1693The oleaster furnishes but little oil, and it is seldom extracted. The oil is thinner than ordinary olive oil, and has a stronger odour.
1693The oleaster furnishes but little oil, and it is seldom extracted. The oil is thinner than ordinary olive oil, and has a stronger odour.
1694The Daphne Cneorum and Daphne Cnidium of botanists. See B. xiii. c.35, also B. xxiv. c. 82. Fée doubts if an oil was ever made from the chamelæa.
1694The Daphne Cneorum and Daphne Cnidium of botanists. See B. xiii. c.35, also B. xxiv. c. 82. Fée doubts if an oil was ever made from the chamelæa.
1695See B. xxiii. c. 41: the Ricinus communis of Linnæus, which abounds in Egypt at the present day. Though it appears to have been formerly sometimes used for the table, at the present day the oil is only known as “castor” oil, a strong purgative. It is one of the fixed oils. The Jews and Abyssinian Christians say that it was under this tree that Jonah sat.
1695See B. xxiii. c. 41: the Ricinus communis of Linnæus, which abounds in Egypt at the present day. Though it appears to have been formerly sometimes used for the table, at the present day the oil is only known as “castor” oil, a strong purgative. It is one of the fixed oils. The Jews and Abyssinian Christians say that it was under this tree that Jonah sat.
1696A “tick.”
1696A “tick.”
1697This method, Fée says, is still pursued in America.
1697This method, Fée says, is still pursued in America.
1698See B. xiii. c.2. One of the fixed oils.
1698See B. xiii. c.2. One of the fixed oils.
1699An essential oil may be extracted from either; it is of acrid taste, green, and aromatic; but does not seem to have been known to the ancients. The berries give by decoction a fixed oil, of green colour, sweet, and odoriferous. The oils in general here spoken of by Pliny as extracted from the laurel, are medicinal oils.
1699An essential oil may be extracted from either; it is of acrid taste, green, and aromatic; but does not seem to have been known to the ancients. The berries give by decoction a fixed oil, of green colour, sweet, and odoriferous. The oils in general here spoken of by Pliny as extracted from the laurel, are medicinal oils.
1700The Laurus latifolia of Bauhin.
1700The Laurus latifolia of Bauhin.
1701The Myrtus latifolia Romana of Bauhin. It yields an essential oil, and by its decoction might give a fixed oil, in small quantity, but very odoriferous. As boiled with olive oil, he treats it as a volatile oil.
1701The Myrtus latifolia Romana of Bauhin. It yields an essential oil, and by its decoction might give a fixed oil, in small quantity, but very odoriferous. As boiled with olive oil, he treats it as a volatile oil.
1702See B. xxv. c. 100. This myrtle is the Ruscus aculeatus of Linnæus.
1702See B. xxv. c. 100. This myrtle is the Ruscus aculeatus of Linnæus.
1703See B. xiii. c.29, and B xxiii. c. 45. A volatile oil might be extracted from the citrus, if one of the thuyæ, as also from the cypress.
1703See B. xiii. c.29, and B xxiii. c. 45. A volatile oil might be extracted from the citrus, if one of the thuyæ, as also from the cypress.
1704See B. xxiii. c. 45. It is a fixed oil, still considerably used in some parts of Europe.
1704See B. xxiii. c. 45. It is a fixed oil, still considerably used in some parts of Europe.
1705From the Greekκαρύα, a “walnut.”
1705From the Greekκαρύα, a “walnut.”
1706“Pitch oil.” See B. xxiv. c. 11. This would be a volatile oil.
1706“Pitch oil.” See B. xxiv. c. 11. This would be a volatile oil.
1707See B. xxiii. c. 45, also B. xiii. c.35. Fée is of opinion, that as no fixed oil can be extracted from the Daphne Cnidium or Daphne Cneorum, Pliny must allude to a medicinal composition, like the oil of wild myrtle, previously mentioned.
1707See B. xxiii. c. 45, also B. xiii. c.35. Fée is of opinion, that as no fixed oil can be extracted from the Daphne Cnidium or Daphne Cneorum, Pliny must allude to a medicinal composition, like the oil of wild myrtle, previously mentioned.
1708A fixed oil. See B. xii. c.36. The seeds were used for making it. See B. xxiii. c. 45.
1708A fixed oil. See B. xii. c.36. The seeds were used for making it. See B. xxiii. c. 45.
1709See B. xii. c.51, and B. xxiii. c. 45. The leaves of the Lawsonia are very odoriferous.
1709See B. xii. c.51, and B. xxiii. c. 45. The leaves of the Lawsonia are very odoriferous.
1710The myrobalanus, or ben. See B. xii. c.46, and B. xxiii. c. 46.
1710The myrobalanus, or ben. See B. xii. c.46, and B. xxiii. c. 46.
1711Neither the chesnut nor rice produce any kind of fixed oil.
1711Neither the chesnut nor rice produce any kind of fixed oil.
1712See B. xvii. c.13.
1712See B. xvii. c.13.
1713Or Fish-eaters. See B. xxxii. c. 38. This is one of the fixed oils.
1713Or Fish-eaters. See B. xxxii. c. 38. This is one of the fixed oils.
1714In reality, no fixed oil can be obtained from them.
1714In reality, no fixed oil can be obtained from them.
1715Or wild vine. See B. xii. c.61, and B. xiii. c.2.
1715Or wild vine. See B. xii. c.61, and B. xiii. c.2.
1716Not an oil, so much as a medicinal preparation. Dioscorides mentions as component parts of it, omphacium, sweet rush, Celtic nard, aspalathus, costus, and must. It received its name fromγλεῦκος“must.”
1716Not an oil, so much as a medicinal preparation. Dioscorides mentions as component parts of it, omphacium, sweet rush, Celtic nard, aspalathus, costus, and must. It received its name fromγλεῦκος“must.”
1717The Convolvulus scoparius of Linnæus. See B. xii. c52, and B. xiii. c.2.
1717The Convolvulus scoparius of Linnæus. See B. xii. c52, and B. xiii. c.2.
1718See B. xii. c.48.
1718See B. xii. c.48.
1719See B. xii. c.54, and B. xiii. c.2.
1719See B. xii. c.54, and B. xiii. c.2.
1720See B. xii. c.29.
1720See B. xii. c.29.
1721See B. xii. c.57.
1721See B. xii. c.57.
1722See B. xiii. c. 2, p.163.
1722See B. xiii. c. 2, p.163.
1723See B. xii. c.41.
1723See B. xii. c.41.
1724See B. xiii. c.2.
1724See B. xiii. c.2.
1725Fée doubts the possibility of such a resemblance.
1725Fée doubts the possibility of such a resemblance.
1726Hyoscyamus. A medicinal oil is still extracted from it. See B. xxiii. c. 49.
1726Hyoscyamus. A medicinal oil is still extracted from it. See B. xxiii. c. 49.
1727This medicinal oil is no longer used. The Lupinus albus was formerly held in greater esteem than it is now.
1727This medicinal oil is no longer used. The Lupinus albus was formerly held in greater esteem than it is now.
1728The Raphanus sativus of Linnæus. See B. xix. c. 26. This is one of the fixed oils; varieties of it are rape oil, and colza oil, now so extensively used.
1728The Raphanus sativus of Linnæus. See B. xix. c. 26. This is one of the fixed oils; varieties of it are rape oil, and colza oil, now so extensively used.
1729From the Greekχόρτος, “grass.” This medicinal oil would be totally without power or effect.
1729From the Greekχόρτος, “grass.” This medicinal oil would be totally without power or effect.
1730A fixed oil is still extracted in Egypt from the grain known as sesamum.
1730A fixed oil is still extracted in Egypt from the grain known as sesamum.
1731See B. xxii. c. 15.
1731See B. xxii. c. 15.
1732Fromκνίδη, a “nettle.” The nettle, or Urtica urens of Linnæus, has no oleaginous principles in its seed.
1732Fromκνίδη, a “nettle.” The nettle, or Urtica urens of Linnæus, has no oleaginous principles in its seed.
1733Lily oil is still used as a medicinal composition: it is made from the petals of the white lily, Lilium candidum of Linnæus.
1733Lily oil is still used as a medicinal composition: it is made from the petals of the white lily, Lilium candidum of Linnæus.
1734From Selga, a town of Pisidia. See B. xxiii. c. 49.
1734From Selga, a town of Pisidia. See B. xxiii. c. 49.
1735See B. iii. c. 9, and B. xxiii. c. 49.
1735See B. iii. c. 9, and B. xxiii. c. 49.
1736A volatile oil, mixed with a small proportion of empyreumatic oil and carbon.
1736A volatile oil, mixed with a small proportion of empyreumatic oil and carbon.
1737“Oil-honey.” Probably a terebinthine, or oleo-resin. See B. xxiii. c. 50.
1737“Oil-honey.” Probably a terebinthine, or oleo-resin. See B. xxiii. c. 50.
1738When rancid and oxygenized by age, it has an irritating quality, and may be found useful for herpetic diseases.
1738When rancid and oxygenized by age, it has an irritating quality, and may be found useful for herpetic diseases.
1739It very probably will have this effect; but at the expense of the colour of the ivory, which very soon will turn yellow.
1739It very probably will have this effect; but at the expense of the colour of the ivory, which very soon will turn yellow.
1740It has quite lost its ancient repute: the only use it is now put to is the manufacture of an inferior soap. See B. xxiii. c. 37.
1740It has quite lost its ancient repute: the only use it is now put to is the manufacture of an inferior soap. See B. xxiii. c. 37.
1741De Re Rust. cc. 130, 169.
1741De Re Rust. cc. 130, 169.
1742Dolia and cadi. Fée observes, that this, if done with the modern vessels, would have a tendency to make the oil turn rancid.
1742Dolia and cadi. Fée observes, that this, if done with the modern vessels, would have a tendency to make the oil turn rancid.
1743On the contrary, Fée is inclined to think it would attract them, from its mucilaginous properties.
1743On the contrary, Fée is inclined to think it would attract them, from its mucilaginous properties.
1744Olive oil, however, has a tendency to generate verdigrease in copper vessels.
1744Olive oil, however, has a tendency to generate verdigrease in copper vessels.
1745This, as Fée remarks, is probably so absurd as not to be worth discussing.
1745This, as Fée remarks, is probably so absurd as not to be worth discussing.
1746Re Rust. B. i. c. 2.
1746Re Rust. B. i. c. 2.
1747If she happens to have destroyed the buds, but not otherwise.
1747If she happens to have destroyed the buds, but not otherwise.
1748The Pinus cembro, probably, of Linnæus.
1748The Pinus cembro, probably, of Linnæus.
1749See B. xvi. c.23. The nuts of the pine are sweet, and have an agreeable flavour.
1749See B. xvi. c.23. The nuts of the pine are sweet, and have an agreeable flavour.
1750Probably the wild pine, the Pinus silvestris of the moderns. The nuts are slightly resinous.
1750Probably the wild pine, the Pinus silvestris of the moderns. The nuts are slightly resinous.
1751Neither the people of Turin nor of any other place are known at the present day to make this preparation.
1751Neither the people of Turin nor of any other place are known at the present day to make this preparation.
1752The quince, the Pirus Cydonia of Linnæus.
1752The quince, the Pirus Cydonia of Linnæus.
1753From Cydonia, a city of Crete. The Latin name is only a corruption of the Greek one: in England they were formerly called “melicotones.”
1753From Cydonia, a city of Crete. The Latin name is only a corruption of the Greek one: in England they were formerly called “melicotones.”
1754Or “golden apple.” The quince was sacred to Venus, and was an emblem of love.
1754Or “golden apple.” The quince was sacred to Venus, and was an emblem of love.
1755Apparently meaning the “sparrow quince.” Dioscorides, Galen, and Athenæus, however, say that it was a large variety. Qy. if in such case, it might not mean the ostrich quince?
1755Apparently meaning the “sparrow quince.” Dioscorides, Galen, and Athenæus, however, say that it was a large variety. Qy. if in such case, it might not mean the ostrich quince?
1756“Early ripener.”
1756“Early ripener.”
1757Quinces are not grafted on quinces at the present day, but the pear is.
1757Quinces are not grafted on quinces at the present day, but the pear is.
1758Fée suggests that this is a kind of pear.
1758Fée suggests that this is a kind of pear.
1759Probably on account of the fragrance of their scent.
1759Probably on account of the fragrance of their scent.
1760We learn from other sources that the bed-chambers were frequently ornamented with statues of the divinities.
1760We learn from other sources that the bed-chambers were frequently ornamented with statues of the divinities.
1761The Mala cotonea silvestris of Bauhin; the Cydonia vulgaris of modern botanists.
1761The Mala cotonea silvestris of Bauhin; the Cydonia vulgaris of modern botanists.
1762“Mala.” The term “malum,” somewhat similar to “pome” with us, was applied to a number of different fruits: the orange, the citron, the pomegranate, the apricot, and others.
1762“Mala.” The term “malum,” somewhat similar to “pome” with us, was applied to a number of different fruits: the orange, the citron, the pomegranate, the apricot, and others.
1763Or peach.
1763Or peach.
1764See B. xiii. c.34.
1764See B. xiii. c.34.
1765Or “pound-weight” pears: the Pirus volema of Linnæus.
1765Or “pound-weight” pears: the Pirus volema of Linnæus.
1766Or “hard-berry”—probably in reference to the firmness of the flesh. It is generally thought to be the nectarine.
1766Or “hard-berry”—probably in reference to the firmness of the flesh. It is generally thought to be the nectarine.
1767“Præcocia.” It is generally thought that in this name originates the word “apricot,” the Prunus Armeniaca of Linnæus. There is, however, an early peach that ripens by the middle of July, though it is very doubtful if it was known to Pliny.
1767“Præcocia.” It is generally thought that in this name originates the word “apricot,” the Prunus Armeniaca of Linnæus. There is, however, an early peach that ripens by the middle of July, though it is very doubtful if it was known to Pliny.
1768“From above.”
1768“From above.”
1769Perhaps the Prunus ungarica of naturalists, the black damask plum; or else the Prunus perdrigona, the perdrigon.
1769Perhaps the Prunus ungarica of naturalists, the black damask plum; or else the Prunus perdrigona, the perdrigon.
1770Probably the Prunus galatensis of naturalists.
1770Probably the Prunus galatensis of naturalists.
1771“Hordearia:” the Prunus præcox of naturalists; probably our harvest plum.
1771“Hordearia:” the Prunus præcox of naturalists; probably our harvest plum.
1772Or “ass”-plum. The Prunus acinaria of naturalists: the cherry plum of the French.
1772Or “ass”-plum. The Prunus acinaria of naturalists: the cherry plum of the French.
1773Or “wax plum.” The Prunus cereola of naturalists: the mirabelle of the French.
1773Or “wax plum.” The Prunus cereola of naturalists: the mirabelle of the French.
1774Possibly the Prunus enucleata of Lamarck: the myrobalan of the French. Many varieties, however, are purple.
1774Possibly the Prunus enucleata of Lamarck: the myrobalan of the French. Many varieties, however, are purple.
1775There are two opinions on this: that it is the Prunus Claudiana of Lamarck, the “Reine Claude” of the French; or else that it is identical with the apricot already mentioned, remarkable for the sweetness of its smell.
1775There are two opinions on this: that it is the Prunus Claudiana of Lamarck, the “Reine Claude” of the French; or else that it is identical with the apricot already mentioned, remarkable for the sweetness of its smell.
1776Or nut-prune.
1776Or nut-prune.
1777The Prunus insititia of Linnæus.
1777The Prunus insititia of Linnæus.
1778The result of this would only be a plum like that of the tree from which the graft was cut.
1778The result of this would only be a plum like that of the tree from which the graft was cut.
1779The same as with reference to the graft on the apple.
1779The same as with reference to the graft on the apple.
1780This is probably quite fabulous.
1780This is probably quite fabulous.
1781B. xiii. c.10.
1781B. xiii. c.10.
1782The Prunus Damascena of the naturalists; our common damson, with its numerous varieties.
1782The Prunus Damascena of the naturalists; our common damson, with its numerous varieties.
1783Probably the Cordia myxa of Linnæus; the Sebestier of the French. It has a viscous pulp, and is much used as a pectoral. It grows only in Syria and Egypt; and hence Fée is inclined to reject what Pliny says as to its naturalization at Rome, and the account he gives as to its being engrafted on the sorb.
1783Probably the Cordia myxa of Linnæus; the Sebestier of the French. It has a viscous pulp, and is much used as a pectoral. It grows only in Syria and Egypt; and hence Fée is inclined to reject what Pliny says as to its naturalization at Rome, and the account he gives as to its being engrafted on the sorb.
1784I. e.Asia Minor.
1784I. e.Asia Minor.
1785Hospitium.
1785Hospitium.
1786See B. xiii. c.17. The Balanites Ægyptiaca of Delille.
1786See B. xiii. c.17. The Balanites Ægyptiaca of Delille.
1787It was this probably, and not the peach-tree, that would not bear fruit in the isle of Rhodes.
1787It was this probably, and not the peach-tree, that would not bear fruit in the isle of Rhodes.
1788Perseus.
1788Perseus.
1789Fée remarks that the wild plum, the Prunus silvestris or insititia of Linnæus, was to be found in Italy before the days of Cato.
1789Fée remarks that the wild plum, the Prunus silvestris or insititia of Linnæus, was to be found in Italy before the days of Cato.
1790See B. xii. c.7.
1790See B. xii. c.7.
1791Of Media.
1791Of Media.
1792Its fruit will ripen in France, as far north as Tours. It is the Zizyphus vulgaris of Lamarck. It resembles a small plum, and is sometimes used as a sweetmeat. The confection sold as jujube paste is not the dried jelly of this fruit, but merely gum arabic and sugar, coloured.
1792Its fruit will ripen in France, as far north as Tours. It is the Zizyphus vulgaris of Lamarck. It resembles a small plum, and is sometimes used as a sweetmeat. The confection sold as jujube paste is not the dried jelly of this fruit, but merely gum arabic and sugar, coloured.
1793A variety of the jujube, Fée is inclined to think. A nut-peach has also been suggested.
1793A variety of the jujube, Fée is inclined to think. A nut-peach has also been suggested.
1794A.U.C.779.
1794A.U.C.779.
1795Or perhaps embankment: “agger.”
1795Or perhaps embankment: “agger.”
1796A reddish colour. For the composition of this colour, see B. xxxv. c. 24.
1796A reddish colour. For the composition of this colour, see B. xxxv. c. 24.
1797“Lanata;” perhaps rather the “downy” fruit; a variety of quince, Fée thinks. Pliny probably had never seen this fruit, in his opinion, and only speaks after Virgil, Ecl. ii. l. 51. “Ipse ego cana legam tenera lanugine mala.”
1797“Lanata;” perhaps rather the “downy” fruit; a variety of quince, Fée thinks. Pliny probably had never seen this fruit, in his opinion, and only speaks after Virgil, Ecl. ii. l. 51. “Ipse ego cana legam tenera lanugine mala.”
1798See B. xii. c.6. The Matian and the Cestian apple are thought by Dalechamps to have been the French “court-pendu,” or “short stalk.”
1798See B. xii. c.6. The Matian and the Cestian apple are thought by Dalechamps to have been the French “court-pendu,” or “short stalk.”
1799The Scandian is thought to have been a winter pear.
1799The Scandian is thought to have been a winter pear.
1800Adrian Junius takes this to be the “kers-appel” of the Flemish.
1800Adrian Junius takes this to be the “kers-appel” of the Flemish.
1801De Re Rust. cc. 7 and 143.
1801De Re Rust. cc. 7 and 143.
1802Dolia.
1802Dolia.
1803Hardouin says that this is the “Pomme d’api” of the French; it is the “Court-pendu” with Adrian Junius.
1803Hardouin says that this is the “Pomme d’api” of the French; it is the “Court-pendu” with Adrian Junius.
1804The “Pomme de Saint Thomas,” according to Adrian Junius: Dalechamps identifies it with the pomme de Granoi. See B. iii. c. 19, and cc.17and18of the present Book.
1804The “Pomme de Saint Thomas,” according to Adrian Junius: Dalechamps identifies it with the pomme de Granoi. See B. iii. c. 19, and cc.17and18of the present Book.
1805“Græcula.” So called, perhaps, from Tarentum, situated in Magna Græcia.
1805“Græcula.” So called, perhaps, from Tarentum, situated in Magna Græcia.
1806Twins. This variety is unknown.
1806Twins. This variety is unknown.
1807Or “red” apple. The red calville of the French, according to Hardouin; the Pomme suzine, according to Dalechamps.
1807Or “red” apple. The red calville of the French, according to Hardouin; the Pomme suzine, according to Dalechamps.
1808The Girandotte of the French; the appel-heeren of the Dutch.
1808The Girandotte of the French; the appel-heeren of the Dutch.
1809The “early ripener.” Dalechamps identifies it with the pomme Saint Jean, the apple of St. John.
1809The “early ripener.” Dalechamps identifies it with the pomme Saint Jean, the apple of St. John.
1810The Pomme rose, or rose apple, according to Dalechamps.
1810The Pomme rose, or rose apple, according to Dalechamps.
1811Or “erect teat.” The Pomme taponne of the French, according to Dalechamps.
1811Or “erect teat.” The Pomme taponne of the French, according to Dalechamps.
1812Or eunuch. The Passe pomme, or Pomme grillotte of the French.
1812Or eunuch. The Passe pomme, or Pomme grillotte of the French.
1813Or “leaf apple.” Fée remarks that this occasionally happens, but the apple does not form a distinct variety.
1813Or “leaf apple.” Fée remarks that this occasionally happens, but the apple does not form a distinct variety.
1814The Pomme pannete, according to Dalechamps: the Pomme gelée of Provence.
1814The Pomme pannete, according to Dalechamps: the Pomme gelée of Provence.
1815Or “lung” apple. The Pomme folane, according to Dalechamps.
1815Or “lung” apple. The Pomme folane, according to Dalechamps.
1816The Pirus malus of Linnæus, the wild apple, or estranguillon of the French.
1816The Pirus malus of Linnæus, the wild apple, or estranguillon of the French.
1817It is doubtful whether he does not allude here to a peculiar variety.
1817It is doubtful whether he does not allude here to a peculiar variety.
1818Or “mealy” apples.
1818Or “mealy” apples.
1819Or “proud” pear. The Petite muscadelle, according to Dalechamps. Adrian Junius says that it is the water-peere of the Dutch.
1819Or “proud” pear. The Petite muscadelle, according to Dalechamps. Adrian Junius says that it is the water-peere of the Dutch.
1820From Crustumium in Italy; the Poire perle, or pearl pear, according to Dalechamps: the Jacob’s peere of the Flemish.
1820From Crustumium in Italy; the Poire perle, or pearl pear, according to Dalechamps: the Jacob’s peere of the Flemish.
1821The Poire sucrée, or “sugar-pear,” according to Hardouin; the Bergamotte, according to Dalechamps.
1821The Poire sucrée, or “sugar-pear,” according to Hardouin; the Bergamotte, according to Dalechamps.
1822“Potu.” He would appear to allude to the manufacture of perry.
1822“Potu.” He would appear to allude to the manufacture of perry.
1823The Syrian pear is commended by Martial; it has not been identified, however.
1823The Syrian pear is commended by Martial; it has not been identified, however.
1824The Poire musot, according to Dalechamps. Adrian Junius says that it is the Engelsche braet-peere of the Flemish.
1824The Poire musot, according to Dalechamps. Adrian Junius says that it is the Engelsche braet-peere of the Flemish.
1825The Pirus Pompeiana of Linnæus. Dalechamps identifies it with the Bon chretien, and Adrian Junius with the Taffel-peere of the Flemish.
1825The Pirus Pompeiana of Linnæus. Dalechamps identifies it with the Bon chretien, and Adrian Junius with the Taffel-peere of the Flemish.
1826The “breast-formed.”
1826The “breast-formed.”
1827The Pirus Favonia of Linnæus: the Grosse poire muscadelle of the French.
1827The Pirus Favonia of Linnæus: the Grosse poire muscadelle of the French.
1828The Poire prevost, according to Dalechamps.
1828The Poire prevost, according to Dalechamps.
1829The Poire foré, according to Dalechamps.
1829The Poire foré, according to Dalechamps.
1830The Saint Thomas’s pear of the Flemish.
1830The Saint Thomas’s pear of the Flemish.
1831The Poire chat of the French, according to Dalechamps; the Riet-peere of the Flemish.
1831The Poire chat of the French, according to Dalechamps; the Riet-peere of the Flemish.
1832“Like onyx.” The Cuisse-madame, according to Dalechamps.
1832“Like onyx.” The Cuisse-madame, according to Dalechamps.
1833The Calveau rosat, according to Dalechamps. Perhaps the Poire d’ambre, or amber pear, of the French.
1833The Calveau rosat, according to Dalechamps. Perhaps the Poire d’ambre, or amber pear, of the French.