64.L.c., pp. 253–69.
64.L.c., pp. 253–69.
65.L.c., pp. 270–83.
65.L.c., pp. 270–83.
66.L.c., pp. 284–91.
66.L.c., pp. 284–91.
67.L.c., pp. 291–314.
67.L.c., pp. 291–314.
68.Flint,l.c., pp. 279 f.
68.Flint,l.c., pp. 279 f.
69.Flint,l.c., p. 286.—(Turgot died in 1781.)
69.Flint,l.c., p. 286.—(Turgot died in 1781.)
70.Ripley,The Races of Europe(1899), p. 4.—Cuvier was twenty years younger than Goethe; both died in the same year.
70.Ripley,The Races of Europe(1899), p. 4.—Cuvier was twenty years younger than Goethe; both died in the same year.
71.E. G. Conklin,Heredity and Environment in the Development of Men(Princeton Univ. Press, 1915, 533 pp.), p. 303.
71.E. G. Conklin,Heredity and Environment in the Development of Men(Princeton Univ. Press, 1915, 533 pp.), p. 303.
72.Eckermanns Gespräche mit Goethe, neu herausgegeben v. H. H. Houben (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1909), p. 264.
72.Eckermanns Gespräche mit Goethe, neu herausgegeben v. H. H. Houben (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1909), p. 264.
73.Ibid., p. 265.—These two passages are also cited by Kupffer,Klima and Dichtung, p. 64.
73.Ibid., p. 265.—These two passages are also cited by Kupffer,Klima and Dichtung, p. 64.
74.Eckermanns Gespräche mit Goethe, p. 542.
74.Eckermanns Gespräche mit Goethe, p. 542.
75.Ibid., p. 546.
75.Ibid., p. 546.
76.Karl Lamprecht, “Neue Kulturgeschichte” (pp. 449–64 in Das Jahr 1913,Ein Gesamtbild der Kulturentwicklung, hg. v. D. Sarason, Leipzig-Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1913), p. 453.
76.Karl Lamprecht, “Neue Kulturgeschichte” (pp. 449–64 in Das Jahr 1913,Ein Gesamtbild der Kulturentwicklung, hg. v. D. Sarason, Leipzig-Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1913), p. 453.
77.Albert Poetzsch,Studien zur frühromantischen Politik und Geschichtsauffassung(Leipzig: Voigtländer, 1907, 111 pp.), p. 89.
77.Albert Poetzsch,Studien zur frühromantischen Politik und Geschichtsauffassung(Leipzig: Voigtländer, 1907, 111 pp.), p. 89.
78.“Die Einwirkung der äußeren Natur auf die Geschichte tritt zurück [in der romantischen Geschichtsphilosophie]”; and in a note is added: “Wenn auch der Zusammenhang von Boden und Geschichte, namentlich von natürl. Grenzen u. Staat, der Betrachtung nicht verloren geht. Vgl. A. W. Schlegel, Enz. 216. 697.”—Ibid., p. 94.
78.“Die Einwirkung der äußeren Natur auf die Geschichte tritt zurück [in der romantischen Geschichtsphilosophie]”; and in a note is added: “Wenn auch der Zusammenhang von Boden und Geschichte, namentlich von natürl. Grenzen u. Staat, der Betrachtung nicht verloren geht. Vgl. A. W. Schlegel, Enz. 216. 697.”—Ibid., p. 94.
79.Bernheim,Lehrb. d. hist. Methode, p. 650.
79.Bernheim,Lehrb. d. hist. Methode, p. 650.
80.Ibid., p. 515.
80.Ibid., p. 515.
81.See Ludwig Gumplowicz,Der Rassenkampf(2.... Aufl., Innsbruck, 1909), p. 9 n.
81.See Ludwig Gumplowicz,Der Rassenkampf(2.... Aufl., Innsbruck, 1909), p. 9 n.
82.Videthe quotation from Hegel by Gumplowicz,l.c., p. 13 n.
82.Videthe quotation from Hegel by Gumplowicz,l.c., p. 13 n.
83.This paper will carry the discussion through anthropo-geography.
83.This paper will carry the discussion through anthropo-geography.
84.The whole question, including Herder’s own idea thereof and his indebtedness to preceding authors, both German and foreign, as well as his influence upon succeeding writers at home and abroad, his relation to his contemporaries, etc., will be essayed more fully in a series of papers, to be published soon, dealing with “Herder’s Conception of Milieu,” “Herder’s Relations to France,” “Herder’s Relations to England,” and “Herder in His Own Milieu.”
84.The whole question, including Herder’s own idea thereof and his indebtedness to preceding authors, both German and foreign, as well as his influence upon succeeding writers at home and abroad, his relation to his contemporaries, etc., will be essayed more fully in a series of papers, to be published soon, dealing with “Herder’s Conception of Milieu,” “Herder’s Relations to France,” “Herder’s Relations to England,” and “Herder in His Own Milieu.”
85.The term “anthropo-geography” derives from the title of Fr. Ratzel’s main work.—“... le domaine si intéressant, mais à peine défriché, de l’anthropogéographie, semble avoir acquis à ce mot le droit de cité dans le langage scientifique.”—L. Metchnikoff,La Civilisation et Les Grands Fleuves Historiques(Paris, 1889), p. 70 and n.—In England, and in America, it is commonly called human geography, after the French “la géographie humaine.” Various names have been proposed for this subject. See also W. Z. Ripley, “Geography and Sociology.” The Viennese Erwin Hanslick, I believe, denominates it “Kulturgeographie.”
85.The term “anthropo-geography” derives from the title of Fr. Ratzel’s main work.—“... le domaine si intéressant, mais à peine défriché, de l’anthropogéographie, semble avoir acquis à ce mot le droit de cité dans le langage scientifique.”—L. Metchnikoff,La Civilisation et Les Grands Fleuves Historiques(Paris, 1889), p. 70 and n.—In England, and in America, it is commonly called human geography, after the French “la géographie humaine.” Various names have been proposed for this subject. See also W. Z. Ripley, “Geography and Sociology.” The Viennese Erwin Hanslick, I believe, denominates it “Kulturgeographie.”
86.Walther May, “Herders Anschauung der organischen Natur,”Archiv f. d. Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften u. d. Technik, etc., Leipzig, Bd. 4 (1913, S. 8–39, 89–113), p. 91.
86.Walther May, “Herders Anschauung der organischen Natur,”Archiv f. d. Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften u. d. Technik, etc., Leipzig, Bd. 4 (1913, S. 8–39, 89–113), p. 91.
87.Ferd. v. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen üb. Allgem. Siedlungs- u. Verkehrsgeographie, bearb. u. hg. v. O. Schlüter (Berlin, 1908), p. 11.
87.Ferd. v. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen üb. Allgem. Siedlungs- u. Verkehrsgeographie, bearb. u. hg. v. O. Schlüter (Berlin, 1908), p. 11.
88.“... Ritter selbst hat keine methodische Darstellung, kein Lehrgebäude gegeben; sondern nur Andeutungen, die anregend sind. Daher blieb Ritters Grundidee fast ohne Einfluß auf die Geographie; nur die Historiker haben sie sich angeeignet und haben seitdem größeres Gewicht auf die Landesnatur gelegt.”—Ibid., p. 11.
88.“... Ritter selbst hat keine methodische Darstellung, kein Lehrgebäude gegeben; sondern nur Andeutungen, die anregend sind. Daher blieb Ritters Grundidee fast ohne Einfluß auf die Geographie; nur die Historiker haben sie sich angeeignet und haben seitdem größeres Gewicht auf die Landesnatur gelegt.”—Ibid., p. 11.
89.Cosmos, a Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe, translated by E. C. Otté (5 vols., New York: Harper, 1875–77), p. 48.
89.Cosmos, a Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe, translated by E. C. Otté (5 vols., New York: Harper, 1875–77), p. 48.
90.Die Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen oder eine allgemeine, vergleichende Geographiewas published in two volumes at Berlin in 1817–18; the second edition, completely revised, appeared in nineteen volumes from 1822 to 1859, the year of his death. Neither edition is finished; the second deals only with Africa (vol. 1) and Asia (vols. 2–19).
90.Die Erdkunde im Verhältnis zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen oder eine allgemeine, vergleichende Geographiewas published in two volumes at Berlin in 1817–18; the second edition, completely revised, appeared in nineteen volumes from 1822 to 1859, the year of his death. Neither edition is finished; the second deals only with Africa (vol. 1) and Asia (vols. 2–19).
91.Die Naturkunde, etc.—See Th. Achelis,Moderne Völkerkunde(Stuttgart, 1896), p. 71.
91.Die Naturkunde, etc.—See Th. Achelis,Moderne Völkerkunde(Stuttgart, 1896), p. 71.
92.Ibid., see Achelis,l.c., pp. 72 f.
92.Ibid., see Achelis,l.c., pp. 72 f.
93.In Felix Lampe’s book,Große Geographen, Bilder aus der Geschichte der Erdkunde(Leipzig u. Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1915, 288 S. [Band 28 der v. B. Schmid in Zwickau herausgegebenen “Naturwissenschaftlichen Bibliothek”]), neither the chapter on Ritter (pp. 227–33), nor that on “Die wissenschaftliche Geographie der Gegenwart” (pp. 281–87) is very full.
93.In Felix Lampe’s book,Große Geographen, Bilder aus der Geschichte der Erdkunde(Leipzig u. Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1915, 288 S. [Band 28 der v. B. Schmid in Zwickau herausgegebenen “Naturwissenschaftlichen Bibliothek”]), neither the chapter on Ritter (pp. 227–33), nor that on “Die wissenschaftliche Geographie der Gegenwart” (pp. 281–87) is very full.
94.Stuttgart & Tübingen, 1808.
94.Stuttgart & Tübingen, 1808.
95.Views of Nature(London, 1850), Author’s Preface, p. X.
95.Views of Nature(London, 1850), Author’s Preface, p. X.
96.p. 382. See Achelis,Moderne Völkerkunde, pp. 88 f.—The relation of man to environment is also referred to inCosmos(English translation by Otté), I, pp. 351–9.—Kosmoswas originally published as follows: vols. 1 and 2 in 1845–7; vols. 3 and 4 in 1850–8; vol. 5 in 1862.
96.p. 382. See Achelis,Moderne Völkerkunde, pp. 88 f.—The relation of man to environment is also referred to inCosmos(English translation by Otté), I, pp. 351–9.—Kosmoswas originally published as follows: vols. 1 and 2 in 1845–7; vols. 3 and 4 in 1850–8; vol. 5 in 1862.
97.Leipzig, 1841.
97.Leipzig, 1841.
98.Kohl,Der Verkehr, etc., p. 111. See Achelis,l.c., pp. 80 f.
98.Kohl,Der Verkehr, etc., p. 111. See Achelis,l.c., pp. 80 f.
99.Ibid.
99.Ibid.
100.Kohl,l.c., p. 537. See Achelis,l.c., pp. 81 f.
100.Kohl,l.c., p. 537. See Achelis,l.c., pp. 81 f.
101.Kohl,Ibid.,—See Achelis,l.c., pp. 82 f.—The manifold influences of nature are also exemplified in Kohl’sDie geographische Lage der Hauptstädte Europas, 1874, andL. Felix, Der Einfluß der Natur auf die Entwicklung des Eigentums, 1893.
101.Kohl,Ibid.,—See Achelis,l.c., pp. 82 f.—The manifold influences of nature are also exemplified in Kohl’sDie geographische Lage der Hauptstädte Europas, 1874, andL. Felix, Der Einfluß der Natur auf die Entwicklung des Eigentums, 1893.
102.Über den Einfluß der äußeren Natur auf die sozialen Verhältnisse der einzelnen Völker und die Geschichte der Menschheit überhaupt, 1848; later published inStudien aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaft, I, 1876.
102.Über den Einfluß der äußeren Natur auf die sozialen Verhältnisse der einzelnen Völker und die Geschichte der Menschheit überhaupt, 1848; later published inStudien aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaft, I, 1876.
103.Deutschlands Boden, sein geologischer Bau und dessen Einwirkungen auf das Leben der Menschen, 2 Bde., Leipzig, 1854.
103.Deutschlands Boden, sein geologischer Bau und dessen Einwirkungen auf das Leben der Menschen, 2 Bde., Leipzig, 1854.
104.501 pp., Breslau: F. Hirt, 1855.
104.501 pp., Breslau: F. Hirt, 1855.
105.Kutzen himself says in theVorwortthat he “leans on” Cotta; he cites the latter, for instance, on p. 466.
105.Kutzen himself says in theVorwortthat he “leans on” Cotta; he cites the latter, for instance, on p. 466.
106.Die Naturgeschichte des Volkes als Grundlage einer deutschen Sozialpolitik, vol. 1 (11th ed., Stuttgart: Cotta, 1908): Land und Leute.
106.Die Naturgeschichte des Volkes als Grundlage einer deutschen Sozialpolitik, vol. 1 (11th ed., Stuttgart: Cotta, 1908): Land und Leute.
107.Videthe first Preface, written in 1853, to volume one, pp. VI-VII.
107.Videthe first Preface, written in 1853, to volume one, pp. VI-VII.
108.Die Naturgeschichte, etc., I, p. 42.
108.Die Naturgeschichte, etc., I, p. 42.
109.Ibid., Vorwort zur achten Auflage, 1883, p. X.
109.Ibid., Vorwort zur achten Auflage, 1883, p. X.
110.Die Naturgeschichte, etc., Vierter Band, “Wanderbuch,” als zweiter Teil zu “Land und Leute.”Vierte Aufl., 1903, p. 32.
110.Die Naturgeschichte, etc., Vierter Band, “Wanderbuch,” als zweiter Teil zu “Land und Leute.”Vierte Aufl., 1903, p. 32.
111.G. P. Gooch,History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century(London & N. Y.; Longmans, Green & Co., 1913), p. 576.
111.G. P. Gooch,History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century(London & N. Y.; Longmans, Green & Co., 1913), p. 576.
112.Gooch,ibid., p. 575.
112.Gooch,ibid., p. 575.
113.For Riehl’s view of milieu in a scheme of sciences,cf.Die Naturgeschichte, etc., I, pp. 40–2.
113.For Riehl’s view of milieu in a scheme of sciences,cf.Die Naturgeschichte, etc., I, pp. 40–2.
114.164 pp., Meyers Volksbücher, Leipzig u. Wien: Bibliographisches Institut,s.a.—This essay forms the second chapter in Hans Meyer’sDas deutsche Volkstum(2. Aufl., 1903), pp. 41–122.
114.164 pp., Meyers Volksbücher, Leipzig u. Wien: Bibliographisches Institut,s.a.—This essay forms the second chapter in Hans Meyer’sDas deutsche Volkstum(2. Aufl., 1903), pp. 41–122.
115.Moderne Völkerkunde, p. 81, n.
115.Moderne Völkerkunde, p. 81, n.
116.2. Aufl., 1905 (Aus Natur und Geisteswelt, 31. Bändchen, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner), 127 pp.—It has been translated into English under the titleMan and Earth(London & N. Y., 1906. Reprinted 1914, 223 pp.) by A. S. “from the second amended German edition,” in which are intercalated two chapters: Chapter V, onThe British Isles and Britons, by the author; and Chapter VI, onAmerica and the Americans, by the translator.—The first four chapters of a general nature—features of the globe, sea, steppes and deserts, in their influence on civilization, the influence of man on landscape—are followed by four chapters onThe British Isles and Britons, America and the Americans, Germany and the Germans, China and the Chinese.
116.2. Aufl., 1905 (Aus Natur und Geisteswelt, 31. Bändchen, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner), 127 pp.—It has been translated into English under the titleMan and Earth(London & N. Y., 1906. Reprinted 1914, 223 pp.) by A. S. “from the second amended German edition,” in which are intercalated two chapters: Chapter V, onThe British Isles and Britons, by the author; and Chapter VI, onAmerica and the Americans, by the translator.—The first four chapters of a general nature—features of the globe, sea, steppes and deserts, in their influence on civilization, the influence of man on landscape—are followed by four chapters onThe British Isles and Britons, America and the Americans, Germany and the Germans, China and the Chinese.
117.Vorlesungen, etc., delivered at Berlin in 1891 and 1897/8.
117.Vorlesungen, etc., delivered at Berlin in 1891 and 1897/8.
118.“... Es ist mehr unsere Aufgabe gewesen, in dem großen Getriebe der Siedlung und des Verkehrs derallmählichen Entwicklungnachzugehen, das steigende Maß der Überwindung von Widerständen durch den Menschen zu zeigen, die Kräfte zu untersuchen, welche in der Entwicklung wirksam sind,—als bei der großen Fülle des Tatsächlichen der heutigen Zeit zu verweilen.”Vorlesungen, p. 351.
118.“... Es ist mehr unsere Aufgabe gewesen, in dem großen Getriebe der Siedlung und des Verkehrs derallmählichen Entwicklungnachzugehen, das steigende Maß der Überwindung von Widerständen durch den Menschen zu zeigen, die Kräfte zu untersuchen, welche in der Entwicklung wirksam sind,—als bei der großen Fülle des Tatsächlichen der heutigen Zeit zu verweilen.”Vorlesungen, p. 351.
119.It will be noted that Herder is not mentioned here.
119.It will be noted that Herder is not mentioned here.
120.Ellen C. Semple,Influences of Geographic Environment(N. Y., 1911), p. V.
120.Ellen C. Semple,Influences of Geographic Environment(N. Y., 1911), p. V.
121.“In Germany the exponents of these theories [of environmental influence] were Cotta and Kohl, and later Peschel, Kirchhof, Bastian, and Gerland; but the greatest name of all is that of Fr. Ratzel, who has written the standard work onAnthropogeographie.”—Haddon and Quiggin,Hist. of Anthropology(London, 1910), p. 152.—The first vol. of Ratzel’sAnthropogeographiewas published in 1882, 2nd ed. in 1899, the second vol. in 1897.
121.“In Germany the exponents of these theories [of environmental influence] were Cotta and Kohl, and later Peschel, Kirchhof, Bastian, and Gerland; but the greatest name of all is that of Fr. Ratzel, who has written the standard work onAnthropogeographie.”—Haddon and Quiggin,Hist. of Anthropology(London, 1910), p. 152.—The first vol. of Ratzel’sAnthropogeographiewas published in 1882, 2nd ed. in 1899, the second vol. in 1897.
122.As further illustration, it might be instructive to compare here the chapter headings of Semple’sInfluences of Geographic Environment, which book was written “On the Basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-geography.” They are as follows: I—Operation of Geographic Factors in History (1–31); II—Classes of Geographic Influences (22–50); III—Society and State in Relation to the Land (51–73); IV—Movements of Peoples in Their Geographical Significance (74–128); V—Geographical Location (129–67); VI—Geographical Area (168–203); VII—Geographical Boundaries (204–41); VIII—Coast Peoples (242–91); IX—Oceans and Enclosed Seas (292–317); X—Man’s Relation to the Water (318–35); XI—The Anthropo-geography of Rivers (336–80); XII—Continents and Their Peninsulas (380–408); XIII—Island Peoples (409–72); XIV—Plains, Steppes and Deserts (473–523); XV—Mountain Barriers and Their Passes (524–56); XVI—Influences of a Mountain Environment (557–606); XVII—The Influences of Climate upon Man (607–37).
122.As further illustration, it might be instructive to compare here the chapter headings of Semple’sInfluences of Geographic Environment, which book was written “On the Basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-geography.” They are as follows: I—Operation of Geographic Factors in History (1–31); II—Classes of Geographic Influences (22–50); III—Society and State in Relation to the Land (51–73); IV—Movements of Peoples in Their Geographical Significance (74–128); V—Geographical Location (129–67); VI—Geographical Area (168–203); VII—Geographical Boundaries (204–41); VIII—Coast Peoples (242–91); IX—Oceans and Enclosed Seas (292–317); X—Man’s Relation to the Water (318–35); XI—The Anthropo-geography of Rivers (336–80); XII—Continents and Their Peninsulas (380–408); XIII—Island Peoples (409–72); XIV—Plains, Steppes and Deserts (473–523); XV—Mountain Barriers and Their Passes (524–56); XVI—Influences of a Mountain Environment (557–606); XVII—The Influences of Climate upon Man (607–37).
123.Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, p. 13.
123.Richthofen’s Vorlesungen, p. 13.
124.1897; 2. Aufl. 1903.
124.1897; 2. Aufl. 1903.
125.“Diese [die enge Erdgebundenheit] in ihrer ganzen tiefgreifenden Bedeutung für das staatliche Leben erkannt und dargelegt zu haben, bleibt freilich für immer ein großes Verdienst der ‘Politischen Geographie’ ...”—O. Schlüter, “Die leitenden Gesichtspunkte d. Anthropogeogr.,”Arch. f. Sozialwiss., Bd. IV, p. 620.
125.“Diese [die enge Erdgebundenheit] in ihrer ganzen tiefgreifenden Bedeutung für das staatliche Leben erkannt und dargelegt zu haben, bleibt freilich für immer ein großes Verdienst der ‘Politischen Geographie’ ...”—O. Schlüter, “Die leitenden Gesichtspunkte d. Anthropogeogr.,”Arch. f. Sozialwiss., Bd. IV, p. 620.
126.VideRichthofen,l.c., p. 12.
126.VideRichthofen,l.c., p. 12.
127.2 vols., München, 1893; see vol. 2, 2nd ed.:Politische Geographie der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der natürlichen Bedingungen u. wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse(763 pp.), esp. pp. 1–176.
127.2 vols., München, 1893; see vol. 2, 2nd ed.:Politische Geographie der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der natürlichen Bedingungen u. wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse(763 pp.), esp. pp. 1–176.
128.London, 1896 (this is a translation of hisVölkerkunde, 1887/8),cf.the opening pp. of vol. 1.
128.London, 1896 (this is a translation of hisVölkerkunde, 1887/8),cf.the opening pp. of vol. 1.
129.In Helmolt,The History of the World(N. Y., 1902), vol. 1, pp. 62–103, where Ratzel discusses in turn The Coherence of Countries, The Relation of Man to the Collective Life of the Earth, Races and States as Organisms, Historical Movement, Natural Regions, Climate and Location, Geographical Situation, Area, Population, The Water-Oceans, Seas, and Rivers, Conformation of the Earth’s Surface.
129.In Helmolt,The History of the World(N. Y., 1902), vol. 1, pp. 62–103, where Ratzel discusses in turn The Coherence of Countries, The Relation of Man to the Collective Life of the Earth, Races and States as Organisms, Historical Movement, Natural Regions, Climate and Location, Geographical Situation, Area, Population, The Water-Oceans, Seas, and Rivers, Conformation of the Earth’s Surface.
130.London & N. Y.: Longmans, 1915.
130.London & N. Y.: Longmans, 1915.
131.SeeThe Nation, N. Y., March 18, 1915, p. 310.
131.SeeThe Nation, N. Y., March 18, 1915, p. 310.
132.Paris, 1911, 420 pp.
132.Paris, 1911, 420 pp.
133.Semple,l.c., p. VI;cf.also Ratzel,Anthropogeogr., I,2p. XII.
133.Semple,l.c., p. VI;cf.also Ratzel,Anthropogeogr., I,2p. XII.
134.Archiv f. Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. IV (1906), pp. 581–630.
134.Archiv f. Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. IV (1906), pp. 581–630.
135.For Ratzel,cf.alsoPaul Barth,Die Philosophie der Geschichte als Soziologie, I (Leipzig: Reisland, 1897), pp. 227–30;Jean Brunhes,La Géographie Humaine, 2eéd. (Paris: Alcan, 1912), pp. 39–47.
135.For Ratzel,cf.alsoPaul Barth,Die Philosophie der Geschichte als Soziologie, I (Leipzig: Reisland, 1897), pp. 227–30;Jean Brunhes,La Géographie Humaine, 2eéd. (Paris: Alcan, 1912), pp. 39–47.
136.Buckle, History of Civilization (1867), p. 32 n.
136.Buckle, History of Civilization (1867), p. 32 n.
137.Robertson,Buckle and his Critics(London, 1895), p. 8 n.
137.Robertson,Buckle and his Critics(London, 1895), p. 8 n.
138.4. vols., 1822–3.
138.4. vols., 1822–3.
139.Flint,l.c., pp. 577–9. See also p. 576.
139.Flint,l.c., pp. 577–9. See also p. 576.
140.Vide supramy note no. 84.
140.Vide supramy note no. 84.
141.Flint,l.c., p. 467.
141.Flint,l.c., p. 467.
142.The History of Civilization from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution(4 vols., translated by Wm. Hazlitt, N. Y.: D. Appleton & Co., 1867—the lectures were delivered in the years 1828, 1829, and 1830), vol. 2, pp. 109 f.
142.The History of Civilization from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the French Revolution(4 vols., translated by Wm. Hazlitt, N. Y.: D. Appleton & Co., 1867—the lectures were delivered in the years 1828, 1829, and 1830), vol. 2, pp. 109 f.
143.“Gothein had attracted attention by a study of the civilisation of Southern Italy, which he had traversed on foot as Riehl had traversed the Palatinate.”—Gooch,l.c., p. 587.
143.“Gothein had attracted attention by a study of the civilisation of Southern Italy, which he had traversed on foot as Riehl had traversed the Palatinate.”—Gooch,l.c., p. 587.
144.“Voila pourquoi il [Michelet] va en Italie avant d’écrire sonHistoire Romaine; il veut avoir l’impression, le contact du sol, du climat, du paysage.”—Lanson,Hist. de la Litt. Franç.(1912), p. 1021 n.
144.“Voila pourquoi il [Michelet] va en Italie avant d’écrire sonHistoire Romaine; il veut avoir l’impression, le contact du sol, du climat, du paysage.”—Lanson,Hist. de la Litt. Franç.(1912), p. 1021 n.
145.Abry-Audic-Crouzet,Littérature Française(3eéd., Paris, 1916), p. 580.
145.Abry-Audic-Crouzet,Littérature Française(3eéd., Paris, 1916), p. 580.
146.Jules Simon,Mignet, Michelet, Henri Martin(Paris, 1890), p. 191.
146.Jules Simon,Mignet, Michelet, Henri Martin(Paris, 1890), p. 191.
147.Flint,l.c., p. 540.
147.Flint,l.c., p. 540.
148.Philos. Erdk. als wissenschaftliche Darstellung der Erdverhältnisse u. des Menschenlebens nach ihrem inneren Zusammenhange, 2 vols., Braunschweig, 1845; the 2nd ed. appeared in 1868 under the titleAllgemeine Vergleichende Erdkunde.—This book holds a high place in Ratzel’s estimation:“Kapp, dessen Philos. Erdk. eine tiefgedachte, von überragendem philosophischem Standpunkte aus gewonnene Übersicht der Naturbedingtheit des Geschichtsverlaufes in den größten Zügen entrollt, ...”—Ratzel,Anthropogeographie, I2, p. 34.
148.Philos. Erdk. als wissenschaftliche Darstellung der Erdverhältnisse u. des Menschenlebens nach ihrem inneren Zusammenhange, 2 vols., Braunschweig, 1845; the 2nd ed. appeared in 1868 under the titleAllgemeine Vergleichende Erdkunde.—This book holds a high place in Ratzel’s estimation:“Kapp, dessen Philos. Erdk. eine tiefgedachte, von überragendem philosophischem Standpunkte aus gewonnene Übersicht der Naturbedingtheit des Geschichtsverlaufes in den größten Zügen entrollt, ...”—Ratzel,Anthropogeographie, I2, p. 34.
149.See Achelis,l.c., pp. 76 f.
149.See Achelis,l.c., pp. 76 f.
150.Brunhes,l.c., p. 38 n.
150.Brunhes,l.c., p. 38 n.
151.Boston, 1849—It has been translated into English under the titleThe Earth and man, or Physical geography in its relation to the history of mankind, Slightly abridged, etc.(London: Parker, 1852), and into German asGrundzüge der vergleichenden physikalischen Erdkunde in ihrer Beziehung zur Geschichte des Menschen(1851).
151.Boston, 1849—It has been translated into English under the titleThe Earth and man, or Physical geography in its relation to the history of mankind, Slightly abridged, etc.(London: Parker, 1852), and into German asGrundzüge der vergleichenden physikalischen Erdkunde in ihrer Beziehung zur Geschichte des Menschen(1851).
152.(N. Y.: D. Appleton & Co., 1867—first published in 1857–61), vol. I, pp. 29–106: Influence exercised by physical laws over the organization of society and over the character of individuals.
152.(N. Y.: D. Appleton & Co., 1867—first published in 1857–61), vol. I, pp. 29–106: Influence exercised by physical laws over the organization of society and over the character of individuals.
153.Buckle and his Critics, London, 1895, 548 pp.
153.Buckle and his Critics, London, 1895, 548 pp.
154.Camille Vallaux,Géographie Sociale(Paris, 1911), p. 23.
154.Camille Vallaux,Géographie Sociale(Paris, 1911), p. 23.
155.Vide supra, p. 46 f.
155.Vide supra, p. 46 f.
156.Anthropogeographie, I2, p. 87.
156.Anthropogeographie, I2, p. 87.
157.The German original appeared in 1857–67, and the English translation by A. W. Ward in 1868–73.
157.The German original appeared in 1857–67, and the English translation by A. W. Ward in 1868–73.
158.New York: Scribner, vol. I (1871), pp. 9–46;cf.esp. pp. 9–25, 34, 37.
158.New York: Scribner, vol. I (1871), pp. 9–46;cf.esp. pp. 9–25, 34, 37.
159.Boden und Klima von Athen. Rede in der öffentlichen Sitzung[der Kgl. Akademie der Wissenschaften]am Leibniztage 5. Juli 1877(15 pp.).
159.Boden und Klima von Athen. Rede in der öffentlichen Sitzung[der Kgl. Akademie der Wissenschaften]am Leibniztage 5. Juli 1877(15 pp.).
160.For the same,cf.alsoH. Koester “Über den Einfluß landschaftlicher Verhältnisse auf die Entwicklung des attischen Volkscharakters” (Progr., Saarbrücken, 1898).
160.For the same,cf.alsoH. Koester “Über den Einfluß landschaftlicher Verhältnisse auf die Entwicklung des attischen Volkscharakters” (Progr., Saarbrücken, 1898).
161.E.g. by Ratzel, jointly with Curtius’ account thereof. Cf.Anthropogeogr., I2, p. 37.
161.E.g. by Ratzel, jointly with Curtius’ account thereof. Cf.Anthropogeogr., I2, p. 37.
162.In 12 vols., vol. II (London: John Murray, 1869), Part II, ch. I, pp. 213–37.
162.In 12 vols., vol. II (London: John Murray, 1869), Part II, ch. I, pp. 213–37.
163.Political effects of locality: strengthened defense; difficulty of attack; politically disunited; indefinite multiplication of self-governing cities.
163.Political effects of locality: strengthened defense; difficulty of attack; politically disunited; indefinite multiplication of self-governing cities.
164.Intellectual effects of locality: the geographical position made them mountaineers and mariners; variety of experience; each petty community possessed an individual life, yet sympathized with the remainder; commerce with a great diversity of half-country-men; Grecian festivals; Homer dependent upon the conditions of his age.
164.Intellectual effects of locality: the geographical position made them mountaineers and mariners; variety of experience; each petty community possessed an individual life, yet sympathized with the remainder; commerce with a great diversity of half-country-men; Grecian festivals; Homer dependent upon the conditions of his age.
165.Oxford, Clarendon Press (1911, 454 pp.), pp. 13–64. “It is now generally admitted that neither an individual nor a nation can be properly understood without a knowledge of their surroundings and means of support—in other words, of their geographical and economic conditions.”—Ibid., Preface, p. 5.
165.Oxford, Clarendon Press (1911, 454 pp.), pp. 13–64. “It is now generally admitted that neither an individual nor a nation can be properly understood without a knowledge of their surroundings and means of support—in other words, of their geographical and economic conditions.”—Ibid., Preface, p. 5.
166.Zimmern refers in this book—e.g.p. 18, 41, 43,et al.—to the writings of Myres: “Greek Lands and the Greek People,” “Herodotus and Anthropology” (in “Anthropology and the Classics”), and “The Geographical Aspect of Greek Colonization” (inProceedings of the Classical Association, vol. VIII—1911).—Cf. also H. Dondorff,Das hellenische Land als Schauplatz der althellenischen Geschichte, in Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaftlicher Vorträge, begründet von Virchow u. Holtzendorf, 1889, Neue Folge, Serie 3, Heft 72.
166.Zimmern refers in this book—e.g.p. 18, 41, 43,et al.—to the writings of Myres: “Greek Lands and the Greek People,” “Herodotus and Anthropology” (in “Anthropology and the Classics”), and “The Geographical Aspect of Greek Colonization” (inProceedings of the Classical Association, vol. VIII—1911).—Cf. also H. Dondorff,Das hellenische Land als Schauplatz der althellenischen Geschichte, in Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaftlicher Vorträge, begründet von Virchow u. Holtzendorf, 1889, Neue Folge, Serie 3, Heft 72.
167.Revised ed., in 2 vols. (N. Y.: Harper & Brothers, 1876). The Preface of the first ed. is dated 1861.
167.Revised ed., in 2 vols. (N. Y.: Harper & Brothers, 1876). The Preface of the first ed. is dated 1861.
168.Heinrich Boehmer,Geschichte der Entwicklung der naturwissenschaftlichen Weltanschauung in Deutschland(Gotha, 1872, 232 pp.), p. 195: “... Herdersche Ideen waren leitend für den Aufbau der Geschichte.”
168.Heinrich Boehmer,Geschichte der Entwicklung der naturwissenschaftlichen Weltanschauung in Deutschland(Gotha, 1872, 232 pp.), p. 195: “... Herdersche Ideen waren leitend für den Aufbau der Geschichte.”
169.Leipzig, 1878–86.
169.Leipzig, 1878–86.
170.Cited by Achelis,l.c., p. 84.
170.Cited by Achelis,l.c., p. 84.
171.Ibid., pp. 85 f.
171.Ibid., pp. 85 f.
172.Ibid., p. 86.
172.Ibid., p. 86.
173.“... Indessen darf man nicht vergessen, daß die allgemeine Gestalt der Kontinente und der Meere und aller besonderer Züge der Erde in der Geschichte der Menschheit einen wesentlich wechselnden Wert besitzen, je nach dem Stande der Kultur, auf welchem die Nationen angelangt sind ...”—Ibid.
173.“... Indessen darf man nicht vergessen, daß die allgemeine Gestalt der Kontinente und der Meere und aller besonderer Züge der Erde in der Geschichte der Menschheit einen wesentlich wechselnden Wert besitzen, je nach dem Stande der Kultur, auf welchem die Nationen angelangt sind ...”—Ibid.
174.Ibid., p. 87.
174.Ibid., p. 87.
175.Paris, 1886.
175.Paris, 1886.
176.VideP. Barth,Die Philosophie der Geschichte als Soziologie(Leipzig, 1897), p. 230.
176.VideP. Barth,Die Philosophie der Geschichte als Soziologie(Leipzig, 1897), p. 230.
177.See Barth,l.c., pp. 231 f.
177.See Barth,l.c., pp. 231 f.
178.Ibid., p. 233.—Mougeoulle makes the milieu account for the great men in history, the great popular epics, social and historical life in general; the tendencies of the three historical schools—German, French, and English—are connected with the differences in the milieus of their respective countries.—Cf.ibid., pp. 230–2.
178.Ibid., p. 233.—Mougeoulle makes the milieu account for the great men in history, the great popular epics, social and historical life in general; the tendencies of the three historical schools—German, French, and English—are connected with the differences in the milieus of their respective countries.—Cf.ibid., pp. 230–2.
179.Avec une Préface de M. Élisée Réclus(Paris: Hachette, 1889, 369 pp.), pp. 53–71.
179.Avec une Préface de M. Élisée Réclus(Paris: Hachette, 1889, 369 pp.), pp. 53–71.
180.Ibid., p. 156; 130.
180.Ibid., p. 156; 130.
181.Ibid., p. 154; 157 f.
181.Ibid., p. 154; 157 f.
182.Ibid., p. 278; 190 ff.; 188; 135.—But why does he confine himself to these four countries?
182.Ibid., p. 278; 190 ff.; 188; 135.—But why does he confine himself to these four countries?
183.Ibid., p. 185; 364. For a general statement on the significance of rivers,cf.ibid., pp. 188–90. The particular nature of the rivers of the “territoire des civilisations fluviales” imposed on the inhabitants the yoke of despotism.—Ibid., p. 161.
183.Ibid., p. 185; 364. For a general statement on the significance of rivers,cf.ibid., pp. 188–90. The particular nature of the rivers of the “territoire des civilisations fluviales” imposed on the inhabitants the yoke of despotism.—Ibid., p. 161.
184.Ibid., pp. 364 f.
184.Ibid., pp. 364 f.
185.Ibid., p. 364.
185.Ibid., p. 364.
186.Ibid.,e.g., p. 128; 224–27.
186.Ibid.,e.g., p. 128; 224–27.
187.His general theory is stated on pp. 39–42, 53–71, 79 f., 89, 99 f., 102–60. Chapter 7, pp. 161–90, is a general discussion of the geographical environment of the “Civilisations Fluviales,” followed successively by a detailed treatment of “Le Nil” (ch. 8, pp. 191–234), of “Le Tigre et L’Euphrate” (ch. 9, pp. 235–78), of “L’Indus et Le Gange” (ch. 10, pp. 279–319), of “Le Hoang-Ho et Le Yangtse-Kiang” (ch. 11, pp. 320–66).
187.His general theory is stated on pp. 39–42, 53–71, 79 f., 89, 99 f., 102–60. Chapter 7, pp. 161–90, is a general discussion of the geographical environment of the “Civilisations Fluviales,” followed successively by a detailed treatment of “Le Nil” (ch. 8, pp. 191–234), of “Le Tigre et L’Euphrate” (ch. 9, pp. 235–78), of “L’Indus et Le Gange” (ch. 10, pp. 279–319), of “Le Hoang-Ho et Le Yangtse-Kiang” (ch. 11, pp. 320–66).