postura.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 145. 'La cubierta ... era de diversas, y varias formas, que aunque eran vnas de madera, y otras de paja, como de Centeno, eran mui primamente labradas, vnas coberturas piramidales, y quadradas, y otras redondas, y de otras formas.'Ib.Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 118-19;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 662-3.
[786]'La menor dellas tiene çinqüenta escalones para subir al cuerpo de la torre.'Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., p. 302;Cortés,Cartas, p. 106.
[787]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 145.
[788]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., pp. 147-50.
[789]Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., pp. 201-7;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 149; Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 32, calls it Hueitzompan.
[790]'En los escalones habia tambien un cráneo entre piedra y piedra.'Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., p. 287.But this is unlikely. See alsoGomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 121.
[791]'Estos palos hazian muchas aspas por las vigas, y cada tercio de aspa o palo, tenia cinco cabeças ensartadas por las sienes.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 121-2.Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 334, places the masts a fathom apart, and twenty skulls upon each cross-pole, which is, to say the least, very close packing.
[792]At each end of the platform.Warden,Recherches, p. 66.
[793]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 32;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 121-2;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xviii.;Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., pp. 333-5. The account of the latter author is so mixed up with that of the chief temple as to be of little value; Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 242-3, follows him.
[794]Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., p. 333, says that 8,000 to 10,000 persons could dance with joined hands in this place.
[795]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 48, with cut;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 154;Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., p. 283;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 662.
[796]Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 120;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., pp. 146-7;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. li.
[797]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 151;Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 244.
[798]'Residen en el a la contina cinco mil personas, y todas duermen dentro, y comen a su costa del.'Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 120.'V'hauea vna guarnigione di dieci mila homini di guerra.'Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 309.
[799]The authorities on the temple of Mexico are:Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 70-2;Relatione fatta per vn gentil'huomo del Signor Fernando Cortese, inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 307, 309, and inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 384-5, 394-5, with cuts;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 186, tom. ii., pp. 140-56;Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. i., lib. ii., pp. 197-211;Cortés,Cartas, p. 106;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 118-22;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix., li., cxxiv.;Vetancvrt,Teatro Mex., pt ii., p. 37;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., pp. 257-8, tom. ii., pp. 25-32, 46-8, with cuts made up from the various descriptions of Diaz and others; see his remarks, p. 26.Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., pp. 333-5; this author mixes up the descriptions of the chief temple and the Tzompantli, and represents this account as that of Huitzilopochtli's sanctuary;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xvii., xviii.;Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 63-5;Ortega, inVeytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. iii., pp. 279-89;Tezozomoc,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 151-3, 193;Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 245;Oviedo,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., pp. 302-3, 502-3;Dávila Padilla,Hist. Fvnd. Mex., p. 75;Solis,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. i., pp. 394-98;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 242;West-Indische Spieghel, p. 248;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 187;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 154-5;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 659-65;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., p. 664, tom. ii., pp. 226-35, with cuts;Warden,Recherches, p. 66;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., pp. 142-5.
[800]Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 145;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 33. Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 120, says that there were 2000 idols, each of which is supposed to have had a separate chapel.Cavo,Tres Siglos, tom. i., p. 2;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxxii.; in cap. cxxiv., he adds that 100 of these were great temples.
[801]Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 120. Some temple pyramids, says Dávila Padilla, formed a perfect cone, the casing being composed of large stones at the bottom; as the wall rose, the stones decreased in size; the summit was crowned with a precious stone.Hist. Fvnd. Mex., p. 75;Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 72.
[802]'Los grandes tenian tres sobrados encima de los altares, todosde terrados ybien altos.'Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 64;Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv.;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. ii., p. 141.
[803]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. cxxiv.;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 239-40;Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 33-4. Bernal Diaz counted 120 steps, which scarcely agrees with the height of the pyramid.Hist. Conq., fol. 72. Acosta,Hist. de las Ynd., pp. 390-1, mentions 60 steps only.'Alto bien mas de quarenta estados: fue hecho de Adove, y Piedra.'Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 281.Montanus adds that on the summit stood a square structure, supported by 28 pillars, within which were thousands of skulls; he mentions two chapels.Nieuwe Weereld, p. 236. It had 1508 steps; in the wall was a large diamond.West-Indische Spieghel, p. 238.
[804]Las Casas,Hist. Apologética, MS., cap. xlix. Some of these had two chapels, which would make the number of towers about 400.Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. ii.
[805]Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 245. The description of the temple as given by this writer is almost identical with that of the great temple at Mexico.Bernal Diaz,Hist. Conq., fol. 72;Torquemada,Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 305.
[806]Ixtlilxochitl,Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 257.
[807]Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. iii., lib. x., pp. 107-8. Further authorities on Mexican buildings:Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. iv-v., viii-xi., xiii-xviii., dec. iii., lib. i., cap. viii., lib. ii., cap. xi., xv.;Peter Martyr, dec. v., lib. ii-iii., viii., x., dec. viii., lib. iv.;Mendieta,Hist. Ecles., pp. 84-7, 121;Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., p. 155;Zuazo,Carta, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., pp. 359, 362;West-Indische Spieghel, pp. 240-8;Munster,Cosmographia, p. 1410;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, pp. 80-5, 235-7, 242-3;Cortés,Aven. y Conq., pp. 120, 128-33;Bussierre,L'Empire Mex., pp. 123-7, 172-5, 252-3, 258-9, 266;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 31-2, 75, 84-5, 97-9, 152-62;Monglave,Résumé, pp. 20-1, 24-5, 36-7;Touron,Hist. Gén., tom. iii., pp. 40-8;Cooper's Hist. N. Amer., pt ii., p. 164;Lafond,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 106-7;Brownell's Ind. Races, pp. 92-5;Ranking's Hist. Researches, pp. 336-7;Domenech,Mexique, pp. 70-2;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 391;Dilworth's Conq. Mex., pp. 64, 70-1;Lenoir,Parallèle, pp. 20-1;Pimentel,Mem. sobre la Raza Indígena, pp. 55-7;Chevalier,Mex., Ancien et Mod., pp. 30-3;Purchas his Pilgrimes, vol. iv., pp. 1033, 1123-4, 1133.
[808]Hernandez,Nova Plantarum, etc. The MSS., comprising 24 books of text and 11 books of plates, were sent to the Escurial in Spain, and from them abridged editions were published in Mexico, 1615, and Rome, 1651. The latter edition is the one in my collection. Sahagun also devotes considerable space to a description of herbs and their properties.Hist. Gen., tom. iii., lib. x., xi.
[809]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 157;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. vii., cap. xi.;Carbajal Espinosa,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 623-4.
[810]'É da maravigliare, che i Messicani, e massimamente i poveri, non fossero a molte malattie sottoposti atteso la qualità de' loro alimenta.'Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., p. 217;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 88.
[811]'Las principales enfermedades que corrian entre esta gente, eran de abundancia de colera, y flema, o otros malos humores, causados de mala comida, y falta de abrigo.'Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. x., cap. xxi.
[812]Tezozomoc,Crón. Mex., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 64;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 365.
[813]'Hacia malparir las Mugeres, de antojo de comer de aquello que asaban ... daban camazas á los Viejos de deseo de comer de aquello; y á las Mugeres se los hinchaban los brazos, las manos, y las piernas, que adolecian mucho, y morian con aquel deseo.'Duran,Hist. Indias, MS., tom. i., cap. x.Torquemada qualifies this by'Esto dicho, pase por cuento.'Monarq. Ind., tom. i., p. 93;Tezozomoc,Crón. Mex., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., pp. 21-2, 64.
[814]Hist. Chich., inKingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. ix., p. 250.
[815]Motolinia,Hist. Indios, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. i., p. 15;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 148.
[816]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., pp. 117-19, tom. iv., pp. 303-28;Herrera,Hist. Gen., dec. ii., lib. x., cap. xxi.;Gomara,Conq. Mex., fol. 148;Pauw,Rech. Phil., tom. i., pp. 46-9;Pimentel,Mem. sobre la Raza Indígena, pp. 99-101;Prescott's Mex., vol. ii., pp. 434-5;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 66-71;Chevalier,Mex., Ancien et Mod., p. 53;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 182;Id., inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1858, tom. clx., p. 280;Sahagun,Hist. Gen., tom. ii., lib. vii., p. 246.