474.Bühler’s “Laws of Manu,” inSacred Books of the East, XXV., 298, 301.
474.Bühler’s “Laws of Manu,” inSacred Books of the East, XXV., 298, 301.
475.Deut. 19 : 14.
475.Deut. 19 : 14.
476.Prov. 22 : 28; 23 : 10.
476.Prov. 22 : 28; 23 : 10.
477.Job 24 : 2.
477.Job 24 : 2.
478.Deut. 27 : 17.
478.Deut. 27 : 17.
479.Gen. 21 : 22–33.
479.Gen. 21 : 22–33.
480.Gen. 31 : 43–53.
480.Gen. 31 : 43–53.
481.See Smith’sClassical Dictionary, and Keightley’sClass. Dict., s. vv. “Hermes,” “Jupiter,” “Mercury,” “Silvanus,” “Terminus,” “Zeus.” Comp. Stengel’sDie griechischen Sacralalterthüm. in Iwan v. Müller’sHandbuch der Klassischen Alterthumswissenschaft, V., part 3, p. 13; K.F. Hermann’sLehrbuch der gottesdienstlichen Alterthümer der Griechen, pp. 73, 108, note 2.
481.See Smith’sClassical Dictionary, and Keightley’sClass. Dict., s. vv. “Hermes,” “Jupiter,” “Mercury,” “Silvanus,” “Terminus,” “Zeus.” Comp. Stengel’sDie griechischen Sacralalterthüm. in Iwan v. Müller’sHandbuch der Klassischen Alterthumswissenschaft, V., part 3, p. 13; K.F. Hermann’sLehrbuch der gottesdienstlichen Alterthümer der Griechen, pp. 73, 108, note 2.
482.“This god was represented by a stone or a stump, and not with human features.” This would seem to have been a rude phallic form.
482.“This god was represented by a stone or a stump, and not with human features.” This would seem to have been a rude phallic form.
483.Ovid’sFasti, Bk. II., vs. 641 ff.
483.Ovid’sFasti, Bk. II., vs. 641 ff.
484.Smith’sClassical Dictionary, s. vv. “Numa,” “Terminus.”
484.Smith’sClassical Dictionary, s. vv. “Numa,” “Terminus.”
485.Smith’sDict. of Greek and Rom. Antiq., s. v. “Terminalia.”
485.Smith’sDict. of Greek and Rom. Antiq., s. v. “Terminalia.”
486.Stanley’sCongo, I., 315–317.
486.Stanley’sCongo, I., 315–317.
487.Turner’sSamoa, p. 45 f.
487.Turner’sSamoa, p. 45 f.
488.See “Beating the Bounds,” in Chambers’sEdinburgh Journalfor July 23, 1853, pp. 49–52; alsoAmerican Architect, Vol. X., No. 293, p. 64 f.
488.See “Beating the Bounds,” in Chambers’sEdinburgh Journalfor July 23, 1853, pp. 49–52; alsoAmerican Architect, Vol. X., No. 293, p. 64 f.
489.Wallace’sRussia, p. 366 f.
489.Wallace’sRussia, p. 366 f.
490.Cited in Thompson’sElements of Political Economy, p. 110.
490.Cited in Thompson’sElements of Political Economy, p. 110.
491.Schrader’sKeilinschriftliche Bibliothek, I., 63, 69, 87, 99, 109, 131, 133, 135, 141, 143, 147, 155, 159, 161, 165, 167, 169, 181; II., 19, 35, 54, 89.
491.Schrader’sKeilinschriftliche Bibliothek, I., 63, 69, 87, 99, 109, 131, 133, 135, 141, 143, 147, 155, 159, 161, 165, 167, 169, 181; II., 19, 35, 54, 89.
492.See pp.105–108,supra.
492.See pp.105–108,supra.
493.See, for example, Schrader’sKeilinshriftliche Bibliothek, I., 69.
493.See, for example, Schrader’sKeilinshriftliche Bibliothek, I., 69.
494.Rawlinson’sInscriptions of Western Asia, I., 17–26, col. 1, lines 63–69.
494.Rawlinson’sInscriptions of Western Asia, I., 17–26, col. 1, lines 63–69.
495.Brugsch’sEgypt under the Pharaohs, I., 8 f.; Villiers Stuart’sNile Gleanings, Pl. xlv., p. 276.
495.Brugsch’sEgypt under the Pharaohs, I., 8 f.; Villiers Stuart’sNile Gleanings, Pl. xlv., p. 276.
496.Brugsch’sEgypt under the Pharaohs, I., 182 f.
496.Brugsch’sEgypt under the Pharaohs, I., 182 f.
497.Brugsch’sEgypt under the Pharaohs, II., 81 f.
497.Brugsch’sEgypt under the Pharaohs, II., 81 f.
498.Ibid., II., 78 f.
498.Ibid., II., 78 f.
499.Trumbull’sKadesh-barnea, p. 341, note.
499.Trumbull’sKadesh-barnea, p. 341, note.
500.Plutarch’sLives, Theseus, 25.
500.Plutarch’sLives, Theseus, 25.
501.Psa. 24 : 2.
501.Psa. 24 : 2.
502.Justinian,Inst., Lib. I., 12, 5.
502.Justinian,Inst., Lib. I., 12, 5.
503.Ibid.
503.Ibid.
504.Stanley’sCongo, I., 1–11.
504.Stanley’sCongo, I., 1–11.
505.SeePenn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., VI., 412–434.
505.SeePenn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., VI., 412–434.
506.Carlyle’sHistory of Frederick, II., I., 71–74.
506.Carlyle’sHistory of Frederick, II., I., 71–74.
507.Rawlinson’sInscriptions of Western Asia, I., 17–26, Col. III., ll. 84–89.
507.Rawlinson’sInscriptions of Western Asia, I., 17–26, Col. III., ll. 84–89.
508.Brugsch’sEgypt under the Pharaohs, I., 81.
508.Brugsch’sEgypt under the Pharaohs, I., 81.
509.Brugsch’sEgypt under the Pharaohs, II., 82.
509.Brugsch’sEgypt under the Pharaohs, II., 82.
510.“The Shih King,” inSacred Books of the East, III., 343, 392, 399, note, 420, 422 note.
510.“The Shih King,” inSacred Books of the East, III., 343, 392, 399, note, 420, 422 note.
511.Lacouperie’sWestern Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization, pp. 79. 81.
511.Lacouperie’sWestern Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization, pp. 79. 81.
512.See p. 7 f.,ante.
512.See p. 7 f.,ante.
513.Heb. 10 : 20.
513.Heb. 10 : 20.
514.I have this on the testimony of those who have often witnessed it.
514.I have this on the testimony of those who have often witnessed it.
515.See Gen. 15 : 1–21.
515.See Gen. 15 : 1–21.
516.On this point I am assured by missionaries and other dwellers in Persia.
516.On this point I am assured by missionaries and other dwellers in Persia.
517.Morier’sJourney to Constantinople, p. 75.
517.Morier’sJourney to Constantinople, p. 75.
518.Ibid., p. 84 f. See, also, Morier’sSecond Journey through Persia, p. 93 f.Again, when the Shah of Persia was to enter Teheran, he was received outside of the walls, by prominent officials, with much ceremony. As he approached
518.Ibid., p. 84 f. See, also, Morier’sSecond Journey through Persia, p. 93 f.
Again, when the Shah of Persia was to enter Teheran, he was received outside of the walls, by prominent officials, with much ceremony. As he approached
519.Morier’sSecond Journey through Persia, p. 387 f.
519.Morier’sSecond Journey through Persia, p. 387 f.
520.Layard’sNineveh and Babylon(Am. ed.), p. 35 f.
520.Layard’sNineveh and Babylon(Am. ed.), p. 35 f.
521.Ibid., p. 37.
521.Ibid., p. 37.
522.My informant, an eye-witness of this incident, was not sure whether it was a Prussian, an Austrian, or a Russian prince.
522.My informant, an eye-witness of this incident, was not sure whether it was a Prussian, an Austrian, or a Russian prince.
523.Burckhardt’sTravels in Nubia, p. 157.
523.Burckhardt’sTravels in Nubia, p. 157.
524.The recognition of this truth is a reason for the infibulation of female children among primitive peoples. (See, for example, Captain J.S. King’s “Notes on the Folk-Lore, and some Social Customs of the Western Somali Tribes,” in the LondonFolk-Lore Journal, VI., 124; also Dr. Remondino’sHistory of Circumcision, p. 51.)
524.The recognition of this truth is a reason for the infibulation of female children among primitive peoples. (See, for example, Captain J.S. King’s “Notes on the Folk-Lore, and some Social Customs of the Western Somali Tribes,” in the LondonFolk-Lore Journal, VI., 124; also Dr. Remondino’sHistory of Circumcision, p. 51.)
525.See Appendix.
525.See Appendix.
526.See “Satapatha Brâhmana,” 1. Kânda, 2 Adhyâya, 5 Brâhmana, 14–16, inSacred Books of the East, XII., 62 f.; also “Satapatha Brâhmana,” III., 5, 1, 11, inSac. Bks. of East, XXVI., 113.
526.See “Satapatha Brâhmana,” 1. Kânda, 2 Adhyâya, 5 Brâhmana, 14–16, inSacred Books of the East, XII., 62 f.; also “Satapatha Brâhmana,” III., 5, 1, 11, inSac. Bks. of East, XXVI., 113.
527.“Satapatha Brâhmana,” I., 3, 1, 18; I., 9, 2, 5–11, 21–24; II., 1, 1, 4, inSac. Bks. of East, XII., 74, 257, 262, 277; also “Satapatha Brâhmana,” III., 3, 1, 11; III., 8, 4, 7–18, inSac. Bks. of East, XXVI., 61, 211–214.
527.“Satapatha Brâhmana,” I., 3, 1, 18; I., 9, 2, 5–11, 21–24; II., 1, 1, 4, inSac. Bks. of East, XII., 74, 257, 262, 277; also “Satapatha Brâhmana,” III., 3, 1, 11; III., 8, 4, 7–18, inSac. Bks. of East, XXVI., 61, 211–214.
528.SeeRig-Veda, II., 36, 4; X., 18, 7. Comp. “Satapatha Brâhmana,” I., 7, 2, 14, inSac. Bks. of East, XII., 194; also “Satapatha Brâhmana,” IV., 1, 2, 9; IV., 1, 3, 19, with note, inSac. Bks. of East, XXVI., 260, 269. See, also, Hopkins’sReligions of India, p. 490, and note.
528.SeeRig-Veda, II., 36, 4; X., 18, 7. Comp. “Satapatha Brâhmana,” I., 7, 2, 14, inSac. Bks. of East, XII., 194; also “Satapatha Brâhmana,” IV., 1, 2, 9; IV., 1, 3, 19, with note, inSac. Bks. of East, XXVI., 260, 269. See, also, Hopkins’sReligions of India, p. 490, and note.
529.Compare Sir Monier Monier-Williams’sBrahmanism and Hinduism, pp. 33, 54 f., 223 f., and Wilkins’sHindu Mythology, p. 233 f.
529.Compare Sir Monier Monier-Williams’sBrahmanism and Hinduism, pp. 33, 54 f., 223 f., and Wilkins’sHindu Mythology, p. 233 f.
530.Sir Monier Monier-Williams’sBuddhism, pp. 371–373. This writer, speaking of the prominence in India of the symbolism of thelingaandyonicombined, ascribes it to the theory of the two essences, “Spirit regarded as a male principle, and Matter, or the germ of the external world, regarded as a female.” He says: “Without the union of the two no creation takes place. To any one imbued with these dualistic conceptions thelingaand theyoniare suggestive of no improper ideas. They are either types of the two mysterious creative forces ... or symbols of one divine power delegating procreative energy to male and female organisms. They are mystical representatives, and perhaps the best impersonal representatives, of the abstract expressions ‘paternity’ and ‘maternity,’” [and their conjunction in marital union]. (Brahmanism and Hinduism, p. 224 f.)
530.Sir Monier Monier-Williams’sBuddhism, pp. 371–373. This writer, speaking of the prominence in India of the symbolism of thelingaandyonicombined, ascribes it to the theory of the two essences, “Spirit regarded as a male principle, and Matter, or the germ of the external world, regarded as a female.” He says: “Without the union of the two no creation takes place. To any one imbued with these dualistic conceptions thelingaand theyoniare suggestive of no improper ideas. They are either types of the two mysterious creative forces ... or symbols of one divine power delegating procreative energy to male and female organisms. They are mystical representatives, and perhaps the best impersonal representatives, of the abstract expressions ‘paternity’ and ‘maternity,’” [and their conjunction in marital union]. (Brahmanism and Hinduism, p. 224 f.)
531.This legend is found inPirqe de R. Eliezer, Chap. XXX. The Hebrew wordssaphandmiphtanare here employed for “threshold.” It is also given in Maçoudi’sLes Prairies d’Or, chap. 39, p. 94. Here the Arabic isʿatabah, for “threshold.” See, also, Sprenger’sLife of Mohammad, p. 53 f.
531.This legend is found inPirqe de R. Eliezer, Chap. XXX. The Hebrew wordssaphandmiphtanare here employed for “threshold.” It is also given in Maçoudi’sLes Prairies d’Or, chap. 39, p. 94. Here the Arabic isʿatabah, for “threshold.” See, also, Sprenger’sLife of Mohammad, p. 53 f.
532.See Lane’sArabic-English Lexicon, s. v. “ʿAtabah.” and Dozy’sSupplément aux DictionnairesArabes, s. v. “ʿAtabah.”
532.See Lane’sArabic-English Lexicon, s. v. “ʿAtabah.” and Dozy’sSupplément aux DictionnairesArabes, s. v. “ʿAtabah.”
533.Buxtorf’sLex. Chald. Tal. et Rabb., s. v. “Pethakh.” See, also, the Talmudic treatiseNiddâ, “Mishna,” § 2, 5.
533.Buxtorf’sLex. Chald. Tal. et Rabb., s. v. “Pethakh.” See, also, the Talmudic treatiseNiddâ, “Mishna,” § 2, 5.
534.See, for example, illustration in Maspero’sDawn of Civil., p. 657; also Sayce’sRelig. of Anc. Babyl., p. 285.
534.See, for example, illustration in Maspero’sDawn of Civil., p. 657; also Sayce’sRelig. of Anc. Babyl., p. 285.
535.Wilkinson’sAncient Egyptians, III., 3, 8, 14, 18, 21, 22, 31, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 46, 60, 63, 66, 87, 100, 107, 109, 115, 118, 122, 129, 133, 135, 137, 146, 156, 158, 163, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 180, etc.
535.Wilkinson’sAncient Egyptians, III., 3, 8, 14, 18, 21, 22, 31, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 46, 60, 63, 66, 87, 100, 107, 109, 115, 118, 122, 129, 133, 135, 137, 146, 156, 158, 163, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 180, etc.
536.See Perrot and Chipiez’sHist. of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus, I., 80, 320. See, also, Layard’sNineveh and its Remains, II., 168–170 (Am. ed.); and an article by Hommel, in “Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology” for January, 1893.
536.See Perrot and Chipiez’sHist. of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus, I., 80, 320. See, also, Layard’sNineveh and its Remains, II., 168–170 (Am. ed.); and an article by Hommel, in “Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology” for January, 1893.
537.Hearn’sGlimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, II., 397, note; Lowell’sOccult Japan, pp. 270–273.
537.Hearn’sGlimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, II., 397, note; Lowell’sOccult Japan, pp. 270–273.
538.See Bancroft’sNative Races and Antiq., III., 504–506.
538.See Bancroft’sNative Races and Antiq., III., 504–506.
539.Voyages of Capt. James Cook, “First Voyage” at May 14, 1769. Also Voltaire’sLes Oreilles du Comte de Chesterfield, Ch. VI. See Appendix.
539.Voyages of Capt. James Cook, “First Voyage” at May 14, 1769. Also Voltaire’sLes Oreilles du Comte de Chesterfield, Ch. VI. See Appendix.
540.See Cook’sVoyage to Pacific Ocean, volume of plates; also Ellis’sPoly. Res., II., 217.
540.See Cook’sVoyage to Pacific Ocean, volume of plates; also Ellis’sPoly. Res., II., 217.
541.See Exod. 12 : 1–20.
541.See Exod. 12 : 1–20.
542.Exod. 12 : 11.
542.Exod. 12 : 11.
543.Exod. 12 : 21, 27.
543.Exod. 12 : 21, 27.
544.Exod. 12 : 22.
544.Exod. 12 : 22.
545.Exod. 2 : 23–25; 3 : 7–10; 5 : 1, 2; 6 : 1–7; 10 : 21–29.
545.Exod. 2 : 23–25; 3 : 7–10; 5 : 1, 2; 6 : 1–7; 10 : 21–29.
546.Exod. 11 : 4–7.
546.Exod. 11 : 4–7.
547.Exod. 12 : 23.
547.Exod. 12 : 23.
548.Compare Josh. 2 : 1–21; 6 : 16–25.
548.Compare Josh. 2 : 1–21; 6 : 16–25.
549.See, for example, Judg. 19 : 27; 1 Kings 14 : 17; 2 Kings 12 : 9, 13; 22 : 4; 23 : 4; 25 : 18; 1 Chron. 9 : 19, 22; 2 Chron. 3 : 7; 23 : 4; 34 : 9; Esther 2 : 21; 6 : 2; Isa. 6 : 4; Jer. 35 : 4; 52 : 19, 24; Ezek. 40 : 6, 7; 41 : 16; 43 : 8; Amos 9 : 1; Zeph. 2 : 14; Zech. 12 : 2.
549.See, for example, Judg. 19 : 27; 1 Kings 14 : 17; 2 Kings 12 : 9, 13; 22 : 4; 23 : 4; 25 : 18; 1 Chron. 9 : 19, 22; 2 Chron. 3 : 7; 23 : 4; 34 : 9; Esther 2 : 21; 6 : 2; Isa. 6 : 4; Jer. 35 : 4; 52 : 19, 24; Ezek. 40 : 6, 7; 41 : 16; 43 : 8; Amos 9 : 1; Zeph. 2 : 14; Zech. 12 : 2.
550.See, for example, Jer. 52 : 19.
550.See, for example, Jer. 52 : 19.
551.See pp.109–111,supra.
551.See pp.109–111,supra.
552.SeeSeptuagint, in loco.
552.SeeSeptuagint, in loco.
553.SeeVulgate, in loco.
553.SeeVulgate, in loco.
554.Philo’sOpera, Mangey, 2 : 292.
554.Philo’sOpera, Mangey, 2 : 292.
555.Liddell and Scott’sGreek-English Lexicon, s. v.
555.Liddell and Scott’sGreek-English Lexicon, s. v.
556.Cited in Levy’sNeuheb. Wörterb., s. v. “Saph.”
556.Cited in Levy’sNeuheb. Wörterb., s. v. “Saph.”
557.This on the authority of Prof. Dr. H.V. Hilprecht.
557.This on the authority of Prof. Dr. H.V. Hilprecht.
558.Among primitive peoples it was a common thought that the first fruits of life in any sphere belonged of right to God, or the gods. This was true of the fields, of the flocks and herds, and of the family. (See, for example, Frazer’sGolden Bough, II., 68–78, 373–384; also W. Robertson Smith’sReligion of the Semites, pp. 443–446.) As in Egypt particular gods were supposed to have power over men and beasts in special localities, the first-born belonged to them, and stood as representing their power and protection; yet Jehovah claimed to be Lord over all. And now, at the close of the contest between God and the gods, Jehovah took to himself out of the homes of his enemies the devoted first-born of man and of beast, in evidence of the truth that the gods of Egypt could not protect them.
558.Among primitive peoples it was a common thought that the first fruits of life in any sphere belonged of right to God, or the gods. This was true of the fields, of the flocks and herds, and of the family. (See, for example, Frazer’sGolden Bough, II., 68–78, 373–384; also W. Robertson Smith’sReligion of the Semites, pp. 443–446.) As in Egypt particular gods were supposed to have power over men and beasts in special localities, the first-born belonged to them, and stood as representing their power and protection; yet Jehovah claimed to be Lord over all. And now, at the close of the contest between God and the gods, Jehovah took to himself out of the homes of his enemies the devoted first-born of man and of beast, in evidence of the truth that the gods of Egypt could not protect them.
559.1 Kings 4 : 24, “Tiphsah.”
559.1 Kings 4 : 24, “Tiphsah.”
560.See Gesenius’sHebr. und Aram. Handwörterbuch(12th ed.), s. v. “Tiphsakh.”
560.See Gesenius’sHebr. und Aram. Handwörterbuch(12th ed.), s. v. “Tiphsakh.”
561.Exod. 21 : 2–6.
561.Exod. 21 : 2–6.
562.Talmud Babyl.,Qiddusheen, fol. 22, b.
562.Talmud Babyl.,Qiddusheen, fol. 22, b.
563.Gen. 15 : 1–21. See pp.186–188,supra.
563.Gen. 15 : 1–21. See pp.186–188,supra.
564.Gen. 19 : 1–25.
564.Gen. 19 : 1–25.
565.Compare Josh. 2 : 1–20; 5 : 10–12; 6 : 12–17.
565.Compare Josh. 2 : 1–20; 5 : 10–12; 6 : 12–17.
566.Judg. 7 : 1–25.
566.Judg. 7 : 1–25.
567.2 Kings 19 : 20–36; 2 Chron. 32 : 1–22.
567.2 Kings 19 : 20–36; 2 Chron. 32 : 1–22.
568.Esther 9 : 12–19.
568.Esther 9 : 12–19.
569.Dan. 5 : 1–30.
569.Dan. 5 : 1–30.
570.Edersheim’sTemple: Its Ministry and Services, p. 196 f.
570.Edersheim’sTemple: Its Ministry and Services, p. 196 f.
571.Edersheim’sThe Temple: Its Ministry and Services, p. 197;Home and Synagogue of Modern Jew, pp. 159–161; Ginsburg’s art. “Passover,” in Kitto’sCycl. of Bib. Lit.
571.Edersheim’sThe Temple: Its Ministry and Services, p. 197;Home and Synagogue of Modern Jew, pp. 159–161; Ginsburg’s art. “Passover,” in Kitto’sCycl. of Bib. Lit.
572.On the testimony of Rev. Dr. Marcus Jastrow.
572.On the testimony of Rev. Dr. Marcus Jastrow.
573.Exod. 12 : 1, 2; Lev. 23 : 5; 9 : 1, 2.
573.Exod. 12 : 1, 2; Lev. 23 : 5; 9 : 1, 2.
574.See, for example, Exod. 34 : 12–16; Lev. 17 : 7; 20 : 5–8; Num. 15 : 39, 40; Deut. 31 : 16; Judg. 2 : 17; 8 : 27, 33; 2 Kings 9 : 22, 23; 1 Chron. 5 : 25; 2 Chron. 21 : 11; Psa. 73 : 27; 106 : 38, 39; Isa. 57 : 3; Jer. 3 : 1–15, 20; 13 : 27; Ezek. 6 : 9; 16 : 1–63; 20 : 30; 23 : 1–49; Hos. 1 : 2; 2 : 2; 3 : 1; 4 : 12–19; 5 : 3, 4; 6 : 6, 7, 10.
574.See, for example, Exod. 34 : 12–16; Lev. 17 : 7; 20 : 5–8; Num. 15 : 39, 40; Deut. 31 : 16; Judg. 2 : 17; 8 : 27, 33; 2 Kings 9 : 22, 23; 1 Chron. 5 : 25; 2 Chron. 21 : 11; Psa. 73 : 27; 106 : 38, 39; Isa. 57 : 3; Jer. 3 : 1–15, 20; 13 : 27; Ezek. 6 : 9; 16 : 1–63; 20 : 30; 23 : 1–49; Hos. 1 : 2; 2 : 2; 3 : 1; 4 : 12–19; 5 : 3, 4; 6 : 6, 7, 10.
575.Jer. 31 : 31, 32; also Heb. 8 : 8, 9.
575.Jer. 31 : 31, 32; also Heb. 8 : 8, 9.
576.Ezek. 16 : 8.
576.Ezek. 16 : 8.
577.Exod. 12 : 22.
577.Exod. 12 : 22.
578.W. Robertson Smith’sReligion of the Semites, pp. 169–176, and Stade’sGeschichte, p. 460.
578.W. Robertson Smith’sReligion of the Semites, pp. 169–176, and Stade’sGeschichte, p. 460.
579.Compare Exod. 34 : 12–16; Deut. 7 : 5; 12 : 3; Judg. 3 : 7; 2 Kings 23 : 4; 2 Chron. 33 : 3, etc.
579.Compare Exod. 34 : 12–16; Deut. 7 : 5; 12 : 3; Judg. 3 : 7; 2 Kings 23 : 4; 2 Chron. 33 : 3, etc.
580.Matt. 26 : 1–5; John 13 : 1.
580.Matt. 26 : 1–5; John 13 : 1.
581.Matt. 16 : 21; 26 : 17, 18; John 2 : 13; 7 : 1–9.
581.Matt. 16 : 21; 26 : 17, 18; John 2 : 13; 7 : 1–9.
582.Matt. 26 : 17–30; Mark 14 : 12–28; Luke 22 : 7–20.
582.Matt. 26 : 17–30; Mark 14 : 12–28; Luke 22 : 7–20.
583.1 Cor. 5 : 7, 8.
583.1 Cor. 5 : 7, 8.
584.See pp.3–5,supra.
584.See pp.3–5,supra.
585.John 3 : 16.
585.John 3 : 16.
586.Eph. 3 : 14, 15.
586.Eph. 3 : 14, 15.
587.Heb. 10 : 28, 29.
587.Heb. 10 : 28, 29.
588.John 3 : 28–30.
588.John 3 : 28–30.
589.Matt. 9 : 14, 15; Mark 2 : 19, 20; Luke 5 : 34, 35.
589.Matt. 9 : 14, 15; Mark 2 : 19, 20; Luke 5 : 34, 35.
590.1 Cor. 11 : 3.
590.1 Cor. 11 : 3.
591.Eph. 5 : 23–33.
591.Eph. 5 : 23–33.
592.Rev. 19 : 6–9.
592.Rev. 19 : 6–9.
593.Rev. 21 : 1, 2–9, 12, 22–27.
593.Rev. 21 : 1, 2–9, 12, 22–27.
594.Ibid., 22 : 17, 20.
594.Ibid., 22 : 17, 20.
595.J.G. Frazer inFolk-Lore Journal, I., 275.
595.J.G. Frazer inFolk-Lore Journal, I., 275.
596.See Maundrell’sJourney, pp. 127–131; Hasselquist’sVoyages and Travels, pp. 136–138; Thomson’sLand and Book, II., 556 f.; Stanley’sSinai and Palestine, pp. 464–469.
596.See Maundrell’sJourney, pp. 127–131; Hasselquist’sVoyages and Travels, pp. 136–138; Thomson’sLand and Book, II., 556 f.; Stanley’sSinai and Palestine, pp. 464–469.
597.See pp.22f.,39–44,supra.
597.See pp.22f.,39–44,supra.
598.See Smith and Cheetham’sDict. of Christian Antiq., art. “Nun.”
598.See Smith and Cheetham’sDict. of Christian Antiq., art. “Nun.”
599.See “Blood Covenant,” pp. 310–313.
599.See “Blood Covenant,” pp. 310–313.
600.See pp.22f.,39-44,99-164,supra.
600.See pp.22f.,39-44,99-164,supra.
601.2 Cor. 2 : 16.
601.2 Cor. 2 : 16.
602.See, for example, Herodotus’sHistory, Bk. I., chaps. 181, 182. See pp.111f.,supra.
602.See, for example, Herodotus’sHistory, Bk. I., chaps. 181, 182. See pp.111f.,supra.
603.Herodotus’sHistory, Bk. I., chap. 199.
603.Herodotus’sHistory, Bk. I., chap. 199.
604.See Deut. 25 : 1–9. See, also, chapter on “Sacred Prostitution” in Wake’sSerpent Worship; and Professor W.M. Ramsay’s “Holy City of Phrygia,” inContemporary Reviewfor October, 1893.
604.See Deut. 25 : 1–9. See, also, chapter on “Sacred Prostitution” in Wake’sSerpent Worship; and Professor W.M. Ramsay’s “Holy City of Phrygia,” inContemporary Reviewfor October, 1893.
605.See, for example, Squier’sSerpent Symbol; Forling’sRivers of Life; Westropp’s and Wake’sAncient Symbol Worship; Knight’sWorship of Priapus; Jennings’sPhallicism; Frazer’sGolden Bough; Monier-Williams’sBrahmanism and Hinduism, and hisBuddhism; Griffis’sReligions of Japan, etc.
605.See, for example, Squier’sSerpent Symbol; Forling’sRivers of Life; Westropp’s and Wake’sAncient Symbol Worship; Knight’sWorship of Priapus; Jennings’sPhallicism; Frazer’sGolden Bough; Monier-Williams’sBrahmanism and Hinduism, and hisBuddhism; Griffis’sReligions of Japan, etc.
606.See, for example, in addition to the books just cited, Fergusson’sTree and Serpent Worship; Ohnefalach-Richter’sKypros, die Bibel und Homer; Hopkins’sReligions of India, pp. 527 f., 533, 540, 542.
606.See, for example, in addition to the books just cited, Fergusson’sTree and Serpent Worship; Ohnefalach-Richter’sKypros, die Bibel und Homer; Hopkins’sReligions of India, pp. 527 f., 533, 540, 542.
607.See Dr. E.B. Tyler’s article on “The Winged Figures of the Assyrian and other Ancient Monuments,” inProceedings of the Soc. of Bib. Arch., XII., Part 8, pp. 383–393; Dr. Bonavia’s articles on “Sacred Trees,” inBabylonian and Oriental Record, III., Nos. 1–4; IV., Nos. 4, 5; and De Lacouperie’s articles on Trees,ibid., IV., Nos. 5, 10, 11.
607.See Dr. E.B. Tyler’s article on “The Winged Figures of the Assyrian and other Ancient Monuments,” inProceedings of the Soc. of Bib. Arch., XII., Part 8, pp. 383–393; Dr. Bonavia’s articles on “Sacred Trees,” inBabylonian and Oriental Record, III., Nos. 1–4; IV., Nos. 4, 5; and De Lacouperie’s articles on Trees,ibid., IV., Nos. 5, 10, 11.
608.See, for example, Ohnefalach-Richter’sKypros, Tafel-Band, pl. lxxxii., figures 7, 8; Donaldson’sArchitectural Medals of Classic Antiquity, pp. 105–109; Von Löher and Joyner’sCyprus: Historical and Descriptive, p. 153 f., Perrot and Chipiez’sHistory of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus, I., 123, 276 f., 281, 284, 331 f.; W. Robertson Smith’sReligion of the Semites, p. 191.
608.See, for example, Ohnefalach-Richter’sKypros, Tafel-Band, pl. lxxxii., figures 7, 8; Donaldson’sArchitectural Medals of Classic Antiquity, pp. 105–109; Von Löher and Joyner’sCyprus: Historical and Descriptive, p. 153 f., Perrot and Chipiez’sHistory of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus, I., 123, 276 f., 281, 284, 331 f.; W. Robertson Smith’sReligion of the Semites, p. 191.
609.Compare W. Robertson’s Smith’sReligion of the Semites, p. 437 f.
609.Compare W. Robertson’s Smith’sReligion of the Semites, p. 437 f.
610.Exod. 34 : 12–15; Deut. 7 : 5.
610.Exod. 34 : 12–15; Deut. 7 : 5.
611.Deut. 16 : 21, 22.
611.Deut. 16 : 21, 22.
612.There seems, indeed, to be a connection between the Hebrew words,miphtan, “threshold,” andpethen, “asp,” “adder,” or “serpent,” as first pointed out to me by Mr. Montague Cockle. Although the verbal root is not preserved in the Hebrew, there is no valid reason for doubting that they go back to the same root. In Arabic, the verb is preserved aspathana, “to tempt.” Its derivatives indicate the same meaning. This would seem to confirm the connection of the primitive threshold, the serpent, and temptation. In Leland’sEtruscan Roman Remains(p. 131 f.) are citations from several ancient works, and references to current Italian traditions, showing the supposed connection of the serpent with the threshold, the phallus, and married life, that are in obvious confirmation of the views here expressed.
612.There seems, indeed, to be a connection between the Hebrew words,miphtan, “threshold,” andpethen, “asp,” “adder,” or “serpent,” as first pointed out to me by Mr. Montague Cockle. Although the verbal root is not preserved in the Hebrew, there is no valid reason for doubting that they go back to the same root. In Arabic, the verb is preserved aspathana, “to tempt.” Its derivatives indicate the same meaning. This would seem to confirm the connection of the primitive threshold, the serpent, and temptation. In Leland’sEtruscan Roman Remains(p. 131 f.) are citations from several ancient works, and references to current Italian traditions, showing the supposed connection of the serpent with the threshold, the phallus, and married life, that are in obvious confirmation of the views here expressed.
613.See p.109f.,supra; also, Schrader’sKeilinschriftliche Bibliothek, Vol. III., Pt. 2, p. 72 f.
613.See p.109f.,supra; also, Schrader’sKeilinschriftliche Bibliothek, Vol. III., Pt. 2, p. 72 f.
614.See, for example, Rawlinson’sCuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III., p. 45.
614.See, for example, Rawlinson’sCuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III., p. 45.
615.See Erman’sLife in Anc. Egypt, p. 60.
615.See Erman’sLife in Anc. Egypt, p. 60.
616.Ibid., p. 259, vignette illustration.
616.Ibid., p. 259, vignette illustration.
617.See Wilkinson’sAnc. Egypt., III., 235, pl. lv., fig. 2. Prisse’sMon. Egypt, pl. xxxvii.; also Layard’sNineveh and its Remains, p. 169 (Am. ed.), and W. Max Müller’sAsien und Europa, p. 314.
617.See Wilkinson’sAnc. Egypt., III., 235, pl. lv., fig. 2. Prisse’sMon. Egypt, pl. xxxvii.; also Layard’sNineveh and its Remains, p. 169 (Am. ed.), and W. Max Müller’sAsien und Europa, p. 314.