Chapter 33

[X-17]Retes, inMuseo Mex., 2da época, tom. i., pp. 3-6.[X-18]Id., p. 6.[X-19]Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 322-3.[X-20]Bustamante, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. i., pp. 56-7.[X-21]Castillo, inId., 2da época, tom. iv., pp. 107-8.[X-22]Berlandier and Thovel,Diario, p. 25.[X-23]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iii., pp. 278-9, preceded by an account quoted from Torquemada.[X-24]Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 225-44.[X-25]Esparza,Informe, pp. 56-8. The same report also published in 1843, in theMuseo Mex., tom. i., p. 185, et seq., with some remarks by the editor, who saw the ruins in 1831. The article also includes a quotation fromFrejes,Conquista de Zacatecas, an attempt to clear up the origin and history of the ruined city, and a plate reduced from Nebel.[X-26]Burkart,Aufenthalt, tom. ii., pp. 97-105.[X-27]Viaje.His Mexican trip began in 1831,Soc. Géog., Bulletin, tom. xv., No. 95, p. 141, and Burkart met him in Zacatecas some time before 1834.[X-28]Other accounts containing no additional information, and made up, except one or two, from the authorities already mentioned:—Gil, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., pp. 441-2;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 240-6;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 317-23, Lyon's description and Nebel's plate;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 581;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 90-5;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 492;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 204;Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 58-66;Id.,Great Cities, pp. 304-12, cuts;Rio,Beschreib. einer alt. Stadt, appendix, pp. 70-5.[X-29]Tello,Fragmentos, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. ii., p. 344.[X-30]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., pp. 441-2, 496;Frejes, inMuseo Mex., tom. i., pp. 186-9;Lyon's Journal, vol. i., p. 243.[X-31]The explanation of the plan by the lettering given in Nebel's work is as follows: A i., A ii., A iii., A iv. Temples and structures connected therewith. B. Enclosing walls. C. Walls supporting terraces. D. Pyramids in the interior of temples. E. Isolated Pyramids. F. Ruins of dwellings. G. Stairways. H. Ancient roads. J. Kind of a 'plaza de armas.' K. Fortifications. L. Small stairways leading to the court of the temple. M. A small altar. N. Ancient foundations. O. Batteries in the form of flat roofs (azotéas). P. Modern cross on the summit of the hill. Q. Well. R. Large hall with 11 columns to support the roof. S. Two columns. T. Rock. U. Stream.[X-32]Rivera, pp. 56-8, says that the causeway leading toward the hacienda runs S.E.[X-33]Frejes, inMuseo Mex., tom. i., p. 186, speaks of 'tres calzadas de seis varas de ancho que por líneas divergentes corren al mediodía algunas leguas hasta perderse de vista.'[X-34]Lyon.According to theMuseo Mex., tom. i., p. 187, it is 5 or 6 varas high and 10 thick.[X-35]Burkart gives the dimensions as 194 by 232 Rhenish feet, somewhat larger than English feet; Rivera says 35 or 40 varas square. This author also noticed on the slope of the hill before reaching the steepest part, a pyramid about 20 feet high and 11 feet square, now truncated but apparently pointed in its original condition. This was probably the heap of stones mentioned above.[X-36]Burkart implies that the terrace extends entirely round the square, forming a sunken basin 4 or 5 feet deep; and this is probably the case, as it agrees with the plan of some other structures on the hill.[X-37]Lyon says 137 by 154 feet; Rivera, 50 to 60 varas, with walls 8 to 9 varas high.[X-38]Burkart gives the dimensions of the pyramid as 30 feet square and 30 feet high; and of the altar in front as 6 feet square and 6 feet high.[X-39]'Tiene este pueblo [Teul] por cabeza un cerro al principio cuadrado como de peña tajada, y arriba otro cerro redondo, y encima del primero hay tanta capacidad que caben mas de veinte mil indios.... En este monte estaba una sala, en donde estaba su ídolo, que llamaban el Teotl ... tiene más una pila de losas de junturas de cinco varas de largo y tres de ancho, y mas ancha de arriba que de abajo.... Esta pila tiene dos entradas; la una en la esquina que mira al Norte, con cinco gradas, y la otra que mira en esquina al Sur, con otras cinco: no lejos de esta pila, como dos tiros de arcabuz, están dos montecillos que eran los osarios de los indios que sacrificaban.'Tello, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. ii., pp. 362-4;Id., inBeaumont,Crón. Mechoacan, MS., p. 300; description of the temple,Gil, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., p. 497; mention of ruins,Frejes, inMuseo Mex., tom. i., p. 186; stone axes,Esparza,Informe, p. 7; concealed temples and idols,Arlegui,Chrón. Zacatecas, p. 95.[X-40]Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 98;Cabrera, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iv., p. 24;Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, p. 361.[X-41]Furber's Twelve Months Volunteer, pp. 387-8.[X-42]Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 141-2.[X-43]Norman's Rambles by Land and Water, pp. 169-70.[X-44]Norman's Rambles by Land and Water, pp. 121-37.[X-45]Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 21, 28, 114. Mention of Tamaulipas antiquities from Norman and Lyon, inMayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 207-9;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 581. Newspaper account of some relics of Christianity, inCronise's California, p. 30.[X-46]Berlandier and Thovel,Diario, p. 151.[X-47]Wizlizenus' Tour, pp. 69, 70. This author says the bodies are supposed to belong to the Lipans.Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 518;Severn's Journal, vol. xxx., p. 38;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 239-40;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 333;Silliman's Jour., vol. xxxvi., p. 200;Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iii., pp. 160-1;Pac. Monthly, vol. xi., p. 783;Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1839, tom. lxxxi., pp. 126-7;Lemprière's Notes in Mex., p. 135;Avila, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., pp. 465-8;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 418;Ribas,Hist. de los Triumphos, p. 685.[X-48]Donnavan's Adven., pp. 30-1.[X-49]Larios, inAlegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., pp. 54-5;Ribas,Hist. de los Triumphos, p. 583;Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 318.[X-50]Arlegui,Chrón. Zacatecas, pp. 6, 67.[X-51]Ramirez,Noticias Hist. de Durango, pp. 6-9;Id., inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. v., pp. 10-11.[X-52]Doc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. v., pp. 213, 254.[X-53]Clavigero,Storia della Cal., tom. i., pp. 107-9;Doc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. v., pp. 213, 254;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, Dec. 21, 1860, Nov. 22, 1861, Jan. 10, 1862;Hesperian, vol. iii., p. 530.[X-54]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 16, 1864;Cal. Farmer, March 20, 1863, April 4, 1862;Doc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., pp. 626-7.[X-55]Hardy's Trav., p. 467.[X-56]Lamberg, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., p. 25.[X-57]García Conde,Ensayo sobre Chihuahua, p. 74.[X-58]Robertson's Hist. Amer., vol. i., p. 269.[X-59]Arlegui,Chrón. Zacatecas, pp. 104-5. Same inPadilla,Conq. N. Galicia, MS., pp. 484-5.[X-60]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., p. 159;Heredia y Sarmiento,Sermon, pp. 89-90.[X-61]Escudero,Noticias Estad. del Estado de Chihuahua, pp. 234-5; repeated inGarcía Conde,Ensayo sobre Chihuahua, p. 74;Orozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 110-11.[X-62]Album Mex., tom. i., pp. 374-5.[X-63]Hardy's Trav., pp. 465-6.[X-64]Wizlizenus' Tour, pp. 59-60.[X-65]Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 347-64. Other compiled accounts may be found inMayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 339;Armin,Das Heutige Mex., pp. 269-70;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 312-13;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 525;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 347;Ranking's Hist. Researches, pp. 282-3;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 216;Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 561;Gordon's Ancient Mex., vol. i., p. 105;Gregory's Hist. Mex., p. 71.[X-66]Although the dimensions in theAlbumare given as 414 by 1380 feet, probably including some structures reckoned by Bartlett as detached.[XI-1]Cal., Past, Pres. and Future, p. 145.[XI-2]Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 195, 206;Froebel,Aus Amer., tom. ii., p. 468;Id.,Cent. Amer., pp. 519-24;Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 82, 89-91, with plate.[XI-3]Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 40-1, 161-2. Two other accounts of the trip were written—one by Juan Jaramillo, which may be found in the same volume of Ternaux-Compans' work; and the second by Coronado himself, an Italian translation of which appeared inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 359, et seq., and an English translation inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 373, et seq. For an abstract of the trip and discussion about the location of the route, seeGallatin, inAmer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. ii.;Squier, inAmerican Reviewfor November, 1848;Whipple, et al., inPac. R. R. Repts, vol. iii.; andSimpson, inSmithsonian Rept., 1859, p. 309, et seq. The last is the best article on the subject, and is accompanied by a map. All the accounts mention the fact that the expedition passed through Chichilticale, but only the one quoted describes the building.[XI-4]"Lo apuntó en embrion por no haber ido yo á este descubrimento."Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., pp. 259, 253, 362-4.[XI-5]InDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., pp. 282-3. Mange's description is as follows:—'One of them is a large edifice, the principal room in the centre being four stories high, and those adjoining it on its four sides, three stories; with walls two varas thick, of strongargamasa y barro[that is, the material of which adobes are made] so smooth on the inside that they resemble planed boards, and so polished that they shine like Puebla pottery. The corners of the windows, which are square, are very straight and without supports or crosspieces of wood, as if made with a mold; the doors are the same, though, narrow, and by this it is known to be the work of Indians; it is 36 paces long by 21 wide, and is well built. At the distance of an arquebuse-shot are seen twelve other buildings half fallen, also with thick walls; and all the roofs burned out except one low room, which has round beams apparently of cedar, or sabino, small and smooth, and over themotates(reeds) of equal size, and a layer of hard mud and mortar, forming a very curious roof or floor. In the vicinity are seen many other ruins and stories, and heaps of rubbish which cover the ground for two leagues; with much broken pottery, plates, andollasof fine clay painted in various colors and resembling the Guadalajara pottery of New Spain; hence it is inferred that the city was very large and the work of a civilized people under a government. This is verified by a canal which runs from the river over the plain, encircling the settlement, which is in the centre, three leagues in circumference, ten varas wide and four deep, carrying perhaps half the river, and thus serving as a defensive ditch as well as to supply water for the houses and to irrigate the surrounding fields.'[XI-6]Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 847. Orozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 108-10, takes this description from Sedelmair's MS. in the Mexican archives, as being written by one who was 'almost the discoverer,' but it is a literal copy of Mange's diary. Mange's diary, so far as it relates to the Casa Grande, is translated inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 301; andBartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 281-2.[XI-7]'Y vimos toda la vivienda del edificio que es muy grande de quatro altos, cuadradas las paredes y muy gruesas como de dos varas de ancho del dicho barro blanco, y aunque estos jentiles lo han quemado distintas veces, se ven los quatro altos, con buenas salas, aposentos y ventanas curiosamente embarradas por dentro y fuera de manera que están las paredes encaladas y lisas con un barro algo colorado, las puertas muy parejas. Tambien hay inmediatas por fuera once casas algo menores fabricadas con la propia curiosidad de la grande y altas ... y en largo distrito se ve mucha losa quebrada y pintada; tambien se vé una sequia maestra de diez varas de ancho y quatro de alto, y un bordo muy grueso hecho de la misma tierra que va á la casa por un llano.'Bernal, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 804.[XI-8]Padre Garcés says, 'on this river is situated the house which they call Moctezuma's, and many other ruins of other edifices with very many fragments of pottery both painted and plain. From what I afterwards saw of the Moqui, I have formed a very different idea from that which I before entertained respecting these buildings,' referring to Padre Font for more details.Doc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., p. 242. Font's account is substantially as follows:—'We carefully examined this edifice and its ruins; the echnographical plan of which I here lay down [The plan does not accompany the translation, but I have the same plan in another MS. which I shall presently mention] and the better to understand it I give the following description and explanation. [Here follows an account of the building of the Casa by the Aztecs when the Devil led them through these regions on their way to Anáhuac]. The site on which this house is built is flat on all sides and at the distance of about one league from the river Gila, and the ruins of the houses which composed the town extend more than a league towards the East and the Cardinal points; and all this land is partially covered with pieces of pots, jugs, plates, &c., some common and others painted of different colours, white, blue, red,' &c., very different from the work of the Pimas. A careful measurement made with a lance showed that 'the house forms an oblong square, facing exactly the four Cardinal points ... and round about it there are ruins indicating a fence or wall which surrounded the house and other buildings, particularly in the corners, where it appears that there has been some edifice like an interior castle or watch-tower, for in the angle which faces towards the S.W. there stands a ruin with its divisions and an upper story. The exterior place [plaza] extends from N. to S. 420 feet and from E. to W. 260 feet. The interior of the house consists of five halls, the three middle ones being of one size and the two extreme ones longer.' The three middle ones are 26 by 10 feet, and the others 38 by 12 feet, and all 11 feet high. The inner doors are of equal size, two by five feet, the outer ones being of double width. The inner walls are four feet thick and well plastered, and the outer walls six feet thick. The house is 70 by 50 feet, the walls sloping somewhat on the outside. 'Before the Eastern doorway, separate from the house there is another building,' 26 by 18 feet, 'without counting the thickness of the walls. The timber, it appears, was of pine, and the nearest mountain bearing pine is at the distance of 25 leagues; it likewise bears some mezquite. All the building is of earth, and according to appearances the walls are built in boxes [moldes] of different sizes. A trench leads from the river at a great distance, by which the town was supplied with water; it is now nearly buried up. Finally, it is perceptible that the Edifice had three stories, and if it be true what the Indians say it had 4, the last being a kind of subterranean vault. For the purpose of giving light to the rooms, nothing is seen but the doors and some round holes in the middle of the walls which face to the East and West, and the Indians said that the Prince whom they call the "bitter man" used to salute the sun through these holes (which are pretty large) at its rising and setting. No signs of stairs remain, and we therefore suppose that they must have been of wood, and that they were destroyed when the building was burnt by the Apaches.'Font's Journal, MS., pp. 8-10; also quoted inBartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 278-80; also French translation inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 383-6.[XI-9]Beaumont,Crón. Mechoacan, MS., pp. 504-8. See an abridged account from the same source inPadilla,Conq. N. Galicia, MS., p. 125;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 462-3.[XI-10]Sonora,Rudo Ensayo, pp. 18-9; same also inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., pp. 503-4;Velarde,Descrip. de la Pimería, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., pp. 362-3. This author speaks of 'algunas paredes de un gran estanque, hecho á mano de cal y canto.' Similar account inAlegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., pp. 211-12.[XI-11]Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 81-3;Johnston's Journal, inId., pp. 567-600;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 114-24;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 271-84. Other authorities, containing, I believe, no original information, are as follows:Humboldt,Essai Pol., pp. 297-8;Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 82;Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 361;Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 19;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 396, with cut;Id.,Observations, p. 15;Id.,Mex. as it Was, p. 239;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 197;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 68-9;Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 297;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., pp. 186-8;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 381-4;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 309-14;Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., p. 135;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., p. 12;Long's Amer. and W. I., pp. 180-1;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., pp. 453;Mill's Hist. Mex., pp. 192-3;Monglave,Résumé, p. 176;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 435-6;Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 532;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 284-6, 261;Froebel,Aus Amer., tom. ii., pp. 451-2;Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem., pp. 86-7;Id.,Ancient Mex., vol. i., p. 104;Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book, p. 669;Robinson's Cal., pp. 93-4;Velasco, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. xi., p. 96;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 347;DeBercy,L'Europe et L'Amér., pp. 238-9;Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 40, 46, 52;San Francisco Chronicle, Jan. 15, 1875;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 299-300;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 219.[XI-12]Adobes are properly sun-dried bricks without any particular reference to the exact quality or proportions of the ingredients, many varieties of earth or clay being employed, according to the locality and the nature of the structure, with or without a mixture of straw or pebbles. But adobe is a very convenient word to indicate the material itself without reference to the form and size of its blocks or the exact nature of its ingredients; and such a use of the word seems allowable.[XI-13]Smithsonian Rept., 1869, p. 326;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 41, 161-2.[XI-14]36 by 21 paces,Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., p. 283; 70 by 50 feet, outer walls 6 feet thick, inner 4 feet,Font's Journal, MS., pp. 8-9; walls between 4 and 5 feet thick,Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 272; 60 feet square,Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 81.[XI-15]Central rooms, 26 by 10 feet; the others 38 by 12 feet.Font's Journal, MS., p. 9.[XI-16]It will be noticed that although Mr Bartlett speaks of an entrance in the centre of each side, his plan shows none in the south. 'Il n'existe point de portes au rez-de-chaussée.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 361.[XI-17]Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., pp. 282-3.[XI-18]Browne's Apache Country, p. 118.[XI-19]Johnston, inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 598.[XI-20]Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 462-3;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 297.[XI-21]Johnston, inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 598.[XI-22]'Habia tambien seis leguas distante del rio hácia el Sur, un algive de agua hecho á mano mas que cuadrado ó paralelo, grande de sesenta varas de largo y cuarenta de ancho; sus bordos parecian paredes ó pretil de argamasa ó cal y canto, segun lo fuerte y duro del material, y por sus cuatro ángulos tiene sus puertas por donde se conduce y se recoge el agua llovediza.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 848. 'Se ven algunas paredes de un gran estanque, hecho á mano de cal y canto, y una acequia de los mismos materiales.'Velarde, inId., série iv., tom. i., p. 362.[XI-23]'Paredes muy altas y anchas de mas de una vara, de un género de barro blanco muy fuerte, cuadrada, y muy grande.'Bernal, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 801. 'Paredes de dos varas de grueso, como un castillo y otras á sus contornos, pero todo de fábrica antigua.'Mange,Itinerario, inId., série iv., tom. i., p. 282;Sonora,Rudo Ensayo, p. 19;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 83. Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 73, speaks of a circular depression in the earth at this point.[XI-24]Johnston, inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 600.[XI-25]Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 847. There is no foundation whatever for the statement of Mofras that in this region 'en faisant des fouilles on trouve encore des idoles, des poteries, des armes, et des miroirs en pierre poli nommées itzli.'Explor., tom. ii., p. 361.[XI-26]Velarde, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., p. 363.[XI-27]Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv. p. 847.[XI-28]Velarde, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., pp. 348, 363. 'De otros edificios de mas extencion, arte y simetria, he oido referir al Padre Ygnacio Xavier Keller, aunque no tengo presente en que paraje de sus Apostolicas carreras.'Sonora,Rudo Ensayo, pp. 19-20.[XI-29]Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 87-8, 134;Johnston, inId., p. 600;Cincinnatus' Travels, p. 356.[XI-30]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45, 47.[XI-31]Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 242-8, with a cut of one of the heaps of ruins.Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 308-9. Cuts of many specimens of pottery from the Gila Valley, inJohnston, inEmory's Reconnoissance, pp. 596, 600.[XI-32]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 14-15.[XI-33]Mr Leroux also reported to Bartlett the existence in the Verde valley of heaps of débris like those on the Salado.Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 247. Mention of Verde remains.Warden,Recherches, p. 79;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 140-2;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538. Pike,Explor. Trav., p. 336, says very absurdly, "Those walls are of a black cement which encreases in stability with age, and bids defiance to the war of time; the secret of its composition is now entirely lost."[XI-34]Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 91-4;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 348-9. Möllhausen was the artist connected with Whipple's expedition.[XI-35]Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 63-9, 80, 133-4, with cuts and plates;Johnston, inId., pp. 581-96;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 23, with cut illustrating the lines of foundation-stones.Froebel,Aus Amer., tom. ii., p. 421;Id.,Cent. Amer., p. 488, with cut of hieroglyphics. Two plates of colored fragments of pottery, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 82-5, vol. vi., p. 68. Respecting the builders of the ruined structures, seeGarcés,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., pp. 320, 329;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 161-2;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 847. Other references on Gila remains are:Sonora,Rudo Ensayo, p. 19, with cut of labyrinth;Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 375-6;Fremont, inCal., Past, Pres. and Future, p. 144;Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 46;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 422-3;Id.,Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., pp. 514-15, 568;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 382-3;Cal. Farmer, Feb. 28, 1862;Cincinnatus' Travels, pp. 355-7;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 293-4. I find an account going the rounds of the newspapers of a wonderful group of ruins 'on the Gila some miles east of Florence,' discovered by Lieut. Ward. They consist of very extensive fortifications, and other structures built of hewn stone, the walls being yet twelve feet high, and two towers standing 26 and 31 feet respectively. Copper and stone implements, golden ornaments and stone vases were found here. Finally, the whole account is doubtless a hoax.[XI-36]A writer in theN. Y. Tribune,—seeHist. Mag., vol. x., suppl., p. 95—describes a pyramid on the Colorado River, without giving the locality. It is 104 feet square, 20 feet high, and has at present a summit platform. It seems, however, to have been originally pointed, judging from the débris. The material is hewn stone in blocks from 18 to 36 inches thick, those of the outer facing being out at an angle. This report is perhaps founded on some of the ruins on the Colorado Chiquito yet to be mentioned, or quite as probably it has no foundation whatever. 'Upon the lower part of the Rio Colorado no traces of permanent dwellings have been discovered.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 15. Arizona miners occasionally refer to the ruins of old Indian buildings on the Colorado, 40 miles above La Paz, on the eastern side, similar in character to those of the Gila. On Ehrenberg'sMap of Arizona, 1858, they are so located, and that is all that is known of them.San Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 14, 1864.[XI-37]Cal. Farmer, March 27, 1863.[XI-38]Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 376;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 106-7.[XI-39]Sitgreaves' Report, Zuñi and Colorado Rivers, 1853, pp. 8-9;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 81, 46-50;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 117, no details;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 306-8;Id.,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 148-50, 164-5, 399-401;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 253, vol. vi., p. 68, plates of inscriptions;Hay, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. i., p. 29;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 146-7. A writer in theSan Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 3, 1868, says that the most extensive ruins in Arizona or New Mexico are situated above the high falls of the Little Colorado, 20 miles north of the San Francisco Mountains. They extend for miles along the river, and include well-made walls of hewn stone now standing to the height of six or eight feet. Both streets and irrigating canals may be traced for miles. This writer speaks of the Jesuit inscriptions. According to an article in theSan Francisco Heraldof 1853, quoted in theCal. Farmerof June 22, 1860, Capt. Joseph Walker found some remarkable ruins on the Colorado Chiquito in 1850. He speaks of 'a kind of a citadel, around which lay the ruins of a city more than a mile in length.' The streets were still traceable, running at right angles. The buildings were all of stone 'reduced to ruins by the action of some great heat which had evidently passed over the whole country.... All the stones were burnt, some of them almost cindered, others glazed as if melted. This appearance was visible in every ruin he met with. A storm of fire seemed to have swept over the whole country and the inhabitants must have fallen before it.' The central building with walls 15 or 18 feet long and 10 feet high, of hewn stone, stood on a rock 20 or 30 feet high, itself fused by the heat. The ruins seen by Walker were in all probability similar to those described by Sitgreaves, and the Captain, or the writer of this article, drew heavily on his imagination for many of his facts.[XI-40]Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 76.[XI-41]Möllhausen's Journey, vol. ii., p. 121.[XI-42]Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 73-4;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 255.[XI-43]Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 6;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Repts, vol. pp. 71, 39.[XI-44]Whipple, et al., inPac. R. R. Repts, vol. iii., pp. 69, 39-41, 45-6, with view of ruins;Möllhausen's Journey, vol. ii., p. 96, cut of altar;Id.,Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 196, 402;Id.,Tagebuch, pp. 283-4, 278, with cut of altar;Simpson, inSmithsonian Rept., 1869, pp. 329-32;Davis' El Gringo, p. 128;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 211-13;Barber and Howe's Western States, p. 553;Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book, pp. 310-12.[XI-45]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45-6.[XI-46]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 95-7;Möllhausen's Journey, vol. ii., p. 82;Id.,Tagebuch, pp. 275-7;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 39. Col. Doniphan found in 1846 on the head-waters of the Piscao (Pescado, Zuñi?) the ruins of an ancient city, which formed a square surrounded by double walls of stone 14 feet apart. The space between the walls was divided into compartments 14 feet square, opening into the interior. The houses were three stories high, the lower story being partially subterranean. Large quantities of red cedar, apparently cut for firewood, were found in connection with the buildings.Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 197-8. Simpson explored the stream to its source, and found no ruins except three at Ojo del Pescado, which were probably the same on which Doniphan's report was founded, although there is no resemblance in the descriptions.[XI-47]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 93-109, pl. 60-1, views of cliff; pl. 65-74, inscriptions; pl. 63, ground plan of building; pl. 64, pottery; cut p. 100, plan of rock.Whipple, et al., inPac. R. R. Repts, vol. iii., pp. 22, 52, 63-4, with plates;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 266-72, pl. of plan and pottery;Id.,Journey, vol. ii., pp. 68-79, 52, pl.;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 208-9, 415-18;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 422-3;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 147;Barber and Howe's Western States, p. 561.[XI-48]Dominguez and Escalante,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., pp. 400-2. A correspondent of theSan Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 8, 1864, says that the San Juan valley is strewn with ruins for hundreds of miles, some buildings three stories high of solid masonry still standing. Davis,El Gringo, p. 417, had heard of some ruins on the northern bank of the San Juan, but none further north. 'The valleys of the Rio de las Animas and San Juan are strewn with the ruins of cities, many of them of solid masonry. Stone buildings, three stories high, are yet standing, of Aztec architecture.'Baker, inCal. Farmer, June 19, 1863.[XI-49]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 74-5, pl. 53-4. Other slight accounts made up from Simpson:Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 201;Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, p. 362;Barber and Howe's Western States, pp. 559-60, with cut.[XI-50]Dr Hammond, a companion of Simpson, describes this room as follows: 'It was in the second of three ranges of rooms, on the north side of the ruins. The door opened at the base of the wall, towards the interior of the building; it had never been more than two feet and a half high, and was filled two-thirds with rubbish. The lintels were of natural sticks of wood, one and a half to two and a half inches in diameter, deprived of the bark, and placed at distances of two or three inches apart; yet their ends were attached to each other by withes of oak with its bark well preserved. The room was in the form of a parallelogram, about twelve feet in length, eight feet high, and the walls, as they stood at the time of observation, seven feet high. The floor was of earth, and the surface irregular. The walls were about two feet thick, and plastered within with a layer of red mud one fourth of an inch thick. The latter, having fallen off in places, showed the material of the wall to be sandstone. The stone was ground into pieces the size of our ordinary bricks, the angles not as perfectly formed, though nearly so, and put up in break-joints, having intervals between them, on every side, of about two inches. The intervals were filled with laminæ of a dense sandstone, about three lines in thickness, driven firmly in, and broken off even with the general plane of the wall—the whole resembling mosaic work. Niches, varying in size from two inches to two feet and a half square, and two inches to one and a half feet in horizontal depth, were scattered irregularly over the walls, at various heights above the floor. Near the place of the ceiling, the walls were penetrated, and the surfaces of them perpendicular to the length of the beam. They had the appearance of having been sawed off originally, except that there were no marks of the saw left on them; time had slightly disintegrated the surfaces, rounding the edges somewhat here and there. Supporting the floor above were six cylindrical beams, about seven inches in diameter, passing transversely of the room, and at distances of less than two feet apart—the branches of the trees having been hewn off by means of a blunt-edged instrument. Above, and resting on these, running longitudinally with the room, were poles of various lengths, about two inches in diameter, irregularly straight, placed in contact with each other, covering all the top of the room, bound together at irregular and various distances, generally at their ends, by slips apparently of palm-leaf or marquez, and the same material converted into cords about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, formed of two strands, hung from the poles at several points. Above, and resting upon the poles, closing all above, passing transversely of the room, were planks of about seven inches wide, and three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The width of the plank was uniform, and so was the thickness. They were in contact, or nearly so, admitting but little more than the passage of a knife blade between them, by the edges, through the whole of their lengths. They were not jointed; all their surfaces were level, and as smooth as if planed, excepting the ends; the angles as regular and perfect as could be retained by such vegetable matter—they are probably of pine or cedar—exposed to the atmosphere for as long a time as it is probable these have been. The ends of the plank, several of which were in view, terminated in lines perpendicular to the length of the plank, and the plank appears to have been severed by a blunt instrument. The planks—I examined them minutely by the eye and the touch, for the marks of the saw and other instruments—were smooth, and colored brown by time or by smoke. Beyond the plank nothing was distinguishable from within. The room was redolent with the perfume of cedar. Externally, upon the top, was a heap of stone and mud, ruins that have fallen from above, immovable by the instruments that we had along. The beams were probably severed by contusions from a dull instrument, and their surfaces ground plain and smooth by a slab of rock; and the planks, split or hewn from the trees, were, no doubt, rendered smooth by the same means.'Hammond, inSimpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 131-3.[XI-51]Chaco ruins as discovered by Simpson: Pueblo Pintado, 403 feet circumference, 3 stories, 54 rooms on ground floor, pp. 34-6, pl. 20, 22, 41; view, specimens of masonry, and of pottery. Rock-inscriptions at Camp 9, p. 36, pl. 23-5. Pueblo Weje-gi, 13 miles from Pueblo Pintado, 700 feet in circumference, 99 rooms, walls 25 feet high, pp. 36-7, pl. 26-7; view and ground plan. Pueblo Una Vida, 15½ miles from Pueblo Pintado, circumference 994 feet, height 15 feet, 2 stories, 4 estufas, pp. 37-8, pl. 28-9; view and ground plan. Pueblo Hungo Pavie, 872 feet circumference, 30 feet high, 4 stories, 72 rooms, 1 estufa, p. 38, pl. 30-2; plan, pottery, and restoration (all copied above). Pueblo Chettro Kettle, circumference 1300 feet, 4 stories, 124 rooms, 6 estufas, pp. 38-40, pl. 33-5; plan, interior, hieroglyphics. Pueblo Bonito, circumference 1300 feet, 4 stories, 139 rooms traceable, 4 estufas, pp. 40-2, 131-3, pl. 36-38, 40-41; view, plan, interior, pottery, specimen of masonry. Pueblo Arroyo, 100 feet circumference, 2 undescribed ruins near it, p. 42. Pueblo Peñasco Blanco, on south side of river, 1700 feet circumference, 112 rooms, 3 stories, 7 estufas, pp. 42-3, pl. 41, fig. 2; specimen of masonry.Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 34-43, 131-3. Slight account from Simpson, inDomenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 199-200, 379-81, 385;Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, pp. 362-3;Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 86-9, cut;Barber and Howe's Western States, pp. 556-9, cuts;Thümmel,Mexiko, pp. 347-8. A newspaper report of a ruin discovered by one Roberts may be as well mentioned here as elsewhere, although the locality given is 90 miles within the Arizona line, while the Chaco remains are in New Mexico. This city was built on a mesa with precipitous sides, and covered an area of 3 square miles, being enclosed by a wall of hewn sandstone, still standing in places 6 or 8 feet high. No remains of timber were found in the city, which must have contained originally 20,000 inhabitants. It was laid out in plazas and streets, and the walls bore sculptured hieroglyphics.San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 12, 1872. See alsoAlta California, June 26, 1874. I give but few of these newspaper reports as specimens; a volume might be filled with them, without much profit.[XI-52]Davis' list of Pueblo towns is as follows:—Taos, Picoris, Nambé, Tezuque, Pojuaque, San Juan, San Yldefonso, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Cochiti, Isleta, Silla, Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, Zuñi, Sandia, Santa Clara.El Gringo, p. 115. Barreiro,Ojeada, p. 15, adds Pecos, and omits San Juan. Simpson,Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 114, says that Cebolleta, Covero, and Moquino, are not properly Indian pueblos, but ordinary Mexican towns.[XI-53]See vol. i., pp. 533-8.[XI-54]Abert's New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 457;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 141-2. See alsoGregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 276-7. This author says there is a similar edifice in the pueblo of Picuris.Edwards' Campaign, pp. 43-4;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 191-2. On the Arroyo Hondo 10 miles north of Taos, Mr Peters,Life of Carson, p. 437, speaks of the remains of the largest Aztec settlement in New Mexico, consisting of small cobble-stones in mud, pottery, arrow-heads, stone pipes, and rude tools.[XI-55]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 114.[XI-56]Abert's New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 470-1, with 3 views. The most ancient and extraordinary of all the Pueblos, on a table of 60 acres, 360 feet above the plain. Identical with Coronado's Acuco.Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 202-3;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 277-8.[XI-57]Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 277;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 121; view of San Felipe, inAbert's New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 461.[XI-58]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 13-4. 'The houses of this town are built in blocks.' 'To enter, you ascend to this platform by the means of ladders;' windows in the upper part of the lower story.Abert's New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 462, with view;Möllhausen's Journey, p. 231, with view;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 197.[XI-59]Meline's Two Thousand Miles, pp. 206-7.[XI-60]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 90-3. 'It is divided into four solid squares, having but two streets, crossing its centre at right angles. All the buildings are two stories high, composed of sun-dried brick. The first story presents a solid wall to the street, and is so constructed, that each house joins, until one fourth of the city may be said to be one building. The second stories rise from this vast, solid structure, so as to designate each house, leaving room to walk upon the roof of the first story between each building.'Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 195; see alsoWhipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 67-8, with view;Möllhausen's Journey, p. 97.[XI-61]Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 119-24, with plates.[XI-62]'Each pueblo contains anestufa, which is used both as a council-chamber and a place of worship, where they practice such of their heathen rites as still exist among them. It is built partly under ground, and is considered a consecrated and holy place. Here they hold all their deliberations upon public affairs, and transact the necessary business of the village.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 142. 'In the west end of the town [S. Domingo] is anestuffa, or public building, in which the people hold their religious and political meetings. The structure, which is built ofadobes, is circular in plan, about nine feet in elevation, and thirty-five feet in diameter, and, with no doors or windows laterally, has a small trap-door in the terrace or flat roof by which admission is gained.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 62. Estufa at Jemez, with plates of paintings.Id., pp. 21-2, pl. 7-11.[XI-63]Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 30, with plate;Abert's New Mex., inId., pp. 446-7, 483, with plate;Davis' El Gringo, p. 55;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 74-5;Meline's Two Thousand Miles, pp. 255-8;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 270-3;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 293-8;Cutt's Conq. of Cal., p. 79;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 164-5,Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 79, with cut.[XI-64]Gage's New Survey, p. 162;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 164-5;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 70, 123-7;Abert's New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, pp. 488-9;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 182-3;Wizlizenus' Tour, p. 25;Carleton's Ruins of Abó, inSmithsonian Rept., 1854, pp. 300-15;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. i., pp. 718-25, 229, 239, 267-72;Id.,Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 296, 405-6;Froebel's Cent. Amer., p. 301;Id.,Aus Amer., tom. ii., pp. 150-2;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 298-9. Abert, inEmory's Reconnoissance, pp. 466-7, 484, tells us that at Tezique the ruins of the ancient Indian town are partially covered with the buildings of the modern; also that at Poblazon, on the Puerco River, the principal ruins of stone are arranged in a square with sides of 200 yards, but other remains are scattered in the vicinity, including a circular and one elliptical enclosure. According to Gregg,Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 71, the inhabitants were driven from Valverde, on the Rio Grande, by the Navajos. Möllhausen,Journey, vol. ii., p. 55, speaks of ruins on rocky heights two miles from Laguna. 'The ruins of what is usually calledOld San Felipeare plainly visible, perched on the edge of the mésa, about a mile above the present town, on the west side of the river.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 121.[XI-65]Froebel,Aus Amer., tom. ii., pp. 166, 469;Johnston, inCutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 183;Newberry, inCal. Farmer, April 10, 1863.[XI-66]Abert,New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, pp. 489-92, identifies Cíbola with Acoma and the six adjoining Pueblo towns; and Morgan, inN. Amer. Review, April, 1869, with the Chaco ruins.[XI-67]SeeCastañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 42, 69-71. 'Veynte y quatro leguas de aqui, hazia el Poniente, dieron con vna Prouincia, que se nombra en lengua de los naturales Zuny, y la llaman los Espannoles Cibola, ay en ella gran cantidad de Indios, en la qual estuuo Francisco Vasquez Coronado, y dexo muchas Cruzes puestas, y otras sennales de Christianidad que siempre se estauan en pie. Hallaron ansi mesmo tres Indios Christianos que se auian quedado de aquella jornada, cuyos nombres eran Andres de Cuyoacan, Gaspar de Mexico, y Antonio de Guadalajara, los quales tenian casi oluidada su mesma lengua, y sabian muy bien la delos naturales, aunque a pocas bueltas que les hablaron se entendieron facilmente.'Espejo,Viaje, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 387. Hakluyt says the narrative is fromMendoza,Hist. China, Madrid, 1586; but nothing of the kind appears in the Spanish edition of that work, 1596, or in the Italian edition of 1586.[XI-68]Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 82, 133;Abert's New Mex., inId., p. 484;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45, 47;Whipple, inId., pp. 64, 69, 73, 76, 91;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 245-7;Browne's Apache Country, p. 118;Cal. Farmer, June 22, 1860.[XI-69]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 48-9; alsoWhipple, inId., pp. 64-5, 69, 73, 76, 81. Of the cut given above, fig. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13-4, 17, 21, 24, 28, 31-2, are from the Colorado Chiquito; fig. 22, 27, are from Zuñi, and modern; fig. 34, from the Cosnino caves, the ornaments having been put on after the vessel had hardened; fig. 25, 29, 30, 35, are not painted, but incrusted or indented. 'It is a singular fact, that, although some of the most time-worn carvings upon rocks are of animals and men, ancient pottery contains no such representations. Upon one fragment, indeed, found upon Rio Gila, was pictured a turtle and a piece of pottery picked up near the same place was moulded into the form of a monkey's head. These appeared to be ancient, and afforded exceptions to the rule.'Id., p. 65. Cut of a fragment and comparison with one found in Indiana.Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 249-50.[XI-70]Möllhausen's Journey, vol. i., p. 264, vol. ii., p. 52, with pl.;Id.,Tagebuch, pp. 168-70;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 170-6;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 161-2, 419-20.[XI-71]See vol. ii., p. 533, et seq.[XI-72]SeeSimpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 20-2, pl. 7-11.[XI-73]Froebel's Cent. Amer., p. 521.[XII-1]'Since the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock, down to the present moment, relics of a lost race have been exhumed from beneath the surface of terra firma in various parts of the continent. While every section of the United States has produced more or less of these ancient remnants, California has, perhaps, yielded more in proportion to the extent of territory, than any other part of the Union.'Carpenter, inHesperian, vol. v., p. 357.[XII-2]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 179;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862;Cal. Farmer, Dec. 14, 1860.[XII-3]Blake, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. v., p. 117.[XII-4]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862.[XII-5]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 42.[XII-6]Blake, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. v., pp. 56-7;Cal. Farmer, March 28, 1862, Dec. 21, 1860. Also pottery, painted and carved cliff-inscriptions, and lines of large stones on the hill-tops.Alta California, July, 1860.[XII-7]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862. 'On the South Tule river, twelve miles from the valley, is what is called the Painted Rock—a smooth flat rock horizontally supported by perpendicular walls on either side about seven feet from the ground, with a surface of 200 square feet smooth and level on the walled sides on which is painted in no very artistic style, representations of animals, reptiles, and birds, and rude paintings of men, women, and children. The painting has without doubt been done by the present race of Indians. None of the Indians now living, however, have any knowledge or tradition by whom or when it was done. This rock and the remains of their habitations in many localities on the different streams, are the only indications of their long occupancy of this valley.'Maltby(Indian Agent at Tule River), letter of Aug. 10, 1872, MS. Painted figures in a large cave near the hot springs of Tularcitos hills, east of Monterey; also on headwaters of the San Juan or Estrella creek.Cal. Farmer, April 5, 1860.[XII-8]Schumacher,Some Articles found in Ancient Graves of California, MSS., presented by the author.[XII-9]Taylor's Indianology, inCal. Farmer, Jan. 17, 1862, March 9, 1860.

[X-17]Retes, inMuseo Mex., 2da época, tom. i., pp. 3-6.

[X-18]Id., p. 6.

[X-19]Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 322-3.

[X-20]Bustamante, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. i., pp. 56-7.

[X-21]Castillo, inId., 2da época, tom. iv., pp. 107-8.

[X-22]Berlandier and Thovel,Diario, p. 25.

[X-23]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iii., pp. 278-9, preceded by an account quoted from Torquemada.

[X-24]Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 225-44.

[X-25]Esparza,Informe, pp. 56-8. The same report also published in 1843, in theMuseo Mex., tom. i., p. 185, et seq., with some remarks by the editor, who saw the ruins in 1831. The article also includes a quotation fromFrejes,Conquista de Zacatecas, an attempt to clear up the origin and history of the ruined city, and a plate reduced from Nebel.

[X-26]Burkart,Aufenthalt, tom. ii., pp. 97-105.

[X-27]Viaje.His Mexican trip began in 1831,Soc. Géog., Bulletin, tom. xv., No. 95, p. 141, and Burkart met him in Zacatecas some time before 1834.

[X-28]Other accounts containing no additional information, and made up, except one or two, from the authorities already mentioned:—Gil, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., pp. 441-2;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 240-6;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 317-23, Lyon's description and Nebel's plate;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 581;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 90-5;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 492;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 204;Frost's Pict. Hist. Mex., pp. 58-66;Id.,Great Cities, pp. 304-12, cuts;Rio,Beschreib. einer alt. Stadt, appendix, pp. 70-5.

[X-29]Tello,Fragmentos, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. ii., p. 344.

[X-30]Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., pp. 441-2, 496;Frejes, inMuseo Mex., tom. i., pp. 186-9;Lyon's Journal, vol. i., p. 243.

[X-31]The explanation of the plan by the lettering given in Nebel's work is as follows: A i., A ii., A iii., A iv. Temples and structures connected therewith. B. Enclosing walls. C. Walls supporting terraces. D. Pyramids in the interior of temples. E. Isolated Pyramids. F. Ruins of dwellings. G. Stairways. H. Ancient roads. J. Kind of a 'plaza de armas.' K. Fortifications. L. Small stairways leading to the court of the temple. M. A small altar. N. Ancient foundations. O. Batteries in the form of flat roofs (azotéas). P. Modern cross on the summit of the hill. Q. Well. R. Large hall with 11 columns to support the roof. S. Two columns. T. Rock. U. Stream.

[X-32]Rivera, pp. 56-8, says that the causeway leading toward the hacienda runs S.E.

[X-33]Frejes, inMuseo Mex., tom. i., p. 186, speaks of 'tres calzadas de seis varas de ancho que por líneas divergentes corren al mediodía algunas leguas hasta perderse de vista.'

[X-34]Lyon.According to theMuseo Mex., tom. i., p. 187, it is 5 or 6 varas high and 10 thick.

[X-35]Burkart gives the dimensions as 194 by 232 Rhenish feet, somewhat larger than English feet; Rivera says 35 or 40 varas square. This author also noticed on the slope of the hill before reaching the steepest part, a pyramid about 20 feet high and 11 feet square, now truncated but apparently pointed in its original condition. This was probably the heap of stones mentioned above.

[X-36]Burkart implies that the terrace extends entirely round the square, forming a sunken basin 4 or 5 feet deep; and this is probably the case, as it agrees with the plan of some other structures on the hill.

[X-37]Lyon says 137 by 154 feet; Rivera, 50 to 60 varas, with walls 8 to 9 varas high.

[X-38]Burkart gives the dimensions of the pyramid as 30 feet square and 30 feet high; and of the altar in front as 6 feet square and 6 feet high.

[X-39]'Tiene este pueblo [Teul] por cabeza un cerro al principio cuadrado como de peña tajada, y arriba otro cerro redondo, y encima del primero hay tanta capacidad que caben mas de veinte mil indios.... En este monte estaba una sala, en donde estaba su ídolo, que llamaban el Teotl ... tiene más una pila de losas de junturas de cinco varas de largo y tres de ancho, y mas ancha de arriba que de abajo.... Esta pila tiene dos entradas; la una en la esquina que mira al Norte, con cinco gradas, y la otra que mira en esquina al Sur, con otras cinco: no lejos de esta pila, como dos tiros de arcabuz, están dos montecillos que eran los osarios de los indios que sacrificaban.'Tello, inIcazbalceta,Col. de Doc., tom. ii., pp. 362-4;Id., inBeaumont,Crón. Mechoacan, MS., p. 300; description of the temple,Gil, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. viii., p. 497; mention of ruins,Frejes, inMuseo Mex., tom. i., p. 186; stone axes,Esparza,Informe, p. 7; concealed temples and idols,Arlegui,Chrón. Zacatecas, p. 95.

[X-40]Mayer's Mex. as it Was, p. 98;Cabrera, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iv., p. 24;Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, p. 361.

[X-41]Furber's Twelve Months Volunteer, pp. 387-8.

[X-42]Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 141-2.

[X-43]Norman's Rambles by Land and Water, pp. 169-70.

[X-44]Norman's Rambles by Land and Water, pp. 121-37.

[X-45]Lyon's Journal, vol. i., pp. 21, 28, 114. Mention of Tamaulipas antiquities from Norman and Lyon, inMayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., pp. 207-9;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 581. Newspaper account of some relics of Christianity, inCronise's California, p. 30.

[X-46]Berlandier and Thovel,Diario, p. 151.

[X-47]Wizlizenus' Tour, pp. 69, 70. This author says the bodies are supposed to belong to the Lipans.Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 518;Severn's Journal, vol. xxx., p. 38;Mayer's Mex. as it Was, pp. 239-40;Id.,Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 333;Silliman's Jour., vol. xxxvi., p. 200;Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iii., pp. 160-1;Pac. Monthly, vol. xi., p. 783;Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1839, tom. lxxxi., pp. 126-7;Lemprière's Notes in Mex., p. 135;Avila, inAlbum Mex., tom. i., pp. 465-8;Alegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. i., p. 418;Ribas,Hist. de los Triumphos, p. 685.

[X-48]Donnavan's Adven., pp. 30-1.

[X-49]Larios, inAlegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., pp. 54-5;Ribas,Hist. de los Triumphos, p. 583;Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 318.

[X-50]Arlegui,Chrón. Zacatecas, pp. 6, 67.

[X-51]Ramirez,Noticias Hist. de Durango, pp. 6-9;Id., inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. v., pp. 10-11.

[X-52]Doc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. v., pp. 213, 254.

[X-53]Clavigero,Storia della Cal., tom. i., pp. 107-9;Doc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. v., pp. 213, 254;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, Dec. 21, 1860, Nov. 22, 1861, Jan. 10, 1862;Hesperian, vol. iii., p. 530.

[X-54]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 16, 1864;Cal. Farmer, March 20, 1863, April 4, 1862;Doc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., pp. 626-7.

[X-55]Hardy's Trav., p. 467.

[X-56]Lamberg, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., p. 25.

[X-57]García Conde,Ensayo sobre Chihuahua, p. 74.

[X-58]Robertson's Hist. Amer., vol. i., p. 269.

[X-59]Arlegui,Chrón. Zacatecas, pp. 104-5. Same inPadilla,Conq. N. Galicia, MS., pp. 484-5.

[X-60]Clavigero,Storia Ant. del Messico, tom. i., p. 159;Heredia y Sarmiento,Sermon, pp. 89-90.

[X-61]Escudero,Noticias Estad. del Estado de Chihuahua, pp. 234-5; repeated inGarcía Conde,Ensayo sobre Chihuahua, p. 74;Orozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 110-11.

[X-62]Album Mex., tom. i., pp. 374-5.

[X-63]Hardy's Trav., pp. 465-6.

[X-64]Wizlizenus' Tour, pp. 59-60.

[X-65]Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 347-64. Other compiled accounts may be found inMayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 339;Armin,Das Heutige Mex., pp. 269-70;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 312-13;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 525;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 347;Ranking's Hist. Researches, pp. 282-3;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 216;Willson's Amer. Hist., p. 561;Gordon's Ancient Mex., vol. i., p. 105;Gregory's Hist. Mex., p. 71.

[X-66]Although the dimensions in theAlbumare given as 414 by 1380 feet, probably including some structures reckoned by Bartlett as detached.

[XI-1]Cal., Past, Pres. and Future, p. 145.

[XI-2]Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 195, 206;Froebel,Aus Amer., tom. ii., p. 468;Id.,Cent. Amer., pp. 519-24;Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 82, 89-91, with plate.

[XI-3]Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 40-1, 161-2. Two other accounts of the trip were written—one by Juan Jaramillo, which may be found in the same volume of Ternaux-Compans' work; and the second by Coronado himself, an Italian translation of which appeared inRamusio,Navigationi, tom. iii., fol. 359, et seq., and an English translation inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 373, et seq. For an abstract of the trip and discussion about the location of the route, seeGallatin, inAmer. Ethno. Soc., Transact., vol. ii.;Squier, inAmerican Reviewfor November, 1848;Whipple, et al., inPac. R. R. Repts, vol. iii.; andSimpson, inSmithsonian Rept., 1859, p. 309, et seq. The last is the best article on the subject, and is accompanied by a map. All the accounts mention the fact that the expedition passed through Chichilticale, but only the one quoted describes the building.

[XI-4]"Lo apuntó en embrion por no haber ido yo á este descubrimento."Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., pp. 259, 253, 362-4.

[XI-5]InDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., pp. 282-3. Mange's description is as follows:—'One of them is a large edifice, the principal room in the centre being four stories high, and those adjoining it on its four sides, three stories; with walls two varas thick, of strongargamasa y barro[that is, the material of which adobes are made] so smooth on the inside that they resemble planed boards, and so polished that they shine like Puebla pottery. The corners of the windows, which are square, are very straight and without supports or crosspieces of wood, as if made with a mold; the doors are the same, though, narrow, and by this it is known to be the work of Indians; it is 36 paces long by 21 wide, and is well built. At the distance of an arquebuse-shot are seen twelve other buildings half fallen, also with thick walls; and all the roofs burned out except one low room, which has round beams apparently of cedar, or sabino, small and smooth, and over themotates(reeds) of equal size, and a layer of hard mud and mortar, forming a very curious roof or floor. In the vicinity are seen many other ruins and stories, and heaps of rubbish which cover the ground for two leagues; with much broken pottery, plates, andollasof fine clay painted in various colors and resembling the Guadalajara pottery of New Spain; hence it is inferred that the city was very large and the work of a civilized people under a government. This is verified by a canal which runs from the river over the plain, encircling the settlement, which is in the centre, three leagues in circumference, ten varas wide and four deep, carrying perhaps half the river, and thus serving as a defensive ditch as well as to supply water for the houses and to irrigate the surrounding fields.'

[XI-6]Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 847. Orozco y Berra,Geografía, pp. 108-10, takes this description from Sedelmair's MS. in the Mexican archives, as being written by one who was 'almost the discoverer,' but it is a literal copy of Mange's diary. Mange's diary, so far as it relates to the Casa Grande, is translated inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 301; andBartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 281-2.

[XI-7]'Y vimos toda la vivienda del edificio que es muy grande de quatro altos, cuadradas las paredes y muy gruesas como de dos varas de ancho del dicho barro blanco, y aunque estos jentiles lo han quemado distintas veces, se ven los quatro altos, con buenas salas, aposentos y ventanas curiosamente embarradas por dentro y fuera de manera que están las paredes encaladas y lisas con un barro algo colorado, las puertas muy parejas. Tambien hay inmediatas por fuera once casas algo menores fabricadas con la propia curiosidad de la grande y altas ... y en largo distrito se ve mucha losa quebrada y pintada; tambien se vé una sequia maestra de diez varas de ancho y quatro de alto, y un bordo muy grueso hecho de la misma tierra que va á la casa por un llano.'Bernal, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 804.

[XI-8]Padre Garcés says, 'on this river is situated the house which they call Moctezuma's, and many other ruins of other edifices with very many fragments of pottery both painted and plain. From what I afterwards saw of the Moqui, I have formed a very different idea from that which I before entertained respecting these buildings,' referring to Padre Font for more details.Doc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., p. 242. Font's account is substantially as follows:—'We carefully examined this edifice and its ruins; the echnographical plan of which I here lay down [The plan does not accompany the translation, but I have the same plan in another MS. which I shall presently mention] and the better to understand it I give the following description and explanation. [Here follows an account of the building of the Casa by the Aztecs when the Devil led them through these regions on their way to Anáhuac]. The site on which this house is built is flat on all sides and at the distance of about one league from the river Gila, and the ruins of the houses which composed the town extend more than a league towards the East and the Cardinal points; and all this land is partially covered with pieces of pots, jugs, plates, &c., some common and others painted of different colours, white, blue, red,' &c., very different from the work of the Pimas. A careful measurement made with a lance showed that 'the house forms an oblong square, facing exactly the four Cardinal points ... and round about it there are ruins indicating a fence or wall which surrounded the house and other buildings, particularly in the corners, where it appears that there has been some edifice like an interior castle or watch-tower, for in the angle which faces towards the S.W. there stands a ruin with its divisions and an upper story. The exterior place [plaza] extends from N. to S. 420 feet and from E. to W. 260 feet. The interior of the house consists of five halls, the three middle ones being of one size and the two extreme ones longer.' The three middle ones are 26 by 10 feet, and the others 38 by 12 feet, and all 11 feet high. The inner doors are of equal size, two by five feet, the outer ones being of double width. The inner walls are four feet thick and well plastered, and the outer walls six feet thick. The house is 70 by 50 feet, the walls sloping somewhat on the outside. 'Before the Eastern doorway, separate from the house there is another building,' 26 by 18 feet, 'without counting the thickness of the walls. The timber, it appears, was of pine, and the nearest mountain bearing pine is at the distance of 25 leagues; it likewise bears some mezquite. All the building is of earth, and according to appearances the walls are built in boxes [moldes] of different sizes. A trench leads from the river at a great distance, by which the town was supplied with water; it is now nearly buried up. Finally, it is perceptible that the Edifice had three stories, and if it be true what the Indians say it had 4, the last being a kind of subterranean vault. For the purpose of giving light to the rooms, nothing is seen but the doors and some round holes in the middle of the walls which face to the East and West, and the Indians said that the Prince whom they call the "bitter man" used to salute the sun through these holes (which are pretty large) at its rising and setting. No signs of stairs remain, and we therefore suppose that they must have been of wood, and that they were destroyed when the building was burnt by the Apaches.'Font's Journal, MS., pp. 8-10; also quoted inBartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 278-80; also French translation inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 383-6.

[XI-9]Beaumont,Crón. Mechoacan, MS., pp. 504-8. See an abridged account from the same source inPadilla,Conq. N. Galicia, MS., p. 125;Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 462-3.

[XI-10]Sonora,Rudo Ensayo, pp. 18-9; same also inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., pp. 503-4;Velarde,Descrip. de la Pimería, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., pp. 362-3. This author speaks of 'algunas paredes de un gran estanque, hecho á mano de cal y canto.' Similar account inAlegre,Hist. Comp. de Jesus, tom. ii., pp. 211-12.

[XI-11]Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 81-3;Johnston's Journal, inId., pp. 567-600;Browne's Apache Country, pp. 114-24;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 271-84. Other authorities, containing, I believe, no original information, are as follows:Humboldt,Essai Pol., pp. 297-8;Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 82;Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 361;Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 19;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 396, with cut;Id.,Observations, p. 15;Id.,Mex. as it Was, p. 239;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. ii., p. 197;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 68-9;Buschmann,Spuren der Aztek. Spr., p. 297;Cutts' Conq. of Cal., pp. 186-8;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 381-4;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 309-14;Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., p. 135;Larenaudière,Mex. et Guat., p. 12;Long's Amer. and W. I., pp. 180-1;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., pp. 453;Mill's Hist. Mex., pp. 192-3;Monglave,Résumé, p. 176;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 435-6;Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 532;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 284-6, 261;Froebel,Aus Amer., tom. ii., pp. 451-2;Gordon's Hist. and Geog. Mem., pp. 86-7;Id.,Ancient Mex., vol. i., p. 104;Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book, p. 669;Robinson's Cal., pp. 93-4;Velasco, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. xi., p. 96;Thümmel,Mexiko, p. 347;DeBercy,L'Europe et L'Amér., pp. 238-9;Ruxton, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1850, tom. cxxvi., pp. 40, 46, 52;San Francisco Chronicle, Jan. 15, 1875;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 299-300;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 219.

[XI-12]Adobes are properly sun-dried bricks without any particular reference to the exact quality or proportions of the ingredients, many varieties of earth or clay being employed, according to the locality and the nature of the structure, with or without a mixture of straw or pebbles. But adobe is a very convenient word to indicate the material itself without reference to the form and size of its blocks or the exact nature of its ingredients; and such a use of the word seems allowable.

[XI-13]Smithsonian Rept., 1869, p. 326;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 41, 161-2.

[XI-14]36 by 21 paces,Mange, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., p. 283; 70 by 50 feet, outer walls 6 feet thick, inner 4 feet,Font's Journal, MS., pp. 8-9; walls between 4 and 5 feet thick,Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 272; 60 feet square,Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 81.

[XI-15]Central rooms, 26 by 10 feet; the others 38 by 12 feet.Font's Journal, MS., p. 9.

[XI-16]It will be noticed that although Mr Bartlett speaks of an entrance in the centre of each side, his plan shows none in the south. 'Il n'existe point de portes au rez-de-chaussée.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 361.

[XI-17]Mange,Itinerario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., pp. 282-3.

[XI-18]Browne's Apache Country, p. 118.

[XI-19]Johnston, inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 598.

[XI-20]Arricivita,Crónica Seráfica, pp. 462-3;Humboldt,Essai Pol., tom. i., p. 297.

[XI-21]Johnston, inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 598.

[XI-22]'Habia tambien seis leguas distante del rio hácia el Sur, un algive de agua hecho á mano mas que cuadrado ó paralelo, grande de sesenta varas de largo y cuarenta de ancho; sus bordos parecian paredes ó pretil de argamasa ó cal y canto, segun lo fuerte y duro del material, y por sus cuatro ángulos tiene sus puertas por donde se conduce y se recoge el agua llovediza.'Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 848. 'Se ven algunas paredes de un gran estanque, hecho á mano de cal y canto, y una acequia de los mismos materiales.'Velarde, inId., série iv., tom. i., p. 362.

[XI-23]'Paredes muy altas y anchas de mas de una vara, de un género de barro blanco muy fuerte, cuadrada, y muy grande.'Bernal, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 801. 'Paredes de dos varas de grueso, como un castillo y otras á sus contornos, pero todo de fábrica antigua.'Mange,Itinerario, inId., série iv., tom. i., p. 282;Sonora,Rudo Ensayo, p. 19;Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 83. Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 73, speaks of a circular depression in the earth at this point.

[XI-24]Johnston, inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 600.

[XI-25]Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 847. There is no foundation whatever for the statement of Mofras that in this region 'en faisant des fouilles on trouve encore des idoles, des poteries, des armes, et des miroirs en pierre poli nommées itzli.'Explor., tom. ii., p. 361.

[XI-26]Velarde, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., p. 363.

[XI-27]Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv. p. 847.

[XI-28]Velarde, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iv., tom. i., pp. 348, 363. 'De otros edificios de mas extencion, arte y simetria, he oido referir al Padre Ygnacio Xavier Keller, aunque no tengo presente en que paraje de sus Apostolicas carreras.'Sonora,Rudo Ensayo, pp. 19-20.

[XI-29]Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 87-8, 134;Johnston, inId., p. 600;Cincinnatus' Travels, p. 356.

[XI-30]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45, 47.

[XI-31]Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 242-8, with a cut of one of the heaps of ruins.Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 308-9. Cuts of many specimens of pottery from the Gila Valley, inJohnston, inEmory's Reconnoissance, pp. 596, 600.

[XI-32]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 14-15.

[XI-33]Mr Leroux also reported to Bartlett the existence in the Verde valley of heaps of débris like those on the Salado.Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 247. Mention of Verde remains.Warden,Recherches, p. 79;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 140-2;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 538. Pike,Explor. Trav., p. 336, says very absurdly, "Those walls are of a black cement which encreases in stability with age, and bids defiance to the war of time; the secret of its composition is now entirely lost."

[XI-34]Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 91-4;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 348-9. Möllhausen was the artist connected with Whipple's expedition.

[XI-35]Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 63-9, 80, 133-4, with cuts and plates;Johnston, inId., pp. 581-96;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 23, with cut illustrating the lines of foundation-stones.Froebel,Aus Amer., tom. ii., p. 421;Id.,Cent. Amer., p. 488, with cut of hieroglyphics. Two plates of colored fragments of pottery, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 82-5, vol. vi., p. 68. Respecting the builders of the ruined structures, seeGarcés,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., pp. 320, 329;Castañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 161-2;Sedelmair,Relacion, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série iii., tom. iv., p. 847. Other references on Gila remains are:Sonora,Rudo Ensayo, p. 19, with cut of labyrinth;Villa-Señor y Sanchez,Theatro, tom. ii., pp. 375-6;Fremont, inCal., Past, Pres. and Future, p. 144;Fremont and Emory's Notes of Trav., p. 46;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 422-3;Id.,Nat. Hist. Man, vol. ii., pp. 514-15, 568;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 382-3;Cal. Farmer, Feb. 28, 1862;Cincinnatus' Travels, pp. 355-7;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 293-4. I find an account going the rounds of the newspapers of a wonderful group of ruins 'on the Gila some miles east of Florence,' discovered by Lieut. Ward. They consist of very extensive fortifications, and other structures built of hewn stone, the walls being yet twelve feet high, and two towers standing 26 and 31 feet respectively. Copper and stone implements, golden ornaments and stone vases were found here. Finally, the whole account is doubtless a hoax.

[XI-36]A writer in theN. Y. Tribune,—seeHist. Mag., vol. x., suppl., p. 95—describes a pyramid on the Colorado River, without giving the locality. It is 104 feet square, 20 feet high, and has at present a summit platform. It seems, however, to have been originally pointed, judging from the débris. The material is hewn stone in blocks from 18 to 36 inches thick, those of the outer facing being out at an angle. This report is perhaps founded on some of the ruins on the Colorado Chiquito yet to be mentioned, or quite as probably it has no foundation whatever. 'Upon the lower part of the Rio Colorado no traces of permanent dwellings have been discovered.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 15. Arizona miners occasionally refer to the ruins of old Indian buildings on the Colorado, 40 miles above La Paz, on the eastern side, similar in character to those of the Gila. On Ehrenberg'sMap of Arizona, 1858, they are so located, and that is all that is known of them.San Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 14, 1864.

[XI-37]Cal. Farmer, March 27, 1863.

[XI-38]Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 376;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 106-7.

[XI-39]Sitgreaves' Report, Zuñi and Colorado Rivers, 1853, pp. 8-9;Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 81, 46-50;Ives' Colorado Riv., p. 117, no details;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 306-8;Id.,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 148-50, 164-5, 399-401;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., pp. 253, vol. vi., p. 68, plates of inscriptions;Hay, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. i., p. 29;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 146-7. A writer in theSan Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 3, 1868, says that the most extensive ruins in Arizona or New Mexico are situated above the high falls of the Little Colorado, 20 miles north of the San Francisco Mountains. They extend for miles along the river, and include well-made walls of hewn stone now standing to the height of six or eight feet. Both streets and irrigating canals may be traced for miles. This writer speaks of the Jesuit inscriptions. According to an article in theSan Francisco Heraldof 1853, quoted in theCal. Farmerof June 22, 1860, Capt. Joseph Walker found some remarkable ruins on the Colorado Chiquito in 1850. He speaks of 'a kind of a citadel, around which lay the ruins of a city more than a mile in length.' The streets were still traceable, running at right angles. The buildings were all of stone 'reduced to ruins by the action of some great heat which had evidently passed over the whole country.... All the stones were burnt, some of them almost cindered, others glazed as if melted. This appearance was visible in every ruin he met with. A storm of fire seemed to have swept over the whole country and the inhabitants must have fallen before it.' The central building with walls 15 or 18 feet long and 10 feet high, of hewn stone, stood on a rock 20 or 30 feet high, itself fused by the heat. The ruins seen by Walker were in all probability similar to those described by Sitgreaves, and the Captain, or the writer of this article, drew heavily on his imagination for many of his facts.

[XI-40]Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 76.

[XI-41]Möllhausen's Journey, vol. ii., p. 121.

[XI-42]Whipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 73-4;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, p. 255.

[XI-43]Sitgreaves' Zuñi Ex., p. 6;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Repts, vol. pp. 71, 39.

[XI-44]Whipple, et al., inPac. R. R. Repts, vol. iii., pp. 69, 39-41, 45-6, with view of ruins;Möllhausen's Journey, vol. ii., p. 96, cut of altar;Id.,Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 196, 402;Id.,Tagebuch, pp. 283-4, 278, with cut of altar;Simpson, inSmithsonian Rept., 1869, pp. 329-32;Davis' El Gringo, p. 128;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 211-13;Barber and Howe's Western States, p. 553;Shuck's Cal. Scrap-Book, pp. 310-12.

[XI-45]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45-6.

[XI-46]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 95-7;Möllhausen's Journey, vol. ii., p. 82;Id.,Tagebuch, pp. 275-7;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 39. Col. Doniphan found in 1846 on the head-waters of the Piscao (Pescado, Zuñi?) the ruins of an ancient city, which formed a square surrounded by double walls of stone 14 feet apart. The space between the walls was divided into compartments 14 feet square, opening into the interior. The houses were three stories high, the lower story being partially subterranean. Large quantities of red cedar, apparently cut for firewood, were found in connection with the buildings.Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 197-8. Simpson explored the stream to its source, and found no ruins except three at Ojo del Pescado, which were probably the same on which Doniphan's report was founded, although there is no resemblance in the descriptions.

[XI-47]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 93-109, pl. 60-1, views of cliff; pl. 65-74, inscriptions; pl. 63, ground plan of building; pl. 64, pottery; cut p. 100, plan of rock.Whipple, et al., inPac. R. R. Repts, vol. iii., pp. 22, 52, 63-4, with plates;Möllhausen,Tagebuch, pp. 266-72, pl. of plan and pottery;Id.,Journey, vol. ii., pp. 68-79, 52, pl.;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 208-9, 415-18;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 422-3;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 147;Barber and Howe's Western States, p. 561.

[XI-48]Dominguez and Escalante,Diario, inDoc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., pp. 400-2. A correspondent of theSan Francisco Evening Bulletin, July 8, 1864, says that the San Juan valley is strewn with ruins for hundreds of miles, some buildings three stories high of solid masonry still standing. Davis,El Gringo, p. 417, had heard of some ruins on the northern bank of the San Juan, but none further north. 'The valleys of the Rio de las Animas and San Juan are strewn with the ruins of cities, many of them of solid masonry. Stone buildings, three stories high, are yet standing, of Aztec architecture.'Baker, inCal. Farmer, June 19, 1863.

[XI-49]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 74-5, pl. 53-4. Other slight accounts made up from Simpson:Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 201;Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, p. 362;Barber and Howe's Western States, pp. 559-60, with cut.

[XI-50]Dr Hammond, a companion of Simpson, describes this room as follows: 'It was in the second of three ranges of rooms, on the north side of the ruins. The door opened at the base of the wall, towards the interior of the building; it had never been more than two feet and a half high, and was filled two-thirds with rubbish. The lintels were of natural sticks of wood, one and a half to two and a half inches in diameter, deprived of the bark, and placed at distances of two or three inches apart; yet their ends were attached to each other by withes of oak with its bark well preserved. The room was in the form of a parallelogram, about twelve feet in length, eight feet high, and the walls, as they stood at the time of observation, seven feet high. The floor was of earth, and the surface irregular. The walls were about two feet thick, and plastered within with a layer of red mud one fourth of an inch thick. The latter, having fallen off in places, showed the material of the wall to be sandstone. The stone was ground into pieces the size of our ordinary bricks, the angles not as perfectly formed, though nearly so, and put up in break-joints, having intervals between them, on every side, of about two inches. The intervals were filled with laminæ of a dense sandstone, about three lines in thickness, driven firmly in, and broken off even with the general plane of the wall—the whole resembling mosaic work. Niches, varying in size from two inches to two feet and a half square, and two inches to one and a half feet in horizontal depth, were scattered irregularly over the walls, at various heights above the floor. Near the place of the ceiling, the walls were penetrated, and the surfaces of them perpendicular to the length of the beam. They had the appearance of having been sawed off originally, except that there were no marks of the saw left on them; time had slightly disintegrated the surfaces, rounding the edges somewhat here and there. Supporting the floor above were six cylindrical beams, about seven inches in diameter, passing transversely of the room, and at distances of less than two feet apart—the branches of the trees having been hewn off by means of a blunt-edged instrument. Above, and resting on these, running longitudinally with the room, were poles of various lengths, about two inches in diameter, irregularly straight, placed in contact with each other, covering all the top of the room, bound together at irregular and various distances, generally at their ends, by slips apparently of palm-leaf or marquez, and the same material converted into cords about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, formed of two strands, hung from the poles at several points. Above, and resting upon the poles, closing all above, passing transversely of the room, were planks of about seven inches wide, and three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The width of the plank was uniform, and so was the thickness. They were in contact, or nearly so, admitting but little more than the passage of a knife blade between them, by the edges, through the whole of their lengths. They were not jointed; all their surfaces were level, and as smooth as if planed, excepting the ends; the angles as regular and perfect as could be retained by such vegetable matter—they are probably of pine or cedar—exposed to the atmosphere for as long a time as it is probable these have been. The ends of the plank, several of which were in view, terminated in lines perpendicular to the length of the plank, and the plank appears to have been severed by a blunt instrument. The planks—I examined them minutely by the eye and the touch, for the marks of the saw and other instruments—were smooth, and colored brown by time or by smoke. Beyond the plank nothing was distinguishable from within. The room was redolent with the perfume of cedar. Externally, upon the top, was a heap of stone and mud, ruins that have fallen from above, immovable by the instruments that we had along. The beams were probably severed by contusions from a dull instrument, and their surfaces ground plain and smooth by a slab of rock; and the planks, split or hewn from the trees, were, no doubt, rendered smooth by the same means.'Hammond, inSimpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 131-3.

[XI-51]Chaco ruins as discovered by Simpson: Pueblo Pintado, 403 feet circumference, 3 stories, 54 rooms on ground floor, pp. 34-6, pl. 20, 22, 41; view, specimens of masonry, and of pottery. Rock-inscriptions at Camp 9, p. 36, pl. 23-5. Pueblo Weje-gi, 13 miles from Pueblo Pintado, 700 feet in circumference, 99 rooms, walls 25 feet high, pp. 36-7, pl. 26-7; view and ground plan. Pueblo Una Vida, 15½ miles from Pueblo Pintado, circumference 994 feet, height 15 feet, 2 stories, 4 estufas, pp. 37-8, pl. 28-9; view and ground plan. Pueblo Hungo Pavie, 872 feet circumference, 30 feet high, 4 stories, 72 rooms, 1 estufa, p. 38, pl. 30-2; plan, pottery, and restoration (all copied above). Pueblo Chettro Kettle, circumference 1300 feet, 4 stories, 124 rooms, 6 estufas, pp. 38-40, pl. 33-5; plan, interior, hieroglyphics. Pueblo Bonito, circumference 1300 feet, 4 stories, 139 rooms traceable, 4 estufas, pp. 40-2, 131-3, pl. 36-38, 40-41; view, plan, interior, pottery, specimen of masonry. Pueblo Arroyo, 100 feet circumference, 2 undescribed ruins near it, p. 42. Pueblo Peñasco Blanco, on south side of river, 1700 feet circumference, 112 rooms, 3 stories, 7 estufas, pp. 42-3, pl. 41, fig. 2; specimen of masonry.Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 34-43, 131-3. Slight account from Simpson, inDomenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 199-200, 379-81, 385;Annual Scien. Discov., 1850, pp. 362-3;Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 86-9, cut;Barber and Howe's Western States, pp. 556-9, cuts;Thümmel,Mexiko, pp. 347-8. A newspaper report of a ruin discovered by one Roberts may be as well mentioned here as elsewhere, although the locality given is 90 miles within the Arizona line, while the Chaco remains are in New Mexico. This city was built on a mesa with precipitous sides, and covered an area of 3 square miles, being enclosed by a wall of hewn sandstone, still standing in places 6 or 8 feet high. No remains of timber were found in the city, which must have contained originally 20,000 inhabitants. It was laid out in plazas and streets, and the walls bore sculptured hieroglyphics.San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 12, 1872. See alsoAlta California, June 26, 1874. I give but few of these newspaper reports as specimens; a volume might be filled with them, without much profit.

[XI-52]Davis' list of Pueblo towns is as follows:—Taos, Picoris, Nambé, Tezuque, Pojuaque, San Juan, San Yldefonso, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Cochiti, Isleta, Silla, Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, Zuñi, Sandia, Santa Clara.El Gringo, p. 115. Barreiro,Ojeada, p. 15, adds Pecos, and omits San Juan. Simpson,Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 114, says that Cebolleta, Covero, and Moquino, are not properly Indian pueblos, but ordinary Mexican towns.

[XI-53]See vol. i., pp. 533-8.

[XI-54]Abert's New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 457;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 141-2. See alsoGregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 276-7. This author says there is a similar edifice in the pueblo of Picuris.Edwards' Campaign, pp. 43-4;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 191-2. On the Arroyo Hondo 10 miles north of Taos, Mr Peters,Life of Carson, p. 437, speaks of the remains of the largest Aztec settlement in New Mexico, consisting of small cobble-stones in mud, pottery, arrow-heads, stone pipes, and rude tools.

[XI-55]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 114.

[XI-56]Abert's New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 470-1, with 3 views. The most ancient and extraordinary of all the Pueblos, on a table of 60 acres, 360 feet above the plain. Identical with Coronado's Acuco.Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 202-3;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 277-8.

[XI-57]Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., p. 277;Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 121; view of San Felipe, inAbert's New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 461.

[XI-58]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 13-4. 'The houses of this town are built in blocks.' 'To enter, you ascend to this platform by the means of ladders;' windows in the upper part of the lower story.Abert's New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, p. 462, with view;Möllhausen's Journey, p. 231, with view;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 197.

[XI-59]Meline's Two Thousand Miles, pp. 206-7.

[XI-60]Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 90-3. 'It is divided into four solid squares, having but two streets, crossing its centre at right angles. All the buildings are two stories high, composed of sun-dried brick. The first story presents a solid wall to the street, and is so constructed, that each house joins, until one fourth of the city may be said to be one building. The second stories rise from this vast, solid structure, so as to designate each house, leaving room to walk upon the roof of the first story between each building.'Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., p. 195; see alsoWhipple, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 67-8, with view;Möllhausen's Journey, p. 97.

[XI-61]Ives' Colorado Riv., pp. 119-24, with plates.

[XI-62]'Each pueblo contains anestufa, which is used both as a council-chamber and a place of worship, where they practice such of their heathen rites as still exist among them. It is built partly under ground, and is considered a consecrated and holy place. Here they hold all their deliberations upon public affairs, and transact the necessary business of the village.'Davis' El Gringo, p. 142. 'In the west end of the town [S. Domingo] is anestuffa, or public building, in which the people hold their religious and political meetings. The structure, which is built ofadobes, is circular in plan, about nine feet in elevation, and thirty-five feet in diameter, and, with no doors or windows laterally, has a small trap-door in the terrace or flat roof by which admission is gained.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 62. Estufa at Jemez, with plates of paintings.Id., pp. 21-2, pl. 7-11.

[XI-63]Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 30, with plate;Abert's New Mex., inId., pp. 446-7, 483, with plate;Davis' El Gringo, p. 55;Hughes' Doniphan's Ex., pp. 74-5;Meline's Two Thousand Miles, pp. 255-8;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 270-3;Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., tom. ii., pp. 293-8;Cutt's Conq. of Cal., p. 79;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 164-5,Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 79, with cut.

[XI-64]Gage's New Survey, p. 162;Gregg's Com. Prairies, vol. i., pp. 164-5;Davis' El Gringo, pp. 70, 123-7;Abert's New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, pp. 488-9;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 182-3;Wizlizenus' Tour, p. 25;Carleton's Ruins of Abó, inSmithsonian Rept., 1854, pp. 300-15;Möllhausen,Flüchtling, tom. i., pp. 718-25, 229, 239, 267-72;Id.,Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 296, 405-6;Froebel's Cent. Amer., p. 301;Id.,Aus Amer., tom. ii., pp. 150-2;Gallatin, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1851, tom. cxxxi., pp. 298-9. Abert, inEmory's Reconnoissance, pp. 466-7, 484, tells us that at Tezique the ruins of the ancient Indian town are partially covered with the buildings of the modern; also that at Poblazon, on the Puerco River, the principal ruins of stone are arranged in a square with sides of 200 yards, but other remains are scattered in the vicinity, including a circular and one elliptical enclosure. According to Gregg,Com. Prairies, vol. ii., p. 71, the inhabitants were driven from Valverde, on the Rio Grande, by the Navajos. Möllhausen,Journey, vol. ii., p. 55, speaks of ruins on rocky heights two miles from Laguna. 'The ruins of what is usually calledOld San Felipeare plainly visible, perched on the edge of the mésa, about a mile above the present town, on the west side of the river.'Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., p. 121.

[XI-65]Froebel,Aus Amer., tom. ii., pp. 166, 469;Johnston, inCutts' Conq. of Cal., p. 183;Newberry, inCal. Farmer, April 10, 1863.

[XI-66]Abert,New Mex., inEmory's Reconnoissance, pp. 489-92, identifies Cíbola with Acoma and the six adjoining Pueblo towns; and Morgan, inN. Amer. Review, April, 1869, with the Chaco ruins.

[XI-67]SeeCastañeda, inTernaux-Compans,Voy., série i., tom. ix., pp. 42, 69-71. 'Veynte y quatro leguas de aqui, hazia el Poniente, dieron con vna Prouincia, que se nombra en lengua de los naturales Zuny, y la llaman los Espannoles Cibola, ay en ella gran cantidad de Indios, en la qual estuuo Francisco Vasquez Coronado, y dexo muchas Cruzes puestas, y otras sennales de Christianidad que siempre se estauan en pie. Hallaron ansi mesmo tres Indios Christianos que se auian quedado de aquella jornada, cuyos nombres eran Andres de Cuyoacan, Gaspar de Mexico, y Antonio de Guadalajara, los quales tenian casi oluidada su mesma lengua, y sabian muy bien la delos naturales, aunque a pocas bueltas que les hablaron se entendieron facilmente.'Espejo,Viaje, inHakluyt's Voy., vol. iii., p. 387. Hakluyt says the narrative is fromMendoza,Hist. China, Madrid, 1586; but nothing of the kind appears in the Spanish edition of that work, 1596, or in the Italian edition of 1586.

[XI-68]Emory's Reconnoissance, pp. 82, 133;Abert's New Mex., inId., p. 484;Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 45, 47;Whipple, inId., pp. 64, 69, 73, 76, 91;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., pp. 245-7;Browne's Apache Country, p. 118;Cal. Farmer, June 22, 1860.

[XI-69]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., pp. 48-9; alsoWhipple, inId., pp. 64-5, 69, 73, 76, 81. Of the cut given above, fig. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13-4, 17, 21, 24, 28, 31-2, are from the Colorado Chiquito; fig. 22, 27, are from Zuñi, and modern; fig. 34, from the Cosnino caves, the ornaments having been put on after the vessel had hardened; fig. 25, 29, 30, 35, are not painted, but incrusted or indented. 'It is a singular fact, that, although some of the most time-worn carvings upon rocks are of animals and men, ancient pottery contains no such representations. Upon one fragment, indeed, found upon Rio Gila, was pictured a turtle and a piece of pottery picked up near the same place was moulded into the form of a monkey's head. These appeared to be ancient, and afforded exceptions to the rule.'Id., p. 65. Cut of a fragment and comparison with one found in Indiana.Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 249-50.

[XI-70]Möllhausen's Journey, vol. i., p. 264, vol. ii., p. 52, with pl.;Id.,Tagebuch, pp. 168-70;Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. i., pp. 170-6;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., pp. 161-2, 419-20.

[XI-71]See vol. ii., p. 533, et seq.

[XI-72]SeeSimpson's Jour. Mil. Recon., pp. 20-2, pl. 7-11.

[XI-73]Froebel's Cent. Amer., p. 521.

[XII-1]'Since the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock, down to the present moment, relics of a lost race have been exhumed from beneath the surface of terra firma in various parts of the continent. While every section of the United States has produced more or less of these ancient remnants, California has, perhaps, yielded more in proportion to the extent of territory, than any other part of the Union.'Carpenter, inHesperian, vol. v., p. 357.

[XII-2]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 179;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862;Cal. Farmer, Dec. 14, 1860.

[XII-3]Blake, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. v., p. 117.

[XII-4]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862.

[XII-5]Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii., p. 42.

[XII-6]Blake, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. v., pp. 56-7;Cal. Farmer, March 28, 1862, Dec. 21, 1860. Also pottery, painted and carved cliff-inscriptions, and lines of large stones on the hill-tops.Alta California, July, 1860.

[XII-7]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862. 'On the South Tule river, twelve miles from the valley, is what is called the Painted Rock—a smooth flat rock horizontally supported by perpendicular walls on either side about seven feet from the ground, with a surface of 200 square feet smooth and level on the walled sides on which is painted in no very artistic style, representations of animals, reptiles, and birds, and rude paintings of men, women, and children. The painting has without doubt been done by the present race of Indians. None of the Indians now living, however, have any knowledge or tradition by whom or when it was done. This rock and the remains of their habitations in many localities on the different streams, are the only indications of their long occupancy of this valley.'Maltby(Indian Agent at Tule River), letter of Aug. 10, 1872, MS. Painted figures in a large cave near the hot springs of Tularcitos hills, east of Monterey; also on headwaters of the San Juan or Estrella creek.Cal. Farmer, April 5, 1860.

[XII-8]Schumacher,Some Articles found in Ancient Graves of California, MSS., presented by the author.

[XII-9]Taylor's Indianology, inCal. Farmer, Jan. 17, 1862, March 9, 1860.

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