On the northern side the Alps (in whichever sense we take this term) are definitely bounded by the course of the Rhine from Basel to the Lake of Constance, the plain of Bavaria, and the low region of foot-hills that extend from Salzburg to the neighbourhood of Vienna. One result of this limit, marked out by Nature herself, is that the waters which flow down the northern slope of the Alps find their way either into the North Sea through the Rhine, or into the Black Sea by means of the Danube, not a 1lrop reaching the Baltic Sea. On the southern side the mountains extending from near Turin to near Trieste subside into the great plain of Piedmont, Lombardy and Venetia. But what properly forms the western bit of the Alps runs, from near Turin to the Col de Tenda, in a southerly direction, then bending eastwards to the Col d'Altare that divides it from the Apennines.
It should be borne in mind that the limits adopted above refer purely to the topographical aspect of the Alps as they exist at the present day. Naturalists will of course prefer other limits according as they are geologists, botanists or zoologists.
3. Climate.—-It is well known that as we rise from the sea-level into the upper regions of the atmosphere the temperature decreases. The effect of mountain-chains on prevailing winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone, where it expands in volume at the cost of a proportionate loss of heat, often accompanied by the precipitation of moisture in the form of snow or rain. The position of the Alps about the centre of the European continent has profoundly modified the climate of all the surrounding regions. The accumulation of vast masses of snow, which have gradually been converted into permanent glaciers, maintains a gradation of very different climates within the narrow space that intervenes between the foot of the mountains and their upper ridges; it cools the breezes that are wafted to the plains on either side, but its most important function is to regulate the water-supply of thatlarge region which is traversed by the streams of the Alps. Nearly all the moisture that is precipitated during six or seven months is stoled upin the form of snow, and is gradually diffused in the course of the succeeding summer; even in the hottest and driest seasons the reserves accumulated during a long preceding period of years in the form of glaciers are available to maintain the regular flow of the greater streams. Nor is this all; the lakes that fill several of the main valleys on the southern side of the Alps are somewhat above the level of the plains of Lombardy and Venetia, and afford an inexhaustible supply of water, which, from a remote period, has been used for that system of irrigation to which they owe their proverbial fertility. Six regions or zones, which are best distinguished by their characteristic vegetation, are found in the Alps. It is an error to suppose that these are indicated by absolute height above the sea-level. Local conditions of exposure to the sun, protection from cold winds, or the reverse, are of primary importance in determinin8 the climate and the corresponding vegetation.
Olive region.
The great plain of Upper Italy has a winter climate colder than that of the British Islands. The olive and the characteristic shrubs of the northern coasts of the Mediterranean do not thrive in the open air, but the former valuable tree ripens its fruit in sheltered places at the foot of the mountains, and penetrates along the deeper valleys and the shores of the Italian lakes. The evergreen oak is wild on the rocks about the Lake of Garda, and lemons are cultivated on a large scale, with partial protection in winter. The olive has been known to survive severe cold when of short duration, but it cannot be cultivated with success where frosts are prolonged, or where the mean winter temperature falls below 42 deg. F.; and to produce fruit it requires a heat of at least 75 deg. F. during the day, continued through four or five months of the summer and autumn.
Vine region.
The vine is far more tolerant of cold than the olive, but to produce tolerable wine it demands, at the season of ripening, a degree of heat not much less than that needed by the more delicate tree. These conditions are satisfied in the deeper valleys of the Alps, even in the interior of the chain, and up to a considerable height on slopes exposed to the sun. The protection afforded by winter snow enables the plant to resist severe and prolonged frosts, such as would be fatal in more exposed situations. Many wild plants characteristic of the warmer parts of middle Europe are seen to flourish along with the vine. A mean summer temperature of at least 68 deg. F. is considered necessary to produce tolerable wine, but in ordinary seasons this is much exceeded in many of the great valleys of the Alps.
Mountain region, or region of deciduous trees.
Many writers take the growth of grain as the characteristic of the mountain region; but so many varieties of all the common species are in cultivation, and these have such different climatal requirements, that they do not afford a factory criterion. A more natural limit is afforded by the presence of the chief deciduous trees—-oak, beech, ash and sycamore. These do not reach exactly to the same elevation, nor are they often found growing together; but their upper limit corresponds accurately enough to the change from a temperate to a colder climate that is further proved by a change in the wild herbaceous vegetation. This limit usually lies about 4000 ft. above the sea on the north side of the Alps, but on the southern slopes it often rises to 5000 ft., sometimes even to 5500 ft. It must not be supposed that this region is always marked by the presence of the characteristic trees. The interference of man has in many districts almost extirpated them, and, excepting the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, a considerable wood of deciduous trees is scarcely anywhere to be found. In many districts where such woods once existed, their place has been occupied by the Scottish pine and spruce, which suffer less from the ravages of goats, the worst enemies of tree vegetation. The mean annual temperature of this region differs little from that of the British Islands; but the climatal conditions are widely different. Here snow usually lies for several months, till it gives place to a spring and summer considerably warmer than the average of British seasons.
Subalpine region, or region of coniferous trees.
The Subalpine is the region which mainly determines the manner of life of the population of the Alps. On a rough estimate we may reckon that, of the space lying between the summits of the Alps and the low country on either side, one-quarter is available for cultivation, of which about one-half may be vineyards and corn-fields, while the remainder produces forage and grass. About another quarter is utterly barren, consisting of snow-fields, glaciers, bare rock, lakes and the beds of streams. There remains about one-half, which is divided between forest and pasture, and it is the produce of this half which mainly supports the relatively large population. For a quarter of the year the flocks and herds are fed on the upper pastures; but the true limit of the wealth of a district is the number of animals that can be supported during the long winter, and while one part of the population is engaged in tending the beasts and in making cheese and butter, the remainder is busy cutting hay and storing up winter food for the cattle. The larger villages are mostly in the mountain region, but in many parts of the Alps the villages stand in the subalpine region at heights varying from 4000 ft. to 5500 ft. above the sea, more rarely extending to about 6000 ft. The most characteristic feature of this region is the prevalence of coniferous trees, which, where they have not been artificially kept down, form vast forests that cover a large part of the surface. These play a most important part in the natural economy of the country. They protect the valleys from destructive avalanches, and, retaining the superficial soil by their roots, they mitigate the destructive effects of heavy rains. In valleys where they have been rashly cut away, and the waters pour down the slopes unchecked, every tiny rivulet becomes a raging torrent, that carries off the grassy slopes and devastates the floor of the valley, covering the soil with gravel and debris. In the pine forests of the Alps the prevailing species are the common spruce and the silver fir; on siliceous soil the larch flourishes, and surpasses every other European species in height. The Scottish pine is chiefly found at a lower level and rarely forms forests. The Siberian fir is found scattered at intervals throughout the Alps but is not common. The mughus, creeping pine, or Krummholz of the Germans, is common in the Eastern Alps, and sometimes forms on the higher mountains a distinct zone above the level of its congeners. In the Northern Alps the pine forests rarely surpass the limit of 6000 ft. above the sea, but on the south side they commonly attain 7000 ft., while the larch, Siberian fir and mughus often extend above that elevation.
Alpine region.
Throughout the Teutonic region of the Alps the word Alp is used specifically for the upper pastures where cattle are fed in summer, but this region is held to include the whole space between the uppermost limit of trees and the first appearance of permanent masses of snow. It is here that the characteristic vegetation of the Alps is developed in its full beauty and variety. Shrubs are not wanting. Three species of rhododendron vie with each other in the brilliancy of their masses of red or pink flowers; the common juniper rises higher still, along with three species of bilberry; and several dwarf willows attain nearly to the utmost limit of vegetation. The upper limit of this region coincides with the so-called limit of perpetual snow.
Glacial region.
On the higher parts of lofty mountains more snow falls in each year than is melted on the spot. A portion of this is carried away by the wind before it is consolidated; a larger portion accumulates in hollows and depressions of the surface, and is gradually converted into glacier-ice, which descends by a slow secular motion into the deeper valleys, where it goes to swell perennial streams. As on a mountain the snow does not lie in beds of uniform thickness, and some parts are more exposed to the sun and warm winds than others, we commonly find beds of snow alternating with exposed slopes covered with brilliant vegetation; and to the observer near at hand there is no appearance in the least corresponding to the term limit of perpetual snow, though the case is otherwise when a high mountain-chain is viewed from a distance. Similar conditions are repeated at many different points, so that the level at which large snow-beds show themselves along its flanks is approximately horizontal. But this holds good only so far as the conditions are similar. On the opposite sides of the same chain the exposure to the sun or to warm winds may cause a wide difference in the level of permanent snow; but in some cases the increased fall of snow on the side exposed to moist winds may more than compensate the increased influence of the sun's rays. Still, even with these reservations, the so-called line of perpetual snow is not fixed. The occurrence of favourable meteorological conditions during several successive seasons may and does increase the extent of the snow-fields, and lower the limit of seemingly permanent snow; while an opposite state of things may cause the limit to rise higher on the flanks of the mountains. Hence all attempts to fix accurately the level of pernetual snow in the Alps are fallacious, and can at the best approach only to local accuracy for a particular district. In some parts of the Alps the limit may be set at about 8000 ft. above the sea, while in others it cannot be placed much below 9500 ft. As very little snow can rest on rocks that lie at an angle exceeding 60 deg. , and this is soon removed by the wind, some steep masses of rock remain bare even near the summits of the highest peaks, but as almost every spot offering the least hold for vegetation is covered with snow, few flowering plants are seen above 11,000 ft. There is reason to think, however, that it is the want of soil rather than climatal conditions that checks the upward extension of the alpine flora. Increased direct effect of solar radiation compensates for the cold of the nights, and in the few spots where plants have been found in flower up to a height of 12,000 ft., nothing has indicated that the processes of vegetation were arrested by the severe cold which they must sometimes endure. The climate of the glacial region has often been compared to that of the polar regions, but they are widely different. Here, intense solar radiation by day, which raises the surface when dry to a temperature approaching 80 deg. F., alternates with severe frost by night. There, a sun which never sets sends feeble rays that maintain a low equable temperature, rarely rising more than a few degrees above the freezing-point. Hence the upper region of the Alps sustains a far more varied and brilliant vegetation.
4. Main Chain.—-In the case of every mountain system geographers are disposed to regard, as a general rule, the watershed (or boundary dividing the waters flowing towards opposite slopes of the range) as marking the main chain, and this usage is justified in that the highest peaks often rise on or very near the watershed. Yet, as a matter of fact, several important mountain groups are situated on one or other side of the watershed of the Alps, and form almost independent ranges, being only connected with the main chain by a kind of peninsula: such are the Dauphine Alps, the Eastern and Western Graians, the entire Bernese Oberland, the Todi, Albula and Silvretta groups, the Ortler and Adamello ranges, and the Dolomites of south Tirol, not to speak of the lower Alps of the Vorarlberg, Bavaria and Salzburg. Of course each of these semi-detached ranges has a watershed of its own, like the lateral ridges that branch off from the main watershed. Thus there are lofty ranges parallel to that which forms the main watershed. The Alps, therefore, are not composed of a single range (as shown on the old maps) but of a great ``divide,'' flanked on either side by other important ranges, which, however, do not comprise such lofty peaks as the main watershed. In the following remarks we propose to follow the main watershed from one end of the Alps to the other.
Starting from the Col d'Altare or di Cadibona (west of Savona), the main chain extends first south-west, then north-west to the Col de Tenda, though nowhere rising much beyond the zone of coniferous trees. Beyond the Col de Tenda the direction is first roughly west, then north-west to the Rocher des Trois Eveques (9390 ft.), just south of the Mont Enchastraye (9695 ft.), several peaks of about 10,000 ft. rising on the watershed, though the highest of all, the Punta dell' Argentera(10,794 ft.) stands a little way to its north. From the Rocher des Trois Eveques the watershed runs due north for a long distance, though of the two loftiest peaks of this region One, the Aiguille de Chambeyron (11,155 ft.), is just to the west, and the other, the Monte Viso (12,609 ft.), is just to the east of the watershed. From the head of the Val Pellice the main chain runs north-west, and diminishes much in average height till it reaches the Mont Thabor (10,440 ft.), which forms the apex of a salient angle which the main chain here presents towards.the west. Hence the main watershed extends eastwards, culminating in the Aiguille de Scolette (11,500 ft.), but makes a great curve to the north-west and back to the south-east before rising in the Rochemelon (11,605 ft.), which may be considered as a re-entering angle in the great rampart by which Italy is guarded from its neighbours. Thence the direction taken is north as far as the eastern summit (11,693 ft.) of the Levanna, the watershed rising in a series of snowy peaks, though the loftiest point of the region, the Pointe de Charbonel (12,336 ft.), stands a little to the west. Gnce more the chain bends to the north-west, rising in several lofty peaks (the highest is the Aiguille de la Grande Sassiere, 12,323 ft.), before attaining the considerable depression of the Little St Bernard Pass. Thence for a short way the direction is north to the Col de la Soigne, and then north-east along the crest of the Mont Blanc chain, which culminates in the peak of Mont Blanc (15,782 ft.), the loftiest in the Alps. A number of high peaks crown our watershed before it attains the Mont Dolent (12,543 ft.). Thence after a short dip to the south-east, our chain takes near the Great St Bernard Pass the generally eastern direction that it maintains till it reaches Monte Rosa,whence it bends northwards, making one small dip to the east as far as the Simplon Pass. It is in the portion of the watershed between the Great St Bernard and the Simplon that the main chain maintains a greater average height than in any other part. But, though it rises in a number of lofty peaks, such as the Mont Velan ( 12,353 ft. ), the Matterhorn (14,782 ft.), the Lyskamm (14,889 ft.), the Nord End of Monte Rosa (15,132 ft.), and the Weissmies (13,226ft.), yet manyof the highest points of the region, such as the Grand Combin (14,164 ft.), the Dent Blanche (14,318 ft.), the Weisshorn (14,804 ft.), the true summit or Dufourspitze (15,217 ft.) of Monte Rosa itself, and the Dom (14,942 ft.), all rise on its northern slope and not on the main watershed. On the other hand the chain between the Great St Bernard and the Simplon sinks at barely half a dozen points below a level of 10,000 ft. The Simplon Pass corresponds to what may be called a dislocation of the main chain. Thence to the St Gotthard the divide runs north-east, all the higher summits (including the Monte Leone, 11,684 ft., and the Pizzo Rotondo, 10,489 ft.) rising on it, a curious contrast to the long stretch just described. From the St Gotthard to the Maloja the watershed between the basins of the Rhine and Po runs in an easterly direction as a whole, though making two great dips towards the south, first to near the Vogelberg (10,565 ft.) and again to near the Pizzo Gailegione (10,201 ft.), so that it presents a broken and irregular appearance. But all the loftiest peaks rise on it: Scopi (10,499 ft.), Piz Medel (10,509 ft.), the Rheinwaldhorn (11,I49 ft.), the Tambohorn (10,749 ft.) and Piz Timun (10,502 ft.).
From the Maloja Pass the main watershed dips to the south-east for a short distance, and then runs eastwards and nearly over the highest summit of the Bernina group, the Piz Bernina (13,304 ft.), to the Bernina Pass. Thence to the Reschen Scheideck Pass the main chain is ill-defined, though on it rises the Corno di Campo (10,844 ft.), beyond which it runs slightly north-east past the sources of the Adda and the Fraele Pass, sinks to form the depression of the Ofen Pass, soon hends north and rises once more in the Piz Sesvenna (10,568 ft.).
The break in the continuity of the Alpine chain marked by the deep valley, the Vintschgau, of the upper Adige (Etsch) is one of the most remarkable features in the orography of the Alps. The little Reschen lake which forms the chief source of the Adige is only 13 ft. below the Reschen Scheideck Pass (4902 ft.), and by it is but 5 m. from the Inn valley. Eastward of this pass, the main chain runs north-east to the Brenner Pass along the snowy crest of the Oetzthal and Stubai Alps, the loftiest point on it being the Weisskugel (12,291 ft., Oetzthal), for the highest summits both of the Oetzthal and of the Stubai districts, the Wildspitze (12,382 ft.) and the Zuckerhutl (11,520 ft.) stand a little to the north.
The Brenner (4495 ft.) is almost the lowest of all the great Carriage-road passes across the main chain, and has always been the chief means of communication between Germany and Italy. For some way beyond it the watershed runs eastwards over the highest crest of the Zillerthal Alps, which attains 11,559 ft. in the Hochfeiler. But, a little farther, at the Dreiherrenspitze (11,500 ft.) we have to choose between following the watershed southwards, or keeping due east along the highest crest of the Greater Tauern Alps. (a) The latter course is adopted by many geographers and has much in its favour. The eastward direction is maintained and the watershed (though not the chief Alpine watershed) continues through the Greater Tauern Alps, culminating in the Gross Venediger (12,008 ft.), for the Gross Glockner (12,461 ft.) rises to the south. Our chain bends north-east near the Radstadter Tauern Pass, and preserves that direction through the Lesser Tauern Alps to the Semmering Pass. (b) On the other hand, if from the Dreiherrenspitze we cleave to the true main watershed of the Alpine chain, we find that it dips south, passes over the Hochgall (11,287 ft.), the culminating point of the Rieserferner group, and then sinks to the Toblach Pass, but at a point a little east of the great Dolomite peak of the Drei Zinnen it hends east again, and rises in the Monte Coghans (9128 ft., the monarch of the Carnic Alps). Soon after our watershed makes a last bend to the south-east and culminates in the Terglou (9400 ft.), the highest point of the Julio Alps, though the Grintovc (8429 ft., the culminating point of the Karawankas Alps) stands more to the east. Finally our watershed turns south and ends near the great limestone plateau of the Birnbaumerwald, between Laibach and Gorz.
As might be expected, the main chain boasts of more glaciers and eternal snow than the independent or external ranges. Yet it is a curious fact that the three longest glaciers in the Alps (the Great Aletsch, 16 1/2 m., and the Unteraar and the Fiescher, each 10 m.) are all in the Bernese Oberland. In the main chain the two longest are both 9 1/4 m., the Mer de Glace at Chamonix and the Gomer at Zermatt. In the Eastern Alps the longest glacier is the Pasterze (rather over 6 1/4 m.), which is not near the true main watershed, though it clings to the slope of the Greater Tauern range, east of the Dreiherrenspitze. But the next two longest glaciers in the Eastern Alps (the Hintereis, 6 1/2 m., and the Gepatsch, 6 m.) are both in the Oetzthal Alps, and so close to the true main watershed.
The so-called alpine lakes are the sheets of water found at the foot of the Alps, on either slope, just where the rivers that form them issue into the plains. There are, however, alpine lakes higher up (e.g. the lake of Thun, and those in the Upper Engadine, in the heart of the mountains, though these are naturally smaller in extent, while the true lakes of the High Alps are represented by the glacier lakes of the Marjelensee (near the Great Aletsch glacier) and those on the northern slope of the Col de Fenetre, between Aosta and the Val de Bagnes. The most singular, and probably the loftiest, lake in the Alps is the ever-frozen tarn that forms the summit of the Roccia Viva (11,976 ft.) in the Eastern Graians.
Among the great alpine rivers we may distinguish two classes: those which spring directly from glaciers and those which rise in lakes, these being fed by eternal snows or glaciers. In the former class are the Isere, the Rhone, the Aar, the Ticino, the Tosa, the Hinter (or main) Rhine and the Linth; while in the latter class we have the Durance, the Po, the Reuss, the Vorder and middle branches of the Rhine, the Inn, the Adda, the Ogho and the Adige. The Piave and the Drave seem to be outside either class.
5. Principal Passes.—Though the Alps form a barrier they have never formed an impassable barrier, since, from the earliest days onwards, they have been traversed first, perhaps, for purposes of war or commerce, and later by pilgrims, students and tourists. The spots at which they were crossed are called passes (this word is sometimes though rarely applied to gorges only), and are the points at which the great chain sinks to form depressions, up to which deep-cut valleys lead from the plains. Hence the oldest name for such passes is Mont (still retained in cases of the Mont Cenis and the Monte Moro), for it was many ages before this term was especially applied to the peaks of the Alps, which with a few very rare exceptions (e.g. the Monte Viso was known to the Romans as Vesulus) were long simply disregarded. The native inhabitants of the Alps were naturally the first to use the alpine passes. But to the outer world these passes first became known when the Romans traversed them in order to conquer the world beyond. In the one case we have no direct knowledge (though the Romans probably selected the passes pointed out to them by the natives as the easiest), while in the other we hear almost exclusively of the passes across the main chain or the principal passes of the Alps. For obvious reasons the Romans, having once found an easy direct pass across the main chain, did not trouble to seek for harder and more devious routes. Hence the passes that can be shown to have been certainly known to them are comparatively few in number: they are, in topographical order from west to east, the Col de l'Argentiere, the Mont Genevre, the two St Bernards, the Splugen, the Septimer, the Brenner, the Radstadter Tauern, the Solkscharte, the Plocken and the Pontebba (or Saifnitz). Of these the Mont Genevre and the Brenner were the most frequented, while it will be noticed that in the Central Alps only two passes (the Splugen and the Septimer) were certainly known to the Romans. In fact the central portion of the Alps was by far the least Romanised and least known till the early middle ages. Thus the Simplon is first certainly mentioned in 1235, the St Gotthard (without name) in 1236, the Lukmanier in 965, the San Bernardino in 941; of course they may have been known before, but authentic history is silent as regards them till the dates specified. Even the Mont Cenis (from the 15th to the 19th century the favourite pass for travellers going from France to Italy) is first heard of in 756 only. In the 13th century many hitherto unknown passes came into prominence, even some of the easy glacier passes. It should always be borne in mind that in the Western and Central Alps there is but one ridge to cross, to which access is gained by a deep-cut valley, though often it would be shorter to cross a second pass in order to gain the plains, e.g. the Mont Genevre, that is most directly reached by the Col du Lautaret; and the Simplon, which is best gained by one of the lower passes over the western portion of the Bernese Oberland chain. On the other hand, in the Eastern Alps, it is generally necessary to cross three distinct ridges between the northern and southern plains, the Central ridge being the highest and most difficult. Thus the passes which crossed a single ridge, and did not involve too great a detour through a long valley of approach, became the most important and the most popular, e.g. the Mont Cenis, ihe Great St Bernard, the St Gotthard, the Septimer and the Brenner. As time went on the travellers (with whatever object) who used the great alpine passes could not put up any longer with the bad old mule paths. A few passes (e.g. the Semmering, the Brenner, the Tenda and the Arlberg) can boast of carriage roads constructed before 1800, while those over the Umbrail and the Great St Bernard were not completed till the early years of the 20th century. Most of the carriage roads across the great alpine passes were thus constructed in the 19th century (particularly its first half), largely owing to the impetus given by Napoleon. As late as 1905, the highest pass over the main chain that had a carriage road was the Great St Bernard (8111 ft.), but three still higher passes over side ridges have roads—-the Stelvio (9055 ft.), the Col du Galibier (8721 ft.), in the Dauphine Alps, and the Umbrail Pass (8242 ft.). Still more recently the main alpine chain has been subjected to the further indignity of having railway lines carried over it or through it—-the Brenner and the Pontebba lines being cases of the former, and the Col de Tenda, the Mont Cenis (though the tunnel is really 17 m. to the west), the Simplon and the St Gotthard, not to speak of the side passes of the Arlberg, Albula and Pyhrn of the latter. There are also schemes (more or less advanced) for piercing the Splugen and the Hohe Tauern, both on the main ridge, and the Lotschen Pass, on one of the external ranges. The numerous mountain railways, chiefly in Switzerland, up various peaks (e.g. the Rigi and Pilatus) and over various side passes (e.g. the Brunig and the Little Scheidegg) do not concern us here.
6. Divisions.—-The Alps, within the limits indicated under (2) above, form a great range, consisting of a main chain, with ramifications, and of several parallel minor chains. They thus form a single connected whole as contrasted with the plains at their base, and nature has made no breaks therein, save at the spots where they sink to comparatively low depressions or passes. But for the sake of practical convenience it has long been usual to select certain of the best marked of these passes to serve as limits within the range, whether to distinguish several great divisions from each other, or to further break up each of these great divisions into smaller groups. As these divisions, great or small, are so to speak artificial, several systems have been proposed according to which the Alps may be divided. We give below that which seems to us to be the most satisfactory (based very largely on personal acquaintance with most parts of the range), considering, as in the case of the limits of the chain, only its topographical aspect, as it exists at the present day, while leaving it to geologists, botanists and zoologists to elaborate special divisions as required by these various sciences. Our selected divisions relate only to the High Alps between the Col de Tenda and the route over the Radstadter Tauern. while in each of the 18 subdivisions the less elevated outlying peaks are regarded as appendages of the higher group within the topographical limits of which they rise. No attempt, of course, has been made to give a complete catalogue of the peaks and passes of the Alps, while in the case of the peaks the culminating point of a lower halfdetached group has been included rather than the loftier spurs of the higher and main group; in the case of the passes, the villages or valleys they connect have been indicated, and also the general character of the route over each pass.
As regards the main divisions, three are generally distinguished; the Western Alps (chiefly French and Italian, with a small bit of the Swiss Valais) being held to extend from the Col de Tenda to the Simplon Pass, the Central Alps (all but wholly Swiss and Italian) thence to the Reschen Scheideck Pass, and the Eastern Alps (wholly Austrian and Italian, save the small Bavarian bit at the northswest angle) thence to the Radstadter Tauern ro:ite, with a bend outwards towards the south-east, as explained under (2) in order to include the higher summits of the SouthEastern Alps. Strictly speaking, we should follow the Reschen Scheideck route down the Adigevalley, but as this would include in the Central Alps the Ortler and some other of the highest Tirolese summits, it is best (remembering the artificial character of the division) to draw a line from Mals southwards either over the Umbrail Pass (the old historical pass) or the Stelvio (wellknown only since the carriage road was built over it in the first quarter of the 19th century) to the head of the Valtellina, and then over the Aprica Pass (as the Bergamasque Alps properly belong to the Central Alps) to the Oglio valley or the Val Camonica, and down that valley to the Lake of Iseo and Brescid.
Assuming these three main divisions, we must now consider in detail the 18 sub-divisions which we distinguish; the first 5 forming the Western Alps, the next 7 the Central Alps, and the rest the Eastern Alps, the heights throughout being, of course, given in English feet and representing the latest measurements.
1. Maritime Alps (from the Col de Tenda to the Col del'Argentiere).Punta dell' Argentera . . . . . 10,794 Mont Tinibras. . . . . . . . . . .9,948Cima dei Golas. . . . . . . . . 10,286 Mont Enchastraye . . . . . . . . .9,695Monte Matto . . . . . . . . . . 10,128 Monte Bego . . . . . . . . . . . .9,426Mont Pelat. . . . . . . . . . . 10,017 Mont Monnier . . . . . . . . . . .9,246Mont Clapier. . . . . . . . . . 9,994 Rocca dell' Abisso . . . . . . . .9,039
Chief passes of the Maritime Alps.
Passo del Pagarin (Vosubie Valley to Valdieri), snow . . . . . . . . . . .9,236Col di Fremamorta (Tinee Valley to the Baths of Valdieri),bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,688Bassa di Druos (same to same), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,629Passo di Collalunga (Tinee Valley to Vinadio), bridle path. . . . . . .8,531Coll dell' Agnel (Tenda to Yaldieri), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,426Col della Ciriegia (St Martin Vesubie to the Baths of Valdieri),bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,370Col des Granges Communes (St Etienne de Tinee to Barcelonnette),bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,242Col de Pourriac (Tinee Valley to Argentera), foot path. . . . . . . . .8,222Col della Finestre (St Martin de Vesubie to Valdieri), bridlepath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,107Col di Guercia (Tinee Valley t0 Vinadio), foot path . . . . . . . . . .8,042Col della Lombarda (same to same), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,858Col de la Cayolle (Var Valley to Barcelonnette), carriageroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,717Col di Santa Anna (Tinee Valley to Vinadio), bridle path. . . . . . . .7,605Col del Sabbione (Tenda to Valdieri), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,428Col d'Allos or de Valgelaye (Verdon Valley to Barcelonnette),carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,382Col de l'Argentiere (Barcelonnette to Cuneo), carriage road . . . . . .6,545Col de Tenda (Tenda to Cuneo), carriage road, railway beneath. . . . . . .6,145
2. Cottian Alps (from the Col de l'Argentiere to the Mont Cenis and westwards to the Col du Galibier).
Chief Peaks of the Cottian Alps.
Monte Viso . . . . . . . . . . 12,609 Dents d'Ambin. . . . . . . . . . 11,096Viso di Vallante . . . . . . . 12,048 Mont d'Ambin . . . . . . . . . . 11,080Aiguille de Scolette . . . . . 11,500 Pointe de la Font Sancte . . . . 11,057Aiguille de Chambeyron . . . . 11,155 Punta Ferrant. . . . . . . . . . 11,037Grand Rubren . . . . . . . . . 11,142 Visolotto. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,001Bree de Chambeyron . . . . . . 11,116 Rochebrune . . . . . . . . . . . 10,906Rognosa d'Etache . . . . . . .11,106 Punta Sommeiller . . . . . . . . 10,896Bric Froid . . . . . . . . . . 10,860 Tete des Toillies . . . . . . 10,430Grand Glavza . . . . . . . . . 10,781 Monte Granero. . . . . . . . . . 10,401Rognosa di Sestrieres . . . 10,758 Mont Chaberton . . . . . . . . . 10,286Panestrel. . . . . . . . . . . 10,673 Tete de Moyse . . . . . . . . 10,204Roche du Grand Galibier. . . . 10,637 Monte Meidassa . . . . . . . . . 10,187Peou Roc. . . . . . . . . . 10,601 Pelvo d'Elva . . . . . . . . . . 10,053Pic du Pelvat. . . . . . . . . 10,558 Mont Politri . . . . . . . . . . 10,009Pointe Haute de Mary . . . . . 10,539 Mont Nlbergian . . . . . . . . . .9,974Pic du Thabor. . . . . . . . . 10,316 Brio Bouchet . . . . . . . . . . .9,853Mont Thabor. . . . . . . . . . 10,440 Punta Cournour . . . . . . . . . .9,410Pointe des Cerces. . . . . . . 10,434
Chief Passes in the Cottian Alps.
Col Sommeiller (Bardonneche to Bramans), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,718Col de la Traversette (Crissolo to Aliries), mainly bridle pathbeneath pass tunnel made in 1478-1480 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,679Col d'Ambin (Exilles to Bramans), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,364Col de St Veran (Val Varaita to the Queyras Valley), footpath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,331Col n'Etache (Bardonneche to Bramans), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .9,144Col dell' Agnello (Val Varaita to the Queyras Valley), bridlepath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,003Col Girardin (Ubaye Valley to the Queyras Valley), bridlepath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,855Col de Sautron (Val Maira to Barcelonnette), bridle path . . . . . . . . .8,823Col de Longet (Ubaye Valley to Val Varaita), bridle path . . . . . . . . .8,767Col de Mary or de M iurin ( Ubaye Valley to Val Maira), bridlepath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,708Col d'Abries or de Prali (Perosa to Abries), bridle path . . . . . .8,695Col de la Roue (Bardonneche to Modane), bridle path . . . . . . . . . .8,419Col de Freius (same to same), carriage road, beneath whichCol de Clapier (Bramans to Susa), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,173Col d'Izouard (Briancon to the Queyras Valley), carriagepath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,835Col de la Croix (Torre Pellice to Abries); bridle path. . . . . . . . .7,576Petit Mont Cenis (Bramans to the Mont Cenis Plateau), bridlepath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,166Col de Vars (Ubaye Valley to the Queyras Valley), carriagepath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,939Mont Cenis (Lanslebourg to Susa), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,893Col de Sestrieres (Pignerol to Cesanne), carriage road . . . . . . .6,631Mont Genevre (Briancon to Cesanne), carriage road . . . . . . . .6,083Col des Echelles de Planpipinet (Briangon to Bardonneche),partly carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,774
3. Dauphine Alps (from the Col du Galibier, westwards and southwards).
Chief Peaks of the Dauphine Alps.
Pointe des Ecrins . . . . . 13,462 Pic Felix Neff. . . . . . . . 10,571Meije. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,081 Vieux Chaillol . . . . . . . . . 10,378Ailefroide . . . . . . . . . . 12,989 Tete de Vautisse. . . . . . . 10,375Mont Pelvoux . . . . . . . . . 12,973 Grand Pinier . . . . . . . . . . 10,237Pic Sans Nom . . . . . . . . . 12,845 Pic de Parieres . . . . . . . 10,007Pic Gaspard. . . . . . . . . . 12,730 Mourre Froid . . . . . . . . . . .9,830Pic Coolidge . . . . . . . . . 12,323 Belledonne (highest) . . . . . . .9,781Grande Ruine . . . . . . . . . 12,317 Rocherblanc (Septlaux) . . . . . .9,617Rateau. . . . . . . . . . . 12,317 Taillefer. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,387Montagne des Agneaux . . . . . 12,oo8 Pic du Frene. . . . . . . . . .9,219Les Bans . . . . . . . . . . . 11,979 Tete de l'Obiou . . . . . . . .9,164Sommet des Rouies. . . . . . . 11,923 Grand Ferrand. . . . . . . . . . .9,059Aiguille du Plat . . . . . . . 11,818 Pic de Bure (Aurouse). . . . . . .8,898Pic d'Olan. . . . . . . . . . 11,735 Grand Veymont. . . . . . . . . . .7,697Pic Bonvoisin. . . . . . . . . 11,680 Mont Aiguille. . . . . . . . . . .6,880Aiguilles d'Arves (highest Chamechaude. . . . . . . . . . . .6,847point). . . . . . . . . . . 11,529 Dent de Crolles. . . . . . . . . .6,779Grandes Rousses. . . . . . . . 11,395 Grand Sore . . . . . . . . . . . .6,670Roche de la Muzelle. . . . . . 11,349 Mont Granier . . . . . . . . . . .6,358Sirac. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,280 Dent du Chat . . . . . . . . . . .4,593
Chief Passes of the Dauphine Alps.
Col de la Lauze (St Christophe to La Grave), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,625Col des Avalanches (La Berarde to Vallouise), snow. . . . . . . . . . 11,520Col de la Casse Deserte (La Berarde to La Grave), snow . . . . . . 11,516Col Emile Pic (La Grave to Vallouise), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,490Col des Ecrins (La Berarde to Vallouise), snow . . . . . . . . . . 11,205Col du Glacier Blanc (La Grave to Vallouise), snow . . . . . . . . . . . 10,854Col du Sele (La Berarde to Vallouise), snow . . . . . . . . . . 10,834Breche de la Meile (La Berarde to la Grave), snow. . . . . . . . . 10,827Col de la Temple (La Berarde to Vallouise), snow. . . . . . . . . . . 10,772Col des Aiguilles d'Arves (Valloire to St Jean d'Arvesl,snow . . . . . . 10,335Col du Says (La Berarde to the Val Gaudemar), snow. . . . . . . . . . 10,289Col du Clot des Cavales (La Berarde to La Grave), snow. . . . . . . . 10,263Col du Loup du Valgaudemar (Vallouise to the ValGaudemar), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,210Col Lombard (La Grave to St Jean d'Arves), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,171Breche des Grandes Rousses (Allemont to Clavans), snow. . . . . . . . 10,171Col du Sellar (Vallouise to the Val Gaudemar), snow. . . . . . . . . . . 10,063Col de la Muande (St Christophe to the Val Gaudemar),snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,037Col des Quirlies (St Jean d'Arves to Clavans), snow. . . . . . . . . . . .9,679Col du Goleon (La Grave to Valloire), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . .9,449Pas de la Cavale (Vallouise to Champoleon), carriage road . . . . . . .8,990Col d'Orcieres (Dormillouse to Orcieres), bridle path. . . . . . . .8,859Col de l'Infernet (La Grave to St lean d'Arves), foot path . . . . . . . .8,826Col du Galibier (Lautaret Hospice to St Michel de Maurienne),carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,721Breche de Valsenestre (Bourg d'Oisans to Valsenestre), footpath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,642Col de Vallonpierre (Val Gaudemar to Champoleon), foot 8,596path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,596Col de Val Estrete (same to same), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,596Col de Vaurze (Val Gaudemar to Val souflrey), foot path. . . . . . . . . .8,531Col de Martignare (La Grave to St lean d'Arves), foot path . . . . . . . .8,531Col des Tourettes (Orcieres to Chateauroux), bridle path . . . . . .8,465Col de la Muzelle (St Christophe to Valsenestre), foot path. . . . . . . .8,202Col de l'Eychauda (Vallouise to Monestier), bridle path. . . . . . . . . .7,970Col d'Arsine (La Grave to Monestier), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,874Col des Pres Nouveaux (Le Frenev to St Jean d'Arves),bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,523Col dessept Lanx (Allevard to Bourg d'Oisans), bridle path . . . . . . . .7,166Col du Lautaret (Briancon to Bourg d'Oisans), carriageroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,808Col de la Croix de Fer (Bourg d'Oisans to St Jean d'Arves),carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,765Col du Glandon (Bourg d'Oisans to La Chambre), carriageroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,401Col de l'Alpe de Venose (Venose to Le Freney), bridle path . . . . .5,446Col d'Ornon (Bourg d'Oisans to La Mure), carrigae road . . . . . . . . . .4,462Col Bayard (La Mure to Gap), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,088Col de la Croix Haute (Grenoble to Veynes and Gap),railway line over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3,829
4. Graian Alps (from the Mont Cenis to the Little St Bernard Pass). These are usually divided into three groups, the Central (the watershed between the two passes named), the Western or French, and the Eastern or Italian; in the following lists the initials ``C,'' ``W,'' and ``E'' show to which group each peak and pass belongs.
Chief Peaks of the Graian Alps.
Grand Paradis (E). . . . . . . 13,324 Grande Aiguille RousseGrivola (E). . . . . . . . . . 13,022 (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,424Oirande Casse (W). . . . . . . 12,668 Granta Parey (C) . . . . . . . . 11,395Mont Pourri (W). . . . . . . . 12,428 Roc du Mulinet (C) . . . . . . . 11,382Mont Herbetet (E). . . . . . . 12,396 Aiguille Pers (C). . . . . . . . 11,323Pointe de Charbonel (C). . . . 12,336 Pointe de la Sana (W). . . . . . 11,319Aiguille de la Grande Cima dell' Auille (C). . . . . . 11,306Sassiere (C) . . . . . 12,325 Pointe de l.Lchelle (W). . . . . 11,260Dent Parrachee (W). . . . . 12,179 Punta Foura (E) . . . . . . . 11,188Tour du Grand St Pierre Pointe des Sengies (E) . . . . . 11,182(C) . . . . . . . . . . . 11,424 Pointe de la Gliere (W) . . . 11,109Uja di Ciamareila (C). . . . . 12,061 Pointe de la Galise (C). . . . . 10,975Cima di Charforon (E). . . . . 12,025 Pointe de la TraversiereGrande Motte (W) . . . . . . . 12,018 (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,962Albaron (C). . . . . . . . . . 12,915 Pointe de Mean MartinRoccia Viva (E). . . . . . . . 11,976 (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,949Levanna (C). . . . . . . . . . 11,943 Punta Lavina (E) . . . . . . . . 10,854Bessanese (C). . . . . . . . . 11,917 Ormelune (C) . . . . . . . . . . 10,77iPunta di Gaij (E). . . . . . . 11,887 Roche Chevriere (W) . . . . . 10,768Dome de l'Arpont (W) . . . . . 11,874 Signaldu Montlseran (C). . . . . 10,634Pointe de Ronco (C). . . . . . 11,871 Pointedela Rechasse (W) 10,575Bec de l'lnvergnan (C) . . . . 11,838 Crand Assaly (C) . . . . . . . . .10,44Tsanteleina (C). . . . . . . . 11,831 Roisebanque (E). . . . . . . . . 10,381Dome de Chasseforet (W). 11,802 Bocca di Nona (E). . . . . . . . 10,309Croce Rossa (C). . . . . . . . 11,703 Torre d'Ovarda (C) . . . . . . . 10,089Aiguille de Peclot (W). . . 11,700 Pointe du Pousset (E). . . . . . .9,994Mont Einilius (E). . . . . . . 11,677 Dome de Val d'Isere (C) . . . .9,951Punta d'Arnas (C). . . . . . . 11,615 UJa di Mondrone (C). . . . . . . .9,725Aiguille de Polset (W) . . . . 11,608 Bellagarda (C) . . . . . . . . . .9,643Rochemelon (C) . . . . . . . . 11,605 Monte Marzo (E). . . . . . . . . .9,023Mont Chalanson(C). . . . . . . 11,582 Petit Mont Blanc deTersiva (E). . . . . . . . . . 11,526 Pralognan (W).. . . . . . . .8,809Grande Traversiere (C). . . 11,467 Mont Jouvet (W). . . . . . . . . .8,409Tete du Rutor (C) . . . . . 11,438 Monte Civrari (C). . . . . . . . .7,553
Chief Passes of the Graian Alps.
Col de la Grande Rousse (Rhemes Valley to the ValGrisanche), snow (C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,483Col de Gebroulaz (Arc Valley to Mofitiers Tarentaise), snow(W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,385Col de Monel (Cogne to Locana), snow (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,247Col du Grand Paradis (Ceresole to the Val Savaranche),snow (E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,988Col du Charforon (same to same), snow (E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,929Col de Teleccio (Cogne to Locana), snow (E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,913Col de Lauzon (Cogne to the Val Savaranche), bridle path (E) . . . . . . 10,831Col du Bouquetin (Bonneval to Val d'Isere), snow (C). . . . . . . . . 10,827Col de St Grat (Val Grisanche to La Thuille), snow (C) . . . . . . . . . 10,827Col de l'Herbetet (Cogne to the Val Savaranche), snow (E). . . . . . . . 10,686Col du Collerin (Bessans to Balme), snow (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,506Col du Grand Etret (Ceresole to the Val Savaranche), snow (E). . . . . . 10,361Col de Bassac (Rhemes Valley to the Val Grisanche), snow (C). . . . . 10,345Col du Carro (Bonneval to Ceresole), snow (C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,302Col d'Arbole (Comboe to Brissogne), snow (E) . . . . . . . . . . . 10,292Col de la Goletta (Va Id'Isere to the Rhemes Valley), snow (C) . . 10,237Col de Rhemes (same to same), snow (C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,174Col de la Grande Casse (Pralognan to the Premou Glen), snow (W) . . . 10,171Col de Sea (Bonneval to Forno Alpi Graie), snow (C). . . . . . . . . . . 10,115Col de l'Autaret (Bessans to Usseglio), foot path (C). . . . . . . . . . 10,073Col de Girard (Bonneval to Forno Alpi Graie), snow (C) . . . . . . . . . .9,987Col Rosset (Val Savaranche to the Rhemes Valley), bridle path (C) . . .9,922Col d'Arnas (Bessans to Balme), snow (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,889Col de la Galise (Ceresole to Val d'Isere), snow (C). . . . . . . . . .9,836Col de Sort (Val Savaranche to the Rhemes Valley), partly bridle path .9,735Quecees de Tignes (Val d'Isere to Termignon), snow (W) . . . . . . .9,646Col della Nouva (Cogne to Pont Canavese), partly bridle path (E) . . . . .9,623Col de Garin (Aosta to Cogne), foot path (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,411Collarin d'Arnas (Balme to Usseglio), snow (C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,351Finestra del Torrent (Rhemes Valley to the Val Grisanche), foot path. .9,341Fenetre de Champorcher (Cogne to Champorcher), bridle path (E). . . . .9,311Col de Vaudet (Isere Valley to the Val Grisanche), foot path (C). . . .9,305Col de Bardoney (Cogne to Pont Canavese), snow (E) . . . . . . . . . . . .9,295Col de Chaviere (Modane to Pralognan), foot path (W). . . . . . . . . .9,206Col de la Leisse (Tignes to Termignon), snow (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,121Col du Mont Iseran (Bonneval to Val d'Isere), bridle path (C) . . . . .9,085Ghicet di Sea (Balme to Forno Alpi Graie), foot path (C) . . . . . . . . .8,973Col de la Sachette (Tignes to Bourg St Maurice), foot path (W) . . . . . .8,954Col du Palet (Tignes to Moutiers Tarentaise or Bourg St Maurice),bridle path (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,721Col du Mont (Ste Foy to the Val Grisanche), bridle path (C). . . . . . . .8,681Col de la Croix de Nivolet (Ceresole to the Val Savaranche), bridlepath (E). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,665Col della Crocetta (Ceresole to Forno Alpi Graie), bridle path (C) . . . .8,649Col de la Platiere (St Jean de Maurienne to Moutiers Tarentaise),partly bridle path (W). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,531Col de la Vanoise (Pralognan to Termignon), bridle path (W). . . . . . . .8,291Col des Encombres (St Michel de Maurienne to Moutiers Tarentaise),bridle path (W) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,668Little St Bernard (Aosta to Moutiers Tarentaise), carriage road (C) . .7,179Col de la Madeleine (La Chambre to Moutiers Tarentaise), bridlepath (W). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,509
5. Pennine Alps (from the Little St Bernard to the Simplon Pass).This range contains all the highest peaks in the Alps, save theFinsteraarhorn (14,026) in the Bernese Oberland.
Chief Peaks of the Pennine Alps.
Mont Blanc . . . . . . . . . . 15,782 Mont Blanc de Seilon . . . . . . 12,700Monte Rosa (Dufourspitze). . . 15,217 Aiguille du Midi . . . . . . . . 12,609Tour Noir. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,586Nord End (Monte Rosa). . . . . 15,132 Aiguille des Glaciers. . . . . . 12,579Dom (Mischabelhorner) . . . 14,942 Mont Dolent. . . . . . . . . . . 12,543Lyskamm. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,889 Aiguille du Chardonnet . . . . . 12,540Weisshorn. . . . . . . . . . . 14,804 Cima di Jazzi. . . . . . . . . . 12,527Matterhorn . . . . . . . . . . 14,782 Balfrin. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,474Taschhorn . . . . . . . . . 14,758 Pigne d'Arolla . . . . . . . . . 12,471Mont Maudit. . . . . . . . . . 14,669 Mont Velan. . . . . . . . . . 12,353Dent Blanche . . . . . . . . . 14,318 Aiguille du Dru. . . . . . . . . 12,320Dome du Gouter . . . . . 14,210 Tete Blanche. . . . . . . . . 12,304Grand Combin . . . . . . . . . 14,164 L'Eveque. . . . . . . . . . . 12,264Castor . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,879 Mont Pleureur. . . . . . . . . . 12,159Zinal Rothhorn . . . . . . . . 13,856 Dome de Miage. . . . . . . . . . 12,100Alphubel . . . . . . . . . . . 13,803 Lo Besso . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,058Grandes Jorasses . . . . . . . 13,797 Aiguille de la Za. . . . . . . . 12,051Rimpfischhorn. . . . . . . . . 13,790 Mont Collon. . . . . . . . . . . 11,956Strahlhorn . . . . . . . . . . 13,751 Diablons . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,828Dent d'Herens . . . . . . . 13,715 Aiguille de Tour . . . . . . . . 11,615Zermatt Breithorn. . . . . . . 13,685 Mont Gele . . . . . . . . . . 11,539Aiguille Verte . . . . . . . . 13,541 Bec de Luseney . . . . . . . . . 11,503Ober Gabelhorn . . . . . . . . 13,364 Aiguille de Grepon. . . . . . 11,489Aiguille de Bionnassay . . . . 13,341 Chateau des Dames . . . . . . 11,447Allalinhorn. . . . . . . . . . 13,236 Aiguille des Charmoz . . . . . . 11,293Weissmies . . . . . . . . . . 13,226 Aiguille du Tacul. . . . . . . . 11,280Aiguille du Geant . . . . . 13,170 Grand Tournalin. . . . . . . . . 11,086Laquinhorn . . . . . . . . . . 13,140 Pointe de Rosa Blanche . . . . . 10,985Rossbodenhorn. . . . . . . . . 13,128 Mont Avril . . . . . . . . . . . 10,962Grand Cornier. . . . . . . . . 13,022 Grande Rochere. . . . . . . . 10,913Aiguille de Trelatete. . 12,832 Corno Bianco . . . . . . . . . . 10,893Aiguille d'Argentiere . . . 12,819 Grauhaupt. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,876Ruinette . . . . . . . . . . . 12,727 Pointe d'Orny. . . . . . . . . . 10,742Aiguille de Triolet. . . . . . 12,717 Dent du Midi . . . . . . . . . . 10,696Mont Favre . . . . . . . . . . 10,693 Tagliaferro. . . . . . . . . . . .9,725Sasseneire . . . . . . . . . . 10,693 Riffelhorn . . . . . . . . . . . .9,617Grand Golliaz. . . . . . . . . 10,630 Pointe Percee du Reposoir . . .9,029Tour Sallieres. . . . . . . 10,588 Crammont . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,980Pizzo Bianco . . . . . . . . . 10,552 Pointe des Fours . . . . . . . . .8,921Latelhorn. . . . . . . . . . . 10,523 Pointe du Colloney . . . . . . . .8,832Schwarzhorn (Augstbord). . . . 10,512 Catogne. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,527Gornergrat . . . . . . . . . . 10,289 Monte Bo. . . . . . . . . . . .8,386Pointe de Lechaud . . . . . 10,260 Mont Joly. . . . . . . . . . . . .8,291Buet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,201 Brevent . . . . . . . . . . . .8,284Mont Ruan. . . . . . . . . . . 10,099 Pointe de Salles . . . . . . . . .8,183Mont Neri . . . . . . . . . 10,073 Aiguille de Varens . . . . . . . .8,163Bella Tola . . . . . . . . . . 9,935 Mont Chetif . . . . . . . . . .7,687Pointe de Tanneverge . . . . . 9,784 Mole. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,132Belvedere (Aigs. Rouges) 9,731 Saleve (highest point). . . . .4,528
Chief Passes of the Pennine Alps.
Sesiajoch (Zermatt to Alagna), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,515Col de la Brenva (Courmayeur to Chamonix), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,217Domjoch (Randa to Saas), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,062Lysjoch (Zermatt to Gressoney), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,033Mischabeljoch (Zermatt to Saas), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,651Alphubel Pass (same to same), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,474Adler Pass (same to same), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,461Moming Pass (Zermatt to Zinal), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,287Schwarzthor (Zermatt to Ayas), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,274Col de Triolet (Chamonix to Courmayeur), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,110Ried Pass (St Niklaus to Saas), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,800New Weissthor (Zermatt to Macugnaga), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,746Allalin Pass (Zermatt to Saas), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,713Col de Valpelline (Zermatt to Aosta), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,687Biesjoch (Randa to Turtmann), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,644Triftjoch (Zermatt to Zinal), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,615Col d'Argentiere (Chamonix to Orsieres), snow. . . . . . . . . . . 11,536Col du Sonadon (Bourg St Pierre to the Val de Bagnes), snow. . . . . . . 11,447Col de Talefre (Chamonix to Courmayeur), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,430Col d'Herens (Zermatt to Evolena), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,418Col Durand (Zermatt to Zinal), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,398Col des Maisons Blanches (Bourg St Pierre to the Val de Bagnes), snow. . 11,241Col de Bertol (Arolla to the Col d'Herens), snow. . . . . . . . . . . 11,200Col de Miage (Contamines to Courmayeur), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,077Col du Geant (Chamonix to Courmayeur), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,060Col du Mont Rouge (Val de Bagnes to the Val d'Heremence), snow . . 10,962Col du Chardonnet (Chamonix to Orsieres), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,909Col de St Theodule (Zermatt to Chatillon), snow. . . . . . . . . . 10,899Col du Tour (Chamonix to Orsieres), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,762Fenetre de Saleinaz (Saleinaz Glacier to Trient Glacier), snow. . . . 10,709Col de Tracuit (Zinal to Turtmann), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,670Zwischbergen Pass (Saas to Gondo), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,657Col d'Oren (Val de Bagnes to the Valpelline), snow . . . . . . . . . . . 10,637Col de Seilon (Val de Bagnes to the Val d'Heremence), snow . . . . 10,499Col du Cret (Val de Bagnes to the Val d'Heremence), snow. . . . 10,329Col de Valcournera (Val Tournanche to the Valpelline), snow . . . . . 10,325Col de Collon (Arolla to Aosta), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,270Col de Valsorey (Bourg St Pierre to Aosta), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,214Col de Chermontane (Val de Bagnes to Arolla), snow . . . . . . . . . . . 10,119Cimes Blanches (Val Tournanche to Ayas), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .9,777Col de Torrent (Evolena to the Val de Torrent), bridle path. . . . . . . .9,593Augstbord Pass (St Niklaus to Turtmann), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .9,492Col de Crete Seche (Val de Bagnes to the Valpelline), snow . . . . .9,475Col de Breuil (Bourg St Maurice to La Thuille), snow . . . . . . . . . . .9,446Col d'Olen (Alagna to Gressoney), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,420Monte Moro (Saas to Macugnaga), partly bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . .9,390Pas de Chevres (Arolla to the Val d'Heremence), foot path . . . .9,354Antrona Pass (Saas to Antrona), partly bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . .9,331Col de Sorebois (Zinal to the Val de Torrent), bridle path . . . . . . . .9,269Col de Vessona (Valpelline to the St Barthelemy Glen), foot path. . . .9,167Col de Fenetre (Val de Bagnes to Aosta), bridle path. . . . . . . . . .9,141Z'Meiden Pass (Zinal to Turtmann), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,095Turlo Pass (Alagna to Macugnaga), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,977Col de Fenetre (Great St Bernard to the Swiss Val Ferret),bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,855Bettafurka (Ayas to Gressoney), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,780Col du Mont Tondu (Contamines to Courmayeur), snow . . . . . . . . . . . .8,498Col Serena (Great St Bernard to Courmayeur). foot path . . . . . . . . . .8,327Col Ferret (Courmayeur to Orsieres), carriage road in progress. . . . .8,311Col de la Seigne (Chapieux to Courmayeur) bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .8,242Col de Susanfe (Champery to Salvan), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . .8,202Col du Bonhomme (Contamines to Chapieux), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .8,147Col de Valdobbia (Gressoney to the Val Sesia), bridle path . . . . . . . .8,134Great St Bernard (Martigny to Aosta), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . .8,111Col de Sagerou (Sixt to Champery), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,917Col de Moud (Alagna to Rima and Varallo), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .7,622Col d'Anterne (Sixt to Servos), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,425Col d'Egua (Rima to the Val Anzasca), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,336Col de Balme (Chamonix to the Trient Valley), bridle path. . . . . . . . .7,221Simplon Pass (Brieg to Domo d'Ossola), carriage road over,railway tunnel beneath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,592Col de Checouri (Courmayeur to the Lac de Combal),bridle path . . . . .6,431Baranca Pass (Varallo to the Val Anzasca), bridle path . . . . . . . . . .5,971Col de Voza (Chamonix to Contamines), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .5,496Col de la Forclaz (Chamonix to St Gervais), bridle path. . . . . . . . . .5,105Col de la Forclaz (Trient Valley to Martigny), carriage road . . . . . . .4,987
6. Bernese Oberland (from the Lake of Geneva to the Furka, the Reuss Valley and the Lake of Lucerne). This general name seems best to describe the range in question, though, of course, portions of it are in Cantons other than that of Berne, viz. Vaud, Fribourg, the Valais, Lucerne, Uri and Unterwalden.
Chief Peaks of the Bernese Oberland.
Finsteraarhorn . . . . . . . . 14,026 Wellhorn . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,486Aletschhorn. . . . . . . . . . 13,721 Mettenberg . . . . . . . . . . . 10,194Jungfrau . . . . . . . . . . . 13,669 Loffelhorn. . . . . . . . . . 10,165Monch . . . . . . . . . . . 13,468 Grand Muveran. . . . . . . . . . 10,043Gross Schreckhorn. . . . . . . 13,386 Gross Wendenstock. . . . . . . . .9,987Gross Fiescherhorn . . . . . . 13,285 Sparrhorn. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,928Eiger. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,042 Torrenthorn. . . . . . . . . . . .9,853Bietschhorn. . . . . . . . . . 12,970 Grande Dent de Morcles . . . . . .9,777Gross Wannehorn. . . . . . . . 12,812 Schilthorn . . . . . . . . . . . .9,754Gross Nesthorn . . . . . . . . 12,533 Eggishorn. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,626Lauterbrunnen Breithorn. . . . 12,399 Uri Rothstock. . . . . . . . . . .9,620Balmhorn . . . . . . . . . . . 12,176 Schwarzhorn(Grindelwald) . . . . .9,613Wetterhorn (Mittelhorn). . . . 12,166 Gross Siedelhorn . . . . . . . . .9,452Wetterhorn (Hash Jungfrau) . . 12,149 Albristhorn. . . . . . . . . . . .9,069Rothihorn.. . . . . . . . . . .9,052Wetterhorn (Rosenhorn) . . . . 12,110 Faulhorn . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,803Blumlisalphorn. . . . . . . 12,044 Gummfluh . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,074Gross Doldenhorn . . . . . . . 11,966 Sulegg . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,914Atels. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,930 Vanil Noir . . . . . . . . . . . .7,858Dammastock . . . . . . . . . . 11,920 Niesen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,763Galenstock . . . . . . . . . . 11,802 Brienzer Rothhorn. . . . . . . . .7,714Sustenhorn . . . . . . . . . . 11,523 Tour d'Ai. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,658Gspaltenhorn . . . . . . . . . 11,293 Hohgant. . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,225Fleckistock. . . . . . . . . . 11,214 Stockhorn. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,192Gross Huhnerstock . . . . . 10,985 Kaiseregg. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,182Ewigschneehorn . . . . . . . . 10,929 Pilatus (Tomlishorn) . . . . . . .6,995Ritzlihorn . . . . . . . . . . 10,768 Chamossaire. . . . . . . . . . . .6,943Wildhorn . . . . . . . . . . . 10,709 Gemmenalphorn. . . . . . . . . . .6,772Wildstrubel. . . . . . . . . . 10,673 Rochers de Nave. . . . . . . . . .5,710Diablerets . . . . . . . . . . 10,650 Moleson . . . . . . . . . . . .6,582Titlis . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,627 Dent de Jaman. . . . . . . . . . .6,165Gross Spannort . . . . . . . . 10,516 Napf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,629
Chief Passes of the Bernese Oberland.
Lauithor (Lauterbrunnen to the Eggishorn), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,140Monchjoch (Grindelwald to the Eggishorn), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,680Jungfraujoch (Wengern Alp to the Eggishorn), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,385Strahlegg Pass (Grindelwald to the Grimsel), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,995Grunhornlueke (Great Aletsch Glacier to the FiescherGlacier), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,844Oberaarjoch (Grimsel to the Eggishorn), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,607Gauli Pass (Grimsel to Meiringen), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,519Petersgrat (Lauterbrunnen to the Lotschenthal), snow. . . . . . . . . 10,516Lotschenlucke (Lotschenthal to the Eggishorn), snow . . . . . . 10,512Lauteraarsattel (Grindelwald to the Grimsel), snow . . . . . . . . . . . 10,355Beichgrat (Lotschenthal to the Bel Alp), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,289Lammernjoch (Lenk to the Gemmi), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,276Triftlimmi (Rhone Glacier to the Gadmen Valley), snow. . . . . . . . . . 10,200Sustenlimmi (Stein Alp to Goeschenen), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,181Gamchilucke (Kien Valley to Lauterbrunnen), snow. . . . . . . . . . . .9,295Tschiugel Pass (Lauterbrunnen to Kandersteg), snow . . . . . . . . . . . .9,265Hohthurli Pass (Kandersteg to the Kien Valley), foot path . . . . . . .8,882Lotschen Pass (Kandersteg to the Lotschenthal), snow . . . . . . . .8,842Sefinenfurka (Lauierbrunnen to the Kien Valley), foot path . . . . . . . .8,583Wendenjoch (Engelberg to the Gadmen Valley), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . .8,544Furtwangsattel (Guttannen to the Gadmen Valley), foot path . . . . . . . .8,393Furka Pass (Rhone Glacier to Andermatt), carriage road . . . . . . . . . .7,992Rawil Pass (Sion to Lenk), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,924Gemmi Pass (Randersteg to Leukerbad), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .7,641Surenen Pass (Engelberg to Altdorf), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,563Susten Pass (Meiringen to Wassen), partly carriage road. . . . . . . . . .7,422Sanetsch Pass (Sion to Saanen), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,331Joch Pass (Meiringen to Engelberg), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,267Grimsel Pass (Meiringen to the Rhone Glacier), carriage road . . . . . . .7,100Kleine Scheidegg (Grindelwald to Lauterbrunnen), railway over. . . . . . .6,772Col de Cheville (Sion to Bex), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,723Grosse Scheidegg (Grindelwald to Meiringen), bridle path . . . . . . . . .6,454Col de Jaman (Montreux to Montbovon), mule path over, railwaytunnel beneath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,974Brunig Pass (Meiringen to Lucerne), railway over. . . . . . . . . . . .3,396
7. Lepontine Alps (from the Simplon to the Splugen and south of the Furka and Oberalp Passes). The eastern portion of this range, from the St Gotthard Pass to the Splugen, is sometimes named the Adula Alps.
Chief Peaks of the Lepontine Alps.
Monte Leone. . . . . . . . . . 11,684 Piz Blas . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,918Rheinwaldhorn. . . . . . . . . 11,149 Monte Giove. . . . . . . . . . . .9,876Guferhorn . . . . . . . . . 11,132 Pizzo Centrale . . . . . . . . . .9,853Blindenhorn. . . . . . . . . . 11,103 Pizzas d'Annarosa. . . . . . . . .9,850Basodino . . . . . . . . . . . 10,749 Piz Beverin. . . . . . . . . . . .9,843Tambohorn. . . . . . . . . . . 10,749 Weisshorn (Splugen) . . . . . .9,817Helsenhorn . . . . . . . . . . 10,742 Pizzo Lucendro . . . . . . . . . .9,708Wasenhorn. . . . . . . . . . . 10,680 Piz Tomul . . . . . . . . . . .9,676Ofenhorn . . . . . . . . . . . 10,637 Piz Cavel. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,659Cherbadung . . . . . . . . . . 10,542 Barenhorn . . . . . . . . . . .9,620Piz Medel. . . . . . . . . . . 10,509 Six Madun (Badus). . . . . . . . .9,619Scopi. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,499 Piz Muraun . . . . . . . . . . . .9,512Pizzo Rotondo. . . . . . . . . 10,489 Zervreilerhorn . . . . . . . . . .9,508Pizzo dei Piani. . . . . . . . 10,361 Monte Cistella . . . . . . . . . .9,353Piz Terri. . . . . . . . . . . 10,338 Piz Lukmanier. . . . . . . . . . .9,115Piz Aul. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,250 Monte Prosa. . . . . . . . . . . .8,983Pizzo di Pesciora. . . . . . . 10,247 Pizzo Columbe . . . . . . . . .8,363Wyttenwasserstock. . . . . . . 10,119 Monte Camoghe . . . . . . . . .7,303Campo Tencia . . . . . . . . . 10,089 Piz Mundaun. . . . . . . . . . . .6,775Leckihorn. . . . . . . . . . . 10,069 Monte Generoso . . . . . . . . . .5,591Bruschghorn. . . . . . . . . . 10,020 Monte San Salvatore. . . . . . . .3,004Alperschellihorn . . . . . . . 9,991
Chief Passes of the Lepontine Alps.
Zapport Pass (Hinterrhein to Malvaglia and Biasca), snow . . . . . . . . 10,103Guferlucke (Kanal Glen to the Lenta Glen), snow. . . . . . . . . . .9,777Lentalucke (Hinterrhein to Vals Platz), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,692Hohsand Pass (Binn to Tosa Falls), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,603Lecki Pass (Wyttenwasser Glen to the Mutten Glen), snow. . . . . . . . . .9,554Passo Rotondo (Airolo to Oberwald), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,449Kaltwasser Pass (Simplon Hospice to Veglia Alp), snow. . . . . . . . . . .9,331Scaradra Pass (Vals Platz to Olivone), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,088Satteltelucke (Vals Platz to Vrin), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,082Ritter Pass (Binn to Veglia Alp), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,832Cavanna Pass (Realp to the Val Bedretto), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,566Scatta Minoja (Devero to the Val Formazza), bridle path. . . . . . . . . .8,521Bocca di Cadlimo (Airolo to the Lukmanier Pass), foot path . . . . . . . .8,340Valserberg (Hinterrhein to Vals Platz), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . .8,225Safierberg (Splugen to Safien Platz), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .8,170Geisspfad Pass (Binn to Devero), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,120Gries Pass (Ulrichen to Tosa Falls), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,098Passo di Naret (Fusio to Airolo), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,015Nufenen Pass (Ulrichen to Airolo), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,006Diesrut Pass (Vrin fo the Somvix Oolen), bad bridle path . . . . . . . . .7,953Albrun Pass (Binn to Devero and Baceno), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .7,907Greina Pass (Olivone to the Somvix Glen), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .7,743San Giacomo Pass (Airolo to Tosa Falls), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . .7,573Passo di Buffalora (Val Mesocco to the Val Calanca), foot path . . . . . .7,431Passo dell' Uomo (Airolo to the Lukmanier Pass), bridle path . . . . . . .7,258Splugen Pass (Thusis to Chiavenna), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . .6,946St Gotthard Pass (Andermatt to Airolo), carriage road over,railway tunnel beneath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,936San Bernardino Pass (Thusis to Bellinzona), carriage road. . . . . . . . .6,769Lukmanier Pass (Disentis to Olivone), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . .6,289
8. The Range of the Todi (from the Oberalp Pass to the Klausen Pass).
Todi. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,887 Piz Segnes . . . . . . . . . . . 10,178Bifertenstock. . . . . . . . . 11,241 Piz Giuf . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,165Piz Urlaun . . . . . . . . . . 11,060 Crispalt . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,105Oberalpstock . . . . . . . . . 10,926 Bristenstock . . . . . . . . . . 10,086Gross Scheerhorn . . . . . . . 10,814 Selbsanft. . . . . . . . . . . . .9,938Claridenstock. . . . . . . . . 10,729 Vorab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,925Dussistock. . . . . . . . . 10,703 Tschingelhorner (Elm) . . . . .9,351Ringelspitz. . . . . . . . . . 10,667 Piz Sol (Grauehorner) . . . . .9,348Brigelserhorner (highest) . 10,663 Calanda. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,213Grosse Windgalle. . . . . . 10,473 Karpfstock. . . . . . . . . . .9,177Hausstock. . . . . . . . . . . 10,342 Mageren. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,294Gross Ruchen . . . . . . . . . 10,289 Murtschenstock. . . . . . . . .8,012
Chief Passes of the Range of the Todi.
Clariden Pass (Amsteg to Linththal), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,741Planura Pass (same to same), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,646Kammlilucke or Scheerjoch (Maderanerthal to Unterschachen), snow . .9,344Sardona Pass (Flims to Ragaz), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,318Sand Alp Pass (Disentis to Linththal), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,121Brunni Pass (Disentis to Amsteg), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,977Segnes Pass (Elm to Flims), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,613Kisten Pass (Linththal to Ilanz), bad bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . .8,203Panixer Pass (Elm to Ilanz), bad bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,897Kruzli Pass (Amsteg to Sedrun), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,710Foo or Ramin Pass (Elm to Weisstannen), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . .7,290Oberalp Pass (Andermatt to Disentis), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . .6,719Klausen Pass (Altdorf to Linththal), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . .6,404