revolutionary spirit in,72-76,81,82;navy of,78,101,104,109,118,197,325;war of independence in,80-97,185,186,261,316;Spaniards evacuate capital of,84;proclaimed a republic,85;financial conditions in,89,110,114,115,130,132;congress of,98,99;Bolivar, Dictator of,98,322,447;Bolivarian constitution imposed on,99,322;revolts from Bolivar's government,99-101,270,323,324,448;state of anarchy in,101-103;further constitutions of,102,111;at war with Chile,104,119-125,190,197,198;capital of, captured by Chileans,125,126,212,213;at war with Bolivia,104,273;treaty of peace with Bolivia,105;commerce in,108;railways in,109,113,122,128;debt of,109,114,128;insurrections in,110,113,114,116,123,130-132;immigration into, encouraged,111;treaty of alliance with Chile, against Spain,112;naval battles of,112,119-121,212;at war with Spain,112,203,204,337;revenue from nitrates,113,114;first civilian president of,114;guano deposits of,116,127,128;currency of,116;treaty of alliance with Bolivia,118,119;nitrate region owned by,117,119,121,122,212;loses nitrate province,123,125;losses of, in Chilean war,125,127;mediation of United States between Chile and,125;treaty of peace with Chile,127;reorganisation of,128;British creditors of,128;rubber industry in,129;political conditions in,130-132;hopeful signs of the times for,131;cause of revolutions in,132;Upper, formed into republic of Bolivia,240,266-268;re-establishes independent existence,272;at war with Colombia,324,451;surrenders southern provinces,324Peru-Bolivian Confederation, the,101-103,105,197,197,270-273,281Peruvian bonds,114,116Peruvian Corporation, the,128,129Pezet, President of Peru,111,112Pezuela, General,82,260Philip II. of Spain,53,54,61Piar, negro chief,372,374Pichincha, battle of,86,444Pierola, General,116,123,126,130;President of Peru,131Pigeons,66Pigs,66Pinto, Anibal, President of Chile,209,213Pinto, General, President of Chile,193"Pipiolas,"192Pisagua captured,122Pisco,80,81Piura (city) founded,60,297Piura (province),288Piura, valley of,291Pizarro, Francisco, the conqueror of Peru, early life of,21,22;with Ojeda and Balboa,22,404,405;partners of,23;failure of first exploring expedition,23;second expedition of,23-25;authorised by Charles V. to conquer Peru,25,26;third expedition of,26,27;reinforced by de Soto,27;lands in northern Peru,27,28,297;meets Inca emperor,29;treachery of,28-34,238;establishes Spanish government,35,44;founds cities,36,44;territory awarded to,36,41;crushes Indian rebellion,38-40;Almagro quarrels with,41-43;treachery of, towards Almagro,42,43,48,136,239;extends Spanish conquest throughout Inca empire,44,136,240,407,408;conspiracy against,46;murder of,47-50,300;character of,48Pizarro, Gonzalo, valour of,26,56;at siege of Cuzco,38;capture of,42;Governor of Quito,44,299-301;Governor of Peru,50-53,240,301;defeat and death of,56,240,301Pizarro, Hernando, joins expedition to conquer Peru,26,38;capture and release of,42,43;capture and death of Almagro by,43,136;develops mining industry of Bolivia,44;establishes feudal lordships,239,240Pizarro, Juan,26,38Plantain introduced into Ecuador,303,308Plate provinces, the,71Plate River, the,67,245,251;Valley,155,236Platinum,424Plaza, Leonidas, President of Ecuador,341Poll-taxes,64,243,427Popayán (city) founded,409Popayán (province),49,53,301,312,314,408,409,417,424,432,433,444,454;part of presidency of Quito,324-327,420;lost to Ecuador,327Portales, Chilean statesman,194,196,197;death of,197,198Porto Bello captured,429Portuguese, the,67,261,316Potatoes, native to South America,3,4,8,238,248,287,290,303,332,343,352;introduced into Europe,66Potosí, silver mines of,44,53,65,99,240,241,258;yield of silver from,278Poultry introduced into South America,66,151Prado, General, President of Peru,112,116,123Presidencies,71,418,420,426Preston, Amyas,351Prieto, General, President of Chile,194,196-198Printing-press, the,245Promancians, the,138Puerreyedon, Argentine dictator,183Puerto Cabello,347,359,360,366,372;British attacks on,356;captured by patriots,382,383,385Pumacagua, Indian leader,77Puna, bleak plateau of,36,236,239,268Puna, island of,27,292Puno,97Purus River, the,280Puzuela, General, Viceroy of Peru,78QQuartz mining in Bolivia,246Quesada, Jimenez de, conquest of,410,412-414;founds Bogotá,413;exiled,417;names New Granada,419Quiapo, Spanish victory at,144Quichua language, official medium of Inca empire,9,10,238,295,306;reduced to a written language,306Quicksilver, discovery of, in Peru,241Quillin, treaty of,150Quillota,224Quindio mountain range,409,411Quinine, Europe indebted to Peru for,66;discovery of virtue of,70;origin of name,70Quinoa grain, the, native to South America,3,4,238,290,303Quintana, Dictator of Chile,173,174Quinua, village of,95Quito (city), the Cara capital,12,307,341;Incas possess,13,14,59,238;Spanish occupation of,44,49,53,406,413,416;revolutionary spirit in,76,313,314,334,335,339,383,430,432;city of convents,306;population of,307,308;French scientific monuments in,309Quito (province), Cara kingdom of,11,286-288;the shiri of,12,14,290;Inca conquest of,12,18,293,294;Spanish conquest of,28,36,38,299;erected into a presidency,71,308,309,323,324,326,327,418,426;under jurisdiction of New Granada (Bogotá),308,420;audiencia of,308;declared independent,324;provinces attached to presidency of,420Quizquiz, Indian general,17;defeats Huascar,19,20,35,238,296;defeated by Pizarro,33,34,297RRada, Juan de la,46,49Railroads in Bolivia,279,280;in Chile,203;in Peru,54,113,277Ramirez, Spanish general,77,78Rancagua, battle of,167-170Reyes, General, President of Colombia,471,472Reyes, Lake of,92Rice,66,303Riesco, German, President of Chile,228Rimac, valley of the,36Riobamba,12,288,292,293,298Rio Negro, battle at,457Riva Aguëro, President of Peru,76,88,89Rivas, patriot commander,370Riveralta,279,280Robledo, Jorge,408Robles, Colonel,221Robles, President of Ecuador,334,335Roca, Ramon, President of Ecuador,333Rocafuerte, Vicente, President of Ecuador,328-330;wise administration of,330-332Romana, President of Peru,131Rosas, Doctor, Governor of Chile,154;title of,154;founds university,154;establishes radical junta,162,163Rubber, forests, exploitation of,129;Bolivia furnishes large per cent. of,280SSaenz, Manoela,450Sagamoso, valley of,377St. Vincent, battle of,311Salabarrieta, Policarpo ("La Pola"), fate of,439Salaverry, Dictator of Peru,102,103Salgar, President of Colombia,465Salt,353,424Salta, gauchos of,259Samano, General,316,433,437,439-441Sanclemente, President of Colombia,469,482San Felipe, university of, founded,154San Felix, battle of,374San Fernando, fortress of,374,375San Francisco hill, battle at,122San Francisco, mining camp at,350San Juan, valley of,149San Luiz, valley of,149San Martin, General, equips "Army of the Andes," wins battle of Chacabuco, and liberates Chile,78,168-171,184,261,317;creates a fleet,79,172-174,183,184;raises armies for conquest of Peru,80-82,84,171-174,176,178,185,186,262;proclaims independence of Peru,85;President of Peru,85;resigns presidency,88,263,321;famous interview of, with Bolivar,86,321;declines governorship of Chile,171;defeat of,176-173;wins battle of Maipo,179-181;one of the greatest of South American patriots,318San Miguel founded by Spanish,36,297San Roman, General, President of, Peru,111Santa Cruz (city),249,258,279Santa Cruz, General, commands Peruvian army,88;defeat of,89,90,262,263;Dictator of Bolivia,101,102;President of Peru-Bolivian Confederation,103,104,197,270,271;overthrow of,105,198,272Santa Maria, President of Chile,213Santa Marta (city),326,406,414,436Santa Marta Mountains,403Santander,442-444,446-448;first legal President of Colombia (New Granada),450,452;title of,454Santander (city), "Rebellion of the Communes" in,427Santander, State of,460,461,467Santiago (city),11,126,135,142,