71,155,251,257;smuggling in,71,152,251;revolutionary junta in,76,160,161,438;pampas of,78,149;importance of,156,158Bunes, General,198,199CCabildos, in Bogotá,431;in Bolivia,249;in Chile,160,161;in Ecuador,313;in Venezuela,360,361,385Cacao, native to South America,66,238,303Cacao industry in Colombia,428;in Ecuador,303,328,332,341;in Venezuela,352,390,395Caceres, President of Peru,126-131Cacha, the last Cara shiri,292,294Caciques,64,243,244,248Cadiz,70,361,380,443;monopoly, the,152,352Cajamarca,17,20,21,29,31Calabozo,368,375Caldas, Colombian scientist,438Calderon, Garcia,126Cali (city),408,409,432Cali (province), part of presidency of Quito,420Calivio, battle of,433Callao, engulfed by tidal wave,71;Peruvian fleet at,104;Spanish fleet at,112,184,186Callao Castle,80,84,97,321Caluchima,296Camano, José, President of Ecuador,339Camargo, patriot leader,258,260Campero, Narcisco, President of Bolivia,278Cañan (province),288,291,296,298Cañaris, the, Indian tribe,14,16,17,296,297Candamo, Señor, President of Peru,131Cancha-Rayada, battle at,176-178Cañete (city), founded,143,144;besieged,145,146Cañete, Marquis of, the "good viceroy,"57,58.SeeMendozaCanizaries, Doña Manuela,313Canseco, General, President of Peru,113Canterac, Spanish commander,85,89,93,96,97Canto, Colonel,223,224Cape Codera,351Cape Gracias á Dios,403,404,405Cape Horn,69,152,209,235Cape San Roman,347Captaincies-General,67,71,148,355,356,419,426Carabobo, battle of,86,317,381,443Caracas (city), revolutionary junta in,76,361;founded,350;sacked,351,354;made a captaincy-general,356,392,426;destroyed by earthquake,363;Bolivar's birthplace,382,386,387;under jurisdiction of Bogotá,426;revolution in,447Caracoles, silver mines of,208Cara Indians, the, confederacy of,11,12,16,288,289;invade Ecuador,11,286,287;conquered by Incas,11-14,288-296Caranquis, the Indian tribe,13,293,294Caras, description of,286-290,293,412;staple articles of food of,290,303;conquered by Spanish,299Carbojal, Spanish commander,53,56Caribbean Sea,70,71,348,405,406,414,470Carib Indians, the,268,290,413Carrasco, Captain-General of Chile,159-161Carrera, José, creole leader,162,164,166,167,173,182Carrera, Juan,162,173,181,182Carrera, Luiz,162,173,181,182Carrillo,126Cartagena (city), revolutionary junta in,366,431;Bolivar takes service with,366,433;besieged,380,381,429,435-437,480;oldest fortress in America,406-409,428,436,442;surrender of,443Cartagena (province),417,419,420,431,432Cartago (city),408,409;Carujo, Venezuelan revolutionist,389Casanare (province),424Casanare River, the,376,377,437;plains of,406,440Cassava,66Castilla, Don Ramon, President of Peru,106-110,112,274;character and ability of,108;death of,113Castilla, Don Ruiz de, President of Quito,312,314Castilla, Marshal,118;Castro (city),151Castro, President of Venezuela,396,398,399Castro, Vala de, Governor of Peru,46,49,50,52,300Cattle, introduced into South America,66,151,352Cattle-raising in Bolivia,243,261;in Colombia,421;in Venezuela,354,355,390,395Cauca (province), northern division of Quito presidency,324,326;State of,460,466,468Cauca River, the,49,312,408,409,411,412,422,432,433Caudillos, the, Bolivian,256,269,270Caupolican, Arauncanian chief,144Ceballos, José,361,368,369Central America, Colombia's claim to,429Cerro de Pasco Mountains,4,9,11,17,18,32,36,81,262,264,289Chacabuco, battle of,78,168,170,172,256,261,317Chanca Indians, the,9Chancos, battle of,467Charcas (Sueré), Indian capital of Bolivia,44,59,240;audiencia of,71,250,251,267;revolutionary junta in,76;Spanish capital of Upper Peru,242,249,301;jurisdiction of,250,251Charles IV. of Spain,311Charles V., Emperor, authorises conquest of Peru,25,26,41,60;appoints governor for Venezuela,349Chaves, Francisco,47Chibcho Indians, the,412-414;civilisation of,412Chile, Inca conquest of,11,12,18,135;Spanish conquest of,36,43,44,60,136,139-149;captain-general of,67,148,154,155,158,160,161;war of independence in,76,78,112,156et seq.,190,261,317;junta established in,161;at war with Peru and Bolivia,104,105,118,119,208,211,281;boundary treaty of, with Bolivia,117,118,206;boundaries of,117,147,150,155;defeats allies,121-125;captures Lima,125,126,213;mineral products of,117,136,138,144,148,199,208;nitrate industry of,117,118,126,206,211;gains control of nitrate region,212,220-222;navy of,118-121,183-185,204;characteristics of inhabitants of,135,136,149,150,190;area of,135;rainfall in,135;population of,135,136,152,230;agricultural conditions in,136,148,199;battles in,141,143-145,164,167,176-178,180-182,187,223-225,272;Spanish cities of,145,151,154,155;at war with Araucanians,147,206;the colonial period in,148-155;immigration into,149,156,199,203;growth of commerce in,148,152,154,158,162,199,200,203,230;smuggling in,152;taxation in,152,158;prosperity of,154-156,158,203,208,216;universities in,154,198;the capital of,154,158;seismic disturbances in,154;Cuyo separates from,155;landed aristocracy of,158,159,162,189,201;liberal reforms in,162,168,200,206-208,214-217;slavery abolished in,162;Spanish authority re-established in,163,166,168,316;independence of, proclaimed,176;civil wars in,189et seq.,200-203,215-226;constitutions of,193,196,206;strong government established in,196,197,271,272;qualifications for suffrage in,196,206;becomes dominant power on Pacific coast,198;political conditions in,198-203,207,214,215,227-229;financial conditions of,98,200,211-213;religious conditions in,199,201;adopts civil and criminal codes,200,207;at war with Spain,203,204,337;debt of,208;boundary treaty of, with Argentina,209,210;boundary disputes with Argentina,209,210,230,231;chief exports of,211;paper money issued in,212;under jurisdiction of Buenos Aires,251Chilean (city),145,151,164Chiloë Islands, the, explored,143,149,188,192,197Chimilas Mountains,410Chincha Islands, the, seized by Spain,112,203Chinchon, Countess of, cure of,70Chinese coolies in Peru,111Chiquitos Indians, the,245,250Chocolate, Europe indebted to Peru for,66;Ecuador supplies large amount of,332Chorrillos (city),125Coal mines,208Cochabamba (city),243,249,258Cochrane, Lord Thomas, Admiral,79-83,186-188,190Cochrane, the,119-121Cocoa palm introduced into South America,66Coffee-raising,341,390,395Colombia (New Granada), plateau of,13,312,406,410,414,419;Spanish exploration of,22,347,348,403-406,410-414;native tribes of,23,406,409,410,412-414,416;first permanent settlement in,406,416;Spanish conquest of,407-418;revolutionary spirit in,366,430et seq.;war of independence in,86,316,317,430-444;formation of United States of,98,99,318,322,378,382,461;provinces in confederation of,98,99,267,318,320-322,337,378,443;Bolivar, President of confederation of,99,322,378,442,443,448,450,451;southern part under jurisdiction of Quito,312;Constitution of Cucutá,322,386;confederation of, breaks up,324,388,451,452;at war with Peru,324;