Chapter 33

[II'-37]'They speak a language distinct from the Chipewyan,'Franklin's Nar., vol. ii., p. 83. 'The similarity of language amongst all the tribes (Athabascans) that have been enumerated under this head (the Loucheux excepted) is fully established. It does not appear to have any distinct affinities with any other than that of the Kinai.'Gallatin, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 20. 'The language of the latter (Loucheux) is entirely different from that of the other known tribes who possess the vast region to the northward of a line drawn from Churchill, on Hudson's Bay, across the Rocky Mountains, to New Caledonia.'Simpson's Nar., p. 157. 'The Degothees or Loucheux, called Quarrellers by the English, speak a different language.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 542.[II'-38]Hardisty, inSmithsonian Rept., 1866, p. 311.[II'-39]Richardson's Jour., vol. i., pp. 400-1;Hooper's Tuski, p. 270.[II'-40]Holmberg,Ethno. Skiz., pp. 6-7;Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 97;Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 228;Dall's Alaska, p. 430;Latham's Nat. Races, p. 292.[II'-41]Buschmann,Athapask. Sprachstamm, p. 223;Krusentern,Woerter-Sammlung, p. xi.[II'-42]'So nennen die Seeküstenbewohner Ulukag Mjuten Inkiliken, und diese letzten nennen sich selbst entweder nach dem Dorfe, oder im allgemeinen Ttynai-Chotana.'Sagoskin,Tagebuch, inRuss. Geog. Gesell., Denkschr., p. 321.[II'-43]Veniaminoff, inErman,Archiv, tom. vii., No. i., p. 128.[II'-44]'Ihre Sprache ist zwar von der der Koloschen verschieden, stammt aber von derselben Wurzel ab.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 97.[II'-45]Dall's Alaska, p. 430.[II'-46]'Ich bleibe dabei stehn sie für eine athapaskische Sprache zu erklären.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 687.'Two tribes are found, on the Pacific Ocean, whose kindred languages, though exhibiting some affinities both with that of the Western Eskimaux and with that of the Athapascas, we shall, for the present, consider as forming a distinct family. They are the Kinai, in or near Cook's Inlet or River, and the Ugaljachmutzi (Ougalachmioutzy) of Prince William's Sound.'Gallatin, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 14.[II'-47]'Dieses Volk gehört gleich den Ugalenzen zu einem und demselben Stamme mit den Koloschen.... Auch in der Sprache giebt es mehrere Wörter, die auf eine gemeinschaftliche Wurzel hindeuten.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 99.[II'-48]'Gehört zu demselben Stamme wie die Galzanen oder Koltschanen, Atnaer und Koloschen. Dieses bezeugt nicht nur die noch vorhandene Aehnlichkeit einiger Wörter in den Sprachen dieser Völker (eine Aehnlichkeit, welche freilich in der Sprache der Koloschen kaum noch merkbar und fast gänzlich verschwunden ist).'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 103.[II'-49]'Die Kinai, Kenai oder Kenaizen wurden bisher schon als ein Hauptvolk und ihre Sprache als eine hauptsächliche des russischen Nordamerika's betrachtet. Sie umziehen in ihren Wohnungen an jener Küste die grosse Kinai-Bucht oder den sogenannten Cooks-Fluss. Ihr Idiom galt bisher als eine selbstständige und ursprüngliche Sprache, Trägerinn mehrerer anderer. Nach meinen Entdeckungen ist es ein Glied des grossen athapaskischen Sprachstammes, und seine Verwandten im russischen Nordwesten sind andere Glieder desselben.'Buschmann,Athapask. Sprachstamm, p. 223.[II'-50]'Die Kenai-Sprache ist, wegen der Menge ihrer Gurgellaute, von allen Idiomen des russischen Amerika's am schwierigsten auszusprechen. Selbst die Nachbarn der Kenajer, deren Sprachen schon ein sehr geschmeidiges Organ erfordern, sind nicht im Stande, Wörter des Kenajischen rein wiederzugeben.'Veniaminoff, inErman,Archiv, tom. vii., No. i., p. 128.[II'-51]Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 119.[II'-52]'Sie sprechen eine Sprache, die ganz verschieden ist von der an der Seeküste gebräuchlichen Sprache der Aleuten von Kadjack; der Dialect der Inkaliten ist ein Gemisch aus den Sprachen der Kenayer, Unalaschken und Atnaer ... auch die Anwigmüten und Magimüten sind Inkaliten.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., pp. 120-1.[II'-53]'Der zwei Stämme des Volkes Ttynai, hauptsächlich der Inkiliken und der Inkaliten-jug-elnut.'Sagoskin,Tagebuch, inRuss. Geog. Gesell., Denkschr., tom. i., p. 352;Whymper's Alaska, p. 175.[II'-54]'Die näher wohnenden gehören zu demselben Stamme wie die Atnaer und Kenayer und können sich mit ihnen, obgleich sie einen anderen Dialect sprechen, verständigen.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 101.[II'-55]Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 62;Mackenzie's Voyages, p. 284. 'Their language is very similar to that of the Chipewyans, and has a great affinity to the tongues spoken by the Beaver Indians and the Sicaunes. Between all the different villages of the Carriers, there prevails a difference of dialect, to such an extent, that they often give different names to the most common utensils.'Harmon's Jour., pp. 285-6, 379, 193, 196;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 178.'Les Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis, les Chargeurs (Carriers), les Schouchouaps, les Atnas, appartiennent tous à la nation des Chipeouaïans.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 337;Gallatin, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 20. 'A branch of the great Chippewyan (Athapascan) stock.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 202.[II'-56]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 533.[II'-57]Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225;Hines' Voy., p. 117.[II'-58]Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., pp. 157-8;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 422;Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 87-5.'Ich habe später dieHoopahSprache wirklich für eine athapaskische angenommen.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 576.[II'-59]Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 325.'Desde el Real de Chiguagua, cruzando al Poniente, hasta el rio Gila, y subiendo al Norte, hasta el Moqui, y Nuevo México, y Provincias de Texas y Quahuila; y revolviendo al Sur remata en el sobredicho Real.'Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 338;Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 177;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., pp. 212-3; 'Extend from the black mountains in New México to the frontiers of Cogquilla.'Pike's Explor. Trav., (Phil. 1810,) appendix, p. 10;Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 83;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 446;Pope, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 13;Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 298;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 8.'Se extienden en el vasto espacio de dicho continente, que comprenden los grados 30 á 38 de latitud Norte, y 264 á 277 de longitud de Tenerife.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 369;Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 393, et seq.'Tota hæc regio, quam Novam Mexicanam vocant, ab omnibus pene lateribus ambitur abApachibus.'Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 316;Venegas,Noticia de la Cal., tom. ii., 553;Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 40.[II'-60]Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 369.'La nacion apache es una misma aunque con las denominaciones de Gileños, Carlanes, Chilpaines, Xicarillas, Faraones, Mescaleros, Natales, Lipanes, etc. varia poco en su idioma,'Doc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. iii., p. 10.'Los Apaches se dividen en cinco parcialidades como son: Tontos ó Coyoteros, Chiricahues, Gileños, Faraones, Mescaleros, Llaneros, Lipanes, Xicarillas y otras.'Barreiro,Ojeada, appendix, p. 7.Browne mentions the Gila Apaches, and as belonging to them Mimbrenas, Chiricahuas, Sierra Blancas, Pinal llanos, Coyoteros, Cominos, Tontos, and Mogallones.'Apache Country, p. 290;Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 177-8;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., p. 211. 'The Apache; from which branch the Navajos, Apaches, Coyoteros, Mescaleros, Moquis, Yabipias, Maricopas, Chiricaquis, Chemeguabas, Yumayas (the last two tribes of the Moqui), and the Nijoras, a small tribe on the Gila.'Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 194;Ind. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 298; 1858, pp. 205-6; 1854, p. 180; 1861, p. 122; 1862, p. 238; 1863, p. 108; 1864, p. 156; 1865, p. 506; 1869, p. 234;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 289.'Los apaches se dividen en nueve parcialidades ó tribus.'Pimentel,Cuadro, tom. ii., p. 251.'Since acquiring the Apache language, I have discovered that they (Lipans) are a branch of that great tribe, speaking identically the same language, with the exception of a few terms and names of things existing in their region and not generally known to those branches which inhabit Arizona and New Mexico.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 21.[II'-61]Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 303, et seq.'El intermedio del Colorado y Gila, ocupan los yavipaistejua, y otros yavipais; al sur del Moqui son todos yavipais, que es lo mismo que apaches, donde se conoce el gran terreno que ocupa esta nacion.'Garcés,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., p. 352;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 18, 1864. Padilla mentions the following nations with the Apaches: 'Apaches, Pharaones, Natagees, Gilas, Mescaleros, Cosninas, Quartelejos, Palomas, Xicarillas, Yutas, Moquinos.'Conq. N. Galicia, MS., p. 785;Cortez,Hist. Apache Nations, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 118-20. 'The Apaches, the Navahoes, and the Lipans, of Texas, speak dialects of the same language. The Jicarillas, (Hic-ah-ree-ahs) Mescaleros, Tontos, and Coyotens, are all bands of Apaches; and I am induced to think the Garoteros are also an offshoot from the Apache tribe.'Lane, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 689.[II'-62]'A distancia de cinco leguas, al mesmo rumbo (north of Taos), está una Nacion de Indios, que llaman Xicarillas.'Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 420;Davis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 255. Xicarillas, Apache Indians of northern New Mexico. Their language shows affinity with the great Athabascan stock of languages.Buschmann,Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des B. Nordamer., p. 274;Id.,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., pp. 318-9;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 203.[II'-63]Cortez,Hist. Apache Nations, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 120.'Hablan un mismo idioma, y aunque varia el acento y tal cual voz provincial, no influye esta diferencia que dejen de entenderse reciprocamente.'Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 339.[II'-64]Bartlett's Letter, inLiterary World, April 24, 1852, pp. 298-9. 'It abounds equally with guttural, hissing and indistinctly uttered mixed intonations.... It abounds in the sound oftz, so common in the Shemitic languages, ofzlofdand the roughrr.... It may be suggested that its proper affinities are to be found in the Athpasca.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 202-3.[II'-65]'Le preguntó que si acaso entendia la lengua de los Apaches, y satisfizo con que era la misma Otomite que él hablaba, y solo con la diferencia de que ellos variaban la significacion de muchos vocablos que en la suya querian decir otras cosas: pero por el contexto de las otras palabras, facilmente se entendian.'Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 339.[II'-66]Cremony's Apaches, p. 239;Id., inOverland Monthly, Sept. 1868, pp. 306-7.[II'-67]Prepared at Fort Sumner, Bosque Redondo, on the Pecos River, New Mexico, in 1863, as certified by Brig. Gen. James H. Carleton, U. S. A., and the only Apache grammar known to exist at this date.Cremony's Vocabulary and Grammar of the Mescalero Apache Language, MS.[II'-68]Dorr's Ride with the Apaches, inOverland Monthly, vol. vi., p. 343.[II'-69]Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt. iii., p. 179.[II'-70]Pimentel,Cuadro, tom. ii., p. 251, and inColeccion Polidiómica Mexicana que contiene La Oracion Dominical; por la Sociedad Mex. Geog. y Estad., México, 1860.[II'-71]'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yú-tah-kah. The Navajoes call themselves, as a tribe, Tenúai (man.) The appellation Návajo, was unquestionably given them by the Spaniards.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 217-8;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 229. 'Gehört ebenfalls zur Familie der Apaches.'Id.,Reisen, tom. ii., p. 236.[III'-1]'Die Kaigan-Sprache wird auf der Insel Kaigan und den Charlotten Inseln ... gesprochen.'Veniaminoff, inErman,Archiv, tom. vii., No. 1., p. 128.[III'-2]'En parlant du langage deTchinkîtâiné, j'ai rapporté d'avance les termes numériques employés aux îles deQueen-Charlotte, tels que le capitaineChanala pu les recueillirá Cloak-Bay; il observe que quelques-uns de ces termes sont communs aux autres parties de ces îsles qu'il a visitées, ainsi que quelques autres termes qu'il a pu saisir, et par lesquels les Naturels expriment les objets suivanes.... Cette similitude des termes numériques et d'autres termes, employés également par les diverses Tribus, séparées les unes des autres, qui occupent la partie de côtes des îles deQueen-Charlotteque le CapitaineChanala visitée, me semble démontrer, contre l'opinion hasardée du Rédacteur du Journal deDixon, que ces Tribus communiquent habituellement entre elles: cette identité du langage pourroit encore prouver que les Peuplades qui habitent ces îles ont une origine commune.'Marchand,Voyage, tom. ii., p. 216.[III'-3]'There are at least two or three different languages spoken on the coast, and yet probably they are all pretty generally understood; though if we may credit the old Chief at Queen Charlotte's Islands, his people were totally ignorant of that spoken by the inhabitants to the Eastward.'Dixon's Voy., p. 240.[III'-4]Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. ii., pp. 218, 220.[III'-5]Radloff,Sprache der Kaiganen, inMél. Russes.tom. iii., liv. v., p. 575;Green, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. iii., p. 302.[III'-6]Dixon's Voy., p. 240.[III'-7]'Es fehlen dem Kaigáni (Haidah) jene harten aspirirten Consonanten, die dem Thlinkít so geläufig sind, es ist vocalreicher und weicher. Dagegen theilt es mit dem Thlinkít den Mangel der Labialen, des dentalenr, wie auch der Verbindung deslmit Dentalen, Gutturalen und Sibilanten, während jenem dagegen das reineldes Kaigani ganz fremd ist.'Radloff,Sprache der Kaiganen, inMél. Russes, tom. iii., liv. v., pp. 575-6.[III'-8]Id., pp. 569-607.[III'-9]Green, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 302. 'Náss ... in custom and language, resemble the Sabassa.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 279.Buschmann,Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des b. Nordamer., p. 398, et seq.[III'-10]Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. ix., p. 234.[III'-11]Dunn's Oregon, p. 358.[III'-12]Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. ix., p. 221.[III'-13]Id., p. 230, et seq.[III'-14]Grant's Vanc. Isl., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxvii., pp. 295-6.[III'-15]Sproat's Scenes, p. 311.[III'-16]Grant's Vanc. Isl., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxvii., p. 295.[III'-17]'The inhabitants of Nootka Sound and the Tlaoquatch, who occupy the south-western points of the island, speak the same language.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 224;Jewitt's Nar., pp. 74-77;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 220;Meares' Voy., pp. 229-32;Douglas' Report, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxiv., p. 246. At Point Discovery, Vancouver met people some of whom 'understood a few words of the Nootka language.'Voyage, vol. i., p. 228. 'The distinct languages spoken by the Indians are few in number, but the dialects employed by the various tribes are so many, that, although the inhabitants of any particular district have no great difficulty in communicating with each other, ...'Mayne's B. C., p. 244;Sproat's Scenes, p. 311. The Rev. Mr Good divides and locates the languages of Vancouver Island and the opposite shore on the mainland as follows. The first language, he says, runs along the coast from Nitinaht to Nootka Sound; the second prevails from Sooke to Nanaimo, and across the Sound up to Bird Inlet on the main land, thence following up the Fraser River as far as Yale; this he names the Cowichin. On the island north of Cowichin he locates the Comux and adjoining it the Ucleta; finally starting at Fort Rupert and following the north coast of the island and also on the opposite shore of the main land is the Quackoll.[III'-18]Jewitt's Nar., p. 75.[III'-19]Sproat's Scenes, p. 132.[III'-20]'El idioma de estos naturales es tal vez el mas áspero y duro de los conocidos. Abundan mucho en él las consonantes, y las terminaciones en tl y tz, constando el intermedio y el principio de los vocablos de aspiraciones muy fuertes.'Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 147.'Their language is very guttural, and if it were possible to reduce it to our orthography, it would very much abound with consonants.'Sparks' Life of Ledyard, p. 72;Cook's Voy. to Pac., vol. ii., pp. 334-6.[III'-21]Sproat's Scenes, p. 124, et seq.[III'-22]For a copy of which I am indebted to the late proprietor of theOverland Monthlyof San Francisco.[III'-23]'En examinant avec soin des vocabulaires formés à Noutka et à Monterey, j'ai été frappé de l'homotonie et des désinences mexicaines de plusieurs mots, comme, par exemple, dans la langue des Noutkiens.... Cependant, en général, les langues de la Nouvelle-Californie et de l'île de Quadra, diffèrent essentiellement de l'aztèque.'Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 321.'Sprachähnlichkeiten ... hat man, wie auch nachher bey der Betrachtung der Mexikanischen Sprache aus einander gesetzt werden soll, an dieser Nordwest-Küste am Nutka-Sunde und bey den Völkern in der Nähe der Russischen Colonien gefunden.'Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 76.'In the neighborhood of Nootka, tribes still exist whose dialects, both in the termination and general sound of the words, bear considerable resemblance to the Mexican.'Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., p. 399.[III'-24]'So gewinnt die Nutka-Sprache, durch eine reiche Zahl von Wörtern und durch grosse Züge ihres Lautwesens, einzig vor allen anderen fremden ... in einem bedeutenden Theile eine täuschende Ähnlichkeit mit der aztekischen oder mexicanischen; und so wird die ihr schon früher gewidmete Aufmerksamkeit vollständig gerechtfertigt. Ihrer mexicanischen Erscheinung fehlt aber, wie ich von meiner Seite hier ausspreche, jede Wirklichkeit.'Buschmann,Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westküste des b. Nordamer., p. 371.[III'-25]They spoke the same language as the Nootkas.Vancouver's Voy., vol. i., p. 218.[III'-26]'The affinities of the Clallam and Lummi are too obvious to require demonstration.'Gibbs' Clallam and Lummi Vocab., p. vii. 'The Tsihaili-Selish languages reach the sea in the part opposite Vancouver's Island. Perhaps they touch it to the north also.'Latham's Comp. Phil., vol. viii., p. 401;Gairdner, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255.[III'-27]'Les Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis, les Chargeurs (Carriers), les Schouchouaps, les Atnas appartiennent tous à la nation des Chipeouaïans.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 337.'The Atnah language has no affinity to any with which I am acquainted.'Mackenzie's Voyages, p. 258.[III'-28]Mengarini,Selish Gram.[III'-29]'Nationes que radicaliter linguam Selicam loquuntur sunt saltem decem: Calispelm, (vulgo)Pends d'oreilles du Lac Inférieur. Slkatkomlchi,Pends d'oreilles du Lac Superieur. Selish,Têtes Platte. Sngomènei, Snpoilschi, Szk'eszilni,Spokanes. S´chizni,Cœurs d'alène. Sgoièlpi,Chaudières. Okinakein, Stlakam,Okanagan.'Mengarini,Selish Gram., p. 120. 'Their language is the same as the Spokeins' and Flatheads'.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 307. 'The Spokanes speak the same dialect as the Flatheads and Pend d'Oreilles.'Chapman, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 201;De Smet,Voy., p. 237. 'The Flatheads are divided into numerous tribes, each having its own peculiar locality, and differing more or less from the others in language, customs, and manners.' 'The Spokan Indians are a small tribe, differing very little from the Indians at Colville either in their appearance, habits, or language.'Kane's Wand., pp. 173, 307. 'The Pend' d'Oreilles are generally called the Flatheads, the two clans, in fact, being united.... Still, the two races are entirely distinct, their languages being fundamentally different. The variety of tongues on the west side of the (Rocky) mountains is almost infinite, so that scarcely any two tribes understand each other perfectly. They have all, however, the common character of being very guttural; and, in fact, the sentences often appear to be mere jumbles of grunts and croaks, such as no alphabet could express in writing.'Simpson's Overland Jour., vol. i., p. 146.[III'-30]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 535-7.[III'-31]Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 315.[III'-32]Gibbs' Clallam and Lummi Vocab., p. 7.[III'-33]'In the northern districts of the great chain of Rocky Mountains which were visited by Sir Alexander Mackenzie, there are several nations of unknown language and origin. The Atnah nation is one of them. Their dialect appears, from the short vocabulary given by that traveller, to be one of those languages which, in the frequent recurrence of peculiar consonants, bears a certain resemblance to the Mexican.'Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 550;Swan's N. W. Coast, pp. 315-6.[III'-34]'Der Prinz bezeugt (Bd. ii., 511) dass der behauptete Mangel an Gurgellauten ein Irrthum ist; er bemerkt: dass die Sprache durch den ihr eignen "Zungenschnalz" für das Aussprechen schwierig werde, und dass sie eine Menge von Gutturaltönen habe. Man spreche die Wörter leise und undeutlich aus; dabei gebe es darin viele schnalzende Töne, indem man mit der Zungenspitze anstösst; auch gebe es darin viele dumpfe Kehllaute.'Prinzschoschonischen Max zu Wied, inBuschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 661.'Their language bears no affinity whatever to that of any of the western nations. It is infinitely softer and more free from those unpronounceable gutturals so common among the lower tribes.'Cox's Adven., p. 233;Blakiston's Rept., inPalliser's Explor., p. 73;Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 307.[III'-35]De Smet's Oregon Miss., p. 409.[III'-36]Tribes speaking the Kliketat language: Whulwhypum, Tait-inapum, Yakima, Walla Wallapum, Kyoose, Umatilla, Peloose, Wyampam; the Yakimas and Kliketats or Whulwhypum ... speaking the Walla-Walla language, otherwise known as the Kliketat.Lord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 244, 232. 'The Kyeuse resemble the Walla-Wallas very much.... Their language and customs are almost identical.'Kane's Wand., p. 280. The Pend d'Oreilles 'speak the same language' (Nez Percé.)Hutchins, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 456. The Palouse Indians 'speak the same language.'Cain, inId., 1860, p. 210. 'The Wallah-Wallahs, whose language belongs to the same family.' 'The Wallah-Wallahs and Nez Perces speak dialects of a common language, and the Cayuses have abandoned their own for that of the latter.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 416, 425;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 213, 542. 'The nation among which we now are call themselves Sokulks; and with them are united a few of another nation, who reside on a western branch, emptying itself into the Columbia a few miles above the mouth of the latter river, and whose name is Chimnapum. The language of both these nations differs but little from each other, or from that of the Chopunnish who inhabit the Kooskooskee and Lewis's river.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 12. 'The language of the Walla-Wallas differs from the Nez Percés'.Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 137.[III'-37]Pandosy's Yakama Lang., p. 9.[III'-38]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 542, et seq.[III'-39]Pandosy's Yakama Lang.[III'-40]Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 313, et seq.[III'-41]Rafinesque,Atlantic Jour., p. 133, quoted inBuschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 615.'Ich habe diese Wörter Rafinesque's zu einem Theil ganz verschieden von denSahaptangefunden.'Ib.[III'-42]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 561.[III'-43]'The Skyuse have two distinct languages: the one used in ordinary intercourse, the other on extraordinary occasions; as in war counsels, &c.'Farnham's Travels, p. 153. 'The Cayuses have abandoned their own for that of the Nez Percés.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 416, 425. 'Their language bears some affinity to the Sahaptin or Nez-Percé language.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 199;Coke's Rocky Mts., p 295;Kane's Wand., p. 279. 'Their original language, now almost extinct ... having affinity to that of the Carriers, of North Caledonia, and the Umpqua Indians of Southern Oregon.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 249-50.[III'-44]'The language of the bands farther up the river departed more and more widely from the Chinook proper, so that the lower ones could not have understood the others without an interpreter.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. 4. 'The vocabulary given by Dr. Scouler as "Chenook" is almost altogether Chihalis. His "Cathlascon" ... is Chinook.'Id., p. 5. 'DesTchinooks, d'où est sortie la langue-mère de ces sauvages.'Saint-Amant,Voyages, p. 381. 'Cathlamahs speak the same language as the Chinnooks and Clatsops.'Lewis and Clarke's Travels, p. 424. Chinooks 'in language ... resemble the Clatsops, Cathlamahs, and indeed all the people near the mouth of the Columbia.'Id., p. 426. 'The Chinooks, Clatsops, Wahkiacums and Cathlamahs ... resembled each other in person, dress, language.'Irving's Astoria, pp. 85, 336. Chinooks, Clatsops, Cathlamux, Wakicums, Wacalamus, Cattleputles, Clatscanias, Killimux, Moltnomas, Chickelis, ... resemble one another in language.Ross' Adven., pp. 87-88. 'TheChinooklanguage is spoken by all the nations from the mouth of the Columbia to the falls.'Franchère's Nar., p. 262.[III'-45]'The language spoken by these people is guttural, very difficult for a foreigner to learn, and equally hard to pronounce.'Ross' Adven., p. 101. 'Decidedly the most unpronounceable compound of gutturals ever formed for the communication of human thoughts, or the expression of human wants.'Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 133. 'I would willingly give a specimen of the barbarous language of this people, were it possible to represent by any combination of our alphabet the horrible, harsh, spluttering sounds which proceed from their throats apparently unguided either by the tongue or lip.'Kane's Wand., p. 182. 'It is hard and difficult to pronounce, for strangers; being full of gutturals, like the Gaelic. The combinationsthl, ortl, andlt, are as frequent in the Chinook as in the Mexican.'Franchère's Nar., p. 262. 'After the soft languages and rapid enunciation of the islanders, the Chinooks presented a singular contrast in the slow, deliberate manner in which they seemed to choke out their words; giving utterance to sounds, some of which could scarcely be represented by combinations of known letters.'Pickering's Races, inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., p. 23. 'It abounds with gutturals and "clucking" sounds, almost as difficult to analyse as to utter.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. 5.[III'-46]'The ancient Chenook is such a guttural, difficult tongue, that many of the young Chenook Indians can not speak it, but have been taught by their parents the Chehalis language and the Jargon.'Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 306;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 562. 'The very difficult pronunciation and excessively complicated form of the Chinook has effectually prevented its acquisition, even by missionaries and fur traders.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. 5.[III'-47]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol., vi., p. 562, et seq.[III'-48]Kane's Wand., p. 183.[III'-49]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 566, et seq.[III'-50]'Yamkallie, Kallapuiah. Oregon Indians of the plains of the Wallamette, speaking a language related to that of the Cathlascons and Haeeltzuk.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 202.'Gross die Verwandtschaft der Kalapuya und des Yamkallie; aber an verschiedenen Wörtern fehlt es nicht.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 628.[III'-51]'Höchst merkwürdig sind einzelne unläugbare aztekische und zweitens einzelne sonorische Wörter, welche ich in diesen Sprachen aufgefunden habe.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 629.[III'-52]'This system of jargons began very early, and has, doubtless, led to many errors. As early as 1633, the Jesuit Father Paul Le Jeune wrote: "I have remarked, in the study of their language, that there is a certain jargon between the French and Indians, which is neither French nor Indian; and yet, when the French use it, they think they are speaking Indian, and the Indians using it, think they speak good French."'Hist. Mag., vol. v., p. 345.[III'-53]Gibbs' Chinook Dic., p. 6;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, June 15, 1866. 'Chinook is a jargon which was invented by the Hudson's Bay Company for the purpose of facilitating communication with the different Indian tribes. These were so numerous, and their languages so various, that the traders found it impossible to learn them all, and adopted the device of a judicious mixture of English, French, Russian, and several Indian tongues, which has a very limited vocabulary; but which, by the help of signs, is readily understood by all the natives, and serves as a common language.'Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Passage, p. 344. 'The jargon so much in use all over the North Pacific Coast, among both whites and Indians, as a verbal medium of communicating with each other, was originally invented by the Hudson's Bay Company, in order to facilitate the progress of their commerce with Indians.'Stuart's Dictionary of Chinook Jargon, p. 161. 'Chinook is a jargon, consisting of not more than three or four hundred words, drawn from the French, English, Spanish, Indian, and the fancy of the inventor. It was contrived by the Hudson's Bay Company for the convenience of trade.'Brunot, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 124. Sproat disputes the invention of the jargon, and says: 'Such an achievement as the invention of a language, is beyond the capabilities of even a chief factor.'Scenes, p. 139. 'I think that, among the Coast Indians in particular, the Indian part of the language has been in use for years.'Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 307.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 635, et seq.[III'-54]Gibbs' Chinook Dic., pp. vii.-viii. 'All the words thus brought together and combined in this singularly constructed speech are about two hundred and fifty in number.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 636. 'Words undoubtedly of Japanese origin are still used in the jargon spoken on the coast called Chinook.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 217.[III'-55]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 636, et seq.[III'-56]Gibbs' Chinook Dic., p. 44.[IV'-1]Roseborough's Letter to the Author, MS.;The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS. 'The diversity of language is so great in California, that at almost every 15 or 20 leagues, you find a distinct dialect.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 240.'Il n'est peut-être aucun pays où les différens idiomes soient aussi multipliés que dans la Californie septentrionale.'La Pérouse,Voy., tom. ii., p. 323.'One might spend years with diligence in acquiring an Indian tongue, then journey a three-hours' space, and find himself adrift again, so multitudinous are the languages and dialects of California.'Powers' North. Cal. Ind., inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 328. 'The diversity is such as to preclude almost entirely all verbal communication.'Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 159. 'Languages vary from tribe to tribe.'Pickering's Races, inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., p. 106. 'In California, there appears to be spoken two or more distinct languages.'McCulloh's Researches in Amer., p. 37;Kotzebue's Voyage, vol. iii., p. 48;Id.,New Voy., vol. ii., p. 98;Taylor, inBancroft's Handbook Almanac, 1864, p. 29.[IV'-2]See vol. i., p. 325;Roseborough's Letter to the Author, MS.;The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 159[IV'-3]Powers' Pomo, MS.[IV'-4]Roseborough's Letter to the Author, MS.[IV'-5]'The Lutuami, Shasti and Palaik are thrown by Gallatin into three separate classes. They are without doubt mutually unintelligible. Nevertheless they cannot be very widely separated.'Latham's Comp. Phil., vol. viii., p. 407. The T-ka, Id-do-a, Ho-te-day, We-o-how, or Shasta Indians, speak the same language.Steele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 120. The Modocs speak the same language as the Klamaths.Palmer, inId., 1854, p. 262;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218;Berghaus,Geographisches Jahrbuch, tom. iii., p. 48;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, June 8, 1860. 'A branch of the latter (Shoshone) is the tribe of Tlamath Indians.'Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 244.[IV'-6]The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.[IV'-7]Jackson's Vocab. of the Wintoon Language, MS.;Powers' Vocabularies, MS.[IV'-8]Powers' Pomo, MS.[IV'-9]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 422. 'The junction of the rivers Klamath, or Trinity, gives us the locality of the Weitspek. Its dialects, the Weyot and Wishosk, extend far into Humboldt county, where they are probably the prevailing form of speech, being used on the Mad River, and the parts about Cape Mendocino. From the Weitspek they differ much more than they do from each other.'Latham's Comp. Phil., vol. viii., p. 40. 'Weeyot und Wish-osk, unter einander verwandt.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 575.[IV'-10]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 422-3.[IV'-11]Powers' Pomo, MS.[IV'-12]Roseborouqh's Letter to the Author, MS.;Powers' Pomo, MS.[IV'-13]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 421-2;Powers' Pomo, MS.;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, March 30, 1860.[IV'-14]Powers' Notes on Cal. Languages, MS.[IV'-15]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 428, et seq.;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 342, et seq;Keppel's Exped., vol. i., appendix, p. 14, et Seq.;Martin's Tonga Isl., vol. ii.[IV'-16]'Die Indianer in Bodega verstehen nur mit Mühe die Sprache derjenigen welche in den Ebenen am Slawänka-Flusse leben; die Sprache der nördlich von Ross lebenden Stämme ist ihnen völlig unverständlich.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 75.'Die Bodegischen Indianer verstehen die nördlichen nicht, sowohl die Sprache als die Art der Aussprache ist verschieden. Die Entferten und die Steppen-Indianer sprechen eine Menge Dialecte oder Sprachen, deren Eigenthümlichkeit und Verwandtschaft noch nicht bekannt sind.'Kostromitonow, inId., p. 80;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 421.'Kulanapo und Yukai, verwandt: d. h. in dem beschränkten Grade, dass viele Wörter zwischen ihnen übereinstimmen, viele andere, z. B. ein guter Theil der Zahlwörter, verschieden sind.... Choweshak und Batemdakaiee sehr genau und im vollkommnen Maasse unter einander und wiederum beide ganz genau mit Yukai, und auch Kulanapo verwandt.... Wichtig ist es aber zu sagen, dass die Sprache Tchokoyem mit dem Olamentke der Bodega Bai und mit der Mission S. Raphael nahe gleich ist.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 575.'The Kanimares speak a different dialect from the Tamalos. The Sonoma Indians also speak different from Tamalos. The Sonomos speak a similar dialect as the Suisuns. The San Rafael Indians speak the same as the Tamalos.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer, March 30th, 1860.[IV'-17]Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 391.[IV'-18]Powers' Pomo, MS.[IV'-19]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 222, 630;Wilkes' Nar., inId., vol. v., p. 201.[IV'-20]'Puzhune, Sekamne, Tsamak und Talatui ... Sekumne und Tsamak sind nahe verwandt, die übrigen zeigen gemeinsames und fremdes.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 571.'Hale's vocubulary of the Talatiu belongs to the group for which the name of Moquelumne is proposed, a Moquelumne Hill and a Moquelumne River being found within the area over which the languages belonging to it are spoken. Again, the names of the tribes that speak them end largely in mne, Chupumne, etc. As far south as Tuolumne County the language belongs to this division, viz., 1, the Mumaltachi; 2, Mullateco; 3, Apaugasi; 4, Lapappu; 5, Siyante, or Typoxi band, speak this language.'Latham's Comp. Phil., vol. viii., p. 414.[IV'-21]Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 201.[IV'-22]Montgomery's Indianology of Napa County, MS.[IV'-23]Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 391.[IV'-24]Arroyo,Gram. de la lengua Tulareña, MS., quoted inMofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 388, see also pp. 392-3.'Malgré le grand nombre de dialectes des Missions de la Californie, les Franciscains espagnols s'étaient attachés à apprendre la langue générale de la grande vallée de los Tulares, dont presque toutes les tribus sont originaires, et ils ont rédigés le vocabulaire et une sorte de grammaire de cette langue nomméeel Tulareño.'Id., p. 387.[IV'-25]Taylor, inCal. Farmer, May 25, 1860.[IV'-26]Johnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 407.'Die Sprachen der Coconoons und die vom King's River sind nahe verwandt.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 564.[IV'-27]'Dans la baie de San Francisco on distingue les tribus des Matalans, Salsen et Quirotes, dont les langues dérivent d'une souche commune.'Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 321-2;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt ii., p. 454.[IV'-28]'The tribe of Indians which roamed over this great valley, from San Francisco to near San Juan Bautista Mission ... were the Olhones. Their language slightly resembled that spoken by the Mutsuns, at the Mission of San Juan Bautista, although it was by no means the same.'Hall's San José, p. 40. 'In the single Mission Santa Clara more than twenty languages are spoken.'Kotzebue's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 98;Kotzebue's Voyage, vol. iii., p. 51;Beechey's Voyage, vol. ii., p. 78;Choris,Voy. Pitt., pt iii., pp. 5-6;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 94-5.[IV'-29]'La misma diferencia que se advierte en los usos y costumbres de una y otra nacion hay en sus idiomas.'Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 172.[IV'-30]'Each tribe has a different dialect; and though their districts are small, the languages are sometimes so different that the neighbouring tribes cannot understand each other. I have before observed that in the Mission of San Carlos there are eleven different dialects.'Beechey's Voyage, vol. ii., p. 73.'La langue de ces habitans (Ecclemachs) diffère absolument de toutes celles de leurs voisins; elle a même plus de rapport avec nos langues Européennes qu'avec celles de l'Amérique.... L'idiome de cette nation est d'ailleurs plus riche que celui des autres peuples de la Californie.'La Pérouse,Voy., tom. ii., pp. 324-326.'La partie septentrionale de la Nouvelle-Californie est habitée par les deux nations de Rumsen et Escelen. Elles parlent des langues entièrement différentes.'Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 321.'Beyde Darstellungen derselben sind, wie man aus der so bestimmten Erklärung beider Schriftsteller, dass diese zwey Völker die Bevölkerung jener Gegend ausmachen, schliessen muss, ohne Zweifel unter verschiedenen Abtheilungen Eines Volkes aufgefasst, unter dessen Zweigen die Dialekte, ungeregelt, wie sie sind, leicht grosse Abweichungen von einander zeigen werden.'Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt. iii., p. 202;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, Feb. 22, Apr. 20, 1860.[IV'-31]'Es erhellt aber aus den Zahlwörtern und anderen Wörtern, dass die Sprache von la Soledad, der Runsien nahe gleich und der Achastlier ähnlich ist.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 561;Turner, inHist. Mag., vol. i., p. 206.[IV'-32]'En estos indios reparé que entendian mas que otros los términos de Monterey y entendí muchos términos de lo que hablaban.... El diciéndomemeapamtu eres mi padre, que es la misma palabra que usan los de Monterey.'Palou,Noticias, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. vii., pp. 62-3, 59, 65, 67, 69.[IV'-33]Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 392.[IV'-34]Comelias, inCal. Farmer, April 5, 1860.[IV'-35]Taylor, inId., April 27, 1860.[IV'-36]'Quod quanquam hoc idioma ineloquens videatur et inelegans, in rei veritate non est ita: est valde copiosum, oblongum, abundans et eloquens.'Arroyo de la Cuesta,Alphabs Rivulus Obeundus, preface,also,Arroyo de la Cuesta,Mutsun Grammar. On the cover of the manuscript is the following important note.'Copia de la lengua Mutsun en estilo Catalan á causa la escribió un Catalan. La Castellana usa de la fuerza de la pronunciacion de letras de otro modo en su alfabeto.'The Catalans pronouncechhard, andjlike the Germans.[IV'-37]Sitjar,Vocabulario de la M. de San Antonio.The orthography employed by Father Sitjar is very curious; accents, stars, small letters above or below the line, and various other marks are constantly used; but no explanation of these have been found in the MS. I have therefore, as far as possible, presented the original style of writing. See alsoMofras,Explor., tom. ii., pp. 392-3.[IV'-38]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 633-4;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, May 4, 1860.[V'-1]'TheShoshóniandPánasht(Bonnaks) of the Columbia, theYutesandSampitches... theCommanchesof Texas, and some other tribes along the northern frontier of Mexico, are said to speak dialects of a common language.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 218-9. 'The great Shoshonee, or Snake, family: which comprehends the Shoshones proper ... the Utahs ... Pah-Utahs ... the Kizh ... the Netela ... the Kechi ... the Comanches.'Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 76.'ShoshóniesouSerpentset deSoshocosouDéterreurs de racines... parlent la même langue.'De Smet,Voy., p. 126.'The Shoshone language is spoken mostly by all the bands of Indians in southeastern Nevada.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 114. 'Their language (Shoshones) is very different from that of either the Bannocks, or Pi-Utes.'Campbell, inId., p. 120. Goshautes speak the same language as Shoshones.Forney, inId., 1859, p. 363. 'The language is spoken by bands in the gold mine region of the Sacramento.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 198. 'Pai-uches speak the same language as the Yutas.'Farnham's Life in Cal., pp. 371, 375. 'Pi-Edes, allied in language to the Utahs.'Cooley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 18. Goships, or Gosha Utes 'talk very nearly the Shoshonee language.'Irish, inId., p. 144. Shoshones and Comanches 'both speak the same language.' Sampiches. 'Their language is said to be allied to that of the Snakes.' Youtas. 'Their language is by some thought to be peculiar.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 501.'Pueblan todas las partes de esta sierra por el sueste, sur sudoeste y oeste, gran número de gentes de la misma nacion, idioma etc.,' which they call Timpanogotzis.Dominguez and Escalante, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., p. 467.'The language spoken by the Comanches is of great antiquity, and differs but little from that of the Incas of Peru.'Maillard's Hist. Tex., p. 249;Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., pp. 349, 351. Yam-pah. 'This is what the Snakes call the Comanches, of which they are either the parents or descendants, for the two languages are nearly the same, and they readily understand each other, and say that they were once one people.' 'The Snake language is talked and understood by all the tribes from the Rocky mountains to California, and from the Colorado to the Columbia, and by a few in many tribes outside of these limits.'Stuart's Montana, pp. 58, 82. 'The different bands of the Comanches and Shoshonies or Snakes, constitute another extensive stock, speaking one language.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 251. 'The vernacular language of the Yutas is said to be distantly allied to that of the Navajoes, but it has appeared to me much more guttural, having a deep sepulchral sound resembling ventriloquism.'Id., vol. i., p. 300. 'The Utahs, who speak the same language as the Kyaways.'Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., p. 74;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 197. The Goshutes are of different language from the Shoshones.Douglas, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 96. Diggers, 'differ from the other Snakes somewhat in language.'Wyeth, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 206;Berghaus, inBuschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 371. The Kusi-Utahs, 'in speaking they clipped their words ... we recognized the sounds of the language of the Shoshonès.'Remy and Brenchley's Journey, vol. ii., p. 412;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 359;Catlin's N. Amer. Ind., vol. ii., p. 113. 'Their native language (Comanches), in sound differs from the language of any other nation, and no one can easily learn to speak it. They have also a language of signs, by which they converse among themselves.'French's Hist. La., (N. Y. 1869), p. 156. 'The primitive terms of the Comanches are short, and several are combined for the expression of complex ideas. The language is very barren of verbs, the functions of which are frequently performed by the aid of gestures and grimaces.'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 348.[V'-2]Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 77.[V'-3]Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., pp. 402-3.[V'-4]Id., p. 645, et seq.[V'-5]'Que en casi todas ellas (que son muchas y varias) se hallan vocablos, principalmente los que llaman radicales, que o son de la lengua Mexicana, o se deriuan della, y retienen muchas de sus silabas, de que pudiera hazer aqui vn muy largo catalago. De todo lo qual se infieren dos cosas. La primera que casi todas estas Naciones comunicaron en puestas y lenguas con la Mexicana: y aunque los Artes y Gramaticas dellas son diferentes; pero en muchos de sus preceptos concuerdan.'Ribas,Hist. de los Triumphos, p. 20.'Pintaron esta laguna en tierra y muy poblada de gentes, y oyendo hablar á un indio, criado de un soldado, en el idioma mexicano, preguntaron si era de Copala, porque así hablaban los de alla ... que distaba de allí diez jornadas pobladas.'Zarate, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 83.'El Padre Fr. Roque d Figueredo haze del viage que hizo con D. Iuan de Oñate 500 leguas al Norte hallaremos que dice, que aviendoseles perdido vnas bestias, buscandolas el rio de Tizon arriba encontraron los mosos vn Indio que les hablò en lengua mexicana que preguntado de donde era, dixo ser del Reyno adentro ... que està en las Provincias del Norte donde se habla en esta lengua Mexicana cuyo es vocablo.'Vetancurt,Teatro Mex., pt ii., p. 11.'In un viaggio, che fecero gli Spagnuoli l'anno 1606. dal Nuovo Messico fino al fiume, che eglino appellaronodel Tizon, seicento miglia da quella Provincia verso Maestro, vi trovarono alcuni grandi edificj, e s'abbatterono in alcuni Indiani, che parlavano la lingua messicana.'Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. iv., p. 29.Tarahumara'la cui lingua abbonda di parole Messicane.'Hervás,Saggio Practico delle Lingue, p. 71.'Die Sprache (Cora) ist auch wegen ihres Verhältnisses zur Mexicanischen merkwürdig.' 'Die Sprache (Tarahumara) welche eine gewisse Ausbildung zeigt, hat manche dem Mexicanischen ähnliche Wörter,'Vater,Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexica und Wörter-Sammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde, pp. 52, 231;Cook's Voy. to Pac., vol. ii., p. 336;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 194.

[II'-37]'They speak a language distinct from the Chipewyan,'Franklin's Nar., vol. ii., p. 83. 'The similarity of language amongst all the tribes (Athabascans) that have been enumerated under this head (the Loucheux excepted) is fully established. It does not appear to have any distinct affinities with any other than that of the Kinai.'Gallatin, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 20. 'The language of the latter (Loucheux) is entirely different from that of the other known tribes who possess the vast region to the northward of a line drawn from Churchill, on Hudson's Bay, across the Rocky Mountains, to New Caledonia.'Simpson's Nar., p. 157. 'The Degothees or Loucheux, called Quarrellers by the English, speak a different language.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 542.

[II'-38]Hardisty, inSmithsonian Rept., 1866, p. 311.

[II'-39]Richardson's Jour., vol. i., pp. 400-1;Hooper's Tuski, p. 270.

[II'-40]Holmberg,Ethno. Skiz., pp. 6-7;Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 97;Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 228;Dall's Alaska, p. 430;Latham's Nat. Races, p. 292.

[II'-41]Buschmann,Athapask. Sprachstamm, p. 223;Krusentern,Woerter-Sammlung, p. xi.

[II'-42]'So nennen die Seeküstenbewohner Ulukag Mjuten Inkiliken, und diese letzten nennen sich selbst entweder nach dem Dorfe, oder im allgemeinen Ttynai-Chotana.'Sagoskin,Tagebuch, inRuss. Geog. Gesell., Denkschr., p. 321.

[II'-43]Veniaminoff, inErman,Archiv, tom. vii., No. i., p. 128.

[II'-44]'Ihre Sprache ist zwar von der der Koloschen verschieden, stammt aber von derselben Wurzel ab.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 97.

[II'-45]Dall's Alaska, p. 430.

[II'-46]'Ich bleibe dabei stehn sie für eine athapaskische Sprache zu erklären.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 687.'Two tribes are found, on the Pacific Ocean, whose kindred languages, though exhibiting some affinities both with that of the Western Eskimaux and with that of the Athapascas, we shall, for the present, consider as forming a distinct family. They are the Kinai, in or near Cook's Inlet or River, and the Ugaljachmutzi (Ougalachmioutzy) of Prince William's Sound.'Gallatin, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 14.

[II'-47]'Dieses Volk gehört gleich den Ugalenzen zu einem und demselben Stamme mit den Koloschen.... Auch in der Sprache giebt es mehrere Wörter, die auf eine gemeinschaftliche Wurzel hindeuten.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 99.

[II'-48]'Gehört zu demselben Stamme wie die Galzanen oder Koltschanen, Atnaer und Koloschen. Dieses bezeugt nicht nur die noch vorhandene Aehnlichkeit einiger Wörter in den Sprachen dieser Völker (eine Aehnlichkeit, welche freilich in der Sprache der Koloschen kaum noch merkbar und fast gänzlich verschwunden ist).'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 103.

[II'-49]'Die Kinai, Kenai oder Kenaizen wurden bisher schon als ein Hauptvolk und ihre Sprache als eine hauptsächliche des russischen Nordamerika's betrachtet. Sie umziehen in ihren Wohnungen an jener Küste die grosse Kinai-Bucht oder den sogenannten Cooks-Fluss. Ihr Idiom galt bisher als eine selbstständige und ursprüngliche Sprache, Trägerinn mehrerer anderer. Nach meinen Entdeckungen ist es ein Glied des grossen athapaskischen Sprachstammes, und seine Verwandten im russischen Nordwesten sind andere Glieder desselben.'Buschmann,Athapask. Sprachstamm, p. 223.

[II'-50]'Die Kenai-Sprache ist, wegen der Menge ihrer Gurgellaute, von allen Idiomen des russischen Amerika's am schwierigsten auszusprechen. Selbst die Nachbarn der Kenajer, deren Sprachen schon ein sehr geschmeidiges Organ erfordern, sind nicht im Stande, Wörter des Kenajischen rein wiederzugeben.'Veniaminoff, inErman,Archiv, tom. vii., No. i., p. 128.

[II'-51]Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 119.

[II'-52]'Sie sprechen eine Sprache, die ganz verschieden ist von der an der Seeküste gebräuchlichen Sprache der Aleuten von Kadjack; der Dialect der Inkaliten ist ein Gemisch aus den Sprachen der Kenayer, Unalaschken und Atnaer ... auch die Anwigmüten und Magimüten sind Inkaliten.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., pp. 120-1.

[II'-53]'Der zwei Stämme des Volkes Ttynai, hauptsächlich der Inkiliken und der Inkaliten-jug-elnut.'Sagoskin,Tagebuch, inRuss. Geog. Gesell., Denkschr., tom. i., p. 352;Whymper's Alaska, p. 175.

[II'-54]'Die näher wohnenden gehören zu demselben Stamme wie die Atnaer und Kenayer und können sich mit ihnen, obgleich sie einen anderen Dialect sprechen, verständigen.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 101.

[II'-55]Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 62;Mackenzie's Voyages, p. 284. 'Their language is very similar to that of the Chipewyans, and has a great affinity to the tongues spoken by the Beaver Indians and the Sicaunes. Between all the different villages of the Carriers, there prevails a difference of dialect, to such an extent, that they often give different names to the most common utensils.'Harmon's Jour., pp. 285-6, 379, 193, 196;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 178.'Les Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis, les Chargeurs (Carriers), les Schouchouaps, les Atnas, appartiennent tous à la nation des Chipeouaïans.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 337;Gallatin, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 20. 'A branch of the great Chippewyan (Athapascan) stock.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 202.

[II'-56]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 533.

[II'-57]Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225;Hines' Voy., p. 117.

[II'-58]Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., pp. 157-8;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 422;Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 87-5.'Ich habe später dieHoopahSprache wirklich für eine athapaskische angenommen.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 576.

[II'-59]Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., p. 325.'Desde el Real de Chiguagua, cruzando al Poniente, hasta el rio Gila, y subiendo al Norte, hasta el Moqui, y Nuevo México, y Provincias de Texas y Quahuila; y revolviendo al Sur remata en el sobredicho Real.'Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 338;Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 177;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., pp. 212-3; 'Extend from the black mountains in New México to the frontiers of Cogquilla.'Pike's Explor. Trav., (Phil. 1810,) appendix, p. 10;Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 83;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 446;Pope, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. ii., p. 13;Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 298;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 8.'Se extienden en el vasto espacio de dicho continente, que comprenden los grados 30 á 38 de latitud Norte, y 264 á 277 de longitud de Tenerife.'Cordero, inOrozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 369;Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 393, et seq.'Tota hæc regio, quam Novam Mexicanam vocant, ab omnibus pene lateribus ambitur abApachibus.'Laet,Novus Orbis, p. 316;Venegas,Noticia de la Cal., tom. ii., 553;Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 40.

[II'-60]Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 369.'La nacion apache es una misma aunque con las denominaciones de Gileños, Carlanes, Chilpaines, Xicarillas, Faraones, Mescaleros, Natales, Lipanes, etc. varia poco en su idioma,'Doc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. iii., p. 10.'Los Apaches se dividen en cinco parcialidades como son: Tontos ó Coyoteros, Chiricahues, Gileños, Faraones, Mescaleros, Llaneros, Lipanes, Xicarillas y otras.'Barreiro,Ojeada, appendix, p. 7.Browne mentions the Gila Apaches, and as belonging to them Mimbrenas, Chiricahuas, Sierra Blancas, Pinal llanos, Coyoteros, Cominos, Tontos, and Mogallones.'Apache Country, p. 290;Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt iii., pp. 177-8;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., p. 211. 'The Apache; from which branch the Navajos, Apaches, Coyoteros, Mescaleros, Moquis, Yabipias, Maricopas, Chiricaquis, Chemeguabas, Yumayas (the last two tribes of the Moqui), and the Nijoras, a small tribe on the Gila.'Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 194;Ind. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 298; 1858, pp. 205-6; 1854, p. 180; 1861, p. 122; 1862, p. 238; 1863, p. 108; 1864, p. 156; 1865, p. 506; 1869, p. 234;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 289.'Los apaches se dividen en nueve parcialidades ó tribus.'Pimentel,Cuadro, tom. ii., p. 251.'Since acquiring the Apache language, I have discovered that they (Lipans) are a branch of that great tribe, speaking identically the same language, with the exception of a few terms and names of things existing in their region and not generally known to those branches which inhabit Arizona and New Mexico.'Cremony's Apaches, p. 21.

[II'-61]Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 303, et seq.'El intermedio del Colorado y Gila, ocupan los yavipaistejua, y otros yavipais; al sur del Moqui son todos yavipais, que es lo mismo que apaches, donde se conoce el gran terreno que ocupa esta nacion.'Garcés,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., p. 352;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 18, 1864. Padilla mentions the following nations with the Apaches: 'Apaches, Pharaones, Natagees, Gilas, Mescaleros, Cosninas, Quartelejos, Palomas, Xicarillas, Yutas, Moquinos.'Conq. N. Galicia, MS., p. 785;Cortez,Hist. Apache Nations, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 118-20. 'The Apaches, the Navahoes, and the Lipans, of Texas, speak dialects of the same language. The Jicarillas, (Hic-ah-ree-ahs) Mescaleros, Tontos, and Coyotens, are all bands of Apaches; and I am induced to think the Garoteros are also an offshoot from the Apache tribe.'Lane, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 689.

[II'-62]'A distancia de cinco leguas, al mesmo rumbo (north of Taos), está una Nacion de Indios, que llaman Xicarillas.'Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., p. 420;Davis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 255. Xicarillas, Apache Indians of northern New Mexico. Their language shows affinity with the great Athabascan stock of languages.Buschmann,Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des B. Nordamer., p. 274;Id.,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., pp. 318-9;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 203.

[II'-63]Cortez,Hist. Apache Nations, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 120.'Hablan un mismo idioma, y aunque varia el acento y tal cual voz provincial, no influye esta diferencia que dejen de entenderse reciprocamente.'Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 339.

[II'-64]Bartlett's Letter, inLiterary World, April 24, 1852, pp. 298-9. 'It abounds equally with guttural, hissing and indistinctly uttered mixed intonations.... It abounds in the sound oftz, so common in the Shemitic languages, ofzlofdand the roughrr.... It may be suggested that its proper affinities are to be found in the Athpasca.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 202-3.

[II'-65]'Le preguntó que si acaso entendia la lengua de los Apaches, y satisfizo con que era la misma Otomite que él hablaba, y solo con la diferencia de que ellos variaban la significacion de muchos vocablos que en la suya querian decir otras cosas: pero por el contexto de las otras palabras, facilmente se entendian.'Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, p. 339.

[II'-66]Cremony's Apaches, p. 239;Id., inOverland Monthly, Sept. 1868, pp. 306-7.

[II'-67]Prepared at Fort Sumner, Bosque Redondo, on the Pecos River, New Mexico, in 1863, as certified by Brig. Gen. James H. Carleton, U. S. A., and the only Apache grammar known to exist at this date.Cremony's Vocabulary and Grammar of the Mescalero Apache Language, MS.

[II'-68]Dorr's Ride with the Apaches, inOverland Monthly, vol. vi., p. 343.

[II'-69]Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt. iii., p. 179.

[II'-70]Pimentel,Cuadro, tom. ii., p. 251, and inColeccion Polidiómica Mexicana que contiene La Oracion Dominical; por la Sociedad Mex. Geog. y Estad., México, 1860.

[II'-71]'The Apaches call the Navajoes Yú-tah-kah. The Navajoes call themselves, as a tribe, Tenúai (man.) The appellation Návajo, was unquestionably given them by the Spaniards.'Eaton, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 217-8;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 229. 'Gehört ebenfalls zur Familie der Apaches.'Id.,Reisen, tom. ii., p. 236.

[III'-1]'Die Kaigan-Sprache wird auf der Insel Kaigan und den Charlotten Inseln ... gesprochen.'Veniaminoff, inErman,Archiv, tom. vii., No. 1., p. 128.

[III'-2]'En parlant du langage deTchinkîtâiné, j'ai rapporté d'avance les termes numériques employés aux îles deQueen-Charlotte, tels que le capitaineChanala pu les recueillirá Cloak-Bay; il observe que quelques-uns de ces termes sont communs aux autres parties de ces îsles qu'il a visitées, ainsi que quelques autres termes qu'il a pu saisir, et par lesquels les Naturels expriment les objets suivanes.... Cette similitude des termes numériques et d'autres termes, employés également par les diverses Tribus, séparées les unes des autres, qui occupent la partie de côtes des îles deQueen-Charlotteque le CapitaineChanala visitée, me semble démontrer, contre l'opinion hasardée du Rédacteur du Journal deDixon, que ces Tribus communiquent habituellement entre elles: cette identité du langage pourroit encore prouver que les Peuplades qui habitent ces îles ont une origine commune.'Marchand,Voyage, tom. ii., p. 216.

[III'-3]'There are at least two or three different languages spoken on the coast, and yet probably they are all pretty generally understood; though if we may credit the old Chief at Queen Charlotte's Islands, his people were totally ignorant of that spoken by the inhabitants to the Eastward.'Dixon's Voy., p. 240.

[III'-4]Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. ii., pp. 218, 220.

[III'-5]Radloff,Sprache der Kaiganen, inMél. Russes.tom. iii., liv. v., p. 575;Green, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. iii., p. 302.

[III'-6]Dixon's Voy., p. 240.

[III'-7]'Es fehlen dem Kaigáni (Haidah) jene harten aspirirten Consonanten, die dem Thlinkít so geläufig sind, es ist vocalreicher und weicher. Dagegen theilt es mit dem Thlinkít den Mangel der Labialen, des dentalenr, wie auch der Verbindung deslmit Dentalen, Gutturalen und Sibilanten, während jenem dagegen das reineldes Kaigani ganz fremd ist.'Radloff,Sprache der Kaiganen, inMél. Russes, tom. iii., liv. v., pp. 575-6.

[III'-8]Id., pp. 569-607.

[III'-9]Green, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 302. 'Náss ... in custom and language, resemble the Sabassa.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 279.Buschmann,Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des b. Nordamer., p. 398, et seq.

[III'-10]Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. ix., p. 234.

[III'-11]Dunn's Oregon, p. 358.

[III'-12]Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. ix., p. 221.

[III'-13]Id., p. 230, et seq.

[III'-14]Grant's Vanc. Isl., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxvii., pp. 295-6.

[III'-15]Sproat's Scenes, p. 311.

[III'-16]Grant's Vanc. Isl., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxvii., p. 295.

[III'-17]'The inhabitants of Nootka Sound and the Tlaoquatch, who occupy the south-western points of the island, speak the same language.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 224;Jewitt's Nar., pp. 74-77;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 220;Meares' Voy., pp. 229-32;Douglas' Report, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xxiv., p. 246. At Point Discovery, Vancouver met people some of whom 'understood a few words of the Nootka language.'Voyage, vol. i., p. 228. 'The distinct languages spoken by the Indians are few in number, but the dialects employed by the various tribes are so many, that, although the inhabitants of any particular district have no great difficulty in communicating with each other, ...'Mayne's B. C., p. 244;Sproat's Scenes, p. 311. The Rev. Mr Good divides and locates the languages of Vancouver Island and the opposite shore on the mainland as follows. The first language, he says, runs along the coast from Nitinaht to Nootka Sound; the second prevails from Sooke to Nanaimo, and across the Sound up to Bird Inlet on the main land, thence following up the Fraser River as far as Yale; this he names the Cowichin. On the island north of Cowichin he locates the Comux and adjoining it the Ucleta; finally starting at Fort Rupert and following the north coast of the island and also on the opposite shore of the main land is the Quackoll.

[III'-18]Jewitt's Nar., p. 75.

[III'-19]Sproat's Scenes, p. 132.

[III'-20]'El idioma de estos naturales es tal vez el mas áspero y duro de los conocidos. Abundan mucho en él las consonantes, y las terminaciones en tl y tz, constando el intermedio y el principio de los vocablos de aspiraciones muy fuertes.'Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 147.'Their language is very guttural, and if it were possible to reduce it to our orthography, it would very much abound with consonants.'Sparks' Life of Ledyard, p. 72;Cook's Voy. to Pac., vol. ii., pp. 334-6.

[III'-21]Sproat's Scenes, p. 124, et seq.

[III'-22]For a copy of which I am indebted to the late proprietor of theOverland Monthlyof San Francisco.

[III'-23]'En examinant avec soin des vocabulaires formés à Noutka et à Monterey, j'ai été frappé de l'homotonie et des désinences mexicaines de plusieurs mots, comme, par exemple, dans la langue des Noutkiens.... Cependant, en général, les langues de la Nouvelle-Californie et de l'île de Quadra, diffèrent essentiellement de l'aztèque.'Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 321.'Sprachähnlichkeiten ... hat man, wie auch nachher bey der Betrachtung der Mexikanischen Sprache aus einander gesetzt werden soll, an dieser Nordwest-Küste am Nutka-Sunde und bey den Völkern in der Nähe der Russischen Colonien gefunden.'Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt iii., p. 76.'In the neighborhood of Nootka, tribes still exist whose dialects, both in the termination and general sound of the words, bear considerable resemblance to the Mexican.'Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., p. 399.

[III'-24]'So gewinnt die Nutka-Sprache, durch eine reiche Zahl von Wörtern und durch grosse Züge ihres Lautwesens, einzig vor allen anderen fremden ... in einem bedeutenden Theile eine täuschende Ähnlichkeit mit der aztekischen oder mexicanischen; und so wird die ihr schon früher gewidmete Aufmerksamkeit vollständig gerechtfertigt. Ihrer mexicanischen Erscheinung fehlt aber, wie ich von meiner Seite hier ausspreche, jede Wirklichkeit.'Buschmann,Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westküste des b. Nordamer., p. 371.

[III'-25]They spoke the same language as the Nootkas.Vancouver's Voy., vol. i., p. 218.

[III'-26]'The affinities of the Clallam and Lummi are too obvious to require demonstration.'Gibbs' Clallam and Lummi Vocab., p. vii. 'The Tsihaili-Selish languages reach the sea in the part opposite Vancouver's Island. Perhaps they touch it to the north also.'Latham's Comp. Phil., vol. viii., p. 401;Gairdner, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255.

[III'-27]'Les Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis, les Chargeurs (Carriers), les Schouchouaps, les Atnas appartiennent tous à la nation des Chipeouaïans.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 337.'The Atnah language has no affinity to any with which I am acquainted.'Mackenzie's Voyages, p. 258.

[III'-28]Mengarini,Selish Gram.

[III'-29]'Nationes que radicaliter linguam Selicam loquuntur sunt saltem decem: Calispelm, (vulgo)Pends d'oreilles du Lac Inférieur. Slkatkomlchi,Pends d'oreilles du Lac Superieur. Selish,Têtes Platte. Sngomènei, Snpoilschi, Szk'eszilni,Spokanes. S´chizni,Cœurs d'alène. Sgoièlpi,Chaudières. Okinakein, Stlakam,Okanagan.'Mengarini,Selish Gram., p. 120. 'Their language is the same as the Spokeins' and Flatheads'.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 307. 'The Spokanes speak the same dialect as the Flatheads and Pend d'Oreilles.'Chapman, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 201;De Smet,Voy., p. 237. 'The Flatheads are divided into numerous tribes, each having its own peculiar locality, and differing more or less from the others in language, customs, and manners.' 'The Spokan Indians are a small tribe, differing very little from the Indians at Colville either in their appearance, habits, or language.'Kane's Wand., pp. 173, 307. 'The Pend' d'Oreilles are generally called the Flatheads, the two clans, in fact, being united.... Still, the two races are entirely distinct, their languages being fundamentally different. The variety of tongues on the west side of the (Rocky) mountains is almost infinite, so that scarcely any two tribes understand each other perfectly. They have all, however, the common character of being very guttural; and, in fact, the sentences often appear to be mere jumbles of grunts and croaks, such as no alphabet could express in writing.'Simpson's Overland Jour., vol. i., p. 146.

[III'-30]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 535-7.

[III'-31]Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 315.

[III'-32]Gibbs' Clallam and Lummi Vocab., p. 7.

[III'-33]'In the northern districts of the great chain of Rocky Mountains which were visited by Sir Alexander Mackenzie, there are several nations of unknown language and origin. The Atnah nation is one of them. Their dialect appears, from the short vocabulary given by that traveller, to be one of those languages which, in the frequent recurrence of peculiar consonants, bears a certain resemblance to the Mexican.'Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 550;Swan's N. W. Coast, pp. 315-6.

[III'-34]'Der Prinz bezeugt (Bd. ii., 511) dass der behauptete Mangel an Gurgellauten ein Irrthum ist; er bemerkt: dass die Sprache durch den ihr eignen "Zungenschnalz" für das Aussprechen schwierig werde, und dass sie eine Menge von Gutturaltönen habe. Man spreche die Wörter leise und undeutlich aus; dabei gebe es darin viele schnalzende Töne, indem man mit der Zungenspitze anstösst; auch gebe es darin viele dumpfe Kehllaute.'Prinzschoschonischen Max zu Wied, inBuschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 661.'Their language bears no affinity whatever to that of any of the western nations. It is infinitely softer and more free from those unpronounceable gutturals so common among the lower tribes.'Cox's Adven., p. 233;Blakiston's Rept., inPalliser's Explor., p. 73;Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 307.

[III'-35]De Smet's Oregon Miss., p. 409.

[III'-36]Tribes speaking the Kliketat language: Whulwhypum, Tait-inapum, Yakima, Walla Wallapum, Kyoose, Umatilla, Peloose, Wyampam; the Yakimas and Kliketats or Whulwhypum ... speaking the Walla-Walla language, otherwise known as the Kliketat.Lord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 244, 232. 'The Kyeuse resemble the Walla-Wallas very much.... Their language and customs are almost identical.'Kane's Wand., p. 280. The Pend d'Oreilles 'speak the same language' (Nez Percé.)Hutchins, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 456. The Palouse Indians 'speak the same language.'Cain, inId., 1860, p. 210. 'The Wallah-Wallahs, whose language belongs to the same family.' 'The Wallah-Wallahs and Nez Perces speak dialects of a common language, and the Cayuses have abandoned their own for that of the latter.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 416, 425;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 213, 542. 'The nation among which we now are call themselves Sokulks; and with them are united a few of another nation, who reside on a western branch, emptying itself into the Columbia a few miles above the mouth of the latter river, and whose name is Chimnapum. The language of both these nations differs but little from each other, or from that of the Chopunnish who inhabit the Kooskooskee and Lewis's river.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 12. 'The language of the Walla-Wallas differs from the Nez Percés'.Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 137.

[III'-37]Pandosy's Yakama Lang., p. 9.

[III'-38]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 542, et seq.

[III'-39]Pandosy's Yakama Lang.

[III'-40]Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 313, et seq.

[III'-41]Rafinesque,Atlantic Jour., p. 133, quoted inBuschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 615.'Ich habe diese Wörter Rafinesque's zu einem Theil ganz verschieden von denSahaptangefunden.'Ib.

[III'-42]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 561.

[III'-43]'The Skyuse have two distinct languages: the one used in ordinary intercourse, the other on extraordinary occasions; as in war counsels, &c.'Farnham's Travels, p. 153. 'The Cayuses have abandoned their own for that of the Nez Percés.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 416, 425. 'Their language bears some affinity to the Sahaptin or Nez-Percé language.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 199;Coke's Rocky Mts., p 295;Kane's Wand., p. 279. 'Their original language, now almost extinct ... having affinity to that of the Carriers, of North Caledonia, and the Umpqua Indians of Southern Oregon.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 249-50.

[III'-44]'The language of the bands farther up the river departed more and more widely from the Chinook proper, so that the lower ones could not have understood the others without an interpreter.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. 4. 'The vocabulary given by Dr. Scouler as "Chenook" is almost altogether Chihalis. His "Cathlascon" ... is Chinook.'Id., p. 5. 'DesTchinooks, d'où est sortie la langue-mère de ces sauvages.'Saint-Amant,Voyages, p. 381. 'Cathlamahs speak the same language as the Chinnooks and Clatsops.'Lewis and Clarke's Travels, p. 424. Chinooks 'in language ... resemble the Clatsops, Cathlamahs, and indeed all the people near the mouth of the Columbia.'Id., p. 426. 'The Chinooks, Clatsops, Wahkiacums and Cathlamahs ... resembled each other in person, dress, language.'Irving's Astoria, pp. 85, 336. Chinooks, Clatsops, Cathlamux, Wakicums, Wacalamus, Cattleputles, Clatscanias, Killimux, Moltnomas, Chickelis, ... resemble one another in language.Ross' Adven., pp. 87-88. 'TheChinooklanguage is spoken by all the nations from the mouth of the Columbia to the falls.'Franchère's Nar., p. 262.

[III'-45]'The language spoken by these people is guttural, very difficult for a foreigner to learn, and equally hard to pronounce.'Ross' Adven., p. 101. 'Decidedly the most unpronounceable compound of gutturals ever formed for the communication of human thoughts, or the expression of human wants.'Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 133. 'I would willingly give a specimen of the barbarous language of this people, were it possible to represent by any combination of our alphabet the horrible, harsh, spluttering sounds which proceed from their throats apparently unguided either by the tongue or lip.'Kane's Wand., p. 182. 'It is hard and difficult to pronounce, for strangers; being full of gutturals, like the Gaelic. The combinationsthl, ortl, andlt, are as frequent in the Chinook as in the Mexican.'Franchère's Nar., p. 262. 'After the soft languages and rapid enunciation of the islanders, the Chinooks presented a singular contrast in the slow, deliberate manner in which they seemed to choke out their words; giving utterance to sounds, some of which could scarcely be represented by combinations of known letters.'Pickering's Races, inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., p. 23. 'It abounds with gutturals and "clucking" sounds, almost as difficult to analyse as to utter.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. 5.

[III'-46]'The ancient Chenook is such a guttural, difficult tongue, that many of the young Chenook Indians can not speak it, but have been taught by their parents the Chehalis language and the Jargon.'Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 306;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 562. 'The very difficult pronunciation and excessively complicated form of the Chinook has effectually prevented its acquisition, even by missionaries and fur traders.'Gibbs' Chinook Vocab., p. 5.

[III'-47]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol., vi., p. 562, et seq.

[III'-48]Kane's Wand., p. 183.

[III'-49]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 566, et seq.

[III'-50]'Yamkallie, Kallapuiah. Oregon Indians of the plains of the Wallamette, speaking a language related to that of the Cathlascons and Haeeltzuk.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 202.'Gross die Verwandtschaft der Kalapuya und des Yamkallie; aber an verschiedenen Wörtern fehlt es nicht.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 628.

[III'-51]'Höchst merkwürdig sind einzelne unläugbare aztekische und zweitens einzelne sonorische Wörter, welche ich in diesen Sprachen aufgefunden habe.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 629.

[III'-52]'This system of jargons began very early, and has, doubtless, led to many errors. As early as 1633, the Jesuit Father Paul Le Jeune wrote: "I have remarked, in the study of their language, that there is a certain jargon between the French and Indians, which is neither French nor Indian; and yet, when the French use it, they think they are speaking Indian, and the Indians using it, think they speak good French."'Hist. Mag., vol. v., p. 345.

[III'-53]Gibbs' Chinook Dic., p. 6;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, June 15, 1866. 'Chinook is a jargon which was invented by the Hudson's Bay Company for the purpose of facilitating communication with the different Indian tribes. These were so numerous, and their languages so various, that the traders found it impossible to learn them all, and adopted the device of a judicious mixture of English, French, Russian, and several Indian tongues, which has a very limited vocabulary; but which, by the help of signs, is readily understood by all the natives, and serves as a common language.'Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Passage, p. 344. 'The jargon so much in use all over the North Pacific Coast, among both whites and Indians, as a verbal medium of communicating with each other, was originally invented by the Hudson's Bay Company, in order to facilitate the progress of their commerce with Indians.'Stuart's Dictionary of Chinook Jargon, p. 161. 'Chinook is a jargon, consisting of not more than three or four hundred words, drawn from the French, English, Spanish, Indian, and the fancy of the inventor. It was contrived by the Hudson's Bay Company for the convenience of trade.'Brunot, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 124. Sproat disputes the invention of the jargon, and says: 'Such an achievement as the invention of a language, is beyond the capabilities of even a chief factor.'Scenes, p. 139. 'I think that, among the Coast Indians in particular, the Indian part of the language has been in use for years.'Swan's N. W. Coast, p. 307.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 635, et seq.

[III'-54]Gibbs' Chinook Dic., pp. vii.-viii. 'All the words thus brought together and combined in this singularly constructed speech are about two hundred and fifty in number.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 636. 'Words undoubtedly of Japanese origin are still used in the jargon spoken on the coast called Chinook.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 217.

[III'-55]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 636, et seq.

[III'-56]Gibbs' Chinook Dic., p. 44.

[IV'-1]Roseborough's Letter to the Author, MS.;The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS. 'The diversity of language is so great in California, that at almost every 15 or 20 leagues, you find a distinct dialect.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 240.'Il n'est peut-être aucun pays où les différens idiomes soient aussi multipliés que dans la Californie septentrionale.'La Pérouse,Voy., tom. ii., p. 323.'One might spend years with diligence in acquiring an Indian tongue, then journey a three-hours' space, and find himself adrift again, so multitudinous are the languages and dialects of California.'Powers' North. Cal. Ind., inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 328. 'The diversity is such as to preclude almost entirely all verbal communication.'Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 159. 'Languages vary from tribe to tribe.'Pickering's Races, inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., p. 106. 'In California, there appears to be spoken two or more distinct languages.'McCulloh's Researches in Amer., p. 37;Kotzebue's Voyage, vol. iii., p. 48;Id.,New Voy., vol. ii., p. 98;Taylor, inBancroft's Handbook Almanac, 1864, p. 29.

[IV'-2]See vol. i., p. 325;Roseborough's Letter to the Author, MS.;The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. iii., p. 159

[IV'-3]Powers' Pomo, MS.

[IV'-4]Roseborough's Letter to the Author, MS.

[IV'-5]'The Lutuami, Shasti and Palaik are thrown by Gallatin into three separate classes. They are without doubt mutually unintelligible. Nevertheless they cannot be very widely separated.'Latham's Comp. Phil., vol. viii., p. 407. The T-ka, Id-do-a, Ho-te-day, We-o-how, or Shasta Indians, speak the same language.Steele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 120. The Modocs speak the same language as the Klamaths.Palmer, inId., 1854, p. 262;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218;Berghaus,Geographisches Jahrbuch, tom. iii., p. 48;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, June 8, 1860. 'A branch of the latter (Shoshone) is the tribe of Tlamath Indians.'Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 244.

[IV'-6]The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.

[IV'-7]Jackson's Vocab. of the Wintoon Language, MS.;Powers' Vocabularies, MS.

[IV'-8]Powers' Pomo, MS.

[IV'-9]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 422. 'The junction of the rivers Klamath, or Trinity, gives us the locality of the Weitspek. Its dialects, the Weyot and Wishosk, extend far into Humboldt county, where they are probably the prevailing form of speech, being used on the Mad River, and the parts about Cape Mendocino. From the Weitspek they differ much more than they do from each other.'Latham's Comp. Phil., vol. viii., p. 40. 'Weeyot und Wish-osk, unter einander verwandt.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 575.

[IV'-10]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 422-3.

[IV'-11]Powers' Pomo, MS.

[IV'-12]Roseborouqh's Letter to the Author, MS.;Powers' Pomo, MS.

[IV'-13]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 421-2;Powers' Pomo, MS.;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, March 30, 1860.

[IV'-14]Powers' Notes on Cal. Languages, MS.

[IV'-15]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 428, et seq.;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 342, et seq;Keppel's Exped., vol. i., appendix, p. 14, et Seq.;Martin's Tonga Isl., vol. ii.

[IV'-16]'Die Indianer in Bodega verstehen nur mit Mühe die Sprache derjenigen welche in den Ebenen am Slawänka-Flusse leben; die Sprache der nördlich von Ross lebenden Stämme ist ihnen völlig unverständlich.'Baer,Stat. u. Ethno., p. 75.'Die Bodegischen Indianer verstehen die nördlichen nicht, sowohl die Sprache als die Art der Aussprache ist verschieden. Die Entferten und die Steppen-Indianer sprechen eine Menge Dialecte oder Sprachen, deren Eigenthümlichkeit und Verwandtschaft noch nicht bekannt sind.'Kostromitonow, inId., p. 80;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 421.'Kulanapo und Yukai, verwandt: d. h. in dem beschränkten Grade, dass viele Wörter zwischen ihnen übereinstimmen, viele andere, z. B. ein guter Theil der Zahlwörter, verschieden sind.... Choweshak und Batemdakaiee sehr genau und im vollkommnen Maasse unter einander und wiederum beide ganz genau mit Yukai, und auch Kulanapo verwandt.... Wichtig ist es aber zu sagen, dass die Sprache Tchokoyem mit dem Olamentke der Bodega Bai und mit der Mission S. Raphael nahe gleich ist.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 575.'The Kanimares speak a different dialect from the Tamalos. The Sonoma Indians also speak different from Tamalos. The Sonomos speak a similar dialect as the Suisuns. The San Rafael Indians speak the same as the Tamalos.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer, March 30th, 1860.

[IV'-17]Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 391.

[IV'-18]Powers' Pomo, MS.

[IV'-19]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 222, 630;Wilkes' Nar., inId., vol. v., p. 201.

[IV'-20]'Puzhune, Sekamne, Tsamak und Talatui ... Sekumne und Tsamak sind nahe verwandt, die übrigen zeigen gemeinsames und fremdes.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 571.'Hale's vocubulary of the Talatiu belongs to the group for which the name of Moquelumne is proposed, a Moquelumne Hill and a Moquelumne River being found within the area over which the languages belonging to it are spoken. Again, the names of the tribes that speak them end largely in mne, Chupumne, etc. As far south as Tuolumne County the language belongs to this division, viz., 1, the Mumaltachi; 2, Mullateco; 3, Apaugasi; 4, Lapappu; 5, Siyante, or Typoxi band, speak this language.'Latham's Comp. Phil., vol. viii., p. 414.

[IV'-21]Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 201.

[IV'-22]Montgomery's Indianology of Napa County, MS.

[IV'-23]Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 391.

[IV'-24]Arroyo,Gram. de la lengua Tulareña, MS., quoted inMofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 388, see also pp. 392-3.'Malgré le grand nombre de dialectes des Missions de la Californie, les Franciscains espagnols s'étaient attachés à apprendre la langue générale de la grande vallée de los Tulares, dont presque toutes les tribus sont originaires, et ils ont rédigés le vocabulaire et une sorte de grammaire de cette langue nomméeel Tulareño.'Id., p. 387.

[IV'-25]Taylor, inCal. Farmer, May 25, 1860.

[IV'-26]Johnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 407.'Die Sprachen der Coconoons und die vom King's River sind nahe verwandt.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 564.

[IV'-27]'Dans la baie de San Francisco on distingue les tribus des Matalans, Salsen et Quirotes, dont les langues dérivent d'une souche commune.'Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 321-2;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt ii., p. 454.

[IV'-28]'The tribe of Indians which roamed over this great valley, from San Francisco to near San Juan Bautista Mission ... were the Olhones. Their language slightly resembled that spoken by the Mutsuns, at the Mission of San Juan Bautista, although it was by no means the same.'Hall's San José, p. 40. 'In the single Mission Santa Clara more than twenty languages are spoken.'Kotzebue's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 98;Kotzebue's Voyage, vol. iii., p. 51;Beechey's Voyage, vol. ii., p. 78;Choris,Voy. Pitt., pt iii., pp. 5-6;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 94-5.

[IV'-29]'La misma diferencia que se advierte en los usos y costumbres de una y otra nacion hay en sus idiomas.'Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 172.

[IV'-30]'Each tribe has a different dialect; and though their districts are small, the languages are sometimes so different that the neighbouring tribes cannot understand each other. I have before observed that in the Mission of San Carlos there are eleven different dialects.'Beechey's Voyage, vol. ii., p. 73.'La langue de ces habitans (Ecclemachs) diffère absolument de toutes celles de leurs voisins; elle a même plus de rapport avec nos langues Européennes qu'avec celles de l'Amérique.... L'idiome de cette nation est d'ailleurs plus riche que celui des autres peuples de la Californie.'La Pérouse,Voy., tom. ii., pp. 324-326.'La partie septentrionale de la Nouvelle-Californie est habitée par les deux nations de Rumsen et Escelen. Elles parlent des langues entièrement différentes.'Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 321.'Beyde Darstellungen derselben sind, wie man aus der so bestimmten Erklärung beider Schriftsteller, dass diese zwey Völker die Bevölkerung jener Gegend ausmachen, schliessen muss, ohne Zweifel unter verschiedenen Abtheilungen Eines Volkes aufgefasst, unter dessen Zweigen die Dialekte, ungeregelt, wie sie sind, leicht grosse Abweichungen von einander zeigen werden.'Vater,Mithridates, tom. iii., pt. iii., p. 202;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, Feb. 22, Apr. 20, 1860.

[IV'-31]'Es erhellt aber aus den Zahlwörtern und anderen Wörtern, dass die Sprache von la Soledad, der Runsien nahe gleich und der Achastlier ähnlich ist.'Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 561;Turner, inHist. Mag., vol. i., p. 206.

[IV'-32]'En estos indios reparé que entendian mas que otros los términos de Monterey y entendí muchos términos de lo que hablaban.... El diciéndomemeapamtu eres mi padre, que es la misma palabra que usan los de Monterey.'Palou,Noticias, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. vii., pp. 62-3, 59, 65, 67, 69.

[IV'-33]Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 392.

[IV'-34]Comelias, inCal. Farmer, April 5, 1860.

[IV'-35]Taylor, inId., April 27, 1860.

[IV'-36]'Quod quanquam hoc idioma ineloquens videatur et inelegans, in rei veritate non est ita: est valde copiosum, oblongum, abundans et eloquens.'Arroyo de la Cuesta,Alphabs Rivulus Obeundus, preface,also,Arroyo de la Cuesta,Mutsun Grammar. On the cover of the manuscript is the following important note.'Copia de la lengua Mutsun en estilo Catalan á causa la escribió un Catalan. La Castellana usa de la fuerza de la pronunciacion de letras de otro modo en su alfabeto.'The Catalans pronouncechhard, andjlike the Germans.

[IV'-37]Sitjar,Vocabulario de la M. de San Antonio.The orthography employed by Father Sitjar is very curious; accents, stars, small letters above or below the line, and various other marks are constantly used; but no explanation of these have been found in the MS. I have therefore, as far as possible, presented the original style of writing. See alsoMofras,Explor., tom. ii., pp. 392-3.

[IV'-38]Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 633-4;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, May 4, 1860.

[V'-1]'TheShoshóniandPánasht(Bonnaks) of the Columbia, theYutesandSampitches... theCommanchesof Texas, and some other tribes along the northern frontier of Mexico, are said to speak dialects of a common language.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 218-9. 'The great Shoshonee, or Snake, family: which comprehends the Shoshones proper ... the Utahs ... Pah-Utahs ... the Kizh ... the Netela ... the Kechi ... the Comanches.'Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 76.'ShoshóniesouSerpentset deSoshocosouDéterreurs de racines... parlent la même langue.'De Smet,Voy., p. 126.'The Shoshone language is spoken mostly by all the bands of Indians in southeastern Nevada.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 114. 'Their language (Shoshones) is very different from that of either the Bannocks, or Pi-Utes.'Campbell, inId., p. 120. Goshautes speak the same language as Shoshones.Forney, inId., 1859, p. 363. 'The language is spoken by bands in the gold mine region of the Sacramento.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 198. 'Pai-uches speak the same language as the Yutas.'Farnham's Life in Cal., pp. 371, 375. 'Pi-Edes, allied in language to the Utahs.'Cooley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 18. Goships, or Gosha Utes 'talk very nearly the Shoshonee language.'Irish, inId., p. 144. Shoshones and Comanches 'both speak the same language.' Sampiches. 'Their language is said to be allied to that of the Snakes.' Youtas. 'Their language is by some thought to be peculiar.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 501.'Pueblan todas las partes de esta sierra por el sueste, sur sudoeste y oeste, gran número de gentes de la misma nacion, idioma etc.,' which they call Timpanogotzis.Dominguez and Escalante, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., p. 467.'The language spoken by the Comanches is of great antiquity, and differs but little from that of the Incas of Peru.'Maillard's Hist. Tex., p. 249;Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., pp. 349, 351. Yam-pah. 'This is what the Snakes call the Comanches, of which they are either the parents or descendants, for the two languages are nearly the same, and they readily understand each other, and say that they were once one people.' 'The Snake language is talked and understood by all the tribes from the Rocky mountains to California, and from the Colorado to the Columbia, and by a few in many tribes outside of these limits.'Stuart's Montana, pp. 58, 82. 'The different bands of the Comanches and Shoshonies or Snakes, constitute another extensive stock, speaking one language.'Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 251. 'The vernacular language of the Yutas is said to be distantly allied to that of the Navajoes, but it has appeared to me much more guttural, having a deep sepulchral sound resembling ventriloquism.'Id., vol. i., p. 300. 'The Utahs, who speak the same language as the Kyaways.'Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., p. 74;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 197. The Goshutes are of different language from the Shoshones.Douglas, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 96. Diggers, 'differ from the other Snakes somewhat in language.'Wyeth, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 206;Berghaus, inBuschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 371. The Kusi-Utahs, 'in speaking they clipped their words ... we recognized the sounds of the language of the Shoshonès.'Remy and Brenchley's Journey, vol. ii., p. 412;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 359;Catlin's N. Amer. Ind., vol. ii., p. 113. 'Their native language (Comanches), in sound differs from the language of any other nation, and no one can easily learn to speak it. They have also a language of signs, by which they converse among themselves.'French's Hist. La., (N. Y. 1869), p. 156. 'The primitive terms of the Comanches are short, and several are combined for the expression of complex ideas. The language is very barren of verbs, the functions of which are frequently performed by the aid of gestures and grimaces.'Kennedy's Texas, vol. i., p. 348.

[V'-2]Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 77.

[V'-3]Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., pp. 402-3.

[V'-4]Id., p. 645, et seq.

[V'-5]'Que en casi todas ellas (que son muchas y varias) se hallan vocablos, principalmente los que llaman radicales, que o son de la lengua Mexicana, o se deriuan della, y retienen muchas de sus silabas, de que pudiera hazer aqui vn muy largo catalago. De todo lo qual se infieren dos cosas. La primera que casi todas estas Naciones comunicaron en puestas y lenguas con la Mexicana: y aunque los Artes y Gramaticas dellas son diferentes; pero en muchos de sus preceptos concuerdan.'Ribas,Hist. de los Triumphos, p. 20.'Pintaron esta laguna en tierra y muy poblada de gentes, y oyendo hablar á un indio, criado de un soldado, en el idioma mexicano, preguntaron si era de Copala, porque así hablaban los de alla ... que distaba de allí diez jornadas pobladas.'Zarate, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 83.'El Padre Fr. Roque d Figueredo haze del viage que hizo con D. Iuan de Oñate 500 leguas al Norte hallaremos que dice, que aviendoseles perdido vnas bestias, buscandolas el rio de Tizon arriba encontraron los mosos vn Indio que les hablò en lengua mexicana que preguntado de donde era, dixo ser del Reyno adentro ... que està en las Provincias del Norte donde se habla en esta lengua Mexicana cuyo es vocablo.'Vetancurt,Teatro Mex., pt ii., p. 11.'In un viaggio, che fecero gli Spagnuoli l'anno 1606. dal Nuovo Messico fino al fiume, che eglino appellaronodel Tizon, seicento miglia da quella Provincia verso Maestro, vi trovarono alcuni grandi edificj, e s'abbatterono in alcuni Indiani, che parlavano la lingua messicana.'Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. iv., p. 29.Tarahumara'la cui lingua abbonda di parole Messicane.'Hervás,Saggio Practico delle Lingue, p. 71.'Die Sprache (Cora) ist auch wegen ihres Verhältnisses zur Mexicanischen merkwürdig.' 'Die Sprache (Tarahumara) welche eine gewisse Ausbildung zeigt, hat manche dem Mexicanischen ähnliche Wörter,'Vater,Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexica und Wörter-Sammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde, pp. 52, 231;Cook's Voy. to Pac., vol. ii., p. 336;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 194.

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