66Gold, Spain's desire for,26,35,53,65,66,69,241,352;in Bolivia,240,246,247;in Chile,136,138,144;in Colombia,404,406-409,412,414,416,424;in Ecuador,27,53,299,307;in Peru,25,27,32,36;in Venezuela,352Goyeneche, General,257,361Grains introduced into South America,66,151Grapes,66;cultivation of, forbidden,159Grau, Miguel, Admiral,119-121Great Britain, action of foreign office in regard to Bolivia,275;threatened rupture between United States and,398;abandons Isthmian colony,429.See alsoEngland.Gröningen, victory of,62Guaicaipuro, Indian chief,350Gual, creole leader,359,360Gual, Pedro,391Guamanga, founded,44,49,50,60,106,126;battle at,49,50Guano deposits,109,113,114,116,127,128,206,210Guarany, Indians, the,249;language,306Guatamala,39,298Guayaquil (city), founded,299;best port on Pacific coast of South America,86,101,105,299,323,324,326,335;population and wealth of,328,332,341Guayaquil (province),312,314,317,327,444;cultivation of cacao and sugar-cane in,308Guayaquil, Gulf of,12,20,25,27,285,341Guiana (province), under jurisdiction of Bogotá,356;transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela,361,426Guiana, British,398Guipuzcoa Company, the,354-356,358Gutierrez brothers, the,114,116Gutierrez, President of Colombia,465HHague international tribunal, the,399Hayti, Bolivar flees to,372;gold placers of,404,406Heath, explorer,278Heredia founds Cartagena,406,408Herran, General, President of New Granada,454,455,458Herrera, General,103,485Hides, exportation of,354,428Honda (city),420Honduras,403Horses,20,27,39,66,243,261Huacho, San Martin lands at,81Huaina Capac, Inca emperor, campaign of,12;conquest of Quito by,12-14,18,292-294,308;death of,14,295Hualcopo, Cara shiri,290-292,295Huanacabamba (province),288Huanca, Auqui,17Huanchaca, mines of,278Huaqui, battle of,170,256,257Huascar, Inca empire divided between Atahuallpa and,14;fratricidal war between Atahuallpa and,16-19,238,295,296;execution of,31Huascar, the,119-121,212Humachiri, battle of,259"Husares de la Muerte," cavalry corps,182IIbague (city),416Ibarra,287,293Iglesias, President of Chile,126,127Immigrants, into Peru,111,149;into Chile,156,203;into Ecuador,307Imperial (city), founded,140;besieged,142,145,146Inca Indians, the, home of,3,4;civilisation of,3,24,25,236,290,412;migration of,4Incas, language of,4,10,13;religion of,5,13;social and industrial organisation of,5,6,10,59,249,289,295;capital of,5,12,18,19,32-35, etc.;emperors of,5,6,8-10,12,14,16,28-32,34-38,40,61,62;death of last emperor of,63;conquests of,6,8-19,236,288et seq.;irrigation system of,6,10,25,59;empire of,8,9,11,13,22,292-294;military roads built by,9,10,12,28,29,38,59,239,244,251,307;armies of,11,18,19, etc.,237;Spanish conquest of,20-40,297;population of,25,65,244,303;reduced to slavery,38, etc.,242-244,348;cities built by,20,38,44,59,60,240Independencia, the,119,212Indians of South America, the, early civilisation of,3,4,236,286,289,410,412;various tribes of,3,5,8-14,23,59,135,238,245,286-289,292,293,350,405,410,413;language of,4,9,10,11,136,238,306;characteristics of,24,25,77,136,249,252,253,289,303,307,421,422;conquered by Spanish,24,25,27-40;oppression and slavery of,38,58,59,63-65,68,69,242-244,253,254,348,406,416,422,425-428;rebellions of,38-40,72,77,251,253,254,258,259;Spanish legislation in behalf of,57,243,254,417;impressment of,64,69,242,253,416,425;missions established among,151,244,250,306,352Indigo,303Inquisition established, in Peru,69;in Colombia,437Ipecacuanha, Europe indebted to Peru for,66Iquique, Peruvian port,119,122Iquitos (city),114Irish mercenaries in Bolivar's army,376,380Irrigation in South America,6,10,25,59,135JJauja (city),54,60,84,89,92-94Jauja, valley of the,9,18,33,35,36,39,44,49Jemappes, battle of,359Jesuits, in Bolivia,245,279;in Colombia,455,461;in Ecuador,309,334,337;in Peru,68,71,309Jiron, Governor of New Granada,425Jubones, plateau of,288,291Juncal, battle of,372Junin, battle of,93,321Jurisprudence, Spanish system of, in South America,66,200,304KKoerner, Colonel,223,225LLa Donjuana, battle of,467La Fuente, Dictator of Peru,102,106La Guaira,350,356,359,369La Mar, General, President of Peru,100,101,324La Palma, battle of,110La Paz, founded,60,241,249;spirit of independence in,76,77,257,260,361La Puerta, decisive battles of,369,375Lara, General, deported,99Las Casas, famous book of,50,59La Serna, General, Viceroy of Peru,84,91;army of,93-95,261,264Las Heras, patriot commander,171,172,177,181Lastra, General,194Las Trincheiras,368Latacunga, valley of,287,292,293La Torre, General,374,380,381Lautaro, Araucanian chief,141,142Leiva founded,420Leon, creole leader,355Leprosy,426Lima (city), founded by Pizarro,36,46,60;Incas attempt to take,39,42;Pizarro in,46,52;political, social, and commercial centre of South America,67,71;viceroyalty of Peru established at,50,60,67,70,71,142,148,304,426;jurisdiction of,67,250,251,304,308;earthquakes in,71;revolutionary spirit in,73,75,76,81-84,317;evacuated by the Spaniards,84,89;Bolivar at,99,321,323;insurrections in,114,116,131;Chilian army captures,125,126,213;public library of, destroyed,126Linares, Doctor,275,276Linnæus names chinchona,70Lircay, victory at,194Llamas,3,4,150,238Llaneros, the, origin of,354,424;cavalry troops of, organised,368;valour of,369,371-374,376-378,381,382,385,389,431,434,438,439,450Llanos,354,368,372,375,377,406,413,437,440Loja (city), built by Spaniards,60Loja (province),101,288,291,298,307,338Loncomilla, battle of,200Lopez, General, President of Colombia,452,455,457Lopez, tyrant of Paraguay,248,465Los Andes,396Louis XIV. and war of Spanish Succession,152Loyola, founder of Jesuit order,245Lugo, adelantado,414,417Luque, partner of Pizarro,23MMacGregor captures Barcelona,372Madeira Falls, the,280Madeira River, the,244,246,278-281Madrid, Pizarro goes to,25;legislation at, in behalf of Indians,50,417;commissions from,58;revenue sent to,69;government,70,147,309,418;French king on throne of,152Madrid, Dictator of Colombia,437Magdalena River, the,366,380,406,408-410,412-414et passim;named,403;Valley,312,381Magdalena, State of,463,466,468,480Magellan, Straits of,69,140,209Maipo, battle of,79,179-182Maize,3,4,8,39,238,248,290,303,352;Europe indebted to Peru for,66Mallarino, President of New Granada,458Manabi,292,293Manaos,280Manco Capac, first Inca sovereign,5,6Manco Capac, brother of Huascar,34,38-41Manso, Governor,154Maracaibo Bay,406,409,441Maracaibo (city), sack of,354;refused to bend delegates to Caracas,361Maracaibo, Gulf of,347,348,