held by Portuguese,70,72,234,240;taken by Spaniards,77,246,388,389;port,230;attacked,245Colonial governors, corruption of,56,64,65,393Colonial trade, restrictions on, imposed,48,49,63;evil effects of,49,52;how enforced,50,65,71;removed,78,88,404;among colonies,82;of Brazil with Portugal,287,336,342,373,393Colorados,126,129,266,272et seq.Columbus, Christopher,8Commercial routes to Pacific,21,47,48Concepcion (Argentina),116"Confederation of the Equator,"425Constant, Benjamin, General,492,495-497Contraband trade, in Argentina,51,52,63-66,69,75;at Colonia,240,377;and Thomas de Souza,329;in Brazil,347,373,394Copper,78Copper-pan amalgamation process,16Cordoba (city), founded,30;rainfall in,40;on trade route,50,51;prosperity of,62,63Cordoba (province), Spaniards pass through,14;settled,15;intendencia,75;Indian stock in,80;revolution in,91,154;military state,121;governor expelled,123Corrientes (city), founded,33;defence of,58;desire for independence,116Corrientes (province), flourishing,34;ravaged by war,130,135;troubles in,154;missions in,186;Belgrano in,188;invasion of,210;relations with Artigas,255;alliance with Rivera,267Cortes, Hernando,12,20Cortes (Portuguese Parliament),291,412,415,416,418Cotegipe, Baron of,490,491Cotton, cultivation of,14,41,309,310,371,448;manufacture,170,371,406;trade,405Council of the Indies,53Cromwell, Oliver,366Cruelties in war,91,93,276,384Cuestas, Juan L.,281Curitiba,172Curupayty, battle of,142,215,475Cuyabá,391Cuyo, province of Argentina,15,64;industries in,17;political dependency,17,33;detached from Chile,74;products of,78;inhabitants of,102;ruler of,121,123Cuzco,41DDecember 27, 1868, battle of,219Democracy,56,81,83,432,437Diamond mining,392,397Dias, Henrique,355,362Diaz, Bartholomew,293Discoveries,8,12,19,296Drake, Sir Francis,47Drugs,49Duarte Coelho.SeeCoelho, Duarte.Duguay-Trouin, Admiral,384Durão, Santa Rita.SeeSanta Rita Durão.EEducation, popular,73;lack of, among Brazilians,396;encouraged in Brazil,398;schools,404,406,448;desire for,409Elections, in Argentina,140,143,146,154;in Uruguay,280;in Brazil,464,475,478,485-487,489,495,507Emancipation of slaves, in Paraguay,199;in Brazil,456,461,476,479,481,482,490,491Emboaba rebellion,379Encomiendas,165Entre Rios, province of Argentina,34;Indians in,62,71,74,186;gauchos in,92,236,244,254,255;governor of,128;revolutionary movement in,188;independent,270;ruler of,471,472Espirito Santo,310,333,338,347FFederalist party,119,121,123,126,263Feijó, Padre, Regent of Brazil,432,433,437,440,443Ferdinand VII. of Spain,87,90,93,96,411Fernandes Vieira,361et seq.Florés, Venancio, leader of revolutionists in Uruguay,208,468;ruler of Uruguay,212,273;government of his own,274;in war against Paraguay,276;death,277Fonseca, Deodoro da,493-497,500,501Foreign debts, of Argentina, increased,144,160,how met,149,152,157,160,161;of Uruguay, doubled,277,280;of Brazil, increased,464,474,509,how met,480,489,510France, intervenes in Uruguayan civil war,269;poaches,304,317;French traders in Brazil,322,329,343;settlement at Rio,333;measures to expel, from Rio,335;attempts to colonise Maranhâo,345;takes Rio,383;ministers of, with Pedro I.,434Francia, José Gaspar,190-197,256,258Franciscans,58,169,182Free Masonry,409,415,484French Revolution,82GGama, Basilio da, poet,399Gama, Vasco da,295Garay, Juan de, founder of Buenos Aires,30-33,58,237Garcia, Aleixo,316Garibaldi, Giuseppe,270,442Gauchos, origin of,81;element in Argentine army,94,116;defend Bolivian frontier,101,104;in Entre Rios,236,244;Uruguayan,248,279,442;in Rio Grande do Sul,502Glycerio, Francisco,495Goes, Zacarias de,466Gold, in Africa,8;in Hayti,10,12;Spain's desire for,49;value of,50;in Peru,78;in Brazil,310,378-380,391-393,397,405Gonzaga, poet,399Goyaz,310,313,348,372Great Britain, fleet of, before Montevideo,83-86;gunboats of, hold Paraguayan flagship,204;captured Buenos Aires,248;besiege Montevideo,250,251;blockade Buenos Aires,269;filibustering of, along Brazilian coast,343;importations of, into Brazil,405,459;ministers of,434;relations with Brazil,456Guarany (Tupi), Indians,42,297Guararapes, battle of,364Guayabos, battle of,255Guayaquil,112Guayrá cataract,171,178,179Guayrá province,173,177,180HHayes, Rutherford B.,222Hayti,10,12Henry the Navigator,292Hernandarias Saavedra,58,174,237Heyn, Piet, Admiral,352Hides,49,60,78,148,241Holland,309,343,350et seq.Horses,32,33,43,131,238Huallpa Inca (Bohorquez),63Huaqui, battle of,92,253Huguenots,334,345Humaitá,207,212-218,475IIguassu River,67,180Ilheos,320,344Immigration, into Argentina,45,130,136,141,144,159;into Paraguay,222;into Uruguay,268,276,278;into Brazil,339,346,404,408,463,490,501,512Incas,13,14,41,42Indian corn,41,306,310Indian language,18,166,300,331Indian wars, with Guaranies,29;with inferior tribes,43;with Andean,58,59;in Argentine,62,124,145;in Uruguay,62,232,234,237;with Calchaquies,63;Paulistas' raids,67,72,170,173,348;with Charruas,71,244;in the plains of the Chaco,166;with Aymorés,321,335;with Tamoyos,331;in Brazil,333,343,373Indians, flourishing communities,18;Irala's dealing with,27;Andean and inferior tribes 42;Jesuits and,73,74,173,331;civilised,168,405;evangelisation of,170,173,327;social status of,184;employment,185;Cabral and,297;relations with the French,333,335;Brazilian,298-300Indigo,405Intendencias,75Intermixture with Indians, in coast provinces,18;in Argentina,45,80;in Paraguay,166,192;in Jesuit Republic,187;in Brazil,318,346,398Irrigation,14,42Isabel, Princess of Brazil,456,457,484,490,494Itamarica,317,319,355,363Ituzaingo, battle of,120,261,429JJanuaria, Princess of Brazil,445,446January 19, 1811, battle of,189Jesuits, their work in Paraguay,34,170-176;republic,60,73,74,177;and Bohorquez,64;and Paulistas,66-68,72,347,348;their work in Uruguay,71,238,245;their work in Brazil,169,326et seq.;missions in northern Brazil,374;missions on Amazon,374,382,392;Pombal and,397Jews,353,358John VI. of Portugal and Brazil, his troops defeat Artigas,105;withdraws troops from Uruguay,254;relations with Napoleon,402;flight to Rio,403,404;Brazil's foreign relations under,407;called back to Portugal,411;unsupported by Brazil,412;in fear of the people,413;news of his death,428Jujuy,15,94Juncal, battle of,120,262LLabour, enforced,194,201Laguna,386Land grants,56,338,390,406Las Piedras, battle of,92,253Latorre, Lorenzo,277Lautaro society,96Lavalle, General,268Lavalleja, General,256,259,261,262Lima,16,51Liniers, General,83,85,87,91,251Local self-government, strong sentiment in favour of,34;right of,115;struggles for,380;effected,401,402,439,454;impaired,444Lopez II., unnatural cruelties of,221Lopez, Carlos Antonio, President of Paraguay,199-205