22,24Messier's Catalogue of Stars,529Meteors (seeStars,shooting)Meteorites,391;Alban Mount,393;ancient accounts,392,393;Benares,392;Butsura,397;Chaco,398;characteristics of,397;Chladni's account of discovery in Siberia,392;composition of,397–399;Ensisheim (1492),393;Hindoo account of,391;L'Aigle,392;not connected with comets,400;not connected with star showers,400;Orgueil,399;origin,400–408;Ovifak,407;Rowton,395–396;Wold Cottage,392Micrometer,86Milky Way,462–3,474–6Mimas,559Minor planets,229–244Mira Ceti,430,482Mizar,438,486Moment of momentum, the,552–554Month of one day,547Moon, The, absence of air on,85,99;absence of heat on,95;agent in causing the tides,70,535–537;ancient discoveries respecting,5;apparent size of,73;attraction to the Earth of,75;brightness of, as compared with that of the Sun,71;changes during the month of,71,74;chart of surface of,81;craters on,83,84,87–98,514;density of,558;diameter of,558;distance from the Earth of,73,75,568;eclipses of,6,77–80;illustration of the law of gravitation,96,131,133;landscapes on,98;life impossible on,99;measuring heights of mountains, etc., of,85,86;micrometer,86; motion of,75;mountains on,83,85,88,89,91,93;phases of,71,76;plane of orbit of,310,500,501;poets and artists and,72;pole,500;possibility of ejecting meteorites,402;possibly fractured off from the earth,543;prehistoric tides on,548,549;produces precession,497–499;proximity to the Earth of,73,75;receding from the Earth,545;relative position of with regard to the Earth and the Sun,76,77;revolution of, round the Earth,75,76,558;"seas" on,82,83;shadows of,85;size of, compared with that of the Earth,74;test for chronometers, a,80;thraldom of terrestrial tides,549;waterless,100;weather not a affected by the phases of,82;weight of,74Motion, laws of planetary,138,141,142,147,148Mountains of the Moon,83,85,93NNasmyth, Mr., and the formation of lunar craters,95Natural History Museum, meteorites,394Nautical Almanack,189Neap Tides,538Nebula, in Andromeda,469;annular, in Lyra,469;in Orion,269,461,466–469;colour of,468;magnitude of,468;nature of,467;planetary, in Draco,470;simplest type of a,528;various grades of,528Nebulæ,464–472;condensation,528;distances of,464;double,470;Herschel's labours respecting,464–465,528,529;number of,466;planetary,470;self-luminous,464;smallest greater than the Sun,464;spiral,470Nebular theory, the,526Neptune,112;Adams's researches,324–326,332;Challis's observations of,326–328;density of,558;diameter of,333,558;disc of,332;discovery (1846) of,315;distance from the Sun of,334,558;Lalande's observations of,332,333;Le Verrier's calculations,324–332;moment of momentum of,554;orbit of,117;periodic time of,558;revolution of,334;rotation of uncertain,333;satellite of, discovered by Mr. Lassell,559;size of, compared with other planets,119;vaporous atmosphere of,333;weight of,333Newall, Mr. H.F., and Capella,487;and the values of velocity of stars,483Newcomb, Professor,9,264,267,522Newton, Professor, and meteoric showers,377,384Newton, Sir Isaac, discovery of gravitation verified Kepler's laws,144;dynamical theory,214;illustrations of his teaching,144–147;law of gravitation and,125,126,537;parabolic path of comets and,338–340;reflecting telescope,19;weight of the Earth and,203Nickel in the Sun,50Nineveh, astronomers of,156Nordenskjöld, and the Ovifak meteorite,407Nova Cygni,431;brilliancy of,454;decline of,455;distance of,456;parallax of,455November meteors,376,377,379Nutation, and Bradley,501OOberon,309,559Object-glasses,11,12,14,16,19Observatories,9–28Observatory, Cape of Good Hope,27;Dunsink,12,184;Greenwich,26,314;Lick,16;Paris,22;Uraniborg,10;Vienna,14;Washington,226;Yerkes,16Occultation,102,215Oceanus Procellarum,83Opera-glass,27,28Opposition of Mars,209Orbital moment of momentum,552Orbits of planets,114,115,117;dimensions,139–143;elliptical form,138–140;minor planets,232,234,239;not exactly circles,135;of satellites of Uranus,310;Sun the common focus,139Orgueil meteorite, the,399Orion,4,418Orion, belt of,418,467;brilliancy of,418;nebula in,269,461,466–469Orionis, α,418,482Orionis, θ, a multiple star,318,467Ovifak meteorite, the,407PPalisa and the minor planets,234Pallas,233,238Parabolic path of comets,338–340Parallactic ellipse,444Parallax,181,182,214,443;of stars,507Paris telescope,22,23Pegasus, great square of,413,414Peg-top, the, and the rotation of the Earth,494Pendulum for determining the force of the Earth's attraction,205Penumbra of Sun-spot,51Perihelion,163Periodic times of planets,139–143,558Periodicity of Sun-spots,41Perseids,400Perseus,415,416,429;sword-handle,462Perturbation, planetary,317–324,346Perturbations, theory of,296Petavius,93Peters, Professor, and charts of minor planets,234;and the derangement of Sirius,427Phases of the Moon,71,76Phobos,226,551,558Photography, and practical astronomy,25;and the distance of 61 Cygni,449;Dr. Roberts and the nebula in Andromeda,469;Mr. Common and the nebula in Orion,469;Sir W. Huggins and the spectra of nebulæ,473Photosphere, the,37,54Physical nature of the stars,477Piazzi, discoverer of the first known minor planet,203Pickering, Professor,218,220,255,265;and Betelgeuze,482;and planetary nebulæ,474;and Saturn's satellites,296;and spectroscopic binaries,486,487Pico,89Planetary motion, Kepler's laws of,138,141,142,147,148Planetary nebulæ,470Planetary perturbation,317–324Planets, ancient ideas respecting,2,6;approximate number of,112;attract each other,148,317;attracted by comets,360;Bode's law,230;comparative sizes of,118,119;distance of, from the Earth,109–111;distance of, from the Sun,558;how distinguished from stars,111;irregularity of motions of,317–324;Lagrange's theory of rigidity of,531;light of, derived from the Sun,113;minor,229–244;orbits of the four giant,117;orbits of the four interior,114;orbits have their focus in the centre of the Sun,139;orbits not exactly circles,135;orbits take the form of an ellipse,136–138;origin of, as suggested by the nebular theory,526;periodic times of,139–143,558;relative distances of,229;uniformity of direction in their revolution,120,322;velocity of,139–142,144,146,237Plato (lunar crater),89Pleiades,241,416;invisible in the summer,416Pliny, the tides and the Moon,535Plough, the,28Pogson, Mr.,390Pointers in the Great Bear,28,411Polar axis,196Polar caps on Mars,218,219Pole, the, distance of from Pole Star lessening,494;elevation of,195;movement of,492;near α Draconis,494;near Vega or α Lyra,494Pole Star,194;belongs to the Little Bear,412;distance of, from the pole of the heavens,412,492,494;position of,411;slow motion of,412Pollux,420,480;value of velocity of,484Pons, and the comet of 1818,345Posidonius,87Potassium in the Sun,50Præsepe,422Precession and nutation of the Earth's axis,492–502Proctor, and the stars in Argelander's atlas,476Prism, the,45;its analysing power,46Pritchard, Professor, stellar photographic researches of,449Procyon,420;value of velocity of,484Prominences on the Sun,53–59Ptolemy, his theory of astronomy,6;lunar crater named after him,92QQuarantids, the,400RRadius of the Earth,193,512Rainbow, the,45Ram, the,420Reflectors,19,21,25Refraction by the prism,45Refractors,11,14,16Regulus,421,479Reservoir formed from tidal water,538Retina, the, and the telescope,10,11Rhea,559Rigel,418,420,480Rigidity of the planets,532,533Roberts, Dr. Isaac, and the nebula in Andromeda,469;and the nebula in Orion,469Roemer, and the velocity of light,261Romance, planet of,151–154Rosse telescope, the,19,20,468,470Rotational moment of momentum,553Rowland, Professor, and spectral lines,491Rowton Siderite,395Royal Astronomical Society and Bessel,442SSappho,242Satellites of Jupiter,249,250,257–261,266,559;confirmation of the Copernican theory,267Satellites of Mars,209,225–228,551,558Satellites of Neptune,334,559Satellites of Saturn,559;Bond's discoveries,296;Cassini's discoveries,294;distances,559;Herschel's discoveries,295;Huyghens' discovery,293;Kirkwood's deduction,296;Lassell's deduction,296;movements,296;origin as suggested by the nebular theory,526Satellites of Uranus,308,309,310,559Saturn, ancient study of,6;attraction on Uranus,322;axial rotation of,558;beauty of,209;comparative proximity to the Earth of,110;density of,558;diameter of,271,558;distance of, from the Sun,268,271,558;elliptic path of,271;gravitation paramount,283;internal heat of,272,515;Leonids and,386;low density of,272;
22,24Messier's Catalogue of Stars,529Meteors (seeStars,shooting)Meteorites,391;Alban Mount,393;ancient accounts,392,393;Benares,392;Butsura,397;Chaco,398;characteristics of,397;Chladni's account of discovery in Siberia,392;composition of,397–399;Ensisheim (1492),393;Hindoo account of,391;L'Aigle,392;not connected with comets,400;not connected with star showers,400;Orgueil,399;origin,400–408;Ovifak,407;Rowton,395–396;Wold Cottage,392Micrometer,86Milky Way,462–3,474–6Mimas,559Minor planets,229–244Mira Ceti,430,482Mizar,438,486Moment of momentum, the,552–554Month of one day,547Moon, The, absence of air on,85,99;absence of heat on,95;agent in causing the tides,70,535–537;ancient discoveries respecting,5;apparent size of,73;attraction to the Earth of,75;brightness of, as compared with that of the Sun,71;changes during the month of,71,74;chart of surface of,81;craters on,83,84,87–98,514;density of,558;diameter of,558;distance from the Earth of,73,75,568;eclipses of,6,77–80;illustration of the law of gravitation,96,131,133;landscapes on,98;life impossible on,99;measuring heights of mountains, etc., of,85,86;micrometer,86; motion of,75;mountains on,83,85,88,89,91,93;phases of,71,76;plane of orbit of,310,500,501;poets and artists and,72;pole,500;possibility of ejecting meteorites,402;possibly fractured off from the earth,543;prehistoric tides on,548,549;produces precession,497–499;proximity to the Earth of,73,75;receding from the Earth,545;relative position of with regard to the Earth and the Sun,76,77;revolution of, round the Earth,75,76,558;"seas" on,82,83;shadows of,85;size of, compared with that of the Earth,74;test for chronometers, a,80;thraldom of terrestrial tides,549;waterless,100;weather not a affected by the phases of,82;weight of,74Motion, laws of planetary,138,141,142,147,148Mountains of the Moon,83,85,93NNasmyth, Mr., and the formation of lunar craters,95Natural History Museum, meteorites,394Nautical Almanack,189Neap Tides,538Nebula, in Andromeda,469;annular, in Lyra,469;in Orion,269,461,466–469;colour of,468;magnitude of,468;nature of,467;planetary, in Draco,470;simplest type of a,528;various grades of,528Nebulæ,464–472;condensation,528;distances of,464;double,470;Herschel's labours respecting,464–465,528,529;number of,466;planetary,470;self-luminous,464;smallest greater than the Sun,464;spiral,470Nebular theory, the,526Neptune,112;Adams's researches,324–326,332;Challis's observations of,326–328;density of,558;diameter of,333,558;disc of,332;discovery (1846) of,315;distance from the Sun of,334,558;Lalande's observations of,332,333;Le Verrier's calculations,324–332;moment of momentum of,554;orbit of,117;periodic time of,558;revolution of,334;rotation of uncertain,333;satellite of, discovered by Mr. Lassell,559;size of, compared with other planets,119;vaporous atmosphere of,333;weight of,333Newall, Mr. H.F., and Capella,487;and the values of velocity of stars,483Newcomb, Professor,9,264,267,522Newton, Professor, and meteoric showers,377,384Newton, Sir Isaac, discovery of gravitation verified Kepler's laws,144;dynamical theory,214;illustrations of his teaching,144–147;law of gravitation and,125,126,537;parabolic path of comets and,338–340;reflecting telescope,19;weight of the Earth and,203Nickel in the Sun,50Nineveh, astronomers of,156Nordenskjöld, and the Ovifak meteorite,407Nova Cygni,431;brilliancy of,454;decline of,455;distance of,456;parallax of,455November meteors,376,377,379Nutation, and Bradley,501OOberon,309,559Object-glasses,11,12,14,16,19Observatories,9–28Observatory, Cape of Good Hope,27;Dunsink,12,184;Greenwich,26,314;Lick,16;Paris,22;Uraniborg,10;Vienna,14;Washington,226;Yerkes,16Occultation,102,215Oceanus Procellarum,83Opera-glass,27,28Opposition of Mars,209Orbital moment of momentum,552Orbits of planets,114,115,117;dimensions,139–143;elliptical form,138–140;minor planets,232,234,239;not exactly circles,135;of satellites of Uranus,310;Sun the common focus,139Orgueil meteorite, the,399Orion,4,418Orion, belt of,418,467;brilliancy of,418;nebula in,269,461,466–469Orionis, α,418,482Orionis, θ, a multiple star,318,467Ovifak meteorite, the,407PPalisa and the minor planets,234Pallas,233,238Parabolic path of comets,338–340Parallactic ellipse,444Parallax,181,182,214,443;of stars,507Paris telescope,22,23Pegasus, great square of,413,414Peg-top, the, and the rotation of the Earth,494Pendulum for determining the force of the Earth's attraction,205Penumbra of Sun-spot,51Perihelion,163Periodic times of planets,139–143,558Periodicity of Sun-spots,41Perseids,400Perseus,415,416,429;sword-handle,462Perturbation, planetary,317–324,346Perturbations, theory of,296Petavius,93Peters, Professor, and charts of minor planets,234;and the derangement of Sirius,427Phases of the Moon,71,76Phobos,226,551,558Photography, and practical astronomy,25;and the distance of 61 Cygni,449;Dr. Roberts and the nebula in Andromeda,469;Mr. Common and the nebula in Orion,469;Sir W. Huggins and the spectra of nebulæ,473Photosphere, the,37,54Physical nature of the stars,477Piazzi, discoverer of the first known minor planet,203Pickering, Professor,218,220,255,265;and Betelgeuze,482;and planetary nebulæ,474;and Saturn's satellites,296;and spectroscopic binaries,486,487Pico,89Planetary motion, Kepler's laws of,138,141,142,147,148Planetary nebulæ,470Planetary perturbation,317–324Planets, ancient ideas respecting,2,6;approximate number of,112;attract each other,148,317;attracted by comets,360;Bode's law,230;comparative sizes of,118,119;distance of, from the Earth,109–111;distance of, from the Sun,558;how distinguished from stars,111;irregularity of motions of,317–324;Lagrange's theory of rigidity of,531;light of, derived from the Sun,113;minor,229–244;orbits of the four giant,117;orbits of the four interior,114;orbits have their focus in the centre of the Sun,139;orbits not exactly circles,135;orbits take the form of an ellipse,136–138;origin of, as suggested by the nebular theory,526;periodic times of,139–143,558;relative distances of,229;uniformity of direction in their revolution,120,322;velocity of,139–142,144,146,237Plato (lunar crater),89Pleiades,241,416;invisible in the summer,416Pliny, the tides and the Moon,535Plough, the,28Pogson, Mr.,390Pointers in the Great Bear,28,411Polar axis,196Polar caps on Mars,218,219Pole, the, distance of from Pole Star lessening,494;elevation of,195;movement of,492;near α Draconis,494;near Vega or α Lyra,494Pole Star,194;belongs to the Little Bear,412;distance of, from the pole of the heavens,412,492,494;position of,411;slow motion of,412Pollux,420,480;value of velocity of,484Pons, and the comet of 1818,345Posidonius,87Potassium in the Sun,50Præsepe,422Precession and nutation of the Earth's axis,492–502Proctor, and the stars in Argelander's atlas,476Prism, the,45;its analysing power,46Pritchard, Professor, stellar photographic researches of,449Procyon,420;value of velocity of,484Prominences on the Sun,53–59Ptolemy, his theory of astronomy,6;lunar crater named after him,92QQuarantids, the,400RRadius of the Earth,193,512Rainbow, the,45Ram, the,420Reflectors,19,21,25Refraction by the prism,45Refractors,11,14,16Regulus,421,479Reservoir formed from tidal water,538Retina, the, and the telescope,10,11Rhea,559Rigel,418,420,480Rigidity of the planets,532,533Roberts, Dr. Isaac, and the nebula in Andromeda,469;and the nebula in Orion,469Roemer, and the velocity of light,261Romance, planet of,151–154Rosse telescope, the,19,20,468,470Rotational moment of momentum,553Rowland, Professor, and spectral lines,491Rowton Siderite,395Royal Astronomical Society and Bessel,442SSappho,242Satellites of Jupiter,249,250,257–261,266,559;confirmation of the Copernican theory,267Satellites of Mars,209,225–228,551,558Satellites of Neptune,334,559Satellites of Saturn,559;Bond's discoveries,296;Cassini's discoveries,294;distances,559;Herschel's discoveries,295;Huyghens' discovery,293;Kirkwood's deduction,296;Lassell's deduction,296;movements,296;origin as suggested by the nebular theory,526Satellites of Uranus,308,309,310,559Saturn, ancient study of,6;attraction on Uranus,322;axial rotation of,558;beauty of,209;comparative proximity to the Earth of,110;density of,558;diameter of,271,558;distance of, from the Sun,268,271,558;elliptic path of,271;gravitation paramount,283;internal heat of,272,515;Leonids and,386;low density of,272;