145,186,223-225;revolutionary junta installed in,76,160,161;founded,137;discovery of gold near,138;population of,151;universities established in,154,198;social centre of Chile,158Sarsaparilla,303Sayri Tupac, Inca emperor,61,62Sebastian founded,404Segoria, battle of,460Seville junta, the,314,360,362Sheep introduced into South America,66,242,243,248Shiris, the, of Quito,12,14,16,287-296Silver, in Bolivia,44,239-242,245,246;in Chile,199,208;in Colombia,424;in Ecuador,307;in Peru,24,25,53,65,66,69,117Sinu River, the,408Slavery, Indian,38,69,71,242-244,348,406;negro,273,394,416,422,425Smallpox, ravages of,142,426Smuggling,70,71,152,251,353,354,394,425Socorro (city), revolutionary junta in,431,432Socorro, plateau province of,312,376,413,416,437Solar, Vice-President of Peru,130Sorata (city), the rival of Potosí,246;destroyed,247de Soto, Hernando,27Soublette, General,390South America, animals native to,3,4,238;tribes of,4,5,9,13,66,238,248, etc.;productions of,3,5,8,66,70,238,303;Spanish law in,61,66,200,253,304;animals introduced into,66,242,243;benefits to, from Spanish occupation,66,151,303;commerce except with Spain forbidden to,66,69-71,152,251,355,356;Lima the political, commercial, and social centre of,67;negroes imported into,70,416;spread of revolutionary ideas in,73,74, etc.;character of revolution in,84;plan for constitutional monarchy in,84;success of wars of independence in,97,188,265,318,322,383;Argentine preponderance among republics of,155;description of Andean plateau of,235,285;theatre of the war of independence in,255;revolution in, saved from extinction,258;plan for one great confederacy in,269,322;countries of,322;harbours of,341;oldest city of,348;first independent republic in,362;oldest fortress in,407,428,436;manner of founding Spanish cities in,424South Sea, the,405Spain, conquest of South America by,seePeru, Chile, etc.;royal commissioners sent from,46,49,54,417,427;colonial system of,62et seq.,70,243,307,351-356,424,427,428;colonial government of,57,59,249,301,303,353;commercial monopoly of,66,69-71,152,250,251,352-356,424;war of succession in,70,152,159,250,256,311,312,354,360,370;at war with France,77,159,256,311,312;revolution in,82,359,370,430,443;at war with Peru and Chile,111,112,203,204,337;reforms in system of colonial government of,154,253,254,301,349,417;at war with England,158Spanish, adventurers21,22,26,27,53,58,67,242,300,301,348,404,407,413,414;armies in South America,29,39,50,52,80,81,141,142,144,146,147,150,155,168,170,174,181,239,253,258-261,263,264,298,301,315-318,350,366,367,371,375,376,380,413,436,437,440,443;constitution, the,370;constitutional law,304Spanish crown, revenue of, from Peru,32,53,60,64-66,69,77;from South America,417,425Spanish fleet,79,80,142,174;seizes Chincha Islands,112,203;at Callao,112,186;at Valparaiso,204;defeated,360,383;at Cartagena,436Sucré (Charcas),44Sucré, General, Bolivar's great lieutenant, destroys Spanish army,86;takes Colombian army to Peru,89,264,321;wins battle of Ayachucho,93-97,266,321,322;numbers and quality of army of,95,318;first President of Bolivia,99,268,322;administration of,269;overthrow of,270,323;wins battle of Pichincho,318,444;murder of,326,452Sugar-cane, introduced into South America,66,303;cultivation of,111,113,308,352,355,390,428Sugar Loaf, the battle of,105Suipacha, battle of,256,257Sun-god, worship of the,5,13,298TTacna (city), revolutionary expedition to,82;result of campaign,123,213Tacna (province),122,123;yielded to Chile,127Talca (city), captured,166;independence of Chile proclaimed at,176Talcahuano (city),163,164,171,174Tambo, battle of,316,437Tarapacá, province of Peru,106;nitrate deposits of,212Tarija (city),249Tarqui, decisive battle of,324,325Taxation,64,66,69,118,152,158,211,243,269,270,276,301,307,328,336,353,424Teques Indians, the,350Tiocajas nudo,291;battles of,291,293,294,298Titicaca, Lake,8,39,54,71,78,256,258;placer gold around,240,246;Jesuit mission at,245;basin,4,11,236,239;plateau,8,41,99,240;copper and silver mines of,8,240Titu Yupanqui,62,63Toa, Cara Princess,288Tobacco, Europe indebted to Peru for,66;in Chile,159;in Colombia,424,427;in Venezuela,352,353,355Tocaima (city),416Tocuyo founded,349,350Toledo, Don Francisco de, founder of Spanish colonial system,62-67;arrives at Lima,62;puts to death last Inca emperor,63;Libro de Tasasof,63Tolima, plateau of,411,419Tolima, State of,467Tolu founded,408"Toquis,"139,144,150Torata (city),124Torico, General,106Toro, Captain-General,160,161Torres, Camilo, Dictator,437Trafalgar, battle of,311Treaties,117,118,150,151,206,209,210,280,281,327,470,471,480,485-489Trinidad, Island of, captured by British,356,359Trujillo, birthplace of Pizarro,21Trujillo (city) founded by Pizarro,36,60,350Trujillo, province of Venezuela,362,363,366Trujillo, President of Colombia,468Tucuman (province), subject to viceroyalty of Lima,67;attached to viceroyalty of Buenos Aires,78;thinly populated,78;cattle-raising in,243;subject to audiencia of Charcas,250;battle of,258Tumbez (city),25,53,301;Spaniards land at,20,28Tumibamba, Huascar captured at,20Tumusla,265Tundama, plateau of,413Tunjá (city), founded,414;captured by Bolivar,378Tunjá (province),312,376,377,413,416Tupac Amaru, last Inca emperor,62;death of,63Tupac Amaru, lineal descendant of Inca emperors,72,251;heads Indian rebellion,72,251,252;cruel death of,72,253Tupac Yupanqui, Inca emperor, conquests of,10,11,14,18,135,289-292,295;death of,12,292UUira Cocha, Inca emperor,8,9Ulloa, ——,308"Ulmens,"139,150Umachiri, battle of,78Union, the,120,123United States, the, threatened rupture between Great Britain and,398;recognises independence of Colombia,446;undertakes Panama Canal,470,471,482,485;negotiations of, with Colombia,470,471,488;appealed to by Colombia,471,480;neutrality and free transit guaranteed to Panama by,480,487,488;Colombia rejects treaty with,486,487;recognises republic of Panama,488;treaty of, with Panama ratified,488,489United States of Colombia, the,98,99,322,378.SeeColombia.Universities,67,154,198Urbina, General,334,338Urco, Inca emperor,9Urdaneta, General,452Uruguay in possession of Portuguese,261,316VValdez, General,88,96,262Valdivia (city), besieged,141,142,145;taken by Dutch,150;size of,151;strength of,171,187;possessed by Spanish,171,185;captured by patriots,187Valdivia, Pedro de, conqueror of Chile,43,44,137-139,240;cities founded by,137,139;capture and death of,141Valencia, founded,350;loyal to Spain,363,364,439;patriots in,367,369,372Valmy, battle of,359Valparaiso (city),104,119,120,262,285,317,341;size of,151;bombarded,204;battle at,223-225Valparaiso Bay,220Valverde, Friar,30Varas, Chilean Minister,200,201Vargas, Doctor, President of Venezuela,389Veintemilla, General, President of Ecuador,339Vela, Blasco Nuñez de, Viceroy of Peru,50-53Velez (city) founded,410,414Venezuela, sighted by Columbus347;named,348;cities founded in,348-350,352;colonisation of,348;governors of,349,426;