Lopez, Francisco Solano,141,204-221,274,470Lynch, Madame,206MMadeira Islands,8,37,292,361,412Madeira River,314,391,392Magellan, Fernando,20,21,232Magellan, Strait of,21,47Maldonado,230,242,250Mandioc,41,306,310,371Maranhão, location of,309;French attempt to colonise,345;captured by the Brazilian Creoles,346;occupied by Maurice,357;revolt in,362,375;new state,371;Jesuits in,374;development hindered,393;takes a new start,397;Portuguese expelled from,420;not represented in Constituent Assembly,422;adhesion to "Confederation of the Equator,"425;civil war in,438;revolution in,446,452Maria Gloria of Portugal,428Mascate rebellion,381Matte (Paraguayan) tea,78Matto Grosso, seized by Lopez,142,210;at the mercy of Lopez,208;location of,314;beginning of the state,391;expedition against,471;safety of, assured,476Maurice of Nassau,356Mello, Admiral,504,505Mem da Sa,335,337Mendoza, Pedro de,23,165,236Mendoza (city),15,41,64,106Miguel, pretender to Portuguese crown,428,439Military operations among uncivilised Indians,18,26Minas Geraes, location of,310,description of,311,313;gold in,379,391,392,397;population of,397;literature in,399;attitude of, toward Pedro I.,433,438;revolution in,453Missions, negotiations concerning,72,77,186,245,246,388,390;attacked,105;established in Paraguay,180;conquered by Rio Grandenses,248;loyal to Artigas,255;invaded,407Mitre, Bartolomé, resistance of Rioja to,64;historian,98;established civil government in Buenos Aires,126;on Argentine constitution,137;in Paraguayan war,141,142,153,160,471;party leader,154Mohammedanism,325Monopolies, of Cadiz merchants,48,50,51,82;Portuguese,374,393;abolished,397,404Montevideo, harbours,31,241;taken by the Spanish,70;population of,78;sieges of,92,250,253,254,269;captured by the patriots,103,255;captured by the Portuguese,105,408;named,232;fortified,242;captured by the British,250;blockaded,276;founded,386;Portuguese garrison expelled from,420Montoya, Father,178Moors,3-5,288,290Moraes, Prudente, President,488,506,507,508Mules, trade in,63Municipal government, characteristic of Spain,3,53;adaptation of,44;Spanish form of,54;in Portugal,290,291;of Bahia,325;granted to Brazilian towns,374;character of,424NNabuco, Joaquim,481Napoleon Bonaparte.SeeBonaparte, Napoleon.Natal,344Negroes,102,105,311,375,405New Granada,100Nobrega, Padre Manuel,326,328,330OOffice-holding,52,409,459O'Higgins, Bernard,109,111Ojeda, Alonso de,301Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon,344Oribe, Manuel, retreat of,256;president of Uruguay,265;leader of party,265,267,461;defeated Argentine unitarians,268;surrendered,271Oruro,16Ouro Preto, Viscount of,494,495,497Ouro Preto (city),399PPacific, Spanish control of,21Pampas, explored,32;character of,38;description,40,41;expedition over,58Pampean sea, prehistoric,229Panama, Isthmus of,12,21,48,49Paper currency, in Argentine,149,150,157,160;in Paraguay,223;in Uruguay,282;in Brazil,458,463,464,466,473,479,480,501,507,509,510Pará, Indians in,346,405;Portuguese possession of,358;part of Maranhão,371;Jesuits in,374;development hindered,393;takes a new start,397;cotton trade in,405;coffee in,406;expedition from, to Cayenne,407;Spanish constitution in,412;Portuguese garrison expelled from,420;and Constituent Assembly,422;attitude toward "Confederation of the Equator,"425;action of troops in,436,441;production of rubber in,490;prosperity of,501Paraguay (country),165-224;settlement of,25,27;Jesuit missions in,34;Indians in,42,80;separate province,61;intendencia,75;population,75,220;products of,78;attitude toward revolutionary movement,91;war against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay,141,142,206-219,276,471;independence of,184,189,190,222,476;commercial isolation of,192,197;Brazilian protectorate of,221;Paulistas in,348Paraguay River, the, explorations along,22,26;settlement on,33;watershed of,37;description of,38;free navigation on,200,464,471,476Paraguayan army, discipline in,214Parahyba do Norte, location,309;population,338;Spaniards take possession of,343;reduced by the Dutch,355;devastated,363;adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator,"425Parahyba do Sul,312,347,373Paraná, Marquis of,463,464,465Paraná (Brazilian state),313,377,405Paraná (city),134Paraná River, the, explorations of,14,22,26,30,31,165;settlements on,27,33,34,62,134,168;description of,38;Jesuit missions on,60,171;Paulistas on,67;open only to Argentine vessels,200;free navigation on,202,270,464;European navies enter,269;valley of,312,313,377Patagonia,40,41,43,146Paulista pioneers,318,348Pavon, battle of,64,137Paysandu, capture of,210Pedro I. of Brazil,412-416,421-435,439Pedro II. of Brazil, infancy,433,444,446;assumes imperial functions,447;emperor,449-457;power of,478;declining health,488,494;speech of,490;deposition,498,499Peixoto, Floriano,497,500,502-505Pepper,406Pernambuco (city), founded,319;nucleus of settlement of Brazil,320;Nobrega visits,328;architecture of,340;population of,347;advantageous position of,351;taken by the Dutch,353,354;taken by the Brazilian Creoles,367;military revolts in,438Pernambuco (province), location of,309;population of,338,347;rich planters of,339;Jews in,358;civil war in,380;sugar industry in,393;revolution in,409;Spanish constitution in,412;Portuguese garrison in,418;garrison expelled from,419;and Constituent Assembly,422,424;action of troops in,436;conservative governor of,455Peru, Pizarro in,12,13,23;irrigation in,14;silver in,16,22,78,233;gold in,78;Spanish power in,100;war against,111Philip II. of Spain,342Piauhy,309,372,393,422Pilocomayo River,222Pinheiro Machado, General,503Pinzon, Vincente Yanez,301Pitagoares Indians,344Pizarro,13,23,316Polygamy,220Pombal, Marquis of,396Pope's division of the world,12,19,21,319Porto Seguro,320,338,347Portugal, separated from Leon,4;and Granada united,6;joined to Spanish crown,47;general survey of the history of,288-292;Philip II., of Spain on the throne of,342;separated from Spain,361;war with Spain,382;revolt of 1820 in,411Portuguese Court, flight of, to Rio,403Portuguese discoveries and conquests,7,8,292;in South America,19,67,68,77,302Potatoes,41Potosí,16,51Press, freedom of, in Brazil,410,430,448,460,482;restricted,422,424Printing-press in Brazil,404,408,409Provincial organisation,54,61,74,77,405QQuicksilver mines,16Quintino Bocayuva,495,497RRace elements in population,405Railways, mileage in Argentina,148;source of wealth,161;building of, in Brazil,463,466,490;building of, interrupted,508Ramalho, John, pioneer,316,318Religious lay brotherhoods,484Religious sentiment, in Spain,5;in Argentina,81;in Portugal,290;of Count John Maurice,356,358;in Brazil,359,361;of Fernandez Vieira,369Riachuelo, battle of,210,474Rice,78,306,405Rio Branco, Baron of,482,485Rio de Janeiro (city), commercial port,51;population of,347,397;prosperity of,373,501;attacked and taken by the French,383;its reception of the Prince Regent,404Rio de Janeiro (province), why so named,302;description of,312;nucleus of the settlement of Brazil,320;French occupation of,333et seq.;captured by the Portuguese,336;population of,338;uprising in,413Rio Grande city, captured by the Spaniards,388;by the Brazilian Creoles,389Rio Grande do Norte, location,309;nucleus of,344;reduced by the Dutch,355;devastated,363;Indians subdued in,373;adhesion to the "Confederation of the Equator,"425Rio Grande do Sul (city),387Rio Grande do Sul (province), Jesuit missions in,72,180;held by the Portuguese,77,244;people of,247;Brazilian province,270;and Uruguay,284;description of,313,314;Brazilian possession of,377;settled,397;Spanish Constitution in,412;Argentine invasion of,429;