351,403,406Maracaibo, Lake,351,383Maracaibo (province), under jurisdiction of Bogotá,356,426;transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela,356,426;revolt in,380;separated from Caracas,392Marco, General,170Margarita, Island of,348,367,426Margarita (province),362Mariño, Dictator of Venezuela,367,369,370,378,389Marquez, President of New Granada,454Marroquin, President of Colombia,469,470,484Martin, Alonso,405Maturin captured,367Maule River, the,11,135,136,138,142,145,164,166Medina Celi joins patriots,264,265Melgarejo, Dictator of Bolivia,276,277Mello, Geronimo, explores Magdalena River,414Melo, General,458Mendoza, Andre Hurtado de, Marquis of Cañete, "the good viceroy,"57,58,60,142;death of,61Mendoza, Garcia de, campaign of,142,143;founds Cañete,143Mendoza (province),140,149Menendez, President of Peru,107Mercury,69Merida (city), founded,350;destroyed by earthquake,363Merida (province),362,363,366Meta River, the,377Meuqueta, zipa of,412Mexico,22,39,290Miranda, Francisco, patriot leader,359,360,362,363Mississippi River, the,27"Mitta,"64,65Mocha,293,316Mochica language, the,11Mojos Indians, the,245,250,279Molina, Governor of Ecuador,315Mollendo railroad, the,54,277Monagas, President of Venezuela,388,390Monteagudo, Dr.,182Montes, General,316Monteverde, General,363,364,367,368,370Montilla, General,381Montt, Jorge, President of Chile,220,227Montt, Manuel, President of Chile,199-201;proclaims martial law,201Montt, Pedro,228Montufar, Carlos,314Montufar, Juan,313Moquegua,124Morales, General,277,370,372,383Moreno, Garcia, President of Ecuador, long administration of,335-339,462;character of,336Morgan, sacked Maracaibo,354Morillo, Marshal, in Venezuela,370-372,436-439;report of,375;resigns,380Mosquera, Tomas, President of Columbia,452,454,455,458,460-464Mosquito Coast, the,419Munecas, priest,259Murillo, President of Colombia,459,462,466NNapo River, the,300Napoleon.SeeBonaparteNariño, Dictator of Colombia,431,432,434Narvarte, Doctor,390Naxichi, battle at,16Negroes,70,273,351,352,357,394,416,422,425Neiva (city),416Neiva, President of New Granada,420New Granada, captain-general of, subject to viceroy of Peru,67;viceroyalty of, created,71,308,312,426;jurisdiction of,420;revolutionary junta installed in,76;war of independence in,86,98,101,261,312,317,318,320,322,326,370,435,442;provinces in Colombian confederation,376,443;opposition to Bolivar's government in,385,387;recognises independence of Venezuela and Ecuador,388,452;name of, extended to presidency of Bogotá,419;influence of first president of,452,454;army of,452,458;constitution of 1832,452,455,457;name of, changed,458,459,461.See alsoColombia."New Laws," the,51,54,57,59Nicaragua,27,403;Canal,485Nicuesa, Diego de,404,405Nieto, Dictator of Peru,102Nitrates,113,114,117,277;extent of region,117,206;taxed,118,211Noboa, Diego,334Nombre de Dios founded,405"Nudos,"4,8,287,291,292Nuñez, Rafael, President of Colombia,468;political ideas of,478-480;death of,481OOats,66Obando, General, President of New Granada,452,454,457,458Ocana (city), captured,366,433;national assembly held at,385,448;founded,420;battle near,437Ocumare,359,372O'Higgins, Ambrose, career of,156,158O'Higgins, Bernardo, gallantry of,164;saves Santiago,166;defeated,167;dictator,171,173,181,182,190;resignation of,191Ojeda, Alonso de, explorations of,22,403;names Venezuela,347,348Olañeta, renegade Argentine,91;death of,97,263-265Olives,66,159,352Opon River, the,410Oranges,66Oratorio, battle of,460Orbegoso, Dictator of Peru,102-105Ordoñez, General,171O'Reilly, General,81Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon,44,300;refounds Guayaquil,299Orinoco, River, the,78,348,355,356,374,377,442;plains,354,367,424,441;valley,442Orton River, the,279Oruro, silver mines of,242,249,266,277Osorio, General, re-establishes Spanish authority in Chile,167,168;defeated by San Martin,174,176-181Osorno, founded,143; besieged,145,146Ospina, President of New Granada,459-461Otavalo, capture of,293,294PPacamdré Indians, the,293Pachacutec,SeeYupanqui.Pacheco, President of Bolivia,278Pacific Ocean, the, discovery of,22,404,405Padilla, patriot leader,258,260Paez, José Antonio, patriot leader,79,371,372,375,377,380,381,385,387;Dictator and President of Venezuela,389-391,447,450Paillamachu, Araucanian chief,144-146Paita (city),28Paita (province),285,288,289Pampas,78,99,149Pampas River, the,94Pamplona, revolutionary junta in,431Pamplona (province),349,366,411,416,419,437Panama (city), founded,22,23-25,298,341,412;Pizarro sends to, for aid,39;pan-American Congress at,323Panama Canal, the,470-472,482,485-489Panama, Gulf of,27Panama hats, manufacture of,342Panama, Isthmus of (province),22,23,27,69,352,404,405,417,419,420,429,432,470Panama (province), audiencia of,420,426;joins Colombian confederation,443;rebels against Colombia,454Panama railway, the,455,480,484,488;receipts from,464,470Panama, State of,461,463,466,469,470;Colombian misrule in,471,478,480,481,487;declares independence,471,488;republic of, recognised,471,488;neutrality and free transit guaranteed to, by treaty of 1846,480,487,488;insurrections in,484;provisional government in,488;canal treaty with United States,488,489Pando, José Manuel, President of Bolivia,280Paraguay,67,71,248,357Paraguay River, the,280Paraná River, the,249Pardo, Don Manuel, first civilian President of Peru,114,116;aristocratic party founded by,131Parra, President of Colombia,466Pasco,92Pasto (city) founded,409,413Pasto (province),49,312,314,316,324;part of presidency of Quito,326,327,420;high tableland of,409,414,424,454;loyal to Spain,432-434,442,444;rebellion in,451Paul, Rojas,396Paya Pass, the,377Peaches,66Pearl fisheries,348"Pelucones,"192Peons, impressment of,394-396Perez, President of Chile,202,206Perez, Santiago, President of Colombia,466Peru, early inhabitants of,3,4,357;antiquity of civilisation in,3;fertility of,4,8,41,44,80;climate of,4,285;Inca empire established in,5-20,296;system of irrigation in,5,6,10;copper mines of,8,117;military roads in,9,10,12,28,33,36,38,59;battles in,11,13,16,17,19,39,43,50,56,78,88,92,93,96,97,101,105,107,110,124,125,213,272,324;Inca cities of,20,59,60;Spanish conquest of,20-40,58,67,297;mineral wealth of,24,25,27,32,36,53,65,66,69,109,113,114,116,127,128;extent of,28,41,44,58,67,71;Spanish cities in,36,44,59,60;Indian rebellions in,38,72,77;governors of,44,49,50,52;viceroyalty of,seeLima;viceroys of,50-52,58,60-63,70,72,74,78-80,82,84,261,301,304,308;slavery prohibited in,50,57,111;industrial development of,53,108,111,113,114,127-129,132;revenue to Spain from,53,60,64-66,69,77;civil wars in,57,99-103,106-108,110,113,127;Spanish colonial system established in,61-66;taxation in,64,66,69,109;population of,65;university in,67;Spanish language in,68;religious conditions in,68,69,132;discovery of virtues of quinine,70;earthquakes in,71;Jesuits expelled from,71;creoles of,72,74,76,77,84,110,123,130;