civil wars in,333,337,417,450-458,460,470,476,481-485;boundaries of,403;gold in,404,406-409,412,414,416,424;cities founded in,404-406,408,409,413-416,424;climate of,405,406,410,422,424,425;rainfall in,405;tropical forests of,406;fertility of,406,410,412,414,420,421;Indian slavery in,406,416;negro slaves in,422,425;early civilisation of,404,409-412;population of,409,410,413,422,424;territorial divisions of,416;royal commissioners sent to,417,427;erected into a presidency,418,419;jurisdiction of presidency,419,420;colonial period of,419-429;names of,419,458,459,461;education in,420,422,454,456,461;roads built in,420,428;river transportation in,420;creoles of,421,422,427,428,430,431,476;agricultural products of,421,424,428;Antioquia, great mineral province of,422;commercial conditions in,422,425,427,428,485;taxation in,422,424,427,428,481;authors of, celebrated,422;mineral products of,424;Spanish colonial system in,424,427,428,431;decrease in population of,425;smuggling in,425;religious conditions in,425,437,455-458,461,462,469,470;governors of,425,428,437;diseases rife in,426;"Rebellion of the Communes" in,427;viceroys of,428,430,431;exports of,428,464;claim of, to Central America,429;Congress of,432,433,437,439;battles in,433,437,439,441,443,461,462,467,482;independence of, recognised,442,446;financial conditions in,446,447,455,463-466,468,472,485;public debt of,446,447,468,469,478,479;credit of,447;liberty of the Press in,450,457;numerous constitutions of,452,455,457,460-462,468,469,475,478,480;political conditions in,454-462,465,469,476,480,481;right of suffrage in,454,459-461,469;steam navigation introduced into,455;death penalty abolished,456,461;campaign of, against Ecuador,462;power of judiciary in,462,469;receipts from Panama railway,464;franchise of railway extended,465;becomes a consolidated republic,468,469,479;name changed to Republic of,468,480;length of presidential term in,469,481;paper currency in,470,478,485;negotiates treaties with United States,470;rejects treaties,471,485,486;Panama declares her independence of,471;threatens war against United States,472;future of,472;appeals to United States,480;demands of, in regard to Panama Canal,485,486Colombian army, the,98,267,323,326,337Colon (city),405;burned,480;captured,485;adheres to Panama,488Colonia (city),152Columbus, Bartholomew,404Columbus, Christopher,347,348Concepcion, founded,139,140,142,151;burned,145;destroyed by tidal wave,154;patriots capture,164;southern capital of Chile,191Concordat signed by Ecuador,337"Conquistadores," the,50,56,424Copiapo, valley of,137;mines of,199Copper,8,117,211,238,239Copper-pan amalgamation process,241Coquimbo, founded,138;northern capital of Chile,151,190Cordero, Luis, President of Ecuador,340,341Cordilleras, the,4,11,33,259,286,290,376,408Cordoba, General,387,451Cordoba, Gonzalo de,21Coro (city),348-350,360,361,406,413,420Corregidors,60,64,69,243,248,249;abolished,72,254"Corregimentos,"64Cortes, Hernando, conqueror of Mexico,22,26,44,407Cortes, the Spanish,166,436Cotopaxi, eruption of,298Cotton,3,8,111,113,238,412Council of the Indies,304Covadonga, the,119Coya (city),145Creoles,65,66,243,279,308,310,421;growth of revolutionary ideas among,72,74,77,84,159,160,257,311,312,338,359-362,388,430;characteristics of,272,273,357,396,422;education among,307,309,310,336,353,384;new race of,354Crespo, President of Venezuela,396Croix, General Theodore de,72Cuaspud, battle of,337,462Cuba, captain-general of,429Cubagua, island of,348Cucutá (city),382;Colombian Congress meets at,443,448Cucutá, constitution of,322,443Cuenca (city),100Cuenca (province),291,298,312,314,323,324,327;plateau of,288,307,308Cumaná, oldest city in South America,348,351,383Cumaná (province),356,362;transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela,426Cundinamarca, State of,465,467,469Cuyo (province),78,149;separation of, from Chile,155Cuzco, plateau of,3,4,9Cuzco (city), Inca capital,5,12,18,19,32,33,59,63,103,108,291,295;military road from,9,18,28;possessed by Spanish,32-36,39,238,258DDarien, gold-mines of,22;Gulf of,403,404Daza, General,278De Lesseps, Ferdinand,482Drake, Sir Francis,428Ducasse captures Cartagena,428Duchisela, long reign of,288EEarthquake, of 1751,154;of 1812,363Echenique, General, President of Peru,109,110Ecuador, Cara conquest of,11-13,286-288;Inca conquest of,12,13,17,24,288,291-296;character of inhabitants of,24,27,286,287,289,307,342,343,357,409;gold and silver in,27,53,307;military roads in,12,28,307,336;Spanish conquest of,58,67,297et seq.;Inca cities in,59;war of independence in,76,86,309et seq.,437;incorporation of, with Colombia,98,267,318,320-322,443;the founder of,101,327;description of,285-287,290,291;climate of,285,290;fertility of,286,290,341-343;taxation in,301,307,328,336;area of,302,303;population of,302,303,342,343;European grains and fruits introduced into,303,308;cacao industry of,303,328,332,341;Catholic Church in,305,306,309,337;education in,307,309;the capital of,307;decrease in population of,307,308,328;negro slavery in,307;presidency of Quito erected,308,321,323,324,326,327;under jurisdiction of New Granada,308;audiencia established in,308;junta appointed in,313,314;open cabildo summoned,313;battles in,293,298,316,318,324;independence of, declared,324,452;named,324;treaty of, with Colombia,327;civil war in,328,329,337-341,451;civil and constitutional government in,329;reforms in government of,330,331,336;financial conditions of,31,336;second South American republic recognised by Spain,331;prosperity of,332;numerous constitutions of,333-335,339;railways of,342;manual industries of,342;future of,342,343;under jurisdiction of Bogotá,426;Colombian campaign against,462Eldorado,241,349Elephantiasis,426Elias, Campo, patriot leader,368,369Emeralds,27,412,417,424Encalada, Blanco,80Encomiendas, system of agricultural,38,46,53,65,240,242;abolished,50,51,243,417England, granted privilege of exporting negroes to South America,70;war between Spain and,158;fleet of, destroys Venezuelan navy,398;recognises independence of Colombia,446Errazuriz, President of Chile,207,228Esmeralda, the, capture of,82,119;sale of, to Japan,340España, creole leader,359,360Estremadura (province),21,26FFalcon, General,391-394Federmann, explorer,414Ferdinand VII. of Spain, deposition and imprisonment of,159,311,312,360,365,370,380;restoration of,435Fernandez, conspiracy of,276Flores, Antonio, President of Ecuador,340Flores, General, the founder of Ecuador,101,323,324,326-329,333,451France, war between Spain and,152,256,311,312;recognises republic of Panama,488Franciscans, the,68Freire, General,104,191-194,197French scientists in Quito,309Fruits introduced into South America,66,151,303,308GGallo heads insurrection,202Gamarra, General, Dictator of Peru,101-105,270Garrapata, battle of,467Gasca, Pedro de la,54,56,57,301Gatajo, battle of,341Gauchos,171,261,438Gavilan, battle of,172Goajira, peninsula of,348,403,404Goats,