[IX-20]Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 10-11, pl. xiii.-v., fig. 14-16;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 218; vol. vi., p. 427, vol. iv., pl. viii., fig. 17-18;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 23, 30.[IX-21]Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 52.[IX-22]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 52-3, pl. lx., lxii., fig. 118-19;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 279, vol. vi., p. 464, vol. iv., pl. lii., fig. 120-1;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., p. 63.[IX-23]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. ii., pp. 265-6.[IX-24]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 53-5, pl. lxii.-vii., fig. 120-8;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 279-81, vol. vi., pp. 464-5, vol. iv., pl. lii.-liv., fig. 121-5;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 64-6.[IX-25]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 55-56, pl. lxviii.-ix., fig. 129-30;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 282, vol. vi., p. 466, vol. iv., pl. lv., fig. 129-30;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 66-7;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pl. vii., from Dupaix;Almaraz,Mem. Metlaltoyuca, p. 33, lithograph without description.[IX-26]'On voit encore beaucoup de restes de cette grande muraille, conservés avec d'autant plus de soin qu'il s'y trouve des quartiers de roc de plus de vingt pieds d'épaisseur.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 135;Lorenzana, inCortés,Hist. N. España, pp. vi.-vii.;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 104-5. Additional references to slight notices of ruins and relics in the region about Tlascala, containing no available information, are as follows:Camargo, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcviii., pp. 135-7;Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., p. 423;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pp. 238, 240. TheHistorical Magazine, vol. x., pp. 308-10, has an extract from a Mexican newspaper, in which reference is made to an official report of a prefect of the department, announcing the discovery of two magnificent cities. They were probably identical with some of the ruins already described in Vera Cruz.[IX-27]Mex., Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 691.[IX-28]Id., p. 694.[IX-29]Pp. 467-9of this volume.[IX-30]Respecting the figures within the circle, Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 14, says 'la parte derecha dividida en dos cuarteles. En el superior aparece como un plano de ciudad á la orilla de un lago (cual puede ser la de Chalco).' 'Au-dessus est une tête, que Dupaix désigne comme celle d'un aigle, mais que je crois être une pièce d'armure, savoir, un casque ou morion.'Lenoir,Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 34.[IX-31]'Il semble porter, à la partie antérieure de l'aîle, le bâton augural, ce qui lui donnerait un caractère religieux. L'aigle, emblême du Mexique, était affecté à Vitzlipuztli, et cette seule circonstance donne de l'importance à cette représentation, qui a donné son nom au lieu où elle fut trouvée:Quautetlouaigle de pierre. Dans toute l'Antiquité, l'aigle fut mis au rang des oiseaux sacrés. Il était affecté, en Grèce, à Jupiter, et en Égypte, à Osiris. C'était l'accipiterou épervier qui, selon Ælien, était l'image, du dieuHorus, ou d'Apollon. A Thèbes, au solstice d'hiver, on plaçait cet oiseau sur l'autel d'Osiris; il était richement paré, mitré ou courronné dupschent, et portant sur l'épaule le bâton pastoral, dans la même position que l'aigle Mexicain que nous avons sous les yeux. Ceci est digne de remarque.'Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 35. On the Cuernavaca sculptures seeDupaix, 1st exped., pp. 13-14, pl. xxvii-xxx., fig. 29-32;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 221-2., vol. vi., p. 429, vol. iv., pl. xiii-v., fig. 29-31;Mex., Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 549.[IX-32]Descripcion de las Antigüedades de Xochicalco, supplement toGaceta de Literatura, Nov. 1791, also reprint ofId., tom. ii.; also preliminary mention inId., February 8, 1791, tom. ii., p. 127. Dr Gamarra made a compendium of the MS. before its publication, and sent the same to Italy. An Italian translation of Alzate's account was published with the original plates inMarquez,Due Antichi Monumenti, pp. 14-29, and re-translated from Marquez, inDupaix, 1st exped., pp. 18-20.[IX-33]Humboldt,Vues, tom. i., pp. 129-37, (fol. ed. pl. ix.);Id.,Essai Pol., pp. 189-90;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 15-17. 'M. Humboldt, ... n'a-t-il pas suivi à la lettre l'inexacte description de la pyramide de Xochicalco par le P. Alzate, et n'a-t-il pas fait dans le dessin qu'il donne de ce monument, une seconde édition des erreurs de son modèle?'Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 69;Nebel,Viage Pintoresco, pl. ix.-x., xix.-xx.;Revista Mexicana, tom. i., pp. 539-50, reprinted inDiccionario Univ. Geog., tom. x., pp. 938-42;Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 14-18, pl. xxxi.-ii., fig. 33-6;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 222-4, vol. iv., pl. xv.-vi.;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 35-6. Tylor pronounces Castañeda's drawings grossly incorrect. Other accounts by visitors, are found inLatrobe's Rambler, pp. 241-3;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 180-7;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 283-5, with cuts;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pp. 583-4, pl. xi.;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 183-95;Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 208-12, 273-81. Other references to compiled accounts are:—Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 403-4;Carbajal,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 203-4;Armin,Das Heutige Mex., pp. 98-9, cut;Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 89-90;Hartmann,Californien, tom. ii., p. 86;Fossey,Mex., pp. 302-3;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 329;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pp. 46-9, plate;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 78-9;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 460;Democratic Review, vol. xi., p. 612;Baril,Mexique, p. 70;Cortés' Despatches, p. 244;Priest's Amer. Antiq., pp. 276-7;Macgillivray's Life of Humboldt, p. 308;Delafield's Antiq. Amer., p. 58;Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 49-53, cut;Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 171;Frost's Great Cities, pp. 295-300, cut;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., pp. 339-40;Illustrated London News, June 1, 1867, cut.[IX-34]Xochicalco, 'castle of flowers,' according toDiccionario Univ. Geog., tom. x., p. 938.[IX-35]Alzate's barometrical observations, as reckoned by himself, made the height 289 feet; from the same observations Humboldt makes it 384; 279 feet,Dupaix; 369,Nebel; about 400,Tylor; about 333,Revista Mex.[IX-36]According to theRevista, the gallery leads south 193 feet (a,b, of plan 83 feet), then west 166 feet (not on plan), and terminates in what seems and is said by the natives to be an intentional obstruction. 83 feet from the entrance (a,c, of plan 16½ feet) a branch leads east 138 feet (c,k, of plan 81 feet) to the room. I have no doubt that these dimensions are more accurate than Dupaix's. TheRevistaaccount of the room, so far as it is intelligible, agrees well enough with the plan.[IX-37]These are the dimensions given in theRevista, 100 by 87 mètres. Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 15, says 89 by 102 varas.[IX-38]Dimensions in English feet—length east and west, width north and south, and height of 1st story, always in the same order—according to different authorities:—64½ by — by 16 feet,Nebel, plate; 69 by 61 by —,Dupaix; — by 43 by 9½,Id., plate; 58 by 69 by 11,AlzateandHumboldt; 63 by 58 by 19,Revista Mex.The side shown in Dupaix's plate as 43 feet may be the northern or southern, instead of the eastern or western, according as the stairway is on the north or west.[IX-39]'Pórfido granítico,'Revista Mex., p. 548. 'Basalto porfírico,'Nebel. Basalt,Löwenstern,Mex., pp. 209-10. 'La calidad de piedra de esta magnífica arquitectura es de piedra vitrificable, y por la mayor parte de aquella piedra con que forman las muelas ó piedras para moler trigo: tambien hay de color blanquecino, siendo de notar, que en muchas leguas à la redonda no se halla semejante calidad de piedra.'Alzate, p. 8.[IX-40]Kingsborough's edition of Castañeda's drawing bears not the slightest likeness to that in theAntiq. Mex., copied above. It is possible that the latter was made up at Paris from Alzate's plate.[IX-41]'El primer destruidor, comparable al zapatero que quemó el templo de Diana Efesina, fué un fulano Estrada; su atrevimiento permanezca en oprobio para con los amantes de la antigüedad.'Alzate, p. 8. Humboldt,Vues, tom. i., p. 132, gives 1750 as the date when the five stories yet remained in place.[IX-42]London Illustrated News, June 1, 1867. Alzate and Mayer also give restorations.[IX-43]'A part ce monument, Mexico ne possède intact et debout aucun vestige de constructions antiques.'Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 72. 'No se puede poner en duda el destino absolutamente militar de estos trabajos, ni rehusarse á creer que tuvieron por objeto especial la defensa del monumento que encerraban, cuya importancia puede apreciarse, atendiendo á los medios empleados para su seguridad.' 'Todos los viageros convienen en la nobleza de la estructura y en la regularidad de proporciones del monumento. La inclinacion de las paredes, la elegancia del friso y la cornisa,son de un efecto notable.' In the sculptures 'se hallan proporciones regulares, y mucha espresion en las cabezas y en el adorno de las figuras; mientras que en las otras (Aztec) no se descubren sino vestígios de barbarie. Las estatuas aztecas, informes y desproporcionadas, en nada manifiestan la imitacion de la naturaleza; y si en ellas se observa frecuentemente una ejecucion algo correcta, con mas frecuencia se ven todavia cabezas desmedidas, narices ecsageradas y frentes deprimidas hasta la estravagancia.'Revista Mex., tom. i., pp. 539, 542, 549. 'Les naturels du village voisin de Tetlama possèdent une carte géographique construite avant l'arrivée des Espagnols, et à laquelle on a ajouté quelques noms depuis la conquête; sur cette carte, à l'endroit où est situé le monument de Xochicalco, on trouve la figure de deux guerriers qui combattent avec des massues, et dont l'un est nommé Xochicatli, et l'autre Xicatetli. Nous ne suivrons pas ici les antiquaires mexicains dans leurs discussions étymologiques, pour apprendre si l'un de ces guerriers a donné le nom à la colline de Xochicalco, ou si l'image des deux combattans désigne simplement une bataille entre deux nations voisines, ou enfin si la dénomination deMaison des fleursa été donnée au monument pyramidal, parce que les Toltèques, comme les Péruviens, n'offroient à la divinité que des fruits, des fleurs et de l'encens.'Humboldt,Vues, tom. i., pp. 135-6.[IX-44]Mex.,Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 649.[IX-45]Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 13, pl. xvii., fig. 52;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 243, vol. vi., p. 442, vol. iv., pl. xv., fig. 52;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 46.[IX-46]Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 13, pl. xxv.-vi., fig. 27-8;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 221, vol. vi., pp. 428-9, vol. iv., pl. xii., fig. 27-8;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 33-4.[IX-47]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 11-13, pl. xv.-vii., fig. 44-51;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 241-3, vol. vi., p. 441, vol. iv., pl. xiii.-xv., fig. 44-51;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 45-6;Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 122-3—with a remark that 'telescopic tubes' have been found in Mississippi mounds and in Peru.[IX-48]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 3-11, pl. i.-xiv., fig. 1-43;Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v., pp. 228-40, vol. vi., pp. 432-40, vol. iv., pl. i.-xii., fig. 1-43;Lenoir,Parallèle, pp. 37-45;Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 477, 486, 500, 502, 521;Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., p. 21;Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 66-9, pl. xii.[IX-49]Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. ii., p. 80;Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., p. 113;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 11;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 268;Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 142;Thümmel,Mexiko, pp. 124-5;Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., pp. 230-1;Latrobe's Rambler, p. 176.[IX-50]Alzate y Ramirez,Gacetas, Oct. 2, 1792, reprint, tom. ii., pp. 457-9;Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 260-5, and scattered remarks, pp. 273-81;Id., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 107.[IX-51]Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 78, with reference toLatrobe;Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 258-60;Baril,Mexique, p. 70.[IX-52]Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 241-2.[IX-53]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 244.[IX-54]4 by 4 by 1 mètres, circle 3.4 mètres in diameter.Humboldt,Vues, tom. ii., p. 85, (or 3.04 mètres, 9 feet 6½ inches, according toAntiq. Mex.) 'La nature de cette pierre n'est pas calcaire, comme l'affirme M. Gama, mais de porphyre trappén gris-noirâtre, à base de wacke basaltique. En examinant avec soin des fragments détachés, j'y ai reconnu de l'amphibole, beaucoup de cristaux très alongés de feldspath vitreux, et, ce qui est assez remarquable, des paillettes de mica. Cette roche, fendillée et remplie de petites cavités, est dépourvue de quarz, comme presque toutes les roches de la formation de trapp. Comme son poids actuel est encore de plus de quatre cent quatre-vingt-deux quintaux (24,400 kilogrammes).'Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 22, supl. pl. v.;Id.,Vues, tom. i., p. 332, et seq., tom. ii., pp. 1, et seq., 84, pl. viii. (fol. ed., pl. xxiii.). 4½ by 4½ by 1 varas, diameter of circle a little over 4 varas. 'La figura de esta piedra debió ser en su orígen un paralelepípedo rectángulo, lo que manifiesta bien (aunque la faltan algunos pedazos considerables, y en otros partes está bastante lastimada) por los ángulos que aun mantiene, los que demuestran las extremidades que permanecen menos maltratadas.'Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. i., pp. 92, 2-3;Id.,Saggio Astron., Rome, 1804. p. 130. Reply to Alzate's criticism,Id., pt. ii., pp. 24-5. SeeAlzate y Ramirez,Gacetas, tom. ii., p. 421. Original weight as it came from the quarry nearly 50 tons.Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 142. Dug up on Dec. 17, 1790.Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 47-54, pl. viii. 11 feet 8 inches in diameter.Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 126-8. 12 feet in diameter, of porous basalt.Bullock's Mexico, pp. 333-4. 'Basalto porfírico,' circle 9 feet in diameter.Nebel,Viaje. 11 feet diameter.Fossey,Mexique, p. 217. 27 feet in circumference.Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 109.[IX-55]Charnay,Ruines Amér., phot. i.[IX-56]Additional references on the Calendar-Stone:—Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 238-9;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., p. 117, cuts; Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 590, with plate;Gallatin, inAmer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 70, 94-103, 114.[IX-57]Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. ii., pp. 46-73. Discovered December 17, 1791; 3 varas, 1 pulgada, 4½ lineas in diameter; 1 vara, 1 pulgada high; material a hard, dark-colored, fine grained stone, which admits of a fine polish. Humboldt gives the dimensions 3 mètres diameter, 11 décimètres high; he also says the groups are 20 in number.Vues, tom. i., pp. 315-24, (fol. ed. pl. xxi.);Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 20-1, suppl. pl. iv., showing the rim. Nebel,Viaje, gives plates of upper surface,—showing, however, no groove—all the groups on the rim, and one group on a larger scale. He says the material is 'basalto porfírico,' and the dimensions 9×3 feet. Bullock,Mexico, pp. 335-6, says, 25 feet in circumference. He also took a plaster cast of this stone. A mass of basalt 9 feet in diameter, and 3 feet high, believed by the author to be in reality a sacrificial stone.Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 119-22;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., pp. 114-15;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 586, with plates and cuts in each work. According to Fossey,Mexique, p. 214, the sculptured figures represent a warrior as victorious over 14 champions. 'I think that it is the best specimen of sculpture which I have seen amongst the antiquities of Mexico.'Thompson's Mex., p. 122;Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 171-2;Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v., p. 340, vol. iv., pl. unnumbered;Tylor's Anahuac, p. 224;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 108;Prescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. i., p. 85, with plate.[IX-58]See vol. iii., pp. 396-402, of this work, for a résumé of Gama's remarks on this idol.[IX-59]Respecting the god Huitzilopochtli, see vol. iii., pp. 288-324, of this work.[IX-60]3.0625 by 2 by 1.83 varas; of sandstone: '156 de las piedras arenarias que describe en su mineralogía el Señor Valmont de Bomare, dura, compacta, y dificil de extraer fuego de ella con el acero; semejante á la que se emplea en los molinos.'Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. i., pp. 1-3, 9-10, 34-44, with 5 plates. Reply to Alzate,Gacetas, tom. ii., p. 416, who pronounced the stone a kind of granite.Id., pt. ii., pp. 8-10. 'Plus de trois mètres de hauteur et deux mètres de largeur.' 'La pierre qui a servi à ce monument, est unewakkebasaltique gris bleuâtre, fendillée et remplie de feldspath vitreux.' 'En jetant les yeux sur l'idole figurée ... telle qu'elle se présente ... on pourrait d'abord être tenté de croire que ce monument est unteotetl,pierre divine, une espèce de bétyle, orné de sculptures, une roche sur laquelle sont gravés des signes hiéroglyphiques. Mais, lorsqu'on examine de plus près cette masse informe, on distingue, à la partie supérieure, les têtes de deux monstres accolés; et l'on trouve, à chaque face, deux yeux et une large gueule armée de quatre dents. Ces figures monstrueuses n'indiquent peut-être que des masques: car, chez les Mexicains, on étoit dans l'usage de masquer les idoles à l'époque de la maladie d'un roi, et dans toute autre calamité publique. Les bras et les pieds sont cachés sous une draperie entourée d'énormes serpents, et que les Mexicains désignoient sous le nom decohuatlicuye,vêtement de serpent. Tous ces accessoires, surtout les franges en forme de plumes, sont sculptés avec le plus grand soin.'Humboldt,Vues, tom. ii., pp. 148-61, (fol. ed., pl. xxix.);Id.,Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 25-7, suppl. pl. vi., fig. 9. 9 feet high.Nebel,Viaje, with large plate. Dug up for Bullock, who made a plaster cast in 1823.Bullock's Mexico, pp. 337-42. Description with plates inMayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., pp. 108-11;Id.,Mex. as it Was, pp. 109-14;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pp. 585-6, pl. viii. 5 feet wide and 3 feet thick. 'The most hideous and deformed that the fancy can paint.'Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 171, 175-6;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 221-3;Fossey,Mexique, p. 214.[IX-61]Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 123-4;Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. ii., p. 73-4.[IX-62]Humboldt,Vues, tom. ii., p. 158;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 27;Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. i., pp. 11-12, pt. ii., pp. 73-111.[IX-63]Mayer, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 589, pl. vi.;Id.,Mex. as it Was, pp. 100-1;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 274;Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 89-90, pl. xvi.[IX-64]Mosaico Mex., tom. iii., pp. 402-3, with plates;Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. i., p. 203;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 85-8, 97;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pl. v., fig. 3.[IX-64]Bullock's Mexico, pp. 326-8. Plates of six other relics, perhaps found in the city.[IX-65]Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 31-2, 85-8. 'Indio triste' also inMosaico Mex., tom. iii., pp. 165-8.[IX-66]Anahuac, p. 138.[IX-67]Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 103-8, pl. xxi-ii.[IX-68]Chavero, inGallo,Hombres Ilustres, Mex. 1873, tom. i., p. 151.[IX-69]See vol. iii., pp. 355-7, 413-15, of this work.[IX-70]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., pp. 303-5, speaks of 'les murs gigantesques de ses palais, les statues mutilées, à demi enfoncés dans le sol, les blocs énormes de basalte et de porphyre sculptés, épars dans les champs de Tetzcuco.' Bullock,Mexico, pp. 381-7, 399-400, says, 'you pass by the large aqueduct for the supply of the town, still in use, and the ruins of several stone buildings of great strength.... Foundations of ancient buildings of great magnitude.... On entering the gates, to the right are seen those artificial tumuli, the teocalli of unburnt brick so common in most Indian towns.' The site of the palace of the kings of Tezcuco extended 300 feet on sloping terraces with small steps; some terraces are still entire and covered with cement. It must have occupied some acres of ground, and was built of huge blocks of basalt 4 or 5 by 2½ or 3 feet. 'The raised mounds of brick are seen on all sides, mixed with aqueducts, ruins of buildings of enormous strength, and many large square structures nearly entire.... Fragments of sculptured stones constantly occur near the church, the market-place, and palace.' Both Brasseur and Bullock are somewhat given to exaggeration, and they also refer, probably, to other remains in the vicinity yet to be described. 'The ruins of tumuli, and other constructions of unbaked bricks, intermingled with platforms and terraces of considerable extent, are still to be traced; and it is asserted, that many of the Spanish edifices are constructed out of the ruins of the Teocallis.'Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 184-5. Other authorities on Tezcuco:Nebel,Viaje;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 221;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 274-6;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pl. v., fig. 7;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 96, 150, 236, 262-3, with cuts;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 76, 83, 110;Beaufoy, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 70-1;Mexico,Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 448-9, 719;Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 73;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., p. 332;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 132.[IX-71]On Nezahualcoyotl's country palace at Tezcocingo, see vol. ii., pp. 168-73, of this work.[IX-72]Bath 12 by 8 feet, with well in centre 5 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep, surrounded by a parapet 2½ feet high, 'with a throne or chair, such as is represented in ancient pictures to have been used by the kings.'Bullock's Mexico, pp. 390-3. 'His majesty used to spend his afternoons here on the shady side of the hill, apparently sitting up to his middle in water like a frog, if one may judge by the height of the little seat in the bath.'Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 152-3;Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 194-5;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., p. 70. The aqueduct 'is a work very nearly or quite equal in the labor required for its construction to the Croton Aqueduct.'Thompson's Mex., pp. 143-6;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 276-8;Id.,Mex. as it Was, pp. 86, 233-4, with the cut copied, another of the aqueduct, and a third representing an idol called the 'god of silence;'Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., pp. 296-7;Prescott's Mex., vol. i., pp. 182-4;Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 252-3;Vigne's Travels, vol. i., p. 27;Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 54-8;Id.,Great Cities, pp. 302-4.[IX-73]Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 155-6;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 278-9;Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 190-1.[IX-74]Latrobe's Rambler, p. 192.[IX-75]Bullock's Mexico, pp. 395-9. This author also speaks of a 'broad covered way between two huge walls which terminate near a river,' on the road to Tezcuco.Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 196-7, cut of idol;Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 184-5;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 153-4, with cut of bridge;Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., p. 296;Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 615;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., p. 335;Aubin, inBrasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 355;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 78, 85;Beaufoy, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 69-70.[IX-76]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 148-51.[IX-77]Almaraz,Apuntes sobre las Pirámides de San Juan Teotihuacan, inId.,Mem. de los Trabajos ejecutados por la Comision de Pachuca, 1864, pp. 349-58. Linares,Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 103-5, wrote an account which seems to be made up from the preceding. See also:Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 34-5;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 187-9;Id.,Vues, tom. i., pp. 100-2;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 11-12;Bullock's Mexico, pp. 411-18, with pl.;Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 189-93, with cut;Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., pp. 214-15, 295;Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 194-217;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 279;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 583;Thompson's Mex., pp. 139-43;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 96, 141-4;García, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., pp. 198-200. The preceding authorities are arranged chronologically: the following are additional references:—Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1831, tom. li., pp. 238-9;Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 239-40, 247-9;Fossey,Mexique, pp. 315-16;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 15, 148-51, 197-8;Gemelli Careri, inChurchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 514;Bullock's Across Mex., pp. 165-6;Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 248-50, 272-81;Heller,Reisen, p. 157;Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., pp. 277-9;Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 38-41;Chevalier,Mexique, p. 51;Nebel,Viaje, plates of terra-cotta heads;Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 254-5;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 80-1;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., pp. 336-9;Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. i., pp. 236-7;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 131;Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 459;Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 509;Delafield's Antiq. Amer., pp. 56-7;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 186;McCulloh's Researches in Amer., pp. 252-3;García y Cubas, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. i., p. 37;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 155;Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 53-4;Id.,Great Cities, pp. 298-303;Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., pp. 138-9;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., pp. 24, 44-5;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 460;Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 598;Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 530-1, 719;Baril,Mexique, p. 70;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 269;Beaufoy, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 69-70;Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, pp. 103-5;Vigne's Travels, vol. i., p. 28;Album Mex., tom. i., pp. 117-18.[IX-78]These are the dimensions given by Almaraz, except those of the summit platform, which are only an estimate by Beaufoy. The following are the dimensions as given by different authors: 130 by 156 by 42 mètres.Almaraz; 44 mètres high.Humboldt, according to measurements of Sr Oteyza; 360 by 480 by 150 feet.Gemelli Careri; —— by 645 by 170 feet.Heller; 130 by 156 by 44 mètres.Linares. Others take the dimensions generally from Humboldt.[IX-79]'On les prendrait pour ces turgescences terrestres qu'on trouve dans les lieux jadis bouleversés par les feux souterrains.'Fossey,Mexique, p. 315. Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 247-9, says the pyramid was round instead of rectangular, and that it had three terraces, although in Boturini's time no traces of them remained. 'It required a particular position whence to behold them, united with some littlefaith, in order to discover the pyramidal form at all.'Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., p. 277. 'To say the truth, it was nothing but a heap of earth made in steps like the pyramids of Egypt; only that these are of stone.'Gemelli Careri, inChurchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 514. 'Ils formoient quatre assises, dont on ne reconnoit aujourd'hui que trois.' 'Un escalier construit en grandes pierres de taille, conduisoit jadis à leur cime.' 'Chacune des quatres assises principales étoit subdivisée en petits gradins d'un mètre de haut, dont on distingue encore les arrêtes.'Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 188. Mayer,Mex. as it Was, p. 223, says that three stories are yet distinctly visible. 'The line from base to summit was broken by three terraces, or perhaps four, running completely round them.'Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 142-3.[IX-80]'Leur noyau est d'argile mêlée de petites pierres: il est revêtu d'un mur épais detezontliou amygdaloïde poreuse.'Humboldt,Vues, tom. i., pp. 101-2. 'On y reconnoît, en outre, des traces d'une couche de chaux qui enduit les pierres par dehors.'Id.,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 157. 'In many places, I discovered the remains of the coating of cement with which they were incrusted in the days of their perfection.'Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 223. 'Arcilla y piedras,' covered with a conglomerate of tetzontli and mud, and a coating of polished lime, which has a blue tint.Linares, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 103-5. 'En argile ... avec révêtement en pierre.'Chevalier,Mexique, p. 50. 'No trace of regular stone work or masonry of any kind.'Bullock's Across Mex., p. 165. Originally covered with a white cement bearing inscriptions.Glennie, according toNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1831, tom. li., pp. 238-9. Built of clay and stone.Heller,Reisen, p. 157. Salmon-colored Stucco.Latrobe.Unhewn stones of all shapes and sizes.Thompson.Stones and pebbles, faced with porous stone.García.Adobes, stones, clay, and mortar, with a casing of hewn stone and smooth stucco.Tylor.A conglomerate of common volcanic stones and mud mortar with the faces smoothed.Beaufoy.Masses of falling stone and masonry, red cement, 8 or 10 inches thick, of lime and pebbles.Bullock.'It is true, that on many parts of the ascent masses of stone and other materials, strongly cemented together, announce the devices and workmanship of man; but on penetrating this exterior coating nothing further was perceptible than a natural structure of earth' like any natural hill with many loose stones. An American engineer who had made excavations confirmed the idea that the pyramids were natural, although artificially shaped.Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., p. 278.[IX-81]Humboldt's dimensions, according to Oteyza's measurements are, 208 mètres (682 feet) long and 55 mètres (180 feet) high. 645 feet square,Bullock; 480 by 600 feet,Beaufoy; 182 feet square,García; 221 feet high,Mayer; 221 feet high,Thompson. Round, 297 varas in diameter, 270 varas (745 feet!) high,Veytia, according to Boturini's measurements; 60 mètres high,Löwenstern; 720 by 480 by 185 feet,Gemelli Careri.[IX-82]Seepp. 74,380, of this volume.[IX-83]Linares,Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 103-5, calls it Mijcahotle. Brasseur,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 148-51, applies the name to the whole plain, called by the Spaniards Llano de los Cues.[IX-84]Almaraz,Apuntes, pp. 354-5, with plate.[IX-85]'It is certain, that where they stand, there was formerly a great city, as appears by the vast ruins about it, and by the grots or dens, as well artificial as natural.'Gemelli Careri, inChurchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 514. Ruins of streets and plazas.Linares, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra época, tom. i., p. 104.[IX-86]Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 222-5, with cut. Thompson,Mex., p. 140, alluding probably to the same monument, locates it 'a few hundred yards from the pyramids, in a secluded spot, shut closely in by two small hillocks,' pronounces it undoubtedly a sacrificial stone, and estimates the weight at 25 tons. Beaufoy also speaks of an unsculptured sacrificial stone 11 by 4 by 4 feet. 'Une fort grande pierre semblable à une tombe, couverte d'hiéroglyphes.'Fossey,Mexique, p. 316. 'A massive stone column half buried in the ground.'Bullock's Across Mex., p. 166.[IX-87]Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 239-40, 247-9;Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 39;Gemelli Careri, p. 514. Bullock,Across Mex., p. 165, says he saw as late as 1864, on the summit of the House of the Moon, an altar of two blocks, covered with white plaster evidently recent, with an aperture in the centre of the upper block, supposed to have carried off the blood of victims.[IX-88]Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. vii., p. 10. 'One may shut his eyes and drop a dollar from his hand, and the chances are at least equal that it will fall upon something of the kind.'Thompson's Mex., p. 140. Plates of 12 terra-cotta heads inNebel,Viaje. Cuts of 8 heads, some the same as Nebel's, inMayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 227.[IX-89]Sr Antonio García y Cubas, a member of the commission whose description of Teotihuacan I have used as my chief authority, has since published anEnsayo de un Estudio comparativo entre las Pirámides Egípcias y Mexicanas, Mexico, 1871, which I have received since writing the preceding pages. He gives the same plan and view that I have used, also a plan of the Egyptian pyramids in the plain of Ghizeh, and a plate representing part of a human face in stone from Teotihuacan. The author made some additional observations subsequently to the exploration of the commission, and gives the following dimensions, which vary somewhat from those I have given, especially the height: Sun—232 by 220 by 66 mètres; summit, 18 by 32 mètres; slope, north and south 31° 3´, east and west 36°; direction, E. to W. southern side, 83° N.W.; direction, N. to S. eastern side, 7° N.E. Direction, 'road of the dead' 8° 45´ N.E.; line through centres of the two pyramids, 10° N.W. Moon—156 by 130 by 46 mètres; eastern slope, 31° 30, southern slope, 36°; summit, 6 by 6 mètres; direction, north side, 88° 30´ N.W., east side, 1° 30´ N.E. The author thinks the difference in height may result from the fact that the ground on which the pyramids stand slopes towards the south, and the altitude was taken in one case on the south, in the other on the north.The following quotation contains the most important opinion advanced in the essay in question:—'The pyramids of Teotihuacan, as they exist to-day, are not in their primitive state. There is now a mass of loose stones, whose interstices covered with vegetable earth, have caused to spring up the multitude of plants and flowers with which the faces of the pyramids are now covered. This mass of stones differs from the plan of construction followed in the body of the monuments, and besides, the falling of these stones, which has taken place chiefly on the eastern face of the Moon, has laid bare an inclined plane perfectly smooth, which seems to be the true face of the pyramid. This isolated observation would not give so much force to my argument if it were not accompanied by the same circumstances in all the monuments.' The slope of these regular smooth surfaces of the Moon is 47°, differing from the slope of the outer surface. The same inner smooth faces the author claims to have found not only in the pyramids, but in the tlalteles, or smaller mounds. Sr García y Cubas thinks that the Toltecs, the descendants of the civilized people that built the pyramids, covered up these tombs and sanctuaries, in fear of the depredations of the savage races that came after them.Respecting miscellaneous remains at Teotihuacan the author says, 'The river empties into Lake Tezcuco, with great freshets in the rainy season, its current becoming at such times very impetuous. Its waters have laid bare throughout an immense extent of territory, foundations of buildings and horizontal layers of a very fine mortar as hard as rock, all of which indicates the remains of an immense town, perhaps the Memphis of these regions. Throughout a great extent of territory about the pyramids, for a radius of over a league are seen the foundations of a multitude of edifices; at the banks of the river and on both sides of the roads are found the horizontal layers of lime; others of earth and mud, of tetzontli and of volcanic tufa, showing the same method of construction; on the roads between the pyramids and San Juan are distinctly seen traces of walls which cross each other at right angles.' He also found excavations which seem to have furnished the material for all the structures.As to the chief purpose for which theensayowas written, the author claims the following analogies between Teotihuacan and the Egyptian pyramids: 1. The site chosen is the same. 2. The structures are oriented with slight variation. 3. The line through the centres of the pyramids is in the 'astronomical meridian.' 4. The construction in grades and steps is the same. 5. In both cases the larger pyramids are dedicated to the sun. 6. The Nile has a 'valley of the dead,' as in Teotihuacan there is a 'street of the dead.' 7. Some monuments of each class have the nature of fortifications. 8. The smaller mounds are of the same nature and for the same purpose. 9. Both pyramids have a small mound joined to one of their faces. 10. The openings discovered in the Moon are also found in some Egyptian pyramids. 11. The interior arrangement of the pyramids is analogous.[IX-90]Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 382-3;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 282.[IX-91]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 258;Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 171-5;Chaves,Rapport, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série ii., tom. v., p. 300.[IX-92]Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 96, 100, with cut of a knife or spear-head;Burkart,Mexico, tom. i., pp. 124-5. Löwenstern speaks of the obsidian mines of Guajolote, which he describes as ditches one or two mètres wide, and of varying depth; having only small fragments of the mineral scattered about.Mexique, p. 244.[IX-93]Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 277.[IX-94]Burkart,Mexico, tom. i., p. 51.[IX-95]Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 623-4, 719;Huasteca,Noticias, pp. 48-9, 69.[IX-96]Latrobe's Rambler, p. 75.[IX-97]J. F. R. Cañete, inAlzate y Ramirez,Gaceta de Literatura, Feb. 20, 1790; also inId., reprint, tom. i., pp. 282-4. Sr Alzate y Ramirez, editor of theGaceta, had also heard from other sources of ruins in the same vicinity.[IX-98]Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 13.[IX-99]Mayer, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 588, pl. iii., fig. 1, 2.;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 268;Id.,Mex. as it Was, pp. 107-8.[IX-100]Theatro, tom. i., pp. 86-7.[IX-101]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 185-7, with 10 fig.[IX-102]Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 94.[IX-103]Mexico,Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 263.[IX-104]Id., p. 334.[IX-105]Id., pp. 417, 299-300.[IX-106]Morfi,Viage, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., pp. 312-14. Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., p. 164, also speaks of some small mounds at Pueblito.[IX-107]Mexico,Mem. de la Sec. Justicia, 1873, pp. 216-17, two plates.[IX-108]Id., p. 217.[IX-109]Ballesteros, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iv., pp. 774-8.[IX-110]Fossey,Mexique, pp. 213-14.[IX-111]Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 31-2, 84-5, 87-106, 272-9;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 265-74;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pl. i.-vii.[IX-112]Humboldt,Vues, tom. i., pp. 51-6, plate of front and rear;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 9-10, suppl., pl. i. Remarks on the statue by Visconti, inId., p. 32; Plates inLarenaudière,Mex. et Guat., pl. xxviii., p. 48;Prescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. i., p. 389; andDelafield's Antiq. Amer., p. 61.[IX-113]Seep. 382, for a cut of a similar article.[IX-114]Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 95-103, 110, 195, 225-6, 235-6.[IX-115]Waldeck,Palenqué, p. viii., pl. xliv.;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 110, 337-9. Mr Tylor notes that in an old work,Aldrovandus,Musæum Metallicum, Bologna 1648, there were drawings of a knife and wooden mask with mosaic ornamentation, but of a different design.[IX-116]Prescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 70, pl. xiii.;Chavero, inGallo,Hombres Ilustres, tom. i., pp. 146-7;Gilliam's Trav., pp. 44-5.[IX-117]Prescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 82, 87, 99, 101, pl. xv.-xx.[IX-118]Soc. Géog., Bulletin, tom. v., No. 95, p. 116, No. 98, p. 283, et seq.;Warden, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 36-40.[IX-119]Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. iv., unnumbered plates following those of Castañeda;Bullock's Mexico, p. 326;Humboldt,Vues, tom. ii., pp. 207, 146, (fol. ed. pl. xl., xxviii.);Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 25-7, suppl., pl. vii., fig. 10, pl. vi., fig. 8;Nebel,Viaje.[IX-120]Waldeck,Palenqué, pl. lvi.; other miscellaneous relics, pl. iii.-v., xliii., xlv.-vi., lv.[IX-121]Müller,Reisen, tom. ii., p. 292, et seq.;Cabrera,Beschreibung einer alten Stadt, appendix.[IX-122]Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., p. 119.[IX-123]Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. iv.[IX-124]Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 143;Amer. Phil. Soc., Transact., vol. iii., p. 510.[IX-125]Ramirez,Notas, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. ii., suppl., pp. 106-24;Waldeck,Palenqué, pl. liii.[IX-126]Bigland's View of the World, vol. v., p. 523.[IX-127]Robertson's Hist. Amer., vol. i., p. 269.[IX-128]Ampère,Prom. en Amér., tom. ii., pp. 266-7, 287-92;Armin,Das Alte Mex., pp. 47-50;Andrews' Illust. W. Ind., pp. 73-4;Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 198-9;Bonnycastle's Span. Amer., vol. i., p. 52;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 108-13;Brownell's Ind. Races, pp. 50-4;Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. i., p. 93, vol. ii., p. 136;Chambers' Jour., 1834, vol. ii., pp. 374-5, 1838, vol. vi., pp. 43-4;Chevalier,Mexique, p. 10;Id.,Mex. Ancien et Mod., pp. 50-3, 453-4;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., p. 272;Cortés' Despatches, pp. 82-3, 265;Democratic Review, vol. xi., pp. 611-13;Davis' Anc. Amer., pp. 6-7;Delafield's Antiq. Amer., pp. 30, 56, 61;Domenech,Jour., pp. 289, 371;D'Orbigny,Voyage, p. 336;Edinburgh Review, July, 1867;Elementos de Geog. Civil, p. 29;Evans' Our Sister Rep., pp. 330-3;Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 44-6;Gilliam's Trav., pp. 95-9;Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem., pp. 45-6;Id.,Ancient Mex., vol. i., pp. 201-8;Gregory's Hist. Mex., p. 17;Grone,Briefe, pp. 91-2, 96-7;Heller,Reisen, pp. 148-50;Helps' Span. Conq., vol. i., pp. 288-90, vol. ii., p. 141;Hazart,Kirchen-Geschichte, tom. ii., p. 499;Hill's Travels, vol. ii., pp. 238-42;Hist. Mag., vol. iv., p. 271;Kendall's Nar., vol. ii., p. 328;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 5-6, 8, 17-19, 137-43, 153-63;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., pp. 30, 44, 46-50, 53, 264, 326-7;Lang's Polynesian Nat., pp. 218-24;Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 168-76;Lemprière's Notes in Mex., pp. 88-9;Linati,Costumes, pl. 29;Löwenstern,Mexique, p. 106, et seq.,Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., pp. 119-21;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., pp. 293, 295, 406, 446, 460;McSherry's El Puchero, pp. 154-5;Mexique, Études Hist., p. 7;Mexico, Mem. de la Sec. Estado, 1835, pp. 42-4;Mexikanische Zustände, pp. 372-6;Mexico, Trip to, p. 66;Mexico, Stories of, pp. 87, 105;Mexico in 1842, pp. 86-7;Monglave,Résumé, pp. 5, 11-13, 57-8;Morton's Crania Amer., p. 149;Moxó,Cartas Mej., pp. 86, 90-3, 132, 349-59;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 219;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., p. 229, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 295, 318-19, 352;Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 45, 457-9, 463-4, 466-8, 498-9, 543-5, 549-62, 642-6;Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 277-80;Id.,Rambles by Land and Water, pp. 199-210;Nott and Gliddon's Indig. Races, pp. 184-7;Pimentel,Mem. sobre la Raza Indígena, pp. 9-10, 54-5;Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 402-4;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 345-8;Poinsett's Notes Mex., pp. 73-6, 111;Priest's Amer. Antiq., pp. 255-7;Ranking's Hist. Researches, pp. 353-62, 401-3;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 47;Id., inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 45-6;Saturday Magazine, vol. vi., p. 42;Simon's Ten Tribes, pp. 155, 157, 196, 283;Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. i., p. 37;Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book, p. 657;Tayac, inComité d'Arch. Amér., 1866-7, p. 142;Taylor's Eldorado, vol. ii., pp. 159-60;Thompson's Mex., pp. 116-17, 213;Thümmel,Mexiko, pp. 134-5, 182-3, 246-7, 330;Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., pp. 239-40, 253-5;Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 72;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., pp. 186, 188, 192, 196;Wise's Los Gringos, pp. 255-6;Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 73-4, 87-9;Wortley's Trav., pp. 194-8;Young's Hist. Mex., p. 21.[X-1]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 58.[X-2]Beaumont,Crón. Mechoacan, MS., pp. 45-6. Ihuatzio, probably the true name of the town called by Beaumont Ignatzio, 'recuerda por sus antiguedades (la Pirámide aun no destruida, que les servia de plaza de armas: otrasYácatas, ó sepulcros de sus Reyes: las reliquias de una torre que fabricó su primer fundador antes venir los Españoles, y lavia, calle ó camino deQueréndaro, que comunicaba con la Capital) tristes memorias de la grandeza michuacana.'Michuacan,Análisis Estad., por J. J. L., p. 166.[X-3]Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., pp. 71-2. 'Some relics of the Tarascan architecture are said to be found at this place, but we do not possess any authentic accounts or drawings of them.'Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 291. Mention inMühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 369;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 167.[X-4]Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 70-1; mention inHassel,Mex. Guat., p. 154.[X-5]Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., p. 199.[X-6]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iv., p. 559.[X-7]Humboldt, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 30, suppl., pl. vii., fig. 13;Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., p. 558.[X-8]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iii., p. 277.[X-9]Gutierrez, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iii., pp. 277-80.[X-10]Rico, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iii., p. 183.[X-11]Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 265-7, 280, 344;Id., inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1840, tom. lxxxvi., pp. 119-20;Id., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 104;Cincinnatus' Travels, p. 259.[X-12]Hervás,Catálogo, tom. i., p. 311.[X-13]Florencia,Origen de los Santuarios, p. 8;Padilla,Conq. N. Galicia, MS., pp. 217-19.[X-14]Acazitli, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. ii., pp. 313-14;Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 269-70.[X-15]Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 515.[X-16]Gil, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., p. 496;Ternaux-Compans, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1842, tom. xcv., p. 295; same account inMofras,Explor., tom. i., p. 161.
[IX-20]Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 10-11, pl. xiii.-v., fig. 14-16;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 218; vol. vi., p. 427, vol. iv., pl. viii., fig. 17-18;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 23, 30.
[IX-21]Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 52.
[IX-22]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 52-3, pl. lx., lxii., fig. 118-19;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 279, vol. vi., p. 464, vol. iv., pl. lii., fig. 120-1;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., p. 63.
[IX-23]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. ii., pp. 265-6.
[IX-24]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 53-5, pl. lxii.-vii., fig. 120-8;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 279-81, vol. vi., pp. 464-5, vol. iv., pl. lii.-liv., fig. 121-5;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 64-6.
[IX-25]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 55-56, pl. lxviii.-ix., fig. 129-30;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 282, vol. vi., p. 466, vol. iv., pl. lv., fig. 129-30;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 66-7;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pl. vii., from Dupaix;Almaraz,Mem. Metlaltoyuca, p. 33, lithograph without description.
[IX-26]'On voit encore beaucoup de restes de cette grande muraille, conservés avec d'autant plus de soin qu'il s'y trouve des quartiers de roc de plus de vingt pieds d'épaisseur.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 135;Lorenzana, inCortés,Hist. N. España, pp. vi.-vii.;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 104-5. Additional references to slight notices of ruins and relics in the region about Tlascala, containing no available information, are as follows:Camargo, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1843, tom. xcviii., pp. 135-7;Helps' Span. Conq., vol. ii., p. 423;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pp. 238, 240. TheHistorical Magazine, vol. x., pp. 308-10, has an extract from a Mexican newspaper, in which reference is made to an official report of a prefect of the department, announcing the discovery of two magnificent cities. They were probably identical with some of the ruins already described in Vera Cruz.
[IX-27]Mex., Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 691.
[IX-28]Id., p. 694.
[IX-29]Pp. 467-9of this volume.
[IX-30]Respecting the figures within the circle, Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 14, says 'la parte derecha dividida en dos cuarteles. En el superior aparece como un plano de ciudad á la orilla de un lago (cual puede ser la de Chalco).' 'Au-dessus est une tête, que Dupaix désigne comme celle d'un aigle, mais que je crois être une pièce d'armure, savoir, un casque ou morion.'Lenoir,Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 34.
[IX-31]'Il semble porter, à la partie antérieure de l'aîle, le bâton augural, ce qui lui donnerait un caractère religieux. L'aigle, emblême du Mexique, était affecté à Vitzlipuztli, et cette seule circonstance donne de l'importance à cette représentation, qui a donné son nom au lieu où elle fut trouvée:Quautetlouaigle de pierre. Dans toute l'Antiquité, l'aigle fut mis au rang des oiseaux sacrés. Il était affecté, en Grèce, à Jupiter, et en Égypte, à Osiris. C'était l'accipiterou épervier qui, selon Ælien, était l'image, du dieuHorus, ou d'Apollon. A Thèbes, au solstice d'hiver, on plaçait cet oiseau sur l'autel d'Osiris; il était richement paré, mitré ou courronné dupschent, et portant sur l'épaule le bâton pastoral, dans la même position que l'aigle Mexicain que nous avons sous les yeux. Ceci est digne de remarque.'Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 35. On the Cuernavaca sculptures seeDupaix, 1st exped., pp. 13-14, pl. xxvii-xxx., fig. 29-32;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 221-2., vol. vi., p. 429, vol. iv., pl. xiii-v., fig. 29-31;Mex., Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 549.
[IX-32]Descripcion de las Antigüedades de Xochicalco, supplement toGaceta de Literatura, Nov. 1791, also reprint ofId., tom. ii.; also preliminary mention inId., February 8, 1791, tom. ii., p. 127. Dr Gamarra made a compendium of the MS. before its publication, and sent the same to Italy. An Italian translation of Alzate's account was published with the original plates inMarquez,Due Antichi Monumenti, pp. 14-29, and re-translated from Marquez, inDupaix, 1st exped., pp. 18-20.
[IX-33]Humboldt,Vues, tom. i., pp. 129-37, (fol. ed. pl. ix.);Id.,Essai Pol., pp. 189-90;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 15-17. 'M. Humboldt, ... n'a-t-il pas suivi à la lettre l'inexacte description de la pyramide de Xochicalco par le P. Alzate, et n'a-t-il pas fait dans le dessin qu'il donne de ce monument, une seconde édition des erreurs de son modèle?'Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 69;Nebel,Viage Pintoresco, pl. ix.-x., xix.-xx.;Revista Mexicana, tom. i., pp. 539-50, reprinted inDiccionario Univ. Geog., tom. x., pp. 938-42;Dupaix, 1st exped., pp. 14-18, pl. xxxi.-ii., fig. 33-6;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 222-4, vol. iv., pl. xv.-vi.;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 35-6. Tylor pronounces Castañeda's drawings grossly incorrect. Other accounts by visitors, are found inLatrobe's Rambler, pp. 241-3;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 180-7;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 283-5, with cuts;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pp. 583-4, pl. xi.;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 183-95;Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 208-12, 273-81. Other references to compiled accounts are:—Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 403-4;Carbajal,Hist. Mex., tom. i., pp. 203-4;Armin,Das Heutige Mex., pp. 98-9, cut;Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 89-90;Hartmann,Californien, tom. ii., p. 86;Fossey,Mex., pp. 302-3;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 329;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pp. 46-9, plate;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 78-9;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 460;Democratic Review, vol. xi., p. 612;Baril,Mexique, p. 70;Cortés' Despatches, p. 244;Priest's Amer. Antiq., pp. 276-7;Macgillivray's Life of Humboldt, p. 308;Delafield's Antiq. Amer., p. 58;Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 49-53, cut;Norman's Rambles in Yuc., p. 171;Frost's Great Cities, pp. 295-300, cut;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., pp. 339-40;Illustrated London News, June 1, 1867, cut.
[IX-34]Xochicalco, 'castle of flowers,' according toDiccionario Univ. Geog., tom. x., p. 938.
[IX-35]Alzate's barometrical observations, as reckoned by himself, made the height 289 feet; from the same observations Humboldt makes it 384; 279 feet,Dupaix; 369,Nebel; about 400,Tylor; about 333,Revista Mex.
[IX-36]According to theRevista, the gallery leads south 193 feet (a,b, of plan 83 feet), then west 166 feet (not on plan), and terminates in what seems and is said by the natives to be an intentional obstruction. 83 feet from the entrance (a,c, of plan 16½ feet) a branch leads east 138 feet (c,k, of plan 81 feet) to the room. I have no doubt that these dimensions are more accurate than Dupaix's. TheRevistaaccount of the room, so far as it is intelligible, agrees well enough with the plan.
[IX-37]These are the dimensions given in theRevista, 100 by 87 mètres. Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 15, says 89 by 102 varas.
[IX-38]Dimensions in English feet—length east and west, width north and south, and height of 1st story, always in the same order—according to different authorities:—64½ by — by 16 feet,Nebel, plate; 69 by 61 by —,Dupaix; — by 43 by 9½,Id., plate; 58 by 69 by 11,AlzateandHumboldt; 63 by 58 by 19,Revista Mex.The side shown in Dupaix's plate as 43 feet may be the northern or southern, instead of the eastern or western, according as the stairway is on the north or west.
[IX-39]'Pórfido granítico,'Revista Mex., p. 548. 'Basalto porfírico,'Nebel. Basalt,Löwenstern,Mex., pp. 209-10. 'La calidad de piedra de esta magnífica arquitectura es de piedra vitrificable, y por la mayor parte de aquella piedra con que forman las muelas ó piedras para moler trigo: tambien hay de color blanquecino, siendo de notar, que en muchas leguas à la redonda no se halla semejante calidad de piedra.'Alzate, p. 8.
[IX-40]Kingsborough's edition of Castañeda's drawing bears not the slightest likeness to that in theAntiq. Mex., copied above. It is possible that the latter was made up at Paris from Alzate's plate.
[IX-41]'El primer destruidor, comparable al zapatero que quemó el templo de Diana Efesina, fué un fulano Estrada; su atrevimiento permanezca en oprobio para con los amantes de la antigüedad.'Alzate, p. 8. Humboldt,Vues, tom. i., p. 132, gives 1750 as the date when the five stories yet remained in place.
[IX-42]London Illustrated News, June 1, 1867. Alzate and Mayer also give restorations.
[IX-43]'A part ce monument, Mexico ne possède intact et debout aucun vestige de constructions antiques.'Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 72. 'No se puede poner en duda el destino absolutamente militar de estos trabajos, ni rehusarse á creer que tuvieron por objeto especial la defensa del monumento que encerraban, cuya importancia puede apreciarse, atendiendo á los medios empleados para su seguridad.' 'Todos los viageros convienen en la nobleza de la estructura y en la regularidad de proporciones del monumento. La inclinacion de las paredes, la elegancia del friso y la cornisa,son de un efecto notable.' In the sculptures 'se hallan proporciones regulares, y mucha espresion en las cabezas y en el adorno de las figuras; mientras que en las otras (Aztec) no se descubren sino vestígios de barbarie. Las estatuas aztecas, informes y desproporcionadas, en nada manifiestan la imitacion de la naturaleza; y si en ellas se observa frecuentemente una ejecucion algo correcta, con mas frecuencia se ven todavia cabezas desmedidas, narices ecsageradas y frentes deprimidas hasta la estravagancia.'Revista Mex., tom. i., pp. 539, 542, 549. 'Les naturels du village voisin de Tetlama possèdent une carte géographique construite avant l'arrivée des Espagnols, et à laquelle on a ajouté quelques noms depuis la conquête; sur cette carte, à l'endroit où est situé le monument de Xochicalco, on trouve la figure de deux guerriers qui combattent avec des massues, et dont l'un est nommé Xochicatli, et l'autre Xicatetli. Nous ne suivrons pas ici les antiquaires mexicains dans leurs discussions étymologiques, pour apprendre si l'un de ces guerriers a donné le nom à la colline de Xochicalco, ou si l'image des deux combattans désigne simplement une bataille entre deux nations voisines, ou enfin si la dénomination deMaison des fleursa été donnée au monument pyramidal, parce que les Toltèques, comme les Péruviens, n'offroient à la divinité que des fruits, des fleurs et de l'encens.'Humboldt,Vues, tom. i., pp. 135-6.
[IX-44]Mex.,Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 649.
[IX-45]Dupaix, 2d exped., p. 13, pl. xvii., fig. 52;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 243, vol. vi., p. 442, vol. iv., pl. xv., fig. 52;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 46.
[IX-46]Dupaix, 1st exped., p. 13, pl. xxv.-vi., fig. 27-8;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 221, vol. vi., pp. 428-9, vol. iv., pl. xii., fig. 27-8;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 33-4.
[IX-47]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 11-13, pl. xv.-vii., fig. 44-51;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 241-3, vol. vi., p. 441, vol. iv., pl. xiii.-xv., fig. 44-51;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 45-6;Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 122-3—with a remark that 'telescopic tubes' have been found in Mississippi mounds and in Peru.
[IX-48]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 3-11, pl. i.-xiv., fig. 1-43;Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v., pp. 228-40, vol. vi., pp. 432-40, vol. iv., pl. i.-xii., fig. 1-43;Lenoir,Parallèle, pp. 37-45;Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 477, 486, 500, 502, 521;Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., p. 21;Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 66-9, pl. xii.
[IX-49]Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. ii., p. 80;Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., p. 113;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 11;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 268;Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 142;Thümmel,Mexiko, pp. 124-5;Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., pp. 230-1;Latrobe's Rambler, p. 176.
[IX-50]Alzate y Ramirez,Gacetas, Oct. 2, 1792, reprint, tom. ii., pp. 457-9;Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 260-5, and scattered remarks, pp. 273-81;Id., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 107.
[IX-51]Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 78, with reference toLatrobe;Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 258-60;Baril,Mexique, p. 70.
[IX-52]Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 241-2.
[IX-53]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 244.
[IX-54]4 by 4 by 1 mètres, circle 3.4 mètres in diameter.Humboldt,Vues, tom. ii., p. 85, (or 3.04 mètres, 9 feet 6½ inches, according toAntiq. Mex.) 'La nature de cette pierre n'est pas calcaire, comme l'affirme M. Gama, mais de porphyre trappén gris-noirâtre, à base de wacke basaltique. En examinant avec soin des fragments détachés, j'y ai reconnu de l'amphibole, beaucoup de cristaux très alongés de feldspath vitreux, et, ce qui est assez remarquable, des paillettes de mica. Cette roche, fendillée et remplie de petites cavités, est dépourvue de quarz, comme presque toutes les roches de la formation de trapp. Comme son poids actuel est encore de plus de quatre cent quatre-vingt-deux quintaux (24,400 kilogrammes).'Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 22, supl. pl. v.;Id.,Vues, tom. i., p. 332, et seq., tom. ii., pp. 1, et seq., 84, pl. viii. (fol. ed., pl. xxiii.). 4½ by 4½ by 1 varas, diameter of circle a little over 4 varas. 'La figura de esta piedra debió ser en su orígen un paralelepípedo rectángulo, lo que manifiesta bien (aunque la faltan algunos pedazos considerables, y en otros partes está bastante lastimada) por los ángulos que aun mantiene, los que demuestran las extremidades que permanecen menos maltratadas.'Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. i., pp. 92, 2-3;Id.,Saggio Astron., Rome, 1804. p. 130. Reply to Alzate's criticism,Id., pt. ii., pp. 24-5. SeeAlzate y Ramirez,Gacetas, tom. ii., p. 421. Original weight as it came from the quarry nearly 50 tons.Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 142. Dug up on Dec. 17, 1790.Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 47-54, pl. viii. 11 feet 8 inches in diameter.Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 126-8. 12 feet in diameter, of porous basalt.Bullock's Mexico, pp. 333-4. 'Basalto porfírico,' circle 9 feet in diameter.Nebel,Viaje. 11 feet diameter.Fossey,Mexique, p. 217. 27 feet in circumference.Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 109.
[IX-55]Charnay,Ruines Amér., phot. i.
[IX-56]Additional references on the Calendar-Stone:—Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 238-9;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., p. 117, cuts; Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 590, with plate;Gallatin, inAmer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 70, 94-103, 114.
[IX-57]Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. ii., pp. 46-73. Discovered December 17, 1791; 3 varas, 1 pulgada, 4½ lineas in diameter; 1 vara, 1 pulgada high; material a hard, dark-colored, fine grained stone, which admits of a fine polish. Humboldt gives the dimensions 3 mètres diameter, 11 décimètres high; he also says the groups are 20 in number.Vues, tom. i., pp. 315-24, (fol. ed. pl. xxi.);Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 20-1, suppl. pl. iv., showing the rim. Nebel,Viaje, gives plates of upper surface,—showing, however, no groove—all the groups on the rim, and one group on a larger scale. He says the material is 'basalto porfírico,' and the dimensions 9×3 feet. Bullock,Mexico, pp. 335-6, says, 25 feet in circumference. He also took a plaster cast of this stone. A mass of basalt 9 feet in diameter, and 3 feet high, believed by the author to be in reality a sacrificial stone.Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 119-22;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., pp. 114-15;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 586, with plates and cuts in each work. According to Fossey,Mexique, p. 214, the sculptured figures represent a warrior as victorious over 14 champions. 'I think that it is the best specimen of sculpture which I have seen amongst the antiquities of Mexico.'Thompson's Mex., p. 122;Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 171-2;Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v., p. 340, vol. iv., pl. unnumbered;Tylor's Anahuac, p. 224;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 108;Prescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. i., p. 85, with plate.
[IX-58]See vol. iii., pp. 396-402, of this work, for a résumé of Gama's remarks on this idol.
[IX-59]Respecting the god Huitzilopochtli, see vol. iii., pp. 288-324, of this work.
[IX-60]3.0625 by 2 by 1.83 varas; of sandstone: '156 de las piedras arenarias que describe en su mineralogía el Señor Valmont de Bomare, dura, compacta, y dificil de extraer fuego de ella con el acero; semejante á la que se emplea en los molinos.'Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. i., pp. 1-3, 9-10, 34-44, with 5 plates. Reply to Alzate,Gacetas, tom. ii., p. 416, who pronounced the stone a kind of granite.Id., pt. ii., pp. 8-10. 'Plus de trois mètres de hauteur et deux mètres de largeur.' 'La pierre qui a servi à ce monument, est unewakkebasaltique gris bleuâtre, fendillée et remplie de feldspath vitreux.' 'En jetant les yeux sur l'idole figurée ... telle qu'elle se présente ... on pourrait d'abord être tenté de croire que ce monument est unteotetl,pierre divine, une espèce de bétyle, orné de sculptures, une roche sur laquelle sont gravés des signes hiéroglyphiques. Mais, lorsqu'on examine de plus près cette masse informe, on distingue, à la partie supérieure, les têtes de deux monstres accolés; et l'on trouve, à chaque face, deux yeux et une large gueule armée de quatre dents. Ces figures monstrueuses n'indiquent peut-être que des masques: car, chez les Mexicains, on étoit dans l'usage de masquer les idoles à l'époque de la maladie d'un roi, et dans toute autre calamité publique. Les bras et les pieds sont cachés sous une draperie entourée d'énormes serpents, et que les Mexicains désignoient sous le nom decohuatlicuye,vêtement de serpent. Tous ces accessoires, surtout les franges en forme de plumes, sont sculptés avec le plus grand soin.'Humboldt,Vues, tom. ii., pp. 148-61, (fol. ed., pl. xxix.);Id.,Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 25-7, suppl. pl. vi., fig. 9. 9 feet high.Nebel,Viaje, with large plate. Dug up for Bullock, who made a plaster cast in 1823.Bullock's Mexico, pp. 337-42. Description with plates inMayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. i., pp. 108-11;Id.,Mex. as it Was, pp. 109-14;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pp. 585-6, pl. viii. 5 feet wide and 3 feet thick. 'The most hideous and deformed that the fancy can paint.'Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 171, 175-6;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 221-3;Fossey,Mexique, p. 214.
[IX-61]Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 123-4;Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. ii., p. 73-4.
[IX-62]Humboldt,Vues, tom. ii., p. 158;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 27;Leon y Gama,Dos Piedras, pt. i., pp. 11-12, pt. ii., pp. 73-111.
[IX-63]Mayer, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 589, pl. vi.;Id.,Mex. as it Was, pp. 100-1;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 274;Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 89-90, pl. xvi.
[IX-64]Mosaico Mex., tom. iii., pp. 402-3, with plates;Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. i., p. 203;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 85-8, 97;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pl. v., fig. 3.
[IX-64]Bullock's Mexico, pp. 326-8. Plates of six other relics, perhaps found in the city.
[IX-65]Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 31-2, 85-8. 'Indio triste' also inMosaico Mex., tom. iii., pp. 165-8.
[IX-66]Anahuac, p. 138.
[IX-67]Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 103-8, pl. xxi-ii.
[IX-68]Chavero, inGallo,Hombres Ilustres, Mex. 1873, tom. i., p. 151.
[IX-69]See vol. iii., pp. 355-7, 413-15, of this work.
[IX-70]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., pp. 303-5, speaks of 'les murs gigantesques de ses palais, les statues mutilées, à demi enfoncés dans le sol, les blocs énormes de basalte et de porphyre sculptés, épars dans les champs de Tetzcuco.' Bullock,Mexico, pp. 381-7, 399-400, says, 'you pass by the large aqueduct for the supply of the town, still in use, and the ruins of several stone buildings of great strength.... Foundations of ancient buildings of great magnitude.... On entering the gates, to the right are seen those artificial tumuli, the teocalli of unburnt brick so common in most Indian towns.' The site of the palace of the kings of Tezcuco extended 300 feet on sloping terraces with small steps; some terraces are still entire and covered with cement. It must have occupied some acres of ground, and was built of huge blocks of basalt 4 or 5 by 2½ or 3 feet. 'The raised mounds of brick are seen on all sides, mixed with aqueducts, ruins of buildings of enormous strength, and many large square structures nearly entire.... Fragments of sculptured stones constantly occur near the church, the market-place, and palace.' Both Brasseur and Bullock are somewhat given to exaggeration, and they also refer, probably, to other remains in the vicinity yet to be described. 'The ruins of tumuli, and other constructions of unbaked bricks, intermingled with platforms and terraces of considerable extent, are still to be traced; and it is asserted, that many of the Spanish edifices are constructed out of the ruins of the Teocallis.'Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 184-5. Other authorities on Tezcuco:Nebel,Viaje;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 221;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 274-6;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pl. v., fig. 7;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 96, 150, 236, 262-3, with cuts;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 76, 83, 110;Beaufoy, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 70-1;Mexico,Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 448-9, 719;Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 73;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., p. 332;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 132.
[IX-71]On Nezahualcoyotl's country palace at Tezcocingo, see vol. ii., pp. 168-73, of this work.
[IX-72]Bath 12 by 8 feet, with well in centre 5 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep, surrounded by a parapet 2½ feet high, 'with a throne or chair, such as is represented in ancient pictures to have been used by the kings.'Bullock's Mexico, pp. 390-3. 'His majesty used to spend his afternoons here on the shady side of the hill, apparently sitting up to his middle in water like a frog, if one may judge by the height of the little seat in the bath.'Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 152-3;Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 194-5;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., p. 70. The aqueduct 'is a work very nearly or quite equal in the labor required for its construction to the Croton Aqueduct.'Thompson's Mex., pp. 143-6;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 276-8;Id.,Mex. as it Was, pp. 86, 233-4, with the cut copied, another of the aqueduct, and a third representing an idol called the 'god of silence;'Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., pp. 296-7;Prescott's Mex., vol. i., pp. 182-4;Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 252-3;Vigne's Travels, vol. i., p. 27;Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 54-8;Id.,Great Cities, pp. 302-4.
[IX-73]Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 155-6;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 278-9;Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 190-1.
[IX-74]Latrobe's Rambler, p. 192.
[IX-75]Bullock's Mexico, pp. 395-9. This author also speaks of a 'broad covered way between two huge walls which terminate near a river,' on the road to Tezcuco.Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 196-7, cut of idol;Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 184-5;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 153-4, with cut of bridge;Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., p. 296;Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 615;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., p. 335;Aubin, inBrasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 355;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 78, 85;Beaufoy, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 69-70.
[IX-76]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 148-51.
[IX-77]Almaraz,Apuntes sobre las Pirámides de San Juan Teotihuacan, inId.,Mem. de los Trabajos ejecutados por la Comision de Pachuca, 1864, pp. 349-58. Linares,Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 103-5, wrote an account which seems to be made up from the preceding. See also:Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. ii., pp. 34-5;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., pp. 187-9;Id.,Vues, tom. i., pp. 100-2;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 11-12;Bullock's Mexico, pp. 411-18, with pl.;Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 189-93, with cut;Ward's Mexico, vol. ii., pp. 214-15, 295;Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 194-217;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 279;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 583;Thompson's Mex., pp. 139-43;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 96, 141-4;García, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., pp. 198-200. The preceding authorities are arranged chronologically: the following are additional references:—Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1831, tom. li., pp. 238-9;Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 239-40, 247-9;Fossey,Mexique, pp. 315-16;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 15, 148-51, 197-8;Gemelli Careri, inChurchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 514;Bullock's Across Mex., pp. 165-6;Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 248-50, 272-81;Heller,Reisen, p. 157;Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., pp. 277-9;Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 38-41;Chevalier,Mexique, p. 51;Nebel,Viaje, plates of terra-cotta heads;Amer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. i., pp. 254-5;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 80-1;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., pp. 336-9;Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. i., pp. 236-7;Hassel,Mex. Guat., p. 131;Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 459;Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 509;Delafield's Antiq. Amer., pp. 56-7;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 186;McCulloh's Researches in Amer., pp. 252-3;García y Cubas, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. i., p. 37;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., p. 155;Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 53-4;Id.,Great Cities, pp. 298-303;Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., pp. 138-9;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., pp. 24, 44-5;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 460;Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 598;Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 530-1, 719;Baril,Mexique, p. 70;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 269;Beaufoy, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. ii., pp. 69-70;Shepard's Land of the Aztecs, pp. 103-5;Vigne's Travels, vol. i., p. 28;Album Mex., tom. i., pp. 117-18.
[IX-78]These are the dimensions given by Almaraz, except those of the summit platform, which are only an estimate by Beaufoy. The following are the dimensions as given by different authors: 130 by 156 by 42 mètres.Almaraz; 44 mètres high.Humboldt, according to measurements of Sr Oteyza; 360 by 480 by 150 feet.Gemelli Careri; —— by 645 by 170 feet.Heller; 130 by 156 by 44 mètres.Linares. Others take the dimensions generally from Humboldt.
[IX-79]'On les prendrait pour ces turgescences terrestres qu'on trouve dans les lieux jadis bouleversés par les feux souterrains.'Fossey,Mexique, p. 315. Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 247-9, says the pyramid was round instead of rectangular, and that it had three terraces, although in Boturini's time no traces of them remained. 'It required a particular position whence to behold them, united with some littlefaith, in order to discover the pyramidal form at all.'Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., p. 277. 'To say the truth, it was nothing but a heap of earth made in steps like the pyramids of Egypt; only that these are of stone.'Gemelli Careri, inChurchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 514. 'Ils formoient quatre assises, dont on ne reconnoit aujourd'hui que trois.' 'Un escalier construit en grandes pierres de taille, conduisoit jadis à leur cime.' 'Chacune des quatres assises principales étoit subdivisée en petits gradins d'un mètre de haut, dont on distingue encore les arrêtes.'Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 188. Mayer,Mex. as it Was, p. 223, says that three stories are yet distinctly visible. 'The line from base to summit was broken by three terraces, or perhaps four, running completely round them.'Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 142-3.
[IX-80]'Leur noyau est d'argile mêlée de petites pierres: il est revêtu d'un mur épais detezontliou amygdaloïde poreuse.'Humboldt,Vues, tom. i., pp. 101-2. 'On y reconnoît, en outre, des traces d'une couche de chaux qui enduit les pierres par dehors.'Id.,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 157. 'In many places, I discovered the remains of the coating of cement with which they were incrusted in the days of their perfection.'Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 223. 'Arcilla y piedras,' covered with a conglomerate of tetzontli and mud, and a coating of polished lime, which has a blue tint.Linares, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 103-5. 'En argile ... avec révêtement en pierre.'Chevalier,Mexique, p. 50. 'No trace of regular stone work or masonry of any kind.'Bullock's Across Mex., p. 165. Originally covered with a white cement bearing inscriptions.Glennie, according toNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1831, tom. li., pp. 238-9. Built of clay and stone.Heller,Reisen, p. 157. Salmon-colored Stucco.Latrobe.Unhewn stones of all shapes and sizes.Thompson.Stones and pebbles, faced with porous stone.García.Adobes, stones, clay, and mortar, with a casing of hewn stone and smooth stucco.Tylor.A conglomerate of common volcanic stones and mud mortar with the faces smoothed.Beaufoy.Masses of falling stone and masonry, red cement, 8 or 10 inches thick, of lime and pebbles.Bullock.'It is true, that on many parts of the ascent masses of stone and other materials, strongly cemented together, announce the devices and workmanship of man; but on penetrating this exterior coating nothing further was perceptible than a natural structure of earth' like any natural hill with many loose stones. An American engineer who had made excavations confirmed the idea that the pyramids were natural, although artificially shaped.Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., p. 278.
[IX-81]Humboldt's dimensions, according to Oteyza's measurements are, 208 mètres (682 feet) long and 55 mètres (180 feet) high. 645 feet square,Bullock; 480 by 600 feet,Beaufoy; 182 feet square,García; 221 feet high,Mayer; 221 feet high,Thompson. Round, 297 varas in diameter, 270 varas (745 feet!) high,Veytia, according to Boturini's measurements; 60 mètres high,Löwenstern; 720 by 480 by 185 feet,Gemelli Careri.
[IX-82]Seepp. 74,380, of this volume.
[IX-83]Linares,Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 103-5, calls it Mijcahotle. Brasseur,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 148-51, applies the name to the whole plain, called by the Spaniards Llano de los Cues.
[IX-84]Almaraz,Apuntes, pp. 354-5, with plate.
[IX-85]'It is certain, that where they stand, there was formerly a great city, as appears by the vast ruins about it, and by the grots or dens, as well artificial as natural.'Gemelli Careri, inChurchill's Col. Voyages, vol. iv., p. 514. Ruins of streets and plazas.Linares, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra época, tom. i., p. 104.
[IX-86]Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 222-5, with cut. Thompson,Mex., p. 140, alluding probably to the same monument, locates it 'a few hundred yards from the pyramids, in a secluded spot, shut closely in by two small hillocks,' pronounces it undoubtedly a sacrificial stone, and estimates the weight at 25 tons. Beaufoy also speaks of an unsculptured sacrificial stone 11 by 4 by 4 feet. 'Une fort grande pierre semblable à une tombe, couverte d'hiéroglyphes.'Fossey,Mexique, p. 316. 'A massive stone column half buried in the ground.'Bullock's Across Mex., p. 166.
[IX-87]Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 239-40, 247-9;Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 39;Gemelli Careri, p. 514. Bullock,Across Mex., p. 165, says he saw as late as 1864, on the summit of the House of the Moon, an altar of two blocks, covered with white plaster evidently recent, with an aperture in the centre of the upper block, supposed to have carried off the blood of victims.
[IX-88]Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. vii., p. 10. 'One may shut his eyes and drop a dollar from his hand, and the chances are at least equal that it will fall upon something of the kind.'Thompson's Mex., p. 140. Plates of 12 terra-cotta heads inNebel,Viaje. Cuts of 8 heads, some the same as Nebel's, inMayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 227.
[IX-89]Sr Antonio García y Cubas, a member of the commission whose description of Teotihuacan I have used as my chief authority, has since published anEnsayo de un Estudio comparativo entre las Pirámides Egípcias y Mexicanas, Mexico, 1871, which I have received since writing the preceding pages. He gives the same plan and view that I have used, also a plan of the Egyptian pyramids in the plain of Ghizeh, and a plate representing part of a human face in stone from Teotihuacan. The author made some additional observations subsequently to the exploration of the commission, and gives the following dimensions, which vary somewhat from those I have given, especially the height: Sun—232 by 220 by 66 mètres; summit, 18 by 32 mètres; slope, north and south 31° 3´, east and west 36°; direction, E. to W. southern side, 83° N.W.; direction, N. to S. eastern side, 7° N.E. Direction, 'road of the dead' 8° 45´ N.E.; line through centres of the two pyramids, 10° N.W. Moon—156 by 130 by 46 mètres; eastern slope, 31° 30, southern slope, 36°; summit, 6 by 6 mètres; direction, north side, 88° 30´ N.W., east side, 1° 30´ N.E. The author thinks the difference in height may result from the fact that the ground on which the pyramids stand slopes towards the south, and the altitude was taken in one case on the south, in the other on the north.
The following quotation contains the most important opinion advanced in the essay in question:—'The pyramids of Teotihuacan, as they exist to-day, are not in their primitive state. There is now a mass of loose stones, whose interstices covered with vegetable earth, have caused to spring up the multitude of plants and flowers with which the faces of the pyramids are now covered. This mass of stones differs from the plan of construction followed in the body of the monuments, and besides, the falling of these stones, which has taken place chiefly on the eastern face of the Moon, has laid bare an inclined plane perfectly smooth, which seems to be the true face of the pyramid. This isolated observation would not give so much force to my argument if it were not accompanied by the same circumstances in all the monuments.' The slope of these regular smooth surfaces of the Moon is 47°, differing from the slope of the outer surface. The same inner smooth faces the author claims to have found not only in the pyramids, but in the tlalteles, or smaller mounds. Sr García y Cubas thinks that the Toltecs, the descendants of the civilized people that built the pyramids, covered up these tombs and sanctuaries, in fear of the depredations of the savage races that came after them.
Respecting miscellaneous remains at Teotihuacan the author says, 'The river empties into Lake Tezcuco, with great freshets in the rainy season, its current becoming at such times very impetuous. Its waters have laid bare throughout an immense extent of territory, foundations of buildings and horizontal layers of a very fine mortar as hard as rock, all of which indicates the remains of an immense town, perhaps the Memphis of these regions. Throughout a great extent of territory about the pyramids, for a radius of over a league are seen the foundations of a multitude of edifices; at the banks of the river and on both sides of the roads are found the horizontal layers of lime; others of earth and mud, of tetzontli and of volcanic tufa, showing the same method of construction; on the roads between the pyramids and San Juan are distinctly seen traces of walls which cross each other at right angles.' He also found excavations which seem to have furnished the material for all the structures.
As to the chief purpose for which theensayowas written, the author claims the following analogies between Teotihuacan and the Egyptian pyramids: 1. The site chosen is the same. 2. The structures are oriented with slight variation. 3. The line through the centres of the pyramids is in the 'astronomical meridian.' 4. The construction in grades and steps is the same. 5. In both cases the larger pyramids are dedicated to the sun. 6. The Nile has a 'valley of the dead,' as in Teotihuacan there is a 'street of the dead.' 7. Some monuments of each class have the nature of fortifications. 8. The smaller mounds are of the same nature and for the same purpose. 9. Both pyramids have a small mound joined to one of their faces. 10. The openings discovered in the Moon are also found in some Egyptian pyramids. 11. The interior arrangement of the pyramids is analogous.
[IX-90]Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 382-3;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 282.
[IX-91]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 258;Veytia,Hist. Ant. Mej., tom. i., pp. 171-5;Chaves,Rapport, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série ii., tom. v., p. 300.
[IX-92]Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 96, 100, with cut of a knife or spear-head;Burkart,Mexico, tom. i., pp. 124-5. Löwenstern speaks of the obsidian mines of Guajolote, which he describes as ditches one or two mètres wide, and of varying depth; having only small fragments of the mineral scattered about.Mexique, p. 244.
[IX-93]Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 277.
[IX-94]Burkart,Mexico, tom. i., p. 51.
[IX-95]Mexico, Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., pp. 623-4, 719;Huasteca,Noticias, pp. 48-9, 69.
[IX-96]Latrobe's Rambler, p. 75.
[IX-97]J. F. R. Cañete, inAlzate y Ramirez,Gaceta de Literatura, Feb. 20, 1790; also inId., reprint, tom. i., pp. 282-4. Sr Alzate y Ramirez, editor of theGaceta, had also heard from other sources of ruins in the same vicinity.
[IX-98]Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 13.
[IX-99]Mayer, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 588, pl. iii., fig. 1, 2.;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 268;Id.,Mex. as it Was, pp. 107-8.
[IX-100]Theatro, tom. i., pp. 86-7.
[IX-101]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 3ra época, tom. i., pp. 185-7, with 10 fig.
[IX-102]Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 94.
[IX-103]Mexico,Anales del Ministerio de Fomento, 1854, tom. i., p. 263.
[IX-104]Id., p. 334.
[IX-105]Id., pp. 417, 299-300.
[IX-106]Morfi,Viage, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., pp. 312-14. Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., p. 164, also speaks of some small mounds at Pueblito.
[IX-107]Mexico,Mem. de la Sec. Justicia, 1873, pp. 216-17, two plates.
[IX-108]Id., p. 217.
[IX-109]Ballesteros, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iv., pp. 774-8.
[IX-110]Fossey,Mexique, pp. 213-14.
[IX-111]Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 31-2, 84-5, 87-106, 272-9;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 265-74;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pl. i.-vii.
[IX-112]Humboldt,Vues, tom. i., pp. 51-6, plate of front and rear;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 9-10, suppl., pl. i. Remarks on the statue by Visconti, inId., p. 32; Plates inLarenaudière,Mex. et Guat., pl. xxviii., p. 48;Prescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. i., p. 389; andDelafield's Antiq. Amer., p. 61.
[IX-113]Seep. 382, for a cut of a similar article.
[IX-114]Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 95-103, 110, 195, 225-6, 235-6.
[IX-115]Waldeck,Palenqué, p. viii., pl. xliv.;Tylor's Anahuac, pp. 110, 337-9. Mr Tylor notes that in an old work,Aldrovandus,Musæum Metallicum, Bologna 1648, there were drawings of a knife and wooden mask with mosaic ornamentation, but of a different design.
[IX-116]Prescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 70, pl. xiii.;Chavero, inGallo,Hombres Ilustres, tom. i., pp. 146-7;Gilliam's Trav., pp. 44-5.
[IX-117]Prescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 82, 87, 99, 101, pl. xv.-xx.
[IX-118]Soc. Géog., Bulletin, tom. v., No. 95, p. 116, No. 98, p. 283, et seq.;Warden, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 36-40.
[IX-119]Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. iv., unnumbered plates following those of Castañeda;Bullock's Mexico, p. 326;Humboldt,Vues, tom. ii., pp. 207, 146, (fol. ed. pl. xl., xxviii.);Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 25-7, suppl., pl. vii., fig. 10, pl. vi., fig. 8;Nebel,Viaje.
[IX-120]Waldeck,Palenqué, pl. lvi.; other miscellaneous relics, pl. iii.-v., xliii., xlv.-vi., lv.
[IX-121]Müller,Reisen, tom. ii., p. 292, et seq.;Cabrera,Beschreibung einer alten Stadt, appendix.
[IX-122]Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., p. 119.
[IX-123]Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. iv.
[IX-124]Prescott's Mex., vol. i., p. 143;Amer. Phil. Soc., Transact., vol. iii., p. 510.
[IX-125]Ramirez,Notas, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. ii., suppl., pp. 106-24;Waldeck,Palenqué, pl. liii.
[IX-126]Bigland's View of the World, vol. v., p. 523.
[IX-127]Robertson's Hist. Amer., vol. i., p. 269.
[IX-128]Ampère,Prom. en Amér., tom. ii., pp. 266-7, 287-92;Armin,Das Alte Mex., pp. 47-50;Andrews' Illust. W. Ind., pp. 73-4;Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., pp. 198-9;Bonnycastle's Span. Amer., vol. i., p. 52;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 108-13;Brownell's Ind. Races, pp. 50-4;Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex., vol. i., p. 93, vol. ii., p. 136;Chambers' Jour., 1834, vol. ii., pp. 374-5, 1838, vol. vi., pp. 43-4;Chevalier,Mexique, p. 10;Id.,Mex. Ancien et Mod., pp. 50-3, 453-4;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. i., p. 272;Cortés' Despatches, pp. 82-3, 265;Democratic Review, vol. xi., pp. 611-13;Davis' Anc. Amer., pp. 6-7;Delafield's Antiq. Amer., pp. 30, 56, 61;Domenech,Jour., pp. 289, 371;D'Orbigny,Voyage, p. 336;Edinburgh Review, July, 1867;Elementos de Geog. Civil, p. 29;Evans' Our Sister Rep., pp. 330-3;Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 44-6;Gilliam's Trav., pp. 95-9;Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem., pp. 45-6;Id.,Ancient Mex., vol. i., pp. 201-8;Gregory's Hist. Mex., p. 17;Grone,Briefe, pp. 91-2, 96-7;Heller,Reisen, pp. 148-50;Helps' Span. Conq., vol. i., pp. 288-90, vol. ii., p. 141;Hazart,Kirchen-Geschichte, tom. ii., p. 499;Hill's Travels, vol. ii., pp. 238-42;Hist. Mag., vol. iv., p. 271;Kendall's Nar., vol. ii., p. 328;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 5-6, 8, 17-19, 137-43, 153-63;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., pp. 30, 44, 46-50, 53, 264, 326-7;Lang's Polynesian Nat., pp. 218-24;Latrobe's Rambler, pp. 168-76;Lemprière's Notes in Mex., pp. 88-9;Linati,Costumes, pl. 29;Löwenstern,Mexique, p. 106, et seq.,Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., pp. 119-21;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., pp. 293, 295, 406, 446, 460;McSherry's El Puchero, pp. 154-5;Mexique, Études Hist., p. 7;Mexico, Mem. de la Sec. Estado, 1835, pp. 42-4;Mexikanische Zustände, pp. 372-6;Mexico, Trip to, p. 66;Mexico, Stories of, pp. 87, 105;Mexico in 1842, pp. 86-7;Monglave,Résumé, pp. 5, 11-13, 57-8;Morton's Crania Amer., p. 149;Moxó,Cartas Mej., pp. 86, 90-3, 132, 349-59;Montanus,Nieuwe Weereld, p. 219;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. i., p. 229, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 295, 318-19, 352;Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 45, 457-9, 463-4, 466-8, 498-9, 543-5, 549-62, 642-6;Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 277-80;Id.,Rambles by Land and Water, pp. 199-210;Nott and Gliddon's Indig. Races, pp. 184-7;Pimentel,Mem. sobre la Raza Indígena, pp. 9-10, 54-5;Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 402-4;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 345-8;Poinsett's Notes Mex., pp. 73-6, 111;Priest's Amer. Antiq., pp. 255-7;Ranking's Hist. Researches, pp. 353-62, 401-3;Ruxton's Adven. Mex., p. 47;Id., inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 45-6;Saturday Magazine, vol. vi., p. 42;Simon's Ten Tribes, pp. 155, 157, 196, 283;Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. i., p. 37;Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book, p. 657;Tayac, inComité d'Arch. Amér., 1866-7, p. 142;Taylor's Eldorado, vol. ii., pp. 159-60;Thompson's Mex., pp. 116-17, 213;Thümmel,Mexiko, pp. 134-5, 182-3, 246-7, 330;Tudor's Nar., vol. ii., pp. 239-40, 253-5;Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 72;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., pp. 186, 188, 192, 196;Wise's Los Gringos, pp. 255-6;Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 73-4, 87-9;Wortley's Trav., pp. 194-8;Young's Hist. Mex., p. 21.
[X-1]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 58.
[X-2]Beaumont,Crón. Mechoacan, MS., pp. 45-6. Ihuatzio, probably the true name of the town called by Beaumont Ignatzio, 'recuerda por sus antiguedades (la Pirámide aun no destruida, que les servia de plaza de armas: otrasYácatas, ó sepulcros de sus Reyes: las reliquias de una torre que fabricó su primer fundador antes venir los Españoles, y lavia, calle ó camino deQueréndaro, que comunicaba con la Capital) tristes memorias de la grandeza michuacana.'Michuacan,Análisis Estad., por J. J. L., p. 166.
[X-3]Lyon's Journal, vol. ii., pp. 71-2. 'Some relics of the Tarascan architecture are said to be found at this place, but we do not possess any authentic accounts or drawings of them.'Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 291. Mention inMühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 369;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 167.
[X-4]Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 70-1; mention inHassel,Mex. Guat., p. 154.
[X-5]Beaufoy's Mex. Illustr., p. 199.
[X-6]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iv., p. 559.
[X-7]Humboldt, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 30, suppl., pl. vii., fig. 13;Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., p. 558.
[X-8]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iii., p. 277.
[X-9]Gutierrez, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iii., pp. 277-80.
[X-10]Rico, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iii., p. 183.
[X-11]Löwenstern,Mexique, pp. 265-7, 280, 344;Id., inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1840, tom. lxxxvi., pp. 119-20;Id., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 104;Cincinnatus' Travels, p. 259.
[X-12]Hervás,Catálogo, tom. i., p. 311.
[X-13]Florencia,Origen de los Santuarios, p. 8;Padilla,Conq. N. Galicia, MS., pp. 217-19.
[X-14]Acazitli, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. ii., pp. 313-14;Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 269-70.
[X-15]Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., p. 515.
[X-16]Gil, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., p. 496;Ternaux-Compans, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1842, tom. xcv., p. 295; same account inMofras,Explor., tom. i., p. 161.