AAbascal, General, Viceroy of Peru,73-78,163,168,260Abibe Mountains,408Acha, General,276Aconcagua River, the,223;plain of,168Acosta, Juan,56Acosta, President of Colombia,464,465Acre River, the,280"Adelantados,"26,349,414,417Agua Dulce, battle of,484,485Alansi, valley of,291Alacantra, Francisco,26,46Alfaro, President of Ecuador,339,341Alfinger, Adelantado of Venezuela,349Almagro, partner of Pizarro,23,24,27,32,36,136,239,298;at war with Pizarro,41-43,239,301;execution of,43,44,136,239Almagro the younger,49,50Alonso, President of Bolivia,281Alpaca, the,3,4Alvarado, Spanish adventurer,44,88;Governor of Guatemala,298Amar, Viceroy of Bogotá,430Amat, Don Manuel,154,155Amazon River, the, discovery of,44,114,279,293Amazon, forested plains of,4,5,40,67,303,351,424Andagoya, Pascual de,22Andean plateau, the,3,235,285,288,302,312,335,342Andean valleys,10;gold in,349,354Andes, the,4,135,245,317,342,347,409et passimAndes, army of the,168,173,174,185,186Andrade, Creole revolutionist,396Andueza, Creole revolutionist,396Angol, besieged,145Angostura (city),374Anserma, founded,409Antigua, founded,404,405Antioquia, great mineral province of Colombia,387,407-409,412,416,417,419,422,433,437,451Antioquia, state of,407,457,461,462,467Antofogasta,119,120,122,277Apples,66Apuré River, the,355,374-376,406,437;army of,372,380Aragua Valley, the,350Araucania, colonised,216Araucanians, the, independent spirit of,138-147,150,151,155;treaty of, with Spanish,150,151;missions established among,201;at war with Chile,206,216Arauco, besieged,145Araure, battle of,368Arce, President of Bolivia,278Arenales, General,81,89,258Arequipa (city), founded,44,80,99,103,108,110,112Arequipa (province),39,41,77,104,259Argentina,11,13,18,71,142,245;civilised tribes of,58,350;revolution in,76,160,161,317;civil wars in,78,186,261,267,271,323Argentine, army, the,80,81,98,185,186,257,258;navy, the,78,79,173,183,184;pampas,99Argentine Republic, the,140;expansion of,155,230,231;boundary treaty of, with Chile,209,210Arica (city),108,123,125Arica (province), arrangement between Peru and Chile concerning,127,278Asses,66Atacama desert, the,239Atahuallpa, Inca empire divided between Huascar and,14,308;fratricidal war between Huascar and,16-19,238,295,296;sends ambassador to Spaniards,21;treacherously captured by Pizarro,30,31,48;offers ransom,31,246;murder of,32,238,297Atrato, River, the,403-406;Valley,405,472Audiencias, royal, established,67,71,250,251,254,267,308,417,420,426Auqui Toma,294Ayachucho, plain of,95;battle of,96,97,256,264,266,322Ayohuma, battle of,256,258Azuay, nudo of,17,291-293,295,298Aztecs, the,412BBalboa, Nuñez de, discoverer of the Pacific,22,23,404Balcarce, General,185Ballivian, General,273,274Balmaceda, Chilean Liberal leader,214-216,218-220,222-225;death of,226Balta, Colonel, President of Peru,113,114,116Bambona, battle of,444Bananas,66,303,352Baquedano, General,213,219,225Barcelona (city), founded,352;captured,372Barcelona (province),362Barinos (province),362,363,366Barley,66,303,343Barquisimeto, founded,350,351;destroyed by earthquake,363;captured,368Barreiro, General,377,378,441Bastida, Rodrigo,403,404Belgrano, General,258Bello, civil code prepared by,200Belzu, General,274,275Benalcazar, Sebastian de, conquers Quito,298,299,409,410,413,414Beni River, the,246,279,280Bermudez, Colonel,130,381Biobio River, the,138,139,141,145-147,150Blanco, Guzman, Dictator of Venezuela,391,394-396,398Blanco, the,119-121Bogotá, (city)308,312,316,317,378,384,420,448;founded,413;one of the centres of Spanish-American culture,422;Archbishop of, banished,425,457,461;revolutionary junta in,431;seat of federal government,435,442,470,471;punishment of,438,439Bogotá (province),376,416,419,434,437;vice-royalty of,71,250,313,327,356,385,416,420,426;jurisdiction of,356,420,426,429;audiencia of,417;presidency of,418;named New Granada,419;declares itself an independent state,433Bolivar, Simon, the "Liberator" of South America,79,86,368,382,384,435;Dictator of Peru,90,98,447;military exploits of,92,264,317,321,366,367;President of United States of Colombia,99,322,378,442,443,448,450,451;plan of, for South American Confederation,99,267,320-322,384,442,443,450,451;constitutions,99,101,268,270,385,386;undertakes conquest of Quito, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia,101,318,383,384,447;wins battle of Ayachucho,264;welcomed in Bolivia,267;political theories of,268,322,448,451;forced to retire from Peru,270;drives Spanish from Venezuela and New Granada,317,370,372,374,375,378,433-435,439,440,444;interview of, with San Martin,321;life of, devoted to South American independence,366,388,451;army of,376,380,381,440,441,452;proclamation of,376;overthrow of,323,326,448,450,451;death of,326,387,388,452;character and education of,364-366;native city of,387;apotheosis of,455Bolivar, State of,460,463,466Bolivia (Upper Peru),235-281;description of235,236;Inca conquest of,13,18,236,238;military roads in,36,239,244,251;Spanish conquest of,36,239,248,250;Inca cities in,44,59;capital of,44;precious metals found in,44,238-242,245-247;railroads in,54,277,279,280;audiencia established in,67,250(see alsoCharcas);the battleground of war of independence,76,77,86,97,255et seq.,268;republic of, created,99,267,268;Bolivar the Father of,99,266,267;named,99,268;first president of,99,268-270;constitutions of,99,268,270,273,278,322;the Peru-Bolivian Confederation,101-103,105,197,270-273,281;boundary treaty of, with Chile,117,281;at war with Chile,118,271,272,281;secret treaty of, with Peru,118;nitrate territory of,211,278;early civilisation of,236,239,249;rainfall in,236;fertility of,238;population of,239,244,269;character of population of,239,260,269,272,273,357;Spanish cities in,241,242,249;cattle-raising in,242,243,248;Spanish colonial system in,243,245,249;taxation in,243,269,270,276;missions established in,245,279;printing-press, in,245;battles in,257-260,264-266,272,273,281;sturdy spirit of patriots in,258-262, etc.;commerce of,267,272,281;period of civil war and anarchy in,272et seq.;slavery abolished in,273;greatest silver producing country of the world,277,278;rubber production of,278-280;without seaports,278,280,281;treaty of, with Brazil,280;international position of,281Bonaparte, Joseph,311,312,360Bonaparte, Napoleon,77,159,311,365,435Borrero, Antonio, President of Ecuador,339Bourbon dynasty, the,70,154,250Boves, organises troop of llaneros,368,369;death of,370Boyacá River, the,378;battle of,86,256,317,378,441Boyacá, state of,467Brazil, treaty of, with Bolivia,280;loyalty of,337Brown, Admiral William,78Buccaneers,69,70,150Buenaventura,49Buenos Aires, viceroyalty of,67,