[1]See Evenings at Home, by Dr. Aikin and Mrs. Barbauld.[2]History of England, 4to. 1670, p. 11.[3]We learn this from Selden's notes to the Polyolbion of Drayton.[4]Picture of London, 1824, p. 3.[5]These etymologies are to be found in Maitland's History and Survey of London. Fol. 1756. Vol. i. Book i.[6]In the notes to Drayton's Polyolbion, Song viii.[7]There is a Lunden in Sweden, mentioned by Maitland, vol. i.ubi sup.It is the capital of the province of Schonen. Another town of the name is in Danish Holstein.[8]"We have one word," says Dr. Pegge, "which has not a single letter of its original, for of the Frenchperuke, we gotperiwig, now abbreviated towig.Earwigcomes fromeruca, as Dr. Wallis observes,Anonymiana, p. 56. The French wordjour(day) comes fromdies, throughdiurnus,diurno,giorno; sogiornale, journal.Uncleis fromavus, throughavunculus. ForInhimthorpe, and other impossibilities, see Cosmo the Third's Travels through England, in the reign of Charles II."[9]Pennant's London, third edition, 4to., p. 3.[10]Picture of London, p. 12.[11]Picture of London, p. 14. For a larger account of this and other matters briefly touched upon in the present introduction, see Brayley's London and Middlesex, vol. i. The spirit of them, however, will appear in our work, together with particulars hitherto unnoticed.[12]Id. p. 13.[13]Since this paragraph was written, the wonderful events have taken place in France, which have so agitated the whole of Europe, and which promise to open a new epoch in human history. May all benefit from them, as we believe all may, without real injury to any one![14]Parentalia, p. 290, quoted in the work next mentioned.[15]Brayley's London and Middlesex, vol. i. p. 87.[16]Parentalia, p. 27.[17]Survey of London, p. 262. First edition.[18]Fine Arts of the English School, quoted in Brayley, vol. ii. p. 217.[19]Londinium Redivivum, iii., p. 134.[20]Londinium Redivivum, iii., p. 81.[21]Londinium Redivivum, vol. iii., pp. 71, 73.[22]Moser, in the European Magazine, July, 1807.[23]Poems. Gilchrist's edition, 1807, p. 5.[24]Microcosmographie, quoted in Pennant.[25]Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth Century, vol. i. p. 281.[26]London and Middlesex, vol. ii., p. 229.[27]Ancient Mysteries described, &c., 1823, p. 195.[28]Purvey'dis the word of Mr. Chalmers; who says, however, that he knows not on what principle the right of "purveying such children" was justified, "except by the maxim that the king had a right to the services of all his subjects." See Johnson and Steeven's Shakspeare, Prolegomena, vol. ii., p. 516.[29]"His bushy beard, and shoe-strings green,His high-crown'd hat, and satin doublet,Mov'd the stout heart of England's queen,Though Pope and Spaniard could not trouble it."—Gray.[30]Maitland's History of London, vol. ii., p. 1170.[31]The Bishop's second wife was a Lady Baker, who is said, by Mr. Brayley, to have been young as well as beautiful, and probably did not add to the prelate's repose.[32]London and Middlesex, vol. ii., p. 231.[33]The active habits of our ancestors enabled them to bear these out-of-door sermons better than their posterity could; yet, as times grew less hardy, they began to have consequences which Bishop Latimer attributed to another cause. "The citizens of Raim," said he, in a sermon preached in Lincolnshire, in the year 1552, "had their burying-place without the city, which, no doubt, is a laudable thing; and I do marvel that London, being so great a city, hath not a burial-place without, for no doubt it is an unwholesome thing to bury within the city, especially at such a time when there be great sickness, and many die together. I think, verily, that many a man taketh his death in Paul's Churchyard, and this I speak of experience; for I myself, when I have been there on some mornings to hear the sermons, have felt such an ill-savoured unwholesome savour, that I was the worse for it a great while after; and I think no less, but it is the occasion of great sickness and disease."—Brayley, vol. ii., p. 315. After all, the Bishop may have been right in attributing the sickness to the cemetery. We have seen frightful probabilities of the same kind in our own time; and nothing can be more sensible than what he says of burial-grounds in cities.[34]Maitland, vol. ii., p. 949.[35]The reader, perhaps, will agree with us in thinking, that the last three lines of this poetry are unworthy of the rest, and put Jane in a theatrical attitude which she would not have effected.[36]Some account of London, third edition, p. 394.[37]Chalmers's British Poets, vol. iv., p. 91.[38]"After which, once ended," says Stow, "the preacher gat him home, and never after durst look out for shame, but kept him out of sight like an owle; and when he once asked one that had been his olde friende, what the people talked of him, all were it that his own conscience well shewed him that they talked no good, yet when the other answered him, that there was in every man's mouth spoken of him much shame, it so strake him to the hart, that in a few daies after, he withered, and consumed away."—Brayley, vol. i., p. 312.[39]From a MS. in the British Museum, quoted by Brayley, vol. ii., p. 312.[40]A Dance of Death (for the subject was often repeated) is a procession of the various ranks of life, from the pope to the peasant, each led by a skeleton for his partner. Holbein enlarged it by the addition of a series of visits privately paid by Death to the individuals. The figurantes, in his work, by no means go down the dance "with an air of despondency." The human beings are unconscious of their partners (which is fine); and the Deaths are as jolly as skeletons well can be.[41]Brayley, vol. ii., p. 320.[42]See Todd's Milton, vol. vii.; Aubrey's Letters and Lives; and Ben Jonson's Poems. Gill's specimen of a satire is very bad, and the great laureate's answer is not much better. The first couplet of the latter, however, is to the purpose:—"Shall the prosperity of a pardon stillSecure thy railing rhymes, infamous Gill?"[43]History of London, vol. ii., p. 1166.[44]Life of Sir Christopher Wren, in the Library of Useful Knowledge, No. 24, p. 27.[45]Wordsworth.[46]Brayley, vol. ii., p. 303.[47]In his Life, vol. iii., p. 98. Edit. 1827.[48]Unless, indeed, we are to suppose, as has been suggested, thatSermonLane is a corruption ofSheremoniersLane, that is, the lane of the money clippers, or such as cut and rounded the metal which was to be coined or stamped into money. There was anciently a place in this lane for melting silver, called theBlackloft—and the Mint was in the street now called Old Change, in the immediate neighbourhood. See Maitland, ii., 880 (edit. of 1756.)[49]Letters to Stella, in the duodecimo edition of his works, 1775, Letter vi., p. 43.[50]Boswell's Life of Johnson, eighth edition, vol. iv., p. 93.[51]History of London, vol. ii., p. 925.[52]The Tatler. With notes historical, biographical, and critical 8vo. 1797. Vol. iv., p. 206.[53]Pennant's London, p. 377.[54]Of William III.[55]The genius of Clarke, which, agreeably to his unhappy end, was tender and melancholy, was unsuited to the livelier intoxication of Dryden's feast, afterwards gloriously set by Handel. Clarke has been styled the musical Otway of his time. He was organist at St. Paul's, and shot himself at his house in St. Paul's Churchyard. Mr. John Reading, organist of St. Dunstan's, who was intimately acquainted with him, was going by at the moment the pistol went off, and upon entering the house "found his friend and fellow-student in the agonies of death." Another friend of his, one of the lay vicars of the cathedral, relates of him, that a few weeks before the catastrophe, Clarke had alighted from his horse in a sequestered spot in the country, where there was a pond surrounded by trees, and not knowing whether to hang or drown himself, tossed up a piece of money to see which. The money stuck in the earth edgeways. Of this new chance for life, poor Clarke, we see, was unable to avail himself.[56]See Maitland, vol. ii., p. 949.[57]Since this was written, the jurisdiction of the Ecclesiastical Court in Doctors' Commons on matters of divorce has been transferred to a new "Court of Divorce and Matrimonial Causes," sitting at Westminster.[58]Londinium Redivivum, vol. ii., p. 473.[59]On the authority of Langton, Johnson's friend. See Memoirs, Anecdotes, &c., by Letitia Matilda Hawkins, vol. i., p. 293.[60]Censura Literaria, vol. iii., p. 254.[61]Life, Diary, and Correspondence of Sir William Dugdale, by Hamper. Lond. 1827. Our memorandum has omitted the page. The letter was written to Dugdale by Randall Holme, a brother herald.[62]Another opinion, however, is that the spear had been given to one of his ancestors as having been a magistrate of some description. This supposition seems to be supported by the grant of arms to John Shakspeare in 1599, which has been printed by Mr. Malcolm. But Shakspeares in Warwickshire are as plentiful as blackberries, and perhaps the name originated in the stout arms of a whole tribe of soldiers.[63]Vix ea nostra voco—(as above translated). The effect is stronger if the whole passage is called to mind. It is Ovid;Nam genus, et proavos, et quæ non fecimus ipsi,Vix ea nostra voco.—Metamor. lib. 13. v. 140.For birth, and rank, and what our own good powersHave earned us not, I scarcely call them ours.Ovid, himself a man of birth, puts this sentiment in the mouth of Ulysses, a king. But then he was a king whose talents were above his royalty.[64]Life of Gibbon, in the Autobiography, vol. i.[65]Lamb's Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, p. 147.[66]Maitland, vol. i., p. 28.[67]Malcolm, Londinium Redivivum, iv., p. 367.[68]Spectator, vol. i., No. 28.[69]Malone, in his Historical Account of the English Stage, has an ingenious parallel between these inn-theatres and the construction of the modern ones. "Many of our ancient dramatick pieces," he observes, "were performed in the yards of carriers' inns, in which, in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign, the comedians, who then first united themselves in companies, erected an occasional stage. The form of these temporary play-houses seems to be preserved in our modern theatre. The galleries in both are ranged over each other on three sides of the building. The small rooms under the lowest of these galleries answer to our present boxes; and it is observable, that these, even in theatres which were built in a subsequent period expressly for dramatick exhibitions, still retained their old name, and were frequently calledroomsby our ancient writers. The yard bears a sufficient resemblance to the pit, as at present in use. We may suppose the stage to have been raised in this arena, on the fourth side, with its back to the gateway of the inn, at which the money for admission was taken. Thus in fine weather, a play-house, not incommodious, might have been formed." Reed's Edition of Johnson's and Steevens's Shakspeare, vol. iii., p. 73.[70]Tatler, No. 127.[71]Londinium Redivivum, ii., 375.[72]History of London, ii., 880.[73]The whipping of the criminals in Bridewell took place after the church service.[74]Dunciad, book ii., v. 269.[75]See Walter Scott's edition of Dryden, vol. x., p. 372. "Abhorrers" were addressers on the side of the court, who had avowed "abhorrence" of the proceedings of the Whigs. The word was a capital one to sound through a trumpet.[76]Aubrey says that his death took place in a cellar in Long Acre; and adds; "Mr. Edm. Wylde, &c., had made a collection for him, and given him money." But Aubrey's authority is not valid against Wood's. He is to be read like a proper gossip, whose accounts we may pretty safely reject or believe, as it suits other testimony.[77]Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses, fol. vol. ii., p. 145.[78]Baker's Biographia Dramatica. Reed's edition, 1782, vol. i., p. 207.[79]Malone in the Prolegomena to Shakspeare, as above, vol, iii., p. 287.[80]Correspondence of Samual Richardson, &c., by Anna Letitia Barbauld, vol. i., p. 97.[81]Our authority (one of the highest in this way) is Mr. Nichols, in his Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, vol. iv., p. 579.[82]"—— Apoplexy cramm'd intemperance knocksDown to the ground at once, as butcher felleth ox;"—says Thomson, in his Castle of Indolence. It was the death which the good-natured, indolent poet probably expected for himself, and which he would have had, if a cold and fever had not interfered; for there is an apoplexy of the head alone, as well as of the whole body; and men of letters who either exercise little, or work overmuch, seem almost sure to die of it, or of palsy; which is a disease analogous. It is the last stroke, given in the kind resentment of nature, to the brains which should have known better than bring themselves to such a pass. In the biography of Italian literati, "Mori' d' apoplessia"—(he died of apoplexy)—is a common verdict.[83]Correspondence, as above, vol. i., p. 177.[84]Correspondence, &c., by Mrs. Barbauld, vol.i., p. 183.[85]Life and Reign of King James I., quoted in Howell's State Trials, vol. ii., p. 745.[86]State Trials,ut supra, p. 762.[87]"It is an opinion which universally prevails with regard to those cross-legged monuments," says Dr. Nash, "that they were all erected to the memory of Knights Templars. Now to me it is very evident that not one of them belonged to that order; but, as Mr. Habingdon, in describing this at Alve church, hath justly expressed it, to Knights of the Holy Voyage. For the order of Knights Templars followed the rule of the Canons regular of St. Austin, and, as such, were under a vow of celibacy. Now there is scarcely one of these monuments which is certainly known for whom it is erected; but it is as certain, that the person it represented was a married man. The Knights Templars always wore a white habit, with a red cross on the left shoulder. I believe, not a single instance can be produced of either the mantle or cross being carved on any of these monuments, which surely would not have been omitted, as by it they were distinguished from all other orders, had these been really designed to represent Knights Templars. Lastly, this order was not confined to England only, but dispersed itself all over Europe: yet it will be very difficult to find one cross-legged monument anywhere out of England; whereas they would have abounded in France, Italy, and elsewhere, had it been a fashion peculiar to that famous order. But though, for these reasons, I cannot allow the cross-legged monuments to have been for Knights Templars, yet they had some relation to them, being the memorials of those zealous devotees, who had either been in Palestine, personally engaged in what was called the Holy War, or had laid themselves under a vow to go thither, though perhaps they were prevented from it by death. Some few, indeed, might possibly be erected to the memory of persons who had made pilgrimages there merely out of private devotion. Among the latter, probably, was that of the lady of the family of Mepham, of Mepham in Yorkshire, to whose memory a cross-legged monument was placed in a chapel adjoining to the one collegiate church of Howden, in Yorkshire, and is at this day remaining, together with that of her husband on the same tomb. As this religious madness lasted no longer than the reign of Henry III. (the tenth and last crusade being published in the year 1268), and the whole order of Knights Templars was dissolved by Edward II., military expeditions to the Holy Land, as well as devout pilgrimages there, had their period by the year 1312; consequently none of those cross-legged monuments are of a later date than the reign of Edward II., or beginning of Edward III., nor of an earlier than that of King Stephen, when these expeditions first took place in this kingdom."—History and Antiquities of Worcestershire, fol. vol. i., p. 31. Since Dr. Nash wrote, however, it has been denied that even the cross legs had any thing to do with crusades.[88]Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. We quote no edition, because where we could we have modernised the spelling; which is a justice to this fine old author in a quotation, in order that nobody may pass it over. With regard to Chaucer being of the Temple, and to his beating the Franciscan in Fleet Street, all which is reported, depends upon the testimony of a Mr. Buckley, who, according to Speght, had seen a Temple record to that effect.[89]Prothalamion.[90]"Shove-groat, named also Slyp-groat, and Slide-thrift, are sports occasionally mentioned by the writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and probably were analogous to the modern pastime called Justice Jervis, or Jarvis, which is confined to common pot-houses, and only practised by such as frequent the tap-rooms."—Strutt's Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, 1828, chap, i., sect. xix. It is played with halfpence, which are jerked with the palm of the hand from the edge of a table, towards certain numbers described upon it.[91]Londinium Redivivum, vol. ii., p. 290.[92]Sir John Davies, who was afterwards Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and wrote a poem on the Art of Dancing (so lively was the gravity of those days!) "bastinadoed" a man at dinner in the Temple Hall, for which he was expelled. The man probably deserved it, for Davies had a fine nature; and he went back again by favour of the excellent Lord Ellesmere.[93]Dunciad, book ii.[94]Boswell's Life of Johnson, eighth edit., 8vo. 1816, vol. iv., p. 27.[95]Boswell's Life of Johnson, eighth edit. 1816, vol. i., p. 398.[96]Boswell's Life of Johnson, eighth edit. 1816, vol. i., p. 378.[97]Ibid., vol. ii., p. 421.[98]Ibid., vol. ii., p. 271.[99]Spence's Anecdotes, Singer's edit. p. 355.[100]Swift's Works,ut supra, vol. iv., p. 41.[101]Tatler, No. 142. According to the author of a lively rattling book, conversant with the furniture of old times, Arbuthnot was a great amateur in sticks. "My uncle," says he, "was universally allowed to be as deeply skilled in caneology as any one, Dr. Arbuthnot not excepted, whose science on important questions was quoted even after his death; for his collection of the various headed sticks and canes, from the time of the first Charles, taken together, was unrivalled."—Wine and Walnuts, vol. i., p. 242.[102]Tatler, No. 86.[103]Spence's Anecdotes, by Singer, p. 337.[104]Ibid.[105]Tatler, as above, vol. iv., p. 600.[106]Censura Literaria, vol. iv., p. 345.[107]Imitations of Horace, Ep. i., book ii.[108]Pennant,ut supra, p. 172.[109]Faerie Queen, book vi., canto iii.[110]Britannia's Pastorals, book i., song iii.[111]Londinium Redivivum, vol. ii., p. 279.[112]See Malcolm's Londinium Redivivum, vol. iii., 453.[113]Boswell,ut supra, vol. i., p. 441.[114]Malone, on the passage in Boswell, ibid.[115]Boswell, vol. ii., p. 117.[116]Beauclerk, of the St. Alban's family, was a descendant of Charles II., whom he resembled in face and complexion, for which Johnson by no means liked him the less.[117]Anecdotes of Samuel Johnson, &c. Allman, 1822, p. 69.[118]Boswell, vol. iii., p. 398.[119]Johnson's Court runs into Gough Square, "a place lately built with very handsome houses, and well inhabited by persons of fashion."—Maitland's History and Survey of London, by Entick, folio, 1756 p. 961.[120]Boswell, vol. i., p. 384.[121]Boswell, vol. i., p. 400.[122]Id., p. 408.[123]Boswell, vol. ii., p. 469.[124]Boswell, vol. ii., p. 455.[125]Ibid., vol. iv., p. 77.[126]Ibid., vol. iii., p. 327.[127]Gay's Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets of London, book ii.[128]Pennant,ut supra, p. 139.[129]Londinium Redivivum, vol. iii., p. 397.[130]Biographia Dramatica, from Oldys's MS. Notes on Langbaine.[131]Censura Literaria, vol. i., p. 176.[132]State Poems, vol. ii., p. 143,[133]Boswell, vol. i., p. 383.[134]Boswell, vol. iii., p. 331.[135]Dugdale's Antiquities of Westminster. Heraldic MS. in the Museum, quoted in Londinium Redivivum (vol. ii., p. 282). Brydges's Collins's Peerage. Belsham's Life of Lindsey. We have been thus minute in tracing the occupancies of this house, from the interest excited by some of the members connected with it. Pennant says, upon the authority of the Sydney Papers, that Leicester bequeathed it to his son-in-law, which appears probable, since the latter possessed it. Perhaps the herald was confused by the name of Robert, which belonged both to son and son-in-law.[136]Howell's State Trials, vol. i., p. 1343.[137]Todd's edit. of Spenser, vol. i., p. cxli.[138]Godwin's History or the Commonwealth, vol. i., p. 410.[139]Boswell, vol. iv., p. 276.[140]Trivia; or the Art of Walking the Streets of London, book iii. Of a similar, and more perplexing facetiousness was the trick of extracting wigs out of hackney coaches. "The thieves," says theWeekly Journal(March 30, 1717), "have got such a villanous way now of robbing gentlemen, that they cut holes through the backs of hackney coaches, and take away their wigs, or fine head-dresses of gentlewomen; so a gentleman was served last Sunday in Tooley Street, and another but last Tuesday in Fenchurch Street; wherefore this may serve as a caution to gentlemen and gentlewomen that ride single in the night-time, to sit on the fore-seat, which will prevent that way of robbing."—Malcolm's Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth Century, second edit., vol. i., p. 104.[141]Londinium Redivivum, vol. ii.[142]Second Part of Henry IV. act 3. sc. 2.[143]Birch's Negotiations, pp. 206, 207, quoted in the work above mentioned, p. 189. Whenever we quote from any authorities but the original, we beg the reader to bear in mind, first, that we always notice our having done so; and, secondly, that we make a point of comparing the originals with the report. Both Monmouth and Birch, for example, have been consulted in the present instance.[144]We allude to the celebrated saying of Gibbon respecting the Fairy Queen.[145]In his Letters on the English Nation. But we quote from memory.[146]We conclude so from our authorities in both instances. Mr. Malcolm's Londinium Redivivum, vol. iii., p. 398.[147]See his life in Chalmers's General Biographical Dictionary, vol. v., p. 280.[148]General Biographical Dictionary, 8vo., 1812, vol. vii.[149]Letters on the English Nation.[150]Life, in Chalmers's English Poets, p. 26.[151]Spence's Anecdotes, p. 376.[152]Idem, p. 46.[153]Memoirs of the Life, Writings, &c., of William Congreve, Esq., 1730, p. xi. Curll discreetly omits his name in the titlepage. [On reconsidering this interview (though we have no longer the book by us, and therefore speak from memory) we are doubtful, whether the lady was not Mrs. Bracegirdle, instead of the duchess.][154]Lives of the Poets, &c., by Mr. Cibber and others, 1753.[155]Pennant's London,ut supra, p. 124. Swift's Letters to Stella. The particulars of the case are taken from Howell's State Trials. vol. xii., p. 947.[156]"Captain Baily, said to have accompanied Raleigh in his last expedition to Guiana, employed four hackney coaches, with drivers in liveries, to ply at the May-pole in the Strand, fixing his own rates, about the year 1634. Baily's coaches seem to have been the first of what are now called hackney-coaches; a term at that time applied indiscriminately to all coaches let for hire." The favourite Buckingham, about the year 1619, introduced the sedan. The post-chaise, invented in France, was introduced by Mr. Tull, son of the well-known writer on husbandry. The stage first came in about the year 1775; and mail-coaches appeared in 1785.—See a note to theTatler, as above, vol. iv., p. 415.[157]This was written in 1834.[158]The faults of the New Church are, that it is too small for the steeple; that it is divided into two stories, which make it still smaller; that the entablature on the north and south parts is too frequently interrupted; that pediments are "affectedly put over each projection;" in a word, that a little object is cut up into too many little parts, and rendered fantastic with embellishment. See the opinions of Gwynn, Ralph, and Malton, quoted in Brayley's London and Middlesex, vol. iv., p. 199.[159]Life of James I. quoted in Pennant, p. 155.[160]L'Estrange's Life of Charles I., quoted in D'Israeli's Commentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles I., vol. ii., p. 218.[161]L'Estrange's Life of Charles I.[162]Steenie—a familiarisation of Stephen. The name was given Buckingham by James I., in reference to the beauty of St. Stephen, whose face, during his martyrdom, is described in the New Testament as shining like that of an angel.[163]See the account of the Paradise of Glory, in vol. ii., p. 225.[164]Memoirs of Samuel Pepys, Esq., 2nd edition, vol. i., p. 309.[165]Id., p. 357.[166]Lives and Letters, as above.[167]See three Poems in his Genuine Remains.—Chalmers's British Poets, vol. viii., p. 187.[168]British Poets, vol. vii., p. 101.[169]Londinium Redivivum, vol. iv., p. 410.[170]Gentleman's Magazine for 1793, p. 88.[171]Memoirs and Correspondence, as above, vol. i., p. 182.[172]Vol. ii., p. 348.[173]Memoirs and Correspondence, as above, vol. iii., p. 75.[174]Id., p. 185.[175]Vol. iv., p. 81.[176]Granger's Biographical History of England, 1824, vol. v., p. 356.[177]Pennant,ut supra, p. 144.[178]Where he likens Jupiter's house in the Milky Way to the palace of Augustus:—
[1]See Evenings at Home, by Dr. Aikin and Mrs. Barbauld.
[2]History of England, 4to. 1670, p. 11.
[3]We learn this from Selden's notes to the Polyolbion of Drayton.
[4]Picture of London, 1824, p. 3.
[5]These etymologies are to be found in Maitland's History and Survey of London. Fol. 1756. Vol. i. Book i.
[6]In the notes to Drayton's Polyolbion, Song viii.
[7]There is a Lunden in Sweden, mentioned by Maitland, vol. i.ubi sup.It is the capital of the province of Schonen. Another town of the name is in Danish Holstein.
[8]"We have one word," says Dr. Pegge, "which has not a single letter of its original, for of the Frenchperuke, we gotperiwig, now abbreviated towig.Earwigcomes fromeruca, as Dr. Wallis observes,Anonymiana, p. 56. The French wordjour(day) comes fromdies, throughdiurnus,diurno,giorno; sogiornale, journal.Uncleis fromavus, throughavunculus. ForInhimthorpe, and other impossibilities, see Cosmo the Third's Travels through England, in the reign of Charles II."
[9]Pennant's London, third edition, 4to., p. 3.
[10]Picture of London, p. 12.
[11]Picture of London, p. 14. For a larger account of this and other matters briefly touched upon in the present introduction, see Brayley's London and Middlesex, vol. i. The spirit of them, however, will appear in our work, together with particulars hitherto unnoticed.
[12]Id. p. 13.
[13]Since this paragraph was written, the wonderful events have taken place in France, which have so agitated the whole of Europe, and which promise to open a new epoch in human history. May all benefit from them, as we believe all may, without real injury to any one!
[14]Parentalia, p. 290, quoted in the work next mentioned.
[15]Brayley's London and Middlesex, vol. i. p. 87.
[16]Parentalia, p. 27.
[17]Survey of London, p. 262. First edition.
[18]Fine Arts of the English School, quoted in Brayley, vol. ii. p. 217.
[19]Londinium Redivivum, iii., p. 134.
[20]Londinium Redivivum, iii., p. 81.
[21]Londinium Redivivum, vol. iii., pp. 71, 73.
[22]Moser, in the European Magazine, July, 1807.
[23]Poems. Gilchrist's edition, 1807, p. 5.
[24]Microcosmographie, quoted in Pennant.
[25]Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth Century, vol. i. p. 281.
[26]London and Middlesex, vol. ii., p. 229.
[27]Ancient Mysteries described, &c., 1823, p. 195.
[28]Purvey'dis the word of Mr. Chalmers; who says, however, that he knows not on what principle the right of "purveying such children" was justified, "except by the maxim that the king had a right to the services of all his subjects." See Johnson and Steeven's Shakspeare, Prolegomena, vol. ii., p. 516.
[29]
"His bushy beard, and shoe-strings green,His high-crown'd hat, and satin doublet,Mov'd the stout heart of England's queen,Though Pope and Spaniard could not trouble it."—Gray.
"His bushy beard, and shoe-strings green,His high-crown'd hat, and satin doublet,Mov'd the stout heart of England's queen,Though Pope and Spaniard could not trouble it."—Gray.
"His bushy beard, and shoe-strings green,
His high-crown'd hat, and satin doublet,
Mov'd the stout heart of England's queen,
Though Pope and Spaniard could not trouble it."—Gray.
[30]Maitland's History of London, vol. ii., p. 1170.
[31]The Bishop's second wife was a Lady Baker, who is said, by Mr. Brayley, to have been young as well as beautiful, and probably did not add to the prelate's repose.
[32]London and Middlesex, vol. ii., p. 231.
[33]The active habits of our ancestors enabled them to bear these out-of-door sermons better than their posterity could; yet, as times grew less hardy, they began to have consequences which Bishop Latimer attributed to another cause. "The citizens of Raim," said he, in a sermon preached in Lincolnshire, in the year 1552, "had their burying-place without the city, which, no doubt, is a laudable thing; and I do marvel that London, being so great a city, hath not a burial-place without, for no doubt it is an unwholesome thing to bury within the city, especially at such a time when there be great sickness, and many die together. I think, verily, that many a man taketh his death in Paul's Churchyard, and this I speak of experience; for I myself, when I have been there on some mornings to hear the sermons, have felt such an ill-savoured unwholesome savour, that I was the worse for it a great while after; and I think no less, but it is the occasion of great sickness and disease."—Brayley, vol. ii., p. 315. After all, the Bishop may have been right in attributing the sickness to the cemetery. We have seen frightful probabilities of the same kind in our own time; and nothing can be more sensible than what he says of burial-grounds in cities.
[34]Maitland, vol. ii., p. 949.
[35]The reader, perhaps, will agree with us in thinking, that the last three lines of this poetry are unworthy of the rest, and put Jane in a theatrical attitude which she would not have effected.
[36]Some account of London, third edition, p. 394.
[37]Chalmers's British Poets, vol. iv., p. 91.
[38]"After which, once ended," says Stow, "the preacher gat him home, and never after durst look out for shame, but kept him out of sight like an owle; and when he once asked one that had been his olde friende, what the people talked of him, all were it that his own conscience well shewed him that they talked no good, yet when the other answered him, that there was in every man's mouth spoken of him much shame, it so strake him to the hart, that in a few daies after, he withered, and consumed away."—Brayley, vol. i., p. 312.
[39]From a MS. in the British Museum, quoted by Brayley, vol. ii., p. 312.
[40]A Dance of Death (for the subject was often repeated) is a procession of the various ranks of life, from the pope to the peasant, each led by a skeleton for his partner. Holbein enlarged it by the addition of a series of visits privately paid by Death to the individuals. The figurantes, in his work, by no means go down the dance "with an air of despondency." The human beings are unconscious of their partners (which is fine); and the Deaths are as jolly as skeletons well can be.
[41]Brayley, vol. ii., p. 320.
[42]See Todd's Milton, vol. vii.; Aubrey's Letters and Lives; and Ben Jonson's Poems. Gill's specimen of a satire is very bad, and the great laureate's answer is not much better. The first couplet of the latter, however, is to the purpose:—
"Shall the prosperity of a pardon stillSecure thy railing rhymes, infamous Gill?"
"Shall the prosperity of a pardon stillSecure thy railing rhymes, infamous Gill?"
"Shall the prosperity of a pardon still
Secure thy railing rhymes, infamous Gill?"
[43]History of London, vol. ii., p. 1166.
[44]Life of Sir Christopher Wren, in the Library of Useful Knowledge, No. 24, p. 27.
[45]Wordsworth.
[46]Brayley, vol. ii., p. 303.
[47]In his Life, vol. iii., p. 98. Edit. 1827.
[48]Unless, indeed, we are to suppose, as has been suggested, thatSermonLane is a corruption ofSheremoniersLane, that is, the lane of the money clippers, or such as cut and rounded the metal which was to be coined or stamped into money. There was anciently a place in this lane for melting silver, called theBlackloft—and the Mint was in the street now called Old Change, in the immediate neighbourhood. See Maitland, ii., 880 (edit. of 1756.)
[49]Letters to Stella, in the duodecimo edition of his works, 1775, Letter vi., p. 43.
[50]Boswell's Life of Johnson, eighth edition, vol. iv., p. 93.
[51]History of London, vol. ii., p. 925.
[52]The Tatler. With notes historical, biographical, and critical 8vo. 1797. Vol. iv., p. 206.
[53]Pennant's London, p. 377.
[54]Of William III.
[55]The genius of Clarke, which, agreeably to his unhappy end, was tender and melancholy, was unsuited to the livelier intoxication of Dryden's feast, afterwards gloriously set by Handel. Clarke has been styled the musical Otway of his time. He was organist at St. Paul's, and shot himself at his house in St. Paul's Churchyard. Mr. John Reading, organist of St. Dunstan's, who was intimately acquainted with him, was going by at the moment the pistol went off, and upon entering the house "found his friend and fellow-student in the agonies of death." Another friend of his, one of the lay vicars of the cathedral, relates of him, that a few weeks before the catastrophe, Clarke had alighted from his horse in a sequestered spot in the country, where there was a pond surrounded by trees, and not knowing whether to hang or drown himself, tossed up a piece of money to see which. The money stuck in the earth edgeways. Of this new chance for life, poor Clarke, we see, was unable to avail himself.
[56]See Maitland, vol. ii., p. 949.
[57]Since this was written, the jurisdiction of the Ecclesiastical Court in Doctors' Commons on matters of divorce has been transferred to a new "Court of Divorce and Matrimonial Causes," sitting at Westminster.
[58]Londinium Redivivum, vol. ii., p. 473.
[59]On the authority of Langton, Johnson's friend. See Memoirs, Anecdotes, &c., by Letitia Matilda Hawkins, vol. i., p. 293.
[60]Censura Literaria, vol. iii., p. 254.
[61]Life, Diary, and Correspondence of Sir William Dugdale, by Hamper. Lond. 1827. Our memorandum has omitted the page. The letter was written to Dugdale by Randall Holme, a brother herald.
[62]Another opinion, however, is that the spear had been given to one of his ancestors as having been a magistrate of some description. This supposition seems to be supported by the grant of arms to John Shakspeare in 1599, which has been printed by Mr. Malcolm. But Shakspeares in Warwickshire are as plentiful as blackberries, and perhaps the name originated in the stout arms of a whole tribe of soldiers.
[63]Vix ea nostra voco—(as above translated). The effect is stronger if the whole passage is called to mind. It is Ovid;
Nam genus, et proavos, et quæ non fecimus ipsi,Vix ea nostra voco.—Metamor. lib. 13. v. 140.For birth, and rank, and what our own good powersHave earned us not, I scarcely call them ours.
Nam genus, et proavos, et quæ non fecimus ipsi,Vix ea nostra voco.—Metamor. lib. 13. v. 140.For birth, and rank, and what our own good powersHave earned us not, I scarcely call them ours.
Nam genus, et proavos, et quæ non fecimus ipsi,
Vix ea nostra voco.—Metamor. lib. 13. v. 140.
For birth, and rank, and what our own good powers
Have earned us not, I scarcely call them ours.
Ovid, himself a man of birth, puts this sentiment in the mouth of Ulysses, a king. But then he was a king whose talents were above his royalty.
[64]Life of Gibbon, in the Autobiography, vol. i.
[65]Lamb's Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, p. 147.
[66]Maitland, vol. i., p. 28.
[67]Malcolm, Londinium Redivivum, iv., p. 367.
[68]Spectator, vol. i., No. 28.
[69]Malone, in his Historical Account of the English Stage, has an ingenious parallel between these inn-theatres and the construction of the modern ones. "Many of our ancient dramatick pieces," he observes, "were performed in the yards of carriers' inns, in which, in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign, the comedians, who then first united themselves in companies, erected an occasional stage. The form of these temporary play-houses seems to be preserved in our modern theatre. The galleries in both are ranged over each other on three sides of the building. The small rooms under the lowest of these galleries answer to our present boxes; and it is observable, that these, even in theatres which were built in a subsequent period expressly for dramatick exhibitions, still retained their old name, and were frequently calledroomsby our ancient writers. The yard bears a sufficient resemblance to the pit, as at present in use. We may suppose the stage to have been raised in this arena, on the fourth side, with its back to the gateway of the inn, at which the money for admission was taken. Thus in fine weather, a play-house, not incommodious, might have been formed." Reed's Edition of Johnson's and Steevens's Shakspeare, vol. iii., p. 73.
[70]Tatler, No. 127.
[71]Londinium Redivivum, ii., 375.
[72]History of London, ii., 880.
[73]The whipping of the criminals in Bridewell took place after the church service.
[74]Dunciad, book ii., v. 269.
[75]See Walter Scott's edition of Dryden, vol. x., p. 372. "Abhorrers" were addressers on the side of the court, who had avowed "abhorrence" of the proceedings of the Whigs. The word was a capital one to sound through a trumpet.
[76]Aubrey says that his death took place in a cellar in Long Acre; and adds; "Mr. Edm. Wylde, &c., had made a collection for him, and given him money." But Aubrey's authority is not valid against Wood's. He is to be read like a proper gossip, whose accounts we may pretty safely reject or believe, as it suits other testimony.
[77]Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses, fol. vol. ii., p. 145.
[78]Baker's Biographia Dramatica. Reed's edition, 1782, vol. i., p. 207.
[79]Malone in the Prolegomena to Shakspeare, as above, vol, iii., p. 287.
[80]Correspondence of Samual Richardson, &c., by Anna Letitia Barbauld, vol. i., p. 97.
[81]Our authority (one of the highest in this way) is Mr. Nichols, in his Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, vol. iv., p. 579.
[82]
"—— Apoplexy cramm'd intemperance knocksDown to the ground at once, as butcher felleth ox;"—
"—— Apoplexy cramm'd intemperance knocksDown to the ground at once, as butcher felleth ox;"—
"—— Apoplexy cramm'd intemperance knocks
Down to the ground at once, as butcher felleth ox;"—
says Thomson, in his Castle of Indolence. It was the death which the good-natured, indolent poet probably expected for himself, and which he would have had, if a cold and fever had not interfered; for there is an apoplexy of the head alone, as well as of the whole body; and men of letters who either exercise little, or work overmuch, seem almost sure to die of it, or of palsy; which is a disease analogous. It is the last stroke, given in the kind resentment of nature, to the brains which should have known better than bring themselves to such a pass. In the biography of Italian literati, "Mori' d' apoplessia"—(he died of apoplexy)—is a common verdict.
[83]Correspondence, as above, vol. i., p. 177.
[84]Correspondence, &c., by Mrs. Barbauld, vol.i., p. 183.
[85]Life and Reign of King James I., quoted in Howell's State Trials, vol. ii., p. 745.
[86]State Trials,ut supra, p. 762.
[87]"It is an opinion which universally prevails with regard to those cross-legged monuments," says Dr. Nash, "that they were all erected to the memory of Knights Templars. Now to me it is very evident that not one of them belonged to that order; but, as Mr. Habingdon, in describing this at Alve church, hath justly expressed it, to Knights of the Holy Voyage. For the order of Knights Templars followed the rule of the Canons regular of St. Austin, and, as such, were under a vow of celibacy. Now there is scarcely one of these monuments which is certainly known for whom it is erected; but it is as certain, that the person it represented was a married man. The Knights Templars always wore a white habit, with a red cross on the left shoulder. I believe, not a single instance can be produced of either the mantle or cross being carved on any of these monuments, which surely would not have been omitted, as by it they were distinguished from all other orders, had these been really designed to represent Knights Templars. Lastly, this order was not confined to England only, but dispersed itself all over Europe: yet it will be very difficult to find one cross-legged monument anywhere out of England; whereas they would have abounded in France, Italy, and elsewhere, had it been a fashion peculiar to that famous order. But though, for these reasons, I cannot allow the cross-legged monuments to have been for Knights Templars, yet they had some relation to them, being the memorials of those zealous devotees, who had either been in Palestine, personally engaged in what was called the Holy War, or had laid themselves under a vow to go thither, though perhaps they were prevented from it by death. Some few, indeed, might possibly be erected to the memory of persons who had made pilgrimages there merely out of private devotion. Among the latter, probably, was that of the lady of the family of Mepham, of Mepham in Yorkshire, to whose memory a cross-legged monument was placed in a chapel adjoining to the one collegiate church of Howden, in Yorkshire, and is at this day remaining, together with that of her husband on the same tomb. As this religious madness lasted no longer than the reign of Henry III. (the tenth and last crusade being published in the year 1268), and the whole order of Knights Templars was dissolved by Edward II., military expeditions to the Holy Land, as well as devout pilgrimages there, had their period by the year 1312; consequently none of those cross-legged monuments are of a later date than the reign of Edward II., or beginning of Edward III., nor of an earlier than that of King Stephen, when these expeditions first took place in this kingdom."—History and Antiquities of Worcestershire, fol. vol. i., p. 31. Since Dr. Nash wrote, however, it has been denied that even the cross legs had any thing to do with crusades.
[88]Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. We quote no edition, because where we could we have modernised the spelling; which is a justice to this fine old author in a quotation, in order that nobody may pass it over. With regard to Chaucer being of the Temple, and to his beating the Franciscan in Fleet Street, all which is reported, depends upon the testimony of a Mr. Buckley, who, according to Speght, had seen a Temple record to that effect.
[89]Prothalamion.
[90]"Shove-groat, named also Slyp-groat, and Slide-thrift, are sports occasionally mentioned by the writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and probably were analogous to the modern pastime called Justice Jervis, or Jarvis, which is confined to common pot-houses, and only practised by such as frequent the tap-rooms."—Strutt's Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, 1828, chap, i., sect. xix. It is played with halfpence, which are jerked with the palm of the hand from the edge of a table, towards certain numbers described upon it.
[91]Londinium Redivivum, vol. ii., p. 290.
[92]Sir John Davies, who was afterwards Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and wrote a poem on the Art of Dancing (so lively was the gravity of those days!) "bastinadoed" a man at dinner in the Temple Hall, for which he was expelled. The man probably deserved it, for Davies had a fine nature; and he went back again by favour of the excellent Lord Ellesmere.
[93]Dunciad, book ii.
[94]Boswell's Life of Johnson, eighth edit., 8vo. 1816, vol. iv., p. 27.
[95]Boswell's Life of Johnson, eighth edit. 1816, vol. i., p. 398.
[96]Boswell's Life of Johnson, eighth edit. 1816, vol. i., p. 378.
[97]Ibid., vol. ii., p. 421.
[98]Ibid., vol. ii., p. 271.
[99]Spence's Anecdotes, Singer's edit. p. 355.
[100]Swift's Works,ut supra, vol. iv., p. 41.
[101]Tatler, No. 142. According to the author of a lively rattling book, conversant with the furniture of old times, Arbuthnot was a great amateur in sticks. "My uncle," says he, "was universally allowed to be as deeply skilled in caneology as any one, Dr. Arbuthnot not excepted, whose science on important questions was quoted even after his death; for his collection of the various headed sticks and canes, from the time of the first Charles, taken together, was unrivalled."—Wine and Walnuts, vol. i., p. 242.
[102]Tatler, No. 86.
[103]Spence's Anecdotes, by Singer, p. 337.
[104]Ibid.
[105]Tatler, as above, vol. iv., p. 600.
[106]Censura Literaria, vol. iv., p. 345.
[107]Imitations of Horace, Ep. i., book ii.
[108]Pennant,ut supra, p. 172.
[109]Faerie Queen, book vi., canto iii.
[110]Britannia's Pastorals, book i., song iii.
[111]Londinium Redivivum, vol. ii., p. 279.
[112]See Malcolm's Londinium Redivivum, vol. iii., 453.
[113]Boswell,ut supra, vol. i., p. 441.
[114]Malone, on the passage in Boswell, ibid.
[115]Boswell, vol. ii., p. 117.
[116]Beauclerk, of the St. Alban's family, was a descendant of Charles II., whom he resembled in face and complexion, for which Johnson by no means liked him the less.
[117]Anecdotes of Samuel Johnson, &c. Allman, 1822, p. 69.
[118]Boswell, vol. iii., p. 398.
[119]Johnson's Court runs into Gough Square, "a place lately built with very handsome houses, and well inhabited by persons of fashion."—Maitland's History and Survey of London, by Entick, folio, 1756 p. 961.
[120]Boswell, vol. i., p. 384.
[121]Boswell, vol. i., p. 400.
[122]Id., p. 408.
[123]Boswell, vol. ii., p. 469.
[124]Boswell, vol. ii., p. 455.
[125]Ibid., vol. iv., p. 77.
[126]Ibid., vol. iii., p. 327.
[127]Gay's Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets of London, book ii.
[128]Pennant,ut supra, p. 139.
[129]Londinium Redivivum, vol. iii., p. 397.
[130]Biographia Dramatica, from Oldys's MS. Notes on Langbaine.
[131]Censura Literaria, vol. i., p. 176.
[132]State Poems, vol. ii., p. 143,
[133]Boswell, vol. i., p. 383.
[134]Boswell, vol. iii., p. 331.
[135]Dugdale's Antiquities of Westminster. Heraldic MS. in the Museum, quoted in Londinium Redivivum (vol. ii., p. 282). Brydges's Collins's Peerage. Belsham's Life of Lindsey. We have been thus minute in tracing the occupancies of this house, from the interest excited by some of the members connected with it. Pennant says, upon the authority of the Sydney Papers, that Leicester bequeathed it to his son-in-law, which appears probable, since the latter possessed it. Perhaps the herald was confused by the name of Robert, which belonged both to son and son-in-law.
[136]Howell's State Trials, vol. i., p. 1343.
[137]Todd's edit. of Spenser, vol. i., p. cxli.
[138]Godwin's History or the Commonwealth, vol. i., p. 410.
[139]Boswell, vol. iv., p. 276.
[140]Trivia; or the Art of Walking the Streets of London, book iii. Of a similar, and more perplexing facetiousness was the trick of extracting wigs out of hackney coaches. "The thieves," says theWeekly Journal(March 30, 1717), "have got such a villanous way now of robbing gentlemen, that they cut holes through the backs of hackney coaches, and take away their wigs, or fine head-dresses of gentlewomen; so a gentleman was served last Sunday in Tooley Street, and another but last Tuesday in Fenchurch Street; wherefore this may serve as a caution to gentlemen and gentlewomen that ride single in the night-time, to sit on the fore-seat, which will prevent that way of robbing."—Malcolm's Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth Century, second edit., vol. i., p. 104.
[141]Londinium Redivivum, vol. ii.
[142]Second Part of Henry IV. act 3. sc. 2.
[143]Birch's Negotiations, pp. 206, 207, quoted in the work above mentioned, p. 189. Whenever we quote from any authorities but the original, we beg the reader to bear in mind, first, that we always notice our having done so; and, secondly, that we make a point of comparing the originals with the report. Both Monmouth and Birch, for example, have been consulted in the present instance.
[144]We allude to the celebrated saying of Gibbon respecting the Fairy Queen.
[145]In his Letters on the English Nation. But we quote from memory.
[146]We conclude so from our authorities in both instances. Mr. Malcolm's Londinium Redivivum, vol. iii., p. 398.
[147]See his life in Chalmers's General Biographical Dictionary, vol. v., p. 280.
[148]General Biographical Dictionary, 8vo., 1812, vol. vii.
[149]Letters on the English Nation.
[150]Life, in Chalmers's English Poets, p. 26.
[151]Spence's Anecdotes, p. 376.
[152]Idem, p. 46.
[153]Memoirs of the Life, Writings, &c., of William Congreve, Esq., 1730, p. xi. Curll discreetly omits his name in the titlepage. [On reconsidering this interview (though we have no longer the book by us, and therefore speak from memory) we are doubtful, whether the lady was not Mrs. Bracegirdle, instead of the duchess.]
[154]Lives of the Poets, &c., by Mr. Cibber and others, 1753.
[155]Pennant's London,ut supra, p. 124. Swift's Letters to Stella. The particulars of the case are taken from Howell's State Trials. vol. xii., p. 947.
[156]"Captain Baily, said to have accompanied Raleigh in his last expedition to Guiana, employed four hackney coaches, with drivers in liveries, to ply at the May-pole in the Strand, fixing his own rates, about the year 1634. Baily's coaches seem to have been the first of what are now called hackney-coaches; a term at that time applied indiscriminately to all coaches let for hire." The favourite Buckingham, about the year 1619, introduced the sedan. The post-chaise, invented in France, was introduced by Mr. Tull, son of the well-known writer on husbandry. The stage first came in about the year 1775; and mail-coaches appeared in 1785.—See a note to theTatler, as above, vol. iv., p. 415.
[157]This was written in 1834.
[158]The faults of the New Church are, that it is too small for the steeple; that it is divided into two stories, which make it still smaller; that the entablature on the north and south parts is too frequently interrupted; that pediments are "affectedly put over each projection;" in a word, that a little object is cut up into too many little parts, and rendered fantastic with embellishment. See the opinions of Gwynn, Ralph, and Malton, quoted in Brayley's London and Middlesex, vol. iv., p. 199.
[159]Life of James I. quoted in Pennant, p. 155.
[160]L'Estrange's Life of Charles I., quoted in D'Israeli's Commentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles I., vol. ii., p. 218.
[161]L'Estrange's Life of Charles I.
[162]Steenie—a familiarisation of Stephen. The name was given Buckingham by James I., in reference to the beauty of St. Stephen, whose face, during his martyrdom, is described in the New Testament as shining like that of an angel.
[163]See the account of the Paradise of Glory, in vol. ii., p. 225.
[164]Memoirs of Samuel Pepys, Esq., 2nd edition, vol. i., p. 309.
[165]Id., p. 357.
[166]Lives and Letters, as above.
[167]See three Poems in his Genuine Remains.—Chalmers's British Poets, vol. viii., p. 187.
[168]British Poets, vol. vii., p. 101.
[169]Londinium Redivivum, vol. iv., p. 410.
[170]Gentleman's Magazine for 1793, p. 88.
[171]Memoirs and Correspondence, as above, vol. i., p. 182.
[172]Vol. ii., p. 348.
[173]Memoirs and Correspondence, as above, vol. iii., p. 75.
[174]Id., p. 185.
[175]Vol. iv., p. 81.
[176]Granger's Biographical History of England, 1824, vol. v., p. 356.
[177]Pennant,ut supra, p. 144.
[178]Where he likens Jupiter's house in the Milky Way to the palace of Augustus:—