RUT.—TheDEERof both descriptions (red and fallow) are said to go toRUT, at the particular season ofVENERYandCOPULATION.
.—TheDEERof both descriptions (red and fallow) are said to go toRUT, at the particular season ofVENERYandCOPULATION.
RUTTING TIME—commences the latter end of August, and continues to the first and second week in October; during which both theSTAGandBUCKassume a degree of courageous boldness inapproaching man, that they never display at any other time of the year. At this season their necks swell; they range from one place to another incessantly, in seeming search of some object to attack; the voice of the stag is loud and alarming, to those who have not been accustomed to hear it. When opposed, they are so exceedingly strong and ferocious, that no common force can stand against them: they attack an individual inRUTTING TIMEwith acertaintyof success. Some few years since, theLOCKSMITHwho inspected thegate locksof Windsor Great Park weekly, was pursued by a stag, and when within a few yards of him, most luckily escaped by climbing a small tree, where he was kept in jeopardy near twenty-four hours, till the next day the stag made a retreat upon the accidental approach of the keepers. A short time after which, a girl, about fourteen years of age, passing through Hackwood Park, near Basingstoke, in Hampshire, (and having on a red cloak,) was attacked by one, the oldest inhabitant of the district, who literally not only perforated her body with hisANTLERSin almost every part, but extended his fury so much to her apparel, that the melancholy spot was covered with rags; and the corpse so maimed and disfigured, that it retained but little of the appearance of a human frame.
—commences the latter end of August, and continues to the first and second week in October; during which both theSTAGandBUCKassume a degree of courageous boldness inapproaching man, that they never display at any other time of the year. At this season their necks swell; they range from one place to another incessantly, in seeming search of some object to attack; the voice of the stag is loud and alarming, to those who have not been accustomed to hear it. When opposed, they are so exceedingly strong and ferocious, that no common force can stand against them: they attack an individual inRUTTING TIMEwith acertaintyof success. Some few years since, theLOCKSMITHwho inspected thegate locksof Windsor Great Park weekly, was pursued by a stag, and when within a few yards of him, most luckily escaped by climbing a small tree, where he was kept in jeopardy near twenty-four hours, till the next day the stag made a retreat upon the accidental approach of the keepers. A short time after which, a girl, about fourteen years of age, passing through Hackwood Park, near Basingstoke, in Hampshire, (and having on a red cloak,) was attacked by one, the oldest inhabitant of the district, who literally not only perforated her body with hisANTLERSin almost every part, but extended his fury so much to her apparel, that the melancholy spot was covered with rags; and the corpse so maimed and disfigured, that it retained but little of the appearance of a human frame.
SADDLE—is the well-known mechanical construction formed for the mutual accommodation and safety of both theHORSEand theRIDER. Although historical records prove them to have been in use with the ancients, there is no demonstrative reason to believe they were established in England till the reign ofHenrytheSeventh, when they were adopted under a compulsory law, that the nobility should not ride without them. Saddles are of different sorts, according to the distinct services for which they are designed; and, in fact, are so universally known, not only in the aggregate, but in all their component parts, that any elucidation upon so common a subject; must be evidently superfluous and unnecessary.
—is the well-known mechanical construction formed for the mutual accommodation and safety of both theHORSEand theRIDER. Although historical records prove them to have been in use with the ancients, there is no demonstrative reason to believe they were established in England till the reign ofHenrytheSeventh, when they were adopted under a compulsory law, that the nobility should not ride without them. Saddles are of different sorts, according to the distinct services for which they are designed; and, in fact, are so universally known, not only in the aggregate, but in all their component parts, that any elucidation upon so common a subject; must be evidently superfluous and unnecessary.
SADDLE-BACKED.—A horse is so termed, when theRUMP-BONErises so high behind, in conformity with theWITHERSbefore, that a hollow (or rather a complete curve) is formed in the middle, as a natural receptacle for the Saddle. Horses of this description are mostly, in action, easy and pleasant to the rider; but they are invariably weaker in the loins than those of an opposite description.
.—A horse is so termed, when theRUMP-BONErises so high behind, in conformity with theWITHERSbefore, that a hollow (or rather a complete curve) is formed in the middle, as a natural receptacle for the Saddle. Horses of this description are mostly, in action, easy and pleasant to the rider; but they are invariably weaker in the loins than those of an opposite description.
SADDLE-GALLED.—This is an injury frequently sustained by horses either in theFIELDwithHOUNDS, or inJOURNIESupon theROAD; and can only happen by theinattention,neglect, orpenury, of theOWNER, in not affording occasional precaution and inspection to the state of thepad, as well as to the first and safeFITTINGof theSADDLE. It cannot but be known to the most superficial observer, that the padding of every saddle becomes progressively harder, in proportion to the perspirative matter it absorbs; and, in direct proportion with the hardness it acquires, the greater is the chance of its being injurious to the parts with which it comes into constant contact, and with a burning heat, produced by a long and repeated friction. Injuries of this kind, although originating in the same cause, vary a little in their effects: with one but slightly affected, aWARBLEmay be produced; this happens on the side, and if attended to upon its first appearance, is easily obliterated by applications of vinegar, or other mild repellents; but unattended to, and a frequent repetition of the cause being permitted to take place, they soon becomeSITFASTS, and can only be got rid of by instrumental extirpation. Where any part of the saddle-tree (in the centrical cleft between the saddle-pads) is inconsiderately suffered to come into contact with the wither, or vertebræ of the back, and so continues infrictionandpressure, during aCHASEorJOURNEY, certain mischief inevitablyensues: in the first a swelling, formation of matter, andFISTULA, may be the consequence; in the latter, an excoriation, followed by a tedious wound, or ulcer, may take place. Circumstances which so constantly occur (and that so often, from an unthinking stupidity in those who ultimately suffer by trouble and vexation in the event) are only brought to recollection, for the interested inculcation of those, who, inexperienced at present, will be taught, by time and prudence, thatPREVENTIONis at all seasons preferable toCURE, as it will be the means of shielding the body from trouble, and the mind from repentance.
.—This is an injury frequently sustained by horses either in theFIELDwithHOUNDS, or inJOURNIESupon theROAD; and can only happen by theinattention,neglect, orpenury, of theOWNER, in not affording occasional precaution and inspection to the state of thepad, as well as to the first and safeFITTINGof theSADDLE. It cannot but be known to the most superficial observer, that the padding of every saddle becomes progressively harder, in proportion to the perspirative matter it absorbs; and, in direct proportion with the hardness it acquires, the greater is the chance of its being injurious to the parts with which it comes into constant contact, and with a burning heat, produced by a long and repeated friction. Injuries of this kind, although originating in the same cause, vary a little in their effects: with one but slightly affected, aWARBLEmay be produced; this happens on the side, and if attended to upon its first appearance, is easily obliterated by applications of vinegar, or other mild repellents; but unattended to, and a frequent repetition of the cause being permitted to take place, they soon becomeSITFASTS, and can only be got rid of by instrumental extirpation. Where any part of the saddle-tree (in the centrical cleft between the saddle-pads) is inconsiderately suffered to come into contact with the wither, or vertebræ of the back, and so continues infrictionandpressure, during aCHASEorJOURNEY, certain mischief inevitablyensues: in the first a swelling, formation of matter, andFISTULA, may be the consequence; in the latter, an excoriation, followed by a tedious wound, or ulcer, may take place. Circumstances which so constantly occur (and that so often, from an unthinking stupidity in those who ultimately suffer by trouble and vexation in the event) are only brought to recollection, for the interested inculcation of those, who, inexperienced at present, will be taught, by time and prudence, thatPREVENTIONis at all seasons preferable toCURE, as it will be the means of shielding the body from trouble, and the mind from repentance.
SALLENDERS—are at the bend of the hock (or hough) behind, exactly what theMALLENDERSare at the back of the knee; for which the modes of treatment and means of cure are precisely the same. SeeMallenders.
—are at the bend of the hock (or hough) behind, exactly what theMALLENDERSare at the back of the knee; for which the modes of treatment and means of cure are precisely the same. SeeMallenders.
SALTRAM,—the name of a horse who acquired considerable celebrity by his performances upon theTURF, since which he has stood as aSTALLIONin a proportional degree of estimation. He was foaled in 1780; got byEclipse, dam (Virago) bySnapgrand-dam byRegulus, out of a sister toBlack and all Black. He was sire of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales'sSt. David, the Duke of York'sLaurustina, and the Duke of Bedford'sSprightly, Lord Grosvenor'sBrown Filly(out ofSting,) who won five prizes in 1790, attwo years old, amounting to 1100 guineas;Caroline, andTiffany;Queen of Sheba, (who won 900 guineas, at Newmarket, in 1792;)Rose,Spankaway,Sweeper, and the Prince of Wales'sWhiskey, who won in the same year 1000 guineas, 2000 guineas, the 1400 guineas, 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket, and 50l.at Bedford;Royalist,General,Henrietta,Clytus,Coal Merchant,Tear-Coat,Peeping Tom,Septem,Coiner,Whip, andOscar; exclusive of many Colts and Fillies, who were winners at Newmarket, and elsewhere, but never were named.
,—the name of a horse who acquired considerable celebrity by his performances upon theTURF, since which he has stood as aSTALLIONin a proportional degree of estimation. He was foaled in 1780; got byEclipse, dam (Virago) bySnapgrand-dam byRegulus, out of a sister toBlack and all Black. He was sire of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales'sSt. David, the Duke of York'sLaurustina, and the Duke of Bedford'sSprightly, Lord Grosvenor'sBrown Filly(out ofSting,) who won five prizes in 1790, attwo years old, amounting to 1100 guineas;Caroline, andTiffany;Queen of Sheba, (who won 900 guineas, at Newmarket, in 1792;)Rose,Spankaway,Sweeper, and the Prince of Wales'sWhiskey, who won in the same year 1000 guineas, 2000 guineas, the 1400 guineas, 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket, and 50l.at Bedford;Royalist,General,Henrietta,Clytus,Coal Merchant,Tear-Coat,Peeping Tom,Septem,Coiner,Whip, andOscar; exclusive of many Colts and Fillies, who were winners at Newmarket, and elsewhere, but never were named.
SANDCRACK—is a crack or cleft in theHOOFof aHORSE, which originates in a preternatural brittleness, brought on by standing too constantly upon hot dry litter, without stopping to the bottom, or a proper and occasional oiling of the hoof, to keep it in a healthy state. It generally runs in a straight line downwards; and when it extends from the junction of hair and hoof to the bottom, with the bloody lymph oozing from the membranous mass at the top, it then becomes a serious concern, affording no expectation of speedy consolation. There is, in fact, but one direct mode of cure, which is to reduce the projecting and ragged edges to a level, with the finest side of the rasp. Then with the fine edge of a small firing-iron, of moderate heat, run two lines parallel to each other on each sidethe crack longitudinally; this done, draw two in the same manner transverselyabove, and the same below the centrical part of the cleft, by which it will be enclosed in a small square of double lines, calculated to restore the union which has been destroyed. A little compound tincture of myrrh, or friar's balsam, should be poured into the crack so soon as it is observed, particularly if blood should be perceived to transude from the opening. In slight cases, horses may be continued in moderate use; but where they bear the complexion previously described, turning out to grass in a pasturemoist, but notwet, and that for a length of time, is the only foundation upon which the expectation of permanent cure can be entertained.
—is a crack or cleft in theHOOFof aHORSE, which originates in a preternatural brittleness, brought on by standing too constantly upon hot dry litter, without stopping to the bottom, or a proper and occasional oiling of the hoof, to keep it in a healthy state. It generally runs in a straight line downwards; and when it extends from the junction of hair and hoof to the bottom, with the bloody lymph oozing from the membranous mass at the top, it then becomes a serious concern, affording no expectation of speedy consolation. There is, in fact, but one direct mode of cure, which is to reduce the projecting and ragged edges to a level, with the finest side of the rasp. Then with the fine edge of a small firing-iron, of moderate heat, run two lines parallel to each other on each sidethe crack longitudinally; this done, draw two in the same manner transverselyabove, and the same below the centrical part of the cleft, by which it will be enclosed in a small square of double lines, calculated to restore the union which has been destroyed. A little compound tincture of myrrh, or friar's balsam, should be poured into the crack so soon as it is observed, particularly if blood should be perceived to transude from the opening. In slight cases, horses may be continued in moderate use; but where they bear the complexion previously described, turning out to grass in a pasturemoist, but notwet, and that for a length of time, is the only foundation upon which the expectation of permanent cure can be entertained.
SCAB.—The disorder in horses so called, is the species of mange become inveteratelydryandscabbyby its long duration.
.—The disorder in horses so called, is the species of mange become inveteratelydryandscabbyby its long duration.
SCENT—is the leading principle from which the great and inexpressible enjoyment of allFIELD SPORTSis derived. It is the sublime and inexplicable mystery upon which so many have contemplated, without being enabled to define. That every information may be collected upon a subject so rich, and so desirable of attainment to theSPORTING WORLD, a rotational but concise review shall be introduced from those who have given their thoughts in print to the public.
—is the leading principle from which the great and inexpressible enjoyment of allFIELD SPORTSis derived. It is the sublime and inexplicable mystery upon which so many have contemplated, without being enabled to define. That every information may be collected upon a subject so rich, and so desirable of attainment to theSPORTING WORLD, a rotational but concise review shall be introduced from those who have given their thoughts in print to the public.
We are told by one, that "Scentis aneffluviumcontinually arising from thecorpusclesthat issue out of all bodies; and being impregnated with the peculiar state and quality of the blood and juices of that particular animal from which they flow, occasions the vast variety of smells or scents cognizable by the olfactory nerves, or organs of smelling." This writer proceeds in confirmation thus: "Hence the reason why one person differs from another in scent, and why a dog will trace the footsteps of his master for a hundred miles together, following him into any house, church, or other building, though surrounded by ten thousand: and when the faithful animal has thus diligently sought out and recognized his master, he is seldom willing even to trust the evidence of his own eyes, until, with erected crest, he has taken a few cordial sniffs, to convince himself he is right. Hence also we perceive how a pack of hounds are enabled to pursueHARE,FOX,STAG, or any other animal they are trained to hunt, across the scent, and amidst the society of others of the same species, without being diverted from the pursuit of that self same animal they had first on foot; and hence too we discover how it is possible for birds and beasts of prey to be directed to their food at such vast distances; for these corpuscles issuing from putrid bodies, and floating in the air, are carried by the wind to different quarters; where striking the olfactory nerves of whatever animals they meetin their way, immediately conduct them to the spot: and it is by this means the small-pox, measles, putrid fevers, and all epidemic complaints, are communicated, and the plague and pestilence conveyed from one place to another.
"It matters not how much the effluvia may be gone off, so as enough remains to irritate the olfactory organ: for whether it be bird or beast, they try the scent in all directions, till at length they discover that which is stronger and stronger, in proportion as they proceed; and this Nature has taught them to know is the direct and obvious road to their prey, and prevents them from following a contrary course, which is naturally weaker and weaker, and what in hunting is calledheel. This observation is confirmed by the encreasing eagerness we perceive in all animals, the nearer they approach the object of pursuit; as we see hounds and spaniels inHUNTINGandSHOOTING, are the most earnest, in proportion as the scent is recent, and they draw nearer to theGAME. The same thing amongst quadrupeds, whether wild or domestic, directs the male to the female that is in season for love; and hence we see theDOG, theBOAR, theBULL, and theSTALLION, when turned loose, apply their nostrils to the ambient air, and proceed accordingly. By the same medium the vermin which infest our dwellings know how to direct their operations; whether to underminewalls, eat through solid boards, cross rivers, or climb spouts; which shows how much stronger the faculty of smelling is possessed by thebrutethan theHUMANspecies; wisely ordained byNature, to enable them to seek their food, and propagate their species; but for which they would often perish, or have long since become extinct."
Somervile, seemingly anxious to explore this hidden source of instinct, conceives theSCENT(divested of the dignity of blank verse) to arise from the peculiar property of the blood; which, when the game is on foot, is so encreased in its circulation, that the "ferous particles" are propelled through the skin in perspiration, and
"Leaves a long-steaming trail behind; which, byThe cooler air condens'd, remains, unlessBy some rude storm dispers'd, or rarefy'dBy the meridian sun's intenser heat:To every shrub the warm effluvia cling,Hang on the grass, impregnate earth and skies.With nostrils opening wide, o'er hill, o'er dale,The vig'rous hounds pursue, with ev'ry breath,Inhale the grateful steam, quick pleasures stingTheir tingling nerves, while their thanks repay,And in triumphant melody confessThe titillating joy. Thus on the airDepends the hunter's hopes."
"Leaves a long-steaming trail behind; which, by
The cooler air condens'd, remains, unless
By some rude storm dispers'd, or rarefy'd
By the meridian sun's intenser heat:
To every shrub the warm effluvia cling,
Hang on the grass, impregnate earth and skies.
With nostrils opening wide, o'er hill, o'er dale,
The vig'rous hounds pursue, with ev'ry breath,
Inhale the grateful steam, quick pleasures sting
Their tingling nerves, while their thanks repay,
And in triumphant melody confess
The titillating joy. Thus on the air
Depends the hunter's hopes."
Mr. Beckford, equally energetic in his endeavours to discover and ascertain the origin andproperty ofSCENT, very modestly confesses his state of uncertainty, in a few lines preparatory to his remarks made in a letter to his friend, where he observes, "As you ask me my opinion ofSCENT, I think I had better give it you before we begin upon the subject ofHUNTING. I must, at the same time, take the liberty of telling you, that you have puzzled me exceedingly; for scent is, I believe, what weSPORTSMENknow least about.Somervile, the only one I know of who has thrown any light upon the subject ofHUNTING, says, I think, but little about scent; I send you his words: I shall afterwards add a few of my own." Adverting then to the conclusion of the above quotation, he most judiciously proceeds:
"I cannot agree withMr. Somervile, in thinking thatSCENTdepends on theAIRonly; it depends also on the soil. Without doubt, the best scent is that which is occasioned by the effluvia, as he calls it, or particles of scent, which are constantly perspiring fromGAMEas itruns, and are strongest and most favourable to the hound, when kept by the gravity of the air to the height of his breast: for then it neither is above his reach, nor is it necessary he should stoop for it. At such times scent is said to liebreast high. Experience tells us, that difference of soil occasions difference ofSCENT; and on the richness and moderate moistness of thesoildoes it also depend, I think, aswell as on theAIR. At the time leaves begin to fall, and before they are rotted, we know that the scent lies ill in covert. This alone would be a sufficient proof, that scent does not depend on theair only. A difference of scent is also occasioned by a difference of motion; the faster the game goes, the less scent it leaves. When game has been ridden after, and hurried on by imprudent sportsmen, the scent is less favourable to hounds; one reason of which may be, that the particles of scent are then more dissipated. But if the game should have been run by a dog not belonging to the pack, seldom will any scent remain.
"I believe it is very difficult to ascertain whatSCENTexactly is: I have known it alter very often in the same day. I believe, however, that it depends chiefly on two things;the condition the ground is in, and the temperature of the air; both of which, I apprehend, should be moist, without being wet: when both are in this condition, the scent is then perfect; andvice versa, when the ground is hard, and the air dry, there seldom will be any scent. It scarce ever lies with a north or an east wind; a southerly wind, without rain, and a westerly wind, that is not rough, are the most favourable. Storms in the air are great enemies to scent, and seldom fail to take it entirely away. A fine sun-shiny day is not often a good huntingday; but what the French calljour des dames, warm without sun, is generally a perfect one: there are not many such in a whole season. In some fogs, I have known the scent lie high; in others, not at all; depending, I believe, on the quarter theWINDisthenin. I have known it lie very high in a mist, when nottoo wet; but if the wet should hang on the boughs and bushes, it will fall upon the scent, and deaden it. When the dogs roll, the scent, I have frequently observed, seldom lies; for what reason, I know not; but, with permission, if they smell strong when first they come out of the kennel, the proverb is in their favour; andthat smellis a prognostic of good luck.
"When cobwebs hang on the bushes, there is seldom much scent. During a white frost, the scent lies high; as it also does when the frost is quite gone: at the time of its going off, scent never lies: it is a critical minute for hounds, in which their game is frequently lost. In a great dew, the scent is the same. In heathy countries, where the gamebrushesas it goes along, scent seldom fails. Where the groundcarries, the scent is bad, for a very evident reason, which hare-hunters, who pursue their game over greasy fallows, and through dirty roads, have great reason to complain of. A wet night frequently produces good chases, as then the game neither like to run theCOVERT, nor theROADS. It has been oftenremarked, that scent lies best in the richest soils; and countries which are favourable to horses, are seldom so to hounds. I have also observed, that in some particular places, let the temperature of the air be as it may, scent never lies."
Amidst the various opinions upon the origin and property of scent, the most opposite join issue upon the simple question of doubt; whether the particles of effluvia which constitute what is termed scent, and by which hounds are excited to follow the game, are proper identical parts of the animal's body emitted in exhalations of respiration from the lungs, or by the transpiration of perspirative matter through the skin. This, perhaps, is of too abstruse a depth for the utmost extent of human wisdom to explore with success. The opinion ofSomervileseems founded upon the very basis of experimental observation, bettered by the sound judgment, and practical remarks, upon the promoting, or retarding, effects of both the atmosphere and soil; to which one circumstance alone seems to convey additional rays of elucidation. It must be recollected by every sportsman, who has occasionally taken the field withHARRIERS, that, although they havepicked the trailfor a mile, into the verystubble,fallow, orcovert, where the hare is sitting in her form; although they are trying round her in every direction, and even within a very few yards;there is then no more palpable perceptible scent, than when they trailed at half a mile from her form; and when shelays close, it is evident the dog, or dogs, derive no additional advantage from being nearer to her, (in respect to finding,) unless bystealing away, or jumping up, she gets into motion, when the scent is then afloat, and continued as already described.
Whether this enquiry will ever be traced to the source of certainty, is almost immaterial; it is a large field for the speculation of philosophy, and well worthy investigation. From a contemplative review of the operations of nature, it is evidently demonstrated, that there is a secret instinctive principle infused into the whole race of animals, whereby they are impulsively propelled to the propagation of their species, the preservation of their offspring, or an implicit pursuit of their propensities; so that no one shall become too numerous and destructive for the existence of another upon whom they prey, or with which they live in a perpetual state of warfare. It is likewise to be remarked, that the greater likeness we discover in the form of the animal creation, the more we perceive their friendly disposition to each other; because the scent of their bodies afford a pleasing gratification to the sensitive faculty, without exciting the appetite; if it was not for which all-wise dispensation of a superior and invisible Power, the same species woulddevour each other, and the purposes of the creation would be annihilated by the operation of its own works.
SCHIRROUS.—The substance or enlargement so called, is an accumulation of obstructed or extravasated lymph, becoming more and more indurated by its stagnant retention. All tumours of this description, either inMANorbeast, should be attended to in their infancy; when warm stimulants, and powerful repellents, may be expected to have a proper effect, previous to their having acquired induration; after which no hope of obliteration can be indulged, but by instrumental extirpation. From the reflection naturally arising upon which, will appear the prudent necessity of paying early attention to swellings and enlargements of every description; that nature may be assisted in her own efforts, and her indications promoted without delay. Those tumours which are hard, and seemingly insensible, not feeling pain upon pressure, are of the indurated and schirrous kind; all swellings, and enlargements, in which there is palpable heat, constant pain, and a shrinking from the touch, denoteSUPPURATION, which should be promoted by means ofFOMENTATIONSandPOULTICESapplicable to the purpose; for where there is a well encouraged formation of matter, and a good discharge, there is seldom any disappointment in the expectation of a speedy cure.
.—The substance or enlargement so called, is an accumulation of obstructed or extravasated lymph, becoming more and more indurated by its stagnant retention. All tumours of this description, either inMANorbeast, should be attended to in their infancy; when warm stimulants, and powerful repellents, may be expected to have a proper effect, previous to their having acquired induration; after which no hope of obliteration can be indulged, but by instrumental extirpation. From the reflection naturally arising upon which, will appear the prudent necessity of paying early attention to swellings and enlargements of every description; that nature may be assisted in her own efforts, and her indications promoted without delay. Those tumours which are hard, and seemingly insensible, not feeling pain upon pressure, are of the indurated and schirrous kind; all swellings, and enlargements, in which there is palpable heat, constant pain, and a shrinking from the touch, denoteSUPPURATION, which should be promoted by means ofFOMENTATIONSandPOULTICESapplicable to the purpose; for where there is a well encouraged formation of matter, and a good discharge, there is seldom any disappointment in the expectation of a speedy cure.
SCIATICA—is a species ofRHEUMATISMattacking a horse in one or both hind quarters, which is sometimes so severe, as to render him nearly or quite immoveable in his stall. It will be found enlarged on under the headRheumatism, where the means of relief are properly pointed out.
—is a species ofRHEUMATISMattacking a horse in one or both hind quarters, which is sometimes so severe, as to render him nearly or quite immoveable in his stall. It will be found enlarged on under the headRheumatism, where the means of relief are properly pointed out.
SCOURING.—A horse is said to have a scouring, when the body labours under a continuedLOOSENESS, similar to a course of purgation, without any perceptible cause. Some, called fluey carcased horses, are liable to this disorder from a variety of trifling causes, explained more largely under the headLooseness, which see.
.—A horse is said to have a scouring, when the body labours under a continuedLOOSENESS, similar to a course of purgation, without any perceptible cause. Some, called fluey carcased horses, are liable to this disorder from a variety of trifling causes, explained more largely under the headLooseness, which see.
SCRATCHES—are cracks in the heels of horses, which are originally produced by the changes of weather, and their being left withwetheels in the winter season. These, when long neglected, assume a degree of virulence, and, from small, and almost imperceptible cracks, become clefts with ragged edges, acquiring, by degrees, a kind of fungous callosity. From these a fœtid oily ichor is discharged, attended with an inflamed tension of the fetlock-joints, and so much constant pain, that the horse is unwilling to move in his stall, unless compelled so to do; and when a leg is lifted from the ground, he suspends it for some time, in a seeming state of misery, from the fear of putting it again to the ground. The cure consists solely in dailyfomentations of warm, well-boiled, gelatinous gruel, with a sponge; followed by linseed poultices; dressings of digestive ointment; a fewDIURETIC BALLS, given three days apart; and, lastly, a course ofALTERATIVE POWDERS, to obtund and correct the acrimony in the blood. If they have been permitted, by neglect and inattention, to reach their most inveterate state, displaying prominent fungous warts, or small tetters, mild escharotics, or instrumental scarifications, must be brought into use; without one or both of which, an early or certain cure will not be obtained.
—are cracks in the heels of horses, which are originally produced by the changes of weather, and their being left withwetheels in the winter season. These, when long neglected, assume a degree of virulence, and, from small, and almost imperceptible cracks, become clefts with ragged edges, acquiring, by degrees, a kind of fungous callosity. From these a fœtid oily ichor is discharged, attended with an inflamed tension of the fetlock-joints, and so much constant pain, that the horse is unwilling to move in his stall, unless compelled so to do; and when a leg is lifted from the ground, he suspends it for some time, in a seeming state of misery, from the fear of putting it again to the ground. The cure consists solely in dailyfomentations of warm, well-boiled, gelatinous gruel, with a sponge; followed by linseed poultices; dressings of digestive ointment; a fewDIURETIC BALLS, given three days apart; and, lastly, a course ofALTERATIVE POWDERS, to obtund and correct the acrimony in the blood. If they have been permitted, by neglect and inattention, to reach their most inveterate state, displaying prominent fungous warts, or small tetters, mild escharotics, or instrumental scarifications, must be brought into use; without one or both of which, an early or certain cure will not be obtained.
SCUT.—The tail of eitherHAREorRABBITis so called.
.—The tail of eitherHAREorRABBITis so called.
SEAMS—was a term formerly in use to signify the re-union of divided parts in the hoof of a horse, as a curedSANDCRACK; or the cleft at the junction of aFALSE QUARTER, with the uninjured part of the foot.
—was a term formerly in use to signify the re-union of divided parts in the hoof of a horse, as a curedSANDCRACK; or the cleft at the junction of aFALSE QUARTER, with the uninjured part of the foot.
SEAT,—the position on horseback. A person once mounted, and sitting at his ease, free from every seeming constraint, with his body pliably erect, his thighs and knees adhering closely to the skirts of the saddle, an easy freedom in his legs, and a personal motion corresponding with the action of the horse, is said to have aGOOD SEAT. Those who are always changing their position,throwing about their arms, swinging their legs, looking every way but the right, with stirrups toolong, tooshort, or probably one shorter than the other, are horsemen of a very different description, having a verybad seat, or rather no seat at all.
,—the position on horseback. A person once mounted, and sitting at his ease, free from every seeming constraint, with his body pliably erect, his thighs and knees adhering closely to the skirts of the saddle, an easy freedom in his legs, and a personal motion corresponding with the action of the horse, is said to have aGOOD SEAT. Those who are always changing their position,throwing about their arms, swinging their legs, looking every way but the right, with stirrups toolong, tooshort, or probably one shorter than the other, are horsemen of a very different description, having a verybad seat, or rather no seat at all.
SETONS—are artificial drains (or minor kind of rowels) in horses, corresponding in effect with the issues inserted in the arms or thighs of the human species. They are generally made upon the cheek, or under the jaws of a horse, for some defect in, or inflammation of the eyes. A writer of much celebrity admits "their utility to be very great, because they facilitate the discharge of matter from abscesses, without the necessity of admitting much air; the influence of which upon an ulcer, produces pain and symptomatic fever." Another observes, that, "when tumours are taken in time, whether on thePOLL,WITHERS, orBACK, not having been injudiciously retarded by common farriers, (whose management in this case is alwaysworsethan theDISEASE,) they may be carried off, and brought to heal by the discharge fromSETONS, without any of the usualbutchery, or cauterization, or the least blemish or loss of parts.Farriers(he continues) are always very much disposed to proceed with theknife, before the matter of theTUMOURis fully concocted, by which error they treble the difficulty, protract the period of cure, and probably leave an indurated enlargement, which is never effaced."
—are artificial drains (or minor kind of rowels) in horses, corresponding in effect with the issues inserted in the arms or thighs of the human species. They are generally made upon the cheek, or under the jaws of a horse, for some defect in, or inflammation of the eyes. A writer of much celebrity admits "their utility to be very great, because they facilitate the discharge of matter from abscesses, without the necessity of admitting much air; the influence of which upon an ulcer, produces pain and symptomatic fever." Another observes, that, "when tumours are taken in time, whether on thePOLL,WITHERS, orBACK, not having been injudiciously retarded by common farriers, (whose management in this case is alwaysworsethan theDISEASE,) they may be carried off, and brought to heal by the discharge fromSETONS, without any of the usualbutchery, or cauterization, or the least blemish or loss of parts.Farriers(he continues) are always very much disposed to proceed with theknife, before the matter of theTUMOURis fully concocted, by which error they treble the difficulty, protract the period of cure, and probably leave an indurated enlargement, which is never effaced."
The operation is in itself exceedingly simple, and is thus performed: the practitioner being provided with a seton needle, of a size and length proper for the tumour to be discussed, and having armed it with a sufficient number of cotton threads, in proportion to the effect required, and dipped in digestive ointment warm, the needle is to be introduced (if possible) at the upper part of the swelling, and the point conducted through the whole, and brought out at the bottom, as a depending orifice is of considerable advantage in assisting the discharge. The seton having been passed through theABSCESSorTUMOUR, is then separated from the needle, and the two ends tied together: or if the length will not admit of that, a knot may be formed, or a wooden button may be affixed to each end, by which it may be occasionally pulled up or down, as when the two ends are tied together, it may be moved in a circle. When the swelling is perfectly reduced, and the offending matter entirely run off, the seton may be withdrawn, and the orifice will soon unite, and form a cicatrix, without any farther application.
SETTING DOG—is perhaps, in respect to natural formation and effect, the most beautiful and attracting of the canine species: there is an elegance of figure, an uniformity of shape, make, and speed; a pleasing variegation in colour, (being generally yellow, or brown pied;) an inexpressibly anxioussolicitation of notice, and an aspect of affability and anticipating gratitude, beyond the power of thePENCILtodepict, or thePENtodescribe. The sporting business of theSETTING-DOG(commonly called the English setter) is precisely the same with thePOINTER, but with this difference, that, admitting their olfactory sensations to be equally exquisite, and thatONEcan discover and receive theparticlesofSCENT(alias the effluvia of the game) as readily, and at an equal distance, with theOTHER, the difference of the sport, in which they are separately engaged, renders it necessary that one should do upon his legs, what the other does by prostration upon the ground; and they are neithermoreorlessthan the effect of education; for as in the sport ofSHOOTING(with the pointer) theGAMEis expected torise, so in drawing (with a setting-dog and net) theBIRDSare required tolie.
—is perhaps, in respect to natural formation and effect, the most beautiful and attracting of the canine species: there is an elegance of figure, an uniformity of shape, make, and speed; a pleasing variegation in colour, (being generally yellow, or brown pied;) an inexpressibly anxioussolicitation of notice, and an aspect of affability and anticipating gratitude, beyond the power of thePENCILtodepict, or thePENtodescribe. The sporting business of theSETTING-DOG(commonly called the English setter) is precisely the same with thePOINTER, but with this difference, that, admitting their olfactory sensations to be equally exquisite, and thatONEcan discover and receive theparticlesofSCENT(alias the effluvia of the game) as readily, and at an equal distance, with theOTHER, the difference of the sport, in which they are separately engaged, renders it necessary that one should do upon his legs, what the other does by prostration upon the ground; and they are neithermoreorlessthan the effect of education; for as in the sport ofSHOOTING(with the pointer) theGAMEis expected torise, so in drawing (with a setting-dog and net) theBIRDSare required tolie.
Naturalists seem to have assumed a greater degree oflatitudein respect to theCANINE SPECIES, than in any other part of the creation, where they have beenlessat aloss. Great musical teachers inculcate strongly, one forcible precept upon themindsandmemoriesof theirPUPILS, which is, "when they happen to err in execution,never to stop; because it will inevitably serve to convince the auditors, such are inadequate to the task they have undertaken; when bykeeping on, not one in fifty may know an accidental mis-movement has takenplace." Just so it seems to have been with speculative delineators of theCANINE RACE; where the pedigree could not be ascertained, the peculiar kind of any distinct class appears to have beenaccidentallyforgotten. It does not seem that theoriginof thePOINTERis any where described, or by any writer attempted; but by the most respected authority we have, from whence information, instruction, and entertainment, can and may be derived, we are told, "theHOUND, theSETTING-DOG, and theTERRIER, are only one and thesame raceofDOGS; for it has been remarked, that the same birth has produced setting-dogs, terriers, and hounds, though the hound bitch has only had access to one of the three dogs." The true state of the case is precisely this, that although Nature, in her outlines, has furnished the canine race with powerful instinctive properties, by which their propensities, their pleasures, their dislikes, and attachments, may be disclosed; and notwithstanding it must be admitted, their olfactory sensations are refined in an extreme degree beyond the human species; yet much depends upon the means, mode and manner of education. This has been demonstrated a few years since beyond all manner of controversy, when a gamekeeper absolutely brought a full-grownPIGtohuntandpointto theBIRDS; and procured a considerable emolument from displaying repeated proofs of his ingenuity, patience, and perseverance.
SETTER,—in the game ofHAZARD, is the person whosetstheCASTER; or, in other words, the player, who makes stakes with the person holding the box and dice, who, if heTHROWS IN, draws the money; on the contrary, if hethrows out, the setter is the winner.
,—in the game ofHAZARD, is the person whosetstheCASTER; or, in other words, the player, who makes stakes with the person holding the box and dice, who, if heTHROWS IN, draws the money; on the contrary, if hethrows out, the setter is the winner.
SETTER-TO—is a term in cocking. The setter-to is the person who in a cock-pit receives the cock (going to fight) from the feeder, and hands him upon theSODduring the battle, according to the laws of the pit, and the conditions of the match. SeeCocking,Cock-pit, andMainofCocks.
—is a term in cocking. The setter-to is the person who in a cock-pit receives the cock (going to fight) from the feeder, and hands him upon theSODduring the battle, according to the laws of the pit, and the conditions of the match. SeeCocking,Cock-pit, andMainofCocks.
SHANK-BONE,—in a horse, is the bone extending from the knee to the fetlock-joint. This bone should be uniform, firm and compact, well proportioned to the length of the fore-arm above, and the pastern below; if too long for either, or both, the symmetry is totally lost; and hence a general objection to horses whose legs aretoo longfor theCARCASE, which is a defect readily observed; and indifferent judges are always prepared to say, such a horse has "too much day-light under him."
,—in a horse, is the bone extending from the knee to the fetlock-joint. This bone should be uniform, firm and compact, well proportioned to the length of the fore-arm above, and the pastern below; if too long for either, or both, the symmetry is totally lost; and hence a general objection to horses whose legs aretoo longfor theCARCASE, which is a defect readily observed; and indifferent judges are always prepared to say, such a horse has "too much day-light under him."
SHAPE and MAKE.—The "shape and make" of horses offered for sale, is such an eternal echo, whether at the public hammer, or by private contract, from one end of the kingdom to the other,that it is natural to conceive, no sporting subject can be more completely understood; but as there are eternally younger branches coming forward, and monied noviciatespayingfor practical experience in theartofDEALING, such extensive rules are introduced, to inculcate the absolute necessity for circumspection inBUYING, under the headHorse, that not a single line of utility can be added upon the subject.
.—The "shape and make" of horses offered for sale, is such an eternal echo, whether at the public hammer, or by private contract, from one end of the kingdom to the other,that it is natural to conceive, no sporting subject can be more completely understood; but as there are eternally younger branches coming forward, and monied noviciatespayingfor practical experience in theartofDEALING, such extensive rules are introduced, to inculcate the absolute necessity for circumspection inBUYING, under the headHorse, that not a single line of utility can be added upon the subject.
SHARK—was the most capital horse of his time; bred byMr. Pigott, foaled in 1771, got byMarsk, dam bySnap, out of the dam ofWarwickshire Wag. This horse was proved, next toChildersandEclipse, to have been possessed of more speed than any horse ever bred or produced in the kingdom. He beat all his cotemporaries at every distance, (longorshort,) clearly demonstrating his superiority, whether they run forspeed, or run forbottom. His distinct winnings are too remote from the present time to enumerate individually, but they amounted in the aggregate to aGOLD CUPvalue 123 guineas, eleven hogsheads of claret, and the astonishing sum of 20,000 guineas, in plates, matches, sweepstakes, forfeits, and bets. When no horse in England could be found to start against him, he was taken to America as aSTALLION, although it was publicly affirmed, 10,000 guineas were offered for him before his departure; admitting which to be the fact, it could have beendone with no other motive than to render him a privateSTALLIONfor the mares of thoseonlywho subscribed to the aggregate.
—was the most capital horse of his time; bred byMr. Pigott, foaled in 1771, got byMarsk, dam bySnap, out of the dam ofWarwickshire Wag. This horse was proved, next toChildersandEclipse, to have been possessed of more speed than any horse ever bred or produced in the kingdom. He beat all his cotemporaries at every distance, (longorshort,) clearly demonstrating his superiority, whether they run forspeed, or run forbottom. His distinct winnings are too remote from the present time to enumerate individually, but they amounted in the aggregate to aGOLD CUPvalue 123 guineas, eleven hogsheads of claret, and the astonishing sum of 20,000 guineas, in plates, matches, sweepstakes, forfeits, and bets. When no horse in England could be found to start against him, he was taken to America as aSTALLION, although it was publicly affirmed, 10,000 guineas were offered for him before his departure; admitting which to be the fact, it could have beendone with no other motive than to render him a privateSTALLIONfor the mares of thoseonlywho subscribed to the aggregate.
SHOEING of HORSES,—which for time immemorial remained in its almost original state, has for the last fourteen years become an object of importance and general investigation. What for a century before was never thought worthy a moment's consideration, but by those whose professional province it was toFORMtheSHOES, andset them on, is at length found worthy the fashionable and condescending inspection ofNOBLEMEN,GENTLEMEN, thepolishedgroom, and the illiterate stable-boy. This change is well known to have originated in the publication of "Taplin'sStable Directory" 1789; which, from its unprecedented popularity, passed throughTWELVEeditions in the short space of four years. To the appearance of this work, upon a subject so long neglected, are the public indebted for the much-wanted veterinarian improvement which has since taken place; as well as for the constantly increasing influx of veterinary writers, who, speculating upon the success of the original reformer, have obtruded upon the world such an infinity ofimitations, and such a profusion of what they have thoughtimprovements, that the discerning part of the public (plainly perceiving the deceptive imbecility of such attempts) rendered them abortive; a multiplicity of bookshaving been announced upon veterinary subjects within the last seven years, which have been immediately buried in oblivion, without a sale sufficient to pay even for the paper upon which the works were printed.
,—which for time immemorial remained in its almost original state, has for the last fourteen years become an object of importance and general investigation. What for a century before was never thought worthy a moment's consideration, but by those whose professional province it was toFORMtheSHOES, andset them on, is at length found worthy the fashionable and condescending inspection ofNOBLEMEN,GENTLEMEN, thepolishedgroom, and the illiterate stable-boy. This change is well known to have originated in the publication of "Taplin'sStable Directory" 1789; which, from its unprecedented popularity, passed throughTWELVEeditions in the short space of four years. To the appearance of this work, upon a subject so long neglected, are the public indebted for the much-wanted veterinarian improvement which has since taken place; as well as for the constantly increasing influx of veterinary writers, who, speculating upon the success of the original reformer, have obtruded upon the world such an infinity ofimitations, and such a profusion of what they have thoughtimprovements, that the discerning part of the public (plainly perceiving the deceptive imbecility of such attempts) rendered them abortive; a multiplicity of bookshaving been announced upon veterinary subjects within the last seven years, which have been immediately buried in oblivion, without a sale sufficient to pay even for the paper upon which the works were printed.
The rage for an improvement in the system of farriery whichTaplin'sbooks had induced, extended to almost every part of the kingdom, andnecessitousadventurers becamevulcanianspeculators in every direction. Various new, important andinfallibleplans ofSHOEINGwerehypotheticallyintroduced amongst the infantcropofnewly-sownveterinarians; one avowed himself an advocate forlongshoes; another, forshortshoes; a third, forhighshoes; a fourth, forlowshoes, andthinheels; a fifth, forhalfshoes; and a still moresagaciousgroupe ofTHEORETICIANS, forno shoes at all!!! To the great credit of the nation, and the strenuous endeavours of investigating individuals, this fashionablethirstoffolly, thisinfatuating furor, seems now in a great degree to have subsided, and affords reason to believe, as well as to hope, theveterinary maniahas (at least in this respect) attained itsCRISIS; and that the only rational, safe, and judicious mode now in general use, will be no more attacked by the wild and chimerical speculations of those, whose want of professional skill and scientific information must ever render their schemes abortive.
That gentlemen will dedicate part of their time to examine the internal structure of the foot, the anatomical formation and junction of the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilages, and membranes, is not to be expected; but that they will, upon the principle of self-defence, be careful to understand enough of theEXTERIOR, to check occasionally the rude hand of the injudicious or inconsiderate operator, is readily to be believed. The operative act of shoeing, in its general sense, as appertaining to the making of the shoe, the insertion of the nails, and the external finish of the foot, are too well known, and publicly performed, to require the most trifling description. Although one general data, or fixed rule, is laid down, by which all good and sound-footed horses should be shod without an exception, (proportioning the form, size, substance and weight of the shoe to the use of the horse,) yet there are occasional deviations, which cannot consistently be avoided, but must be prudently submitted to, when diseases of the foot, or injuries to the hoof, render them truly necessary. Hoofs, it is well known, are not all alike, nor are the same hoofs always in the same state; some are preserved so by unremitting care, and strict attention; others are permitted to get into decay, and to become diseased by a want of both. TheOPERATIVE FARRIERhas his different distinctions and denominations for the various kinds of hoof which come under his hand;as the sound, strong, firm, black hoof, which is generally perfect, and seldom either defective or diseased; the rough and brittle hoof, which is mostly wide and weak, requiring nightly stopping at the bottom, and oiling round the top; the long, flat and shelly hoof, which runs all totoe, and leaves nothing at theheel; the crooked or rather horny hoof, which, from a defect in radical moisture, grows into a wrinkled rigidity, that almost sets both theRASPandBUTTERISat defiance. There are also others so thin, wide, and expanded above, and the outer sole so prominent on each side the frog below, that such are called fleshy-footed, and require a shoe of peculiar formation, as well as much extra care in setting it on. Some hoofs are so contracted with heat, and narrowed at the heel, (particularly if the frogs are wasted by thrush and corrosion,) that when turned, the vacuum bears the appearance of intentional excavation.
Under this accumulation of considerations, some conditional variations must be admitted, from the fixed and proper rules to be laid down, although the fundamental principle should still be the same; and, notwithstanding the superfluous and destructive freedom of thedrawing-knifeandbutteris, are frequently, and with great justice, condemned; yet they must sometimes be brought into moderate use: but those who render them subservient to the purposes required, should invariablyretain it in memory, that more may be injudiciously destroyed infiveminutes, than can possibly be restored inTENmonths. The entireARTofSHOEINGmay be reduced to a very concise description, and consists in paring the foot (when it is necessary) with judgment, tenderness, and safety; to form the shoe with good, substantial, sound, Swedish iron, of a shape and make hereafter to be described; in selecting nails of a proper size, length, or strength, equally adapted to the shape of the foot, and the weight of the shoe; and, lastly, to the very critical task of driving them properly, clinching them firmly, and finishing the foot neatly.
The act itself being thus publicly seen in practice, and generally comprehended, it becomes only necessary (amidst the variety of speculative opinions lately obtruded upon public notice) to introduce such comparative reasoning, and practical proof, of the superior excellence and rational propriety of the execution, as may enable every reader to take an impartial survey of the different modes recommended, in doing which, he is then at liberty to adopt which ever he may be induced to think approaches the nearest to perfection.
Amidst the great variety of attractingnoveltieswhich issued from the press, after the publication ofTaplin's Pattern Shoes, was "a concaveshoe," most zealously recommended by thePROFESSORof a public institution, since deceased; who, had he lived only a few weeks longer, would have received the most unequivocal proofs of thefallacyof thetheory, when put into competition with theUNERRINGcriterion ofPRACTICE: but happily for him, and luckily for his great and opulent friends, (who were daily and shamefully forsaking him,) he died just in time to save his reputation. Suffice it, therefore, in delicacy to his error, as well as to his memory, only to observe, that theSHOEpassing under that denomination (having a smooth or flat inside to cover the foot, and a concave surface, to come in contact with the ground or pavement) was the veryreverseof what it should be, and only calculated to render tender, if not cripple, any horse, if obstinately persevered in; as will be candidly admitted by every reader of rationality, when the representation of theFOOT, the form of theSHOE, and the setting on of that shoe, are taken into distinct and separate consideration.
shoesTo face Page 265. Vol. 2ᵈ.DEMONSTRATIVE SHOEING.
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To face Page 265. Vol. 2ᵈ.DEMONSTRATIVE SHOEING.
That this may be done with a more comprehensive and general effect, divested ofSCIENTIFICdisquisition, orANATOMICALambiguity, aPlateis annexed; which, with very little explanatory matter, will afford the most perfect and satisfactory elucidation. A is the representation of a sound, firm, well-formedHOOF, in a slate of unembellishednature: here is evidently no devastation required—no paring off at the heel—no slicing off from the sole—no cutting-knife at the toe; nor does it, with an eye of the strictest judgment and circumspection, seem to claim or solicit from the art of man, any other assistance, than protection against the injury it must inevitably sustain from harder bodies, when brought into use by constant collision. That this fair and candid investigation may be the less liable to miscontruction, and that cynical misrepresentation, or envious opposition, may not (even in the weakest minds) warp the effect of truth, let it be observed, that the circular line marked 1 is the line of articulation, or, in other words, the distinct line of separation; around which is thewallorcrustof theHOOF, (in itself insensible,) where the bearing only should be, and where the figure 5 of E will be found accurately formed for its reception.
That part of the foot extending from the line of separation on one side, to the corresponding line of separation on the other, having theFROGin the center, and marked 2 on each side, is called theouter sole, covering a membranous mass, or substance, called theinner sole, which is of exquisite sensibility, requiringPROTECTIONwithoutpressureupon the external part; which it will be seen (by referring to thePlate) is sufficiently afforded by the concave formation at Fig. 6 of letterE, which, upon the accurate inspection of the best informed and most experienced investigators, must be admitted a shoe of the first perfection for the promotion of every good, and the prevention of every ill.
Having thus produced bothfootandshoe, as unsullied representations ofNATUREandART, and adapted themakeofoneto theformationof the other, with a consistency no man of common comprehension will presume to dispute, we proceed to an impartial examination of the letter B, which represents the mode ofSHOEINGadopted, and some time persevered in, at a place of veterinary celebrity, upon the discontinuance of the veryshort-livedconcave shoe.
As it is a remark of long standing, that theexteriorstrikesfirst, so we shall find here, that, upon a superficial survey of the letter B, there is a neatness in the execution, that seems to excite attention, and command respect; but when it is critically examined with the eye of precision, and its deficiencies pointed out, it then loses all power of permanent attraction, and will advance no well-founded claim to approbation or imitation. Admitting (as it is presumed no opposition whatever arises to the fact) that thewallof theFOOTrepresented by Fig. 1, should have its bearing upon the properly-adapted part of the shoe, ascertainedby referring to Fig. 5 of E, and continued home to the extreme point of the heel accurately terminated by the Fig. 7 of C; let us see what would be the inevitable consequence of having the shoes an inch and a half too short at each heel, as represented by Fig. 3 of B, whereNATURE,REASON,OBSERVATION, andEXPERIENCE, concentrate their whole force to demonstrate the consistency, the safety, in fact, the indispensible necessity, of its being continued to Fig. 4 of B, as is already explained by previous reference to Fig. 7 of C.
Convinced, therefore, beyond the shadow of doubt, (as every reader may by another reference to No. 1,) that thewallof theHOOFholds forth itsown proof, that the shoe should be continued home to the extremepointof theheel, or that it requiresno shoe at all; and this alternative being first understood, and then acceded to, by every comprehension, it will be equally clear, that as much asartfallsshortin the support whichNATURErequires, proportional must the injury be, by the inevitableindentation; invariably productive of bruises, and tenderness upon theedgeof thesole, thereby laying the foundation of preternatural stricture,corns,callosities, and otherills, which would be more perfectly understood by an examination of any such subject, after a shoeonethird too shorthad been eight or ten days in constant wear.
By way of concluding observations upon thePlate, and its purpose, it becomes only necessary to remark, that the letter C is the hoof of a large saddle or carriage horse, well covered for thepavementof theMETROPOLIS, or travelling upon the turnpike-road. That the letter B is a perfect model of good shoeing forHUNTERorHACKNEY, provided the heel of the shoe was continued to Fig. 4, instead of terminating at 3. That Fig. 8 is called thewebof theSHOE, which is, in fact, no more than the whole breadth of the iron, and may be widened, or narrowed, entirely by thejudgmentof theSMITH, or the discretion of theOWNER. That Fig. 9 is the cavity called thegroove, or fullering, to receive the heads of the nails, above which (inSHOEINGofEXCELLENCE, and superiority) they should never constitute a prominence; and that the letter D is no more than a back view of the short shoe, for some time so powerfully recommended, which has already most deservedly fallen into disrepute.
Having considered it necessary to introduce such minute references as will sufficiently demonstrate the difference betweengoodshoeing andbad, it remains only to add a single deficiency ofSHOEING SMITHSin general, who, fromindolence,inattention, orinability, entirely lose sight of, or never form at all, the proper line of distinction between the bearing of Fig. 5 for the crust (orwall) Fig. 1; and the protection afforded theouter sole, Fig. 2, by the internal concave example in Fig. 6. Considering this remissness in the operator, and shoeing tooshortat theheels, to constitute the prevalent and principal errors requiring rectification, it is anxiously to be hoped, that those whose minds are open to conviction, will contribute their assistance to inculcate the necessity of adopting one invariable standard as a leading step to general reformation.