AAbsolutism, of King of Castile in America,53;of Francia,192;of Lopez,199,201;of John II.,293;of Pombal,397;of Pedro I.,421,424;revolt against,411,412"Adelantados,"23,34,166Affonso Celso,492Agassiz, Louis,306Agricultural methods,338,394,406,467Alagoas,309,355,405Albuquerque, Jeronymo de,343,345,354,355Alcacer-Kibir, battle of,322,342Alvarengo Peixoto, poet,399Alvarengo, Silva, poet,399Alvear, General Carlos, leader in Buenos Aires,96,102;exiled,103;in battle of Ituzaingo,120,261,429;Montevideo surrenders to,255Amazon, the, estuary discovered,301;extent navigable,308;explored,344,371;settlements along,374;Upper,382,392Amazonas, state of,405,490Anchieta, Padre,329,336Anti-foreign sentiment among Creoles, in Argentina,34,86,267;in Uruguay,267;in Brazil,396,417,423,426,432,433,439,442,455Araguaya River,310,392Arawak Indians,300Architecture,341Argentina,37-161;settlement of,14,15,17,18,22,24,29,32,43;rainfall in,40;agriculture and grazing in,40,43;climate in,41;area of,43;prosperity of,45,144,148;exports of,49,148,159;population of,79,131,143,147,185;national colours of,90,independence of,90,96,100,104;revolt of May 25, 1810,90,188,252,407;federalism in,94,115,130,132,136,138,148,255;proposals to make it a monarchy,104;civil wars in,115et seq.;war with Brazil,120,129,260,427,428,462;constitution of,134,137,138;industrial development in,141,160;war with Paraguay,141,142,189,200,206-219,276,471;finances of,149-153,156,157,160;war with Chile threatened,156;war with Uruguay,255,267Arroyo Grande, battle of,268Artigas, José,92,105,252-258,407,408Assassinations,277,281,379,508Asuncion,22,33;founded,25,165;way opened to,143;in possession of Brazil,475Audiencia, of Charcas,16,53,61,176;of Buenos Aires,84Ayohuma, battle of,97Azores,8,292,346,387,412BBahia (city), early settlement of Brazil,320;military and naval post,322;population,324;industries,324,393;growth,347;captured by the Dutch,351;captured by the Portuguese,352;place of refuge,355;siege of,357;held by Portuguese,358,418;guerrillas obtain arms in,362;ecclesiastical capital,399;reception of the Prince Regent,404;deposes governor,412,436;garrison re-enforced,419;expulsion of Portuguese garrison from,420Bahia (province), position,310;Jesuits in,328;population,338;cattle-raisers of,372;insurrections in,375;gold-fields in,391;attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator,"425;separatist movement in,444Balboa, Nuñez de,12Basques,4,5,26,30Beckman's rebellion,375Belgrano, Manuel, Creole leader,89,93;expeditions to Paraguay,91,92,188-190;expedition to Tucuman,93,94,96;invasion of Bolivia,97;commission to Spain,104;in Uruguay,253Beresford, General,83Blancos,126,129,266,272et seq.Blandenques,248Bohorquez.SeeHuallpa Inca.Bolivar, Simon,101,111,112Bolivia (Upper Peru), irrigation in,14;silver in,16,22,78,233;division of,75;gold in,78;inhabitants of,80;resists revolutionary movement,91;Spanish power in,100;Rondeau's effort to conquer,104;route to,315Bom Jesus stockade,354,355Bonaparte, Joseph,87,251Bonaparte, Napoleon,86,89,402Bonifacio de Andrada, José, and independence of Brazil,416,421;made prime minister,418;letters to Pedro,419;and brothers,423,432,439,446,449Borda, Juan Idiarte,280,281Botacudo (Aymoré) Indians,300,321Boundary questions, between Spain and Portugal,66-68,72,77,172,181,233,239,244,245,342,372,376,387;between Argentina and Chile,156,158;between Brazil and Paraguay,203,208;between Paraguay and Brazil and Argentina,222;of Brazil,407,468Brazil,287-512;settlement of,23,316,318,319,321,323,336,342,372-374,387,397;war with Argentina,120,129,260,427,428,462;war with Uruguay,120,209,256,260,470;war with Paraguay,141,142,206-219,276,471;area of,305,309,310,313,314;climate,305,308-313;rainfall in,306,309-313;population,310,314,336,347,374,397,405,480,511;Spanish possession of,342;efforts to establish republic in,381,399,409,476,479,482,488,492,495;independence of,416,417,419,426,427;Constituent Assembly of,419,422,423;constitution of,422-424,439,444,500;Congress of,427,430,432,440,443,447,449,451,464,466,475,486,500,507;regency in,436et seq.;hegemony of,463,468,476;republic established in,497,503,506Brazil-wood,302-304,317,321,322Brazilian Creoles, at war with Spanish Creoles,66,68,105,240,242,245,248,254,256,382,388,389,408Brazilian states, power of governors of,507Brazilians, character and habits,294,318,319,323,339,359,368,376,396,399,406,407,459,460,464,467,479,492,512Brown, William, Admiral,103,120,255,261,428Buenos Aires (city), founded,24,25,30-32,168;foreign commerce forbidden to,50;smuggling,60;prosperity,72;commercial centre,75,78;captured by the British,83;captured by the Argentine Creoles,84;battle of,85;hegemony of,90,103;blockades of,120,125,132,262,269,270;detached from province,148Buenos Aires (province), division of Argentina,34;independent,61;Indians exiled to,63;intendencia,75,79CCabeza de Vaca,26Cabildos, in Buenos Aires,32,90;organisation and functions,53-56;nationality of members,57;influence of,78,119;in Montevideo,252Cabot, Sebastian,22,165,233,317Cabral, Pedro Alvares,295Cacao,78Cagancha, battle of,268Calabar (guerrilla chief),355,356Calchaquie Indians,63Callao,49Camarrão (guerrilla chief),355,362Campos (city),347Campos Salles, Manoel Ferraz de,488,508-510Canary Islands,7,8,242,292,329Cape Horn,48Cape Verde Islands,8,292Captaincies,53,319Cardenas, Bishop of Paraguay,182Carib Indians,300Caseros, battle of,129,271,463Castilhos, Julio de,502Catamarca,15,63,154Cattle industry, in Argentina,17,29,40,71,131,148;in Uruguay,238,268,273;in Brazil,310,371-373,390,393,406Caudillos,116,119,138,144,255Caxias, Marshal,143,218,452,453,475Cayenne,407Ceará, location,309;settlement in,345;Dutch control of,357;devastated,363;separated from Brazil,371;surplus of cattle in,373;decline of cattle business in,393;adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator,"425;anarchy in,438Cerrito, battle of,254Chacabuco, battle of,108Chaco, the,37,58,213,237;plains of,166,186;matter of arbitration,222Charles IV. of Spain,86Charrua Indians,71,235,244,247,265Chile,15,42,78,100,110Cholera in Brazilian army,216Cisplatine Province,258,408City life, taste for,56Claudio (poet),399Cochrane, Thomas, Admiral,111,420,425Coelho, Duarte,319,328Coffee, productiveness,306,313;districts of cultivation of,310,312,313,406;increased production of,448,458,466,479,489,509;plantation companies,501;trade affected by rise of currency,511Colombia,434Colonia de Sacramento, founded,68,240,376;