[1]'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 267.[2]Mr. Buckle, in his grand work on 'Civilisation,' expresses doubts on the subject owing to the want of statistics.Seealso Mr. Bowen, Professor of Moral Philosophy, in 'Proc. American Acad. of Sciences,' vol. v. p. 102[3]For greyhounds,seeLow's 'Domest. Animals of the British Islands,' 1845, p. 721. For game-fowls,see'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 123. For pigs,seeMr. Sidney's edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, pp. 11, 22.[4]'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 39.[5]'Philosophical Transactions,' 1755, p. 23. I have seen only second-hand accounts of the two grandsons. Mr. Sedgwick, in a paper to which I shall hereafter often refer, states thatfourgenerations were affected, and in each the males alone.[6]Barbara Van Beck, figured, as I am informed by the Rev. W. D. Fox, in Woodburn's 'Gallery of Rare Portraits,' 1816, vol. ii.[7]'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 16[8]Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 34. Report by Pariset in 'Comptes Rendus,' 1847, p. 592.[9]Hunter, as quoted in Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530. Sir A. Carlisle, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94.[10]Girou de Buzareignues, 'De la Génération,' p. 282.[11]'Macmillan's Magazine,' July and August, 1865.[12]The works which I have read and found most useful are Dr. Prosper Lucas's great work, 'Traité de l'Hérédité Naturelle,' 1847. Mr. W. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1861, and April and July, 1863: Dr. Garrod on Gout is quoted in these articles. Sir Henry Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855. Piorry, 'De l'Hérédité dans les Maladies,' 1840. Adams, 'A Philosophical Treatise on Hereditary Peculiarities,' 2nd edit., 1815. Essay on 'Hereditary Diseases,' by Dr. J. Steinan, 1843.SeePaget, in 'Medical Times,' 1857, p. 192, on the Inheritance of Cancer; Dr. Gould, in 'Proc. of American Acad. of Sciences,' Nov. 8, 1853, gives a curious case of hereditary bleeding in four generations. Harlan, 'Medical Researches,' p. 593.[13]Marshall, quoted by Youatt in his work on Cattle, p. 284.[14]'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94.[15]'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., p. 33.[16]This affection, as I hear from Mr. Bowman, has been ably described and spoken of as hereditary by Dr. Dondera, of Utrecht, whose work was published in English by the Sydenham Society in 1864.[17]Quoted by Mr. Herbert Spencer, 'Principles of Biology,' vol. i. p. 244.[18]'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review, 'April, 1861, p. 482-6; 'l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. pp. 391-408.[19]Dr. Osborne, Pres. of Royal College of Phys. in Ireland, published this case in the 'Dublin Medical Journal' for 1835.[20]These various statements are taken from the following works and papers:—Youatt on 'The Horse,' pp. 35, 220. Lawrence, 'The Horse,' p. 30. Karkeek, in an excellent paper in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1853, p. 92. Mr. Burke, in 'Journal of R. Agricul. Soc. of England,' vol. v. p. 511. 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 279. Girou de Buzareignues, 'Philosoph. Phys.,' p. 215.Seefollowing papers in 'The Veterinary:' Roberts, in vol. ii. p. 144; M. Marrimpoey, vol. ii. p. 387; Mr. Karkeek, vol. iv. p. 5; Youatt on Goître in Dogs, vol. v. p. 483; Youatt, in vol. vi. pp. 66, 348, 412; M. Bernard, vol. xi. p. 539; Dr. Samesreuther, on Cattle, in vol. xii. p. 181; Percivall, in vol. xiii. p. 47. With respect to blindness in horses,seealso a whole row of authorities in Dr. P. Lucas's great work, tom. i. p. 399. Mr. Baker, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 721, gives a strong case of hereditary imperfect vision and of jibbing.[21]Knight on 'The Culture of the Apple and Pear,' p. 31. Lindley's 'Horticulture,' p. 180.[22]These statements are taken from the following works in order:—Youatt on 'The Horse,' p. 48; Mr. Darvill, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. viii. p. 50. With respect to Robson,see'The Veterinary,' vol. iii. p. 580; Mr. Lawrence on 'The Horse,' 1829, p. 9; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, 1851; Baron Cameronn, quoted in 'The Veterinary,' vol x. p. 500.[23]'Recreations in Agriculture and Nat. Hist.,' vol. i. p. 68.[24]'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 107.[25]Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' band ii. s. 132.[26]Vrolik has discussed this point at full length in a work published in Dutch, from which Mr. Paget has kindly translated for me passages.See, also, Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's 'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. p. 684.[27]'Edinburgh New Phil. Journal,' July, 1863.[28]Some great anatomists, as Cuvier and Meckel, believe that the tubercle one side of the hinder foot of the tailless Batrachians represents a sixth digit. Certainly, when the hinder foot of a toad, as soon as it first sprouts from the tadpole, is dissected, the partially ossified cartilage of this tubercle resembles under the microscope, in a remarkable manner, a digit. But the highest authority on such subjects, Gegenbaur (Untersuchung. zur vergleich. anat. der Wirbelthiere: Carpus et Tarsus, 1864, s. 63), concludes that this resemblance is not real, only superficial.[29]For these several statements,seeDr. Struthers, in work cited, especially on intermissions in the line of descent. Prof. Huxley, 'Lectures on our Knowledge of Organic Nature,' 1863, p. 97. With respect to inheritance,seeDr. Prosper Lucas, 'L'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. i. p. 325. Isid. Geoffroy, 'Anom.,' tom. i. p. 701. Sir A. Carlisle, in 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94. A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 140, gives a case of five generations; as does Mr. Sedgwick, in 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, p. 462. On the inheritance of other anomalies in the extremities,seeDr. H. Dobell, in vol. xlvi. of 'Medico-Chirurg. Transactions,' 1863; also Mr. Sedgwick, in op. cit., April, 1863, p. 460. With respect to additional digits in the negro,seePrichard, 'Physical History of Mankind.' Dr. Dieffenbach ('Journ. Royal Geograph. Soc.,' 1841, p. 208) says this anomaly is not uncommon with the Polynesians of the Chatham Islands.[30]'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, p. 559.[31]The statements in this paragraph are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. pp. 688-693.[32]As quoted by Carpenter, 'Princ. of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 480.[33]Müller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. i. 1838, p. 407. A thrush, however, was exhibited before the British Association at Hull, in 1853, which had lost its tarsus, and this member, it was asserted, had been thrice reproduced: I presume it was lost each time by disease.[34]'Monthly Journal of Medical Science,' Edinburgh, 1848, new series, vol. ii. p. 890.[35]'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' trans. by Dr. Maty, 1769, p. 79.[36]Bonnet, 'Œuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 4to. edit., 1781, pp. 343, 350, 353.[37]So with insects, the larvæ reproduce lost limbs, but, except in one order, the mature insect has no such power. But the Myriapoda, which apparently represent the larvæ of true insects, have, as Newport has shown, this power until their last moult.Seean excellent discussion on this whole subject by Dr. Carpenter in his 'Princ. Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 479.[38]Dr. Günther, in Owen's 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. i., 1866, p. 567. Spallanzani has made similar observations.[39]'On the Anatomy of Vertebrates,' 1866, p. 170: with respect to the pectoral fins of fishes, pp. 166-168.[40]'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 1839, pp. 24, 34.See, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 33.[41]'Du Danger des Mariages Consanguins,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 103.[42]'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1863, pp. 183, 189.[43]Verlot, 'La Production des Variétés,' 1865, p. 32.[44]Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 368.[45]Verlot, 'La Product. des Variétés,' 1865, p. 94.[46]Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 121.[47]Rev. W. A. Leighton, 'Flora of Shropshire,' p. 497; and Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i, 1837, p. 30.[48]Verlot, op. cit., p. 93.[49]For these several statements,seeLoudon's 'Gard. Magazine,' vol. x., 1834, pp. 408, 180; and vol. ix., 1833, p. 597.[50]These statements are taken from Alph. De Candolle, 'Bot. Géograph.,' p. 1083.[51]Verlot, op. cit., p. 38.[52]Op. cit., p. 59.[53]Alph. De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 1082.[54]See'Cottage Gardener,' April 10, 1860, p. 18, and Sept. 10, 1861, p. 456; 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 102.[55]Darwin, in 'Journal of Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot.,' 1862, p. 94.[56]Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 10.[57]Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. iv. s. 462. Mr. Brent, a great breeder of canaries, informs me that he believes that these statements are correct.[58]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.[59]'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1861, pp. 200-204. Mr. Sedgwick has given such full details on this subject, with ample references, that I need refer to no other authorities.[60]'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 299.[61]'Philosoph. Magazine,' vol. iv., 1799, p. 5.[62]This last case is quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 484. For Blumenbach,seeabove-cited paper.See, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'Traité de l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 492. Also 'Transact. Lin. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 323. Some curious cases are given by Mr. Baker in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 723. Another curious case is given in the 'Annales des Scienc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xi. p. 324.[63]'Proc. Royal Soc.,' vol. x. p. 297.[64]Mr. Sproule, in 'British Medical Journal,' April 18, 1863.[65]Downing, 'Fruits of America,' p. 5; Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' pp. 43, 72.[66]Youatt on Sheep, pp. 20, 234. The same fact of loose horns occasionally appearing in hornless breeds has been observed in Germany: Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 362.[67]Youatt on Cattle, pp. 155, 174.[68]Youatt on Sheep, 1838, pp. 17, 145.[69]I have been informed of this fact through the Rev. W. D. Fox, on the excellent authority of Mr. Wilmot:see, also, remarks on this subject in an original article in the 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 395.[70]Youatt, pp. 19, 234.[71]'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 231.[72]Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. x., 1834, p. 396: a nurseryman, with much experience on this subject, has likewise assured me that this sometimes occurs.[73]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 777.[74]Ibid., 1862, p. 721.[75]Seesome excellent remarks on this subject by Mr. Wallace, 'Journal Proc. Linn. Soc.,' 1858, vol. iii. p. 60.[76]Dureau de la Malle, in 'Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 807. From the statements above given, the author concludes that the wild pigs of Louisiana are not descended from the EuropeanSus scrofa.[77]Capt. W. Allen, in his 'Expedition to the Niger,' states that fowls have run wild on the island of Annobon, and have become modified in form and voice. The account is so meagre and vague that it did not appear to me worth copying; but I now find that Dureau de la Malle ('Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 690) advances this as a good instance of reversion to the primitive stock, and as confirmatory of a still more vague statement in classical times by Varro.[78]'Flora of Australia,' 1859, Introduct., p. ix.[79]'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. pp. 54, 58, 60.[80]Mr. Sedgwick gives many instances in the 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1863, pp. 448, 188.[81]In his edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 27.[82]Dr. P. Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 314, 892:seea good practical article on this subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 620. I could add a vast number of references, but they would be superfluous.[83]Kölreuter gives cases in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' 1766, s. 53, 59; and in his well-known 'Memoirs on Lavatera and Jalapa.' Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 437, 441, &c. Naudin, in his 'Recherches sur l'Hybridité, Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 25.[84]Quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 485. Dr. H. Dobell, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Transactions,' vol. xlvi., gives an analogous case, in which, in a large family, fingers with thickened joints were transmitted to several members during five generations; but when the blemish once disappeared it never reappeared.[85]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 63.[86]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 25. Alex. Braun (in his 'Rejuvenescence,' Ray Soc., 1853, p. 315) apparently holds a similar opinion.[87]Mr. Teebay, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 72.[88]Quoted by Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 98.[89]'Essais Hist. Nat. du Paraguay,' tom. ii. 1801, p. 372.[90]These facts are given on the high authority of Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 248.[91]'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 97.[92]'Gardener's Chron. and Agricultural Gazette,' 1866, p. 528.[93]Ibid., 1860, p. 343.[94]Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163.[95]'History of the Horse,' p. 212.[96]'Mém. présentés par divers Savans à l'Acad. Royale,' tom. vi. 1835, p. 338.[97]'Letters from Alabama,' 1859, p. 280.[98]'Hist. Nat. des Mammifères,' 1820, tom. i.[99]'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1821, p. 20.[100]Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163: this species is the Ghor-Khur of N.W. India, and has often been called the Hemionus of Pallas.See, also, Mr. Blyth's excellent paper in 'Journ. of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii., 1860, p. 229.[101]Another species of wild ass, the trueA. hemionusorKiang, which ordinarily has no shoulder-stripes, is said occasionally to have them; and these, as with the horse and ass, are sometimes double:seeMr. Blyth, in the paper just quoted, and in 'Indian Sporting Review,' 1856, p. 320; and Col. Hamilton Smith, in 'Nat. Library, Horses,' p. 318; and 'Dict. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. iii. p. 563.[102]Figured in the 'Gleanings from the Knowsley Menageries,' by Dr. J. E. Gray.[103]Cases of both Spanish and Polish hens sitting are given in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' 1855, vol. iii. p. 477.[104]'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 119, 163. The author, who remarks on the two negatives ('Journ. of Hort.,' 1862, p. 325), states that two broods were raised from a Spanish cock and Silver-pencilled Hamburgh hen, neither of which are incubators, and no less than seven out of eight hens in these two broods "showed a perfect obstinacy in sitting." The Rev. E. S. Dixon ('Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 200) says that chickens reared from a cross between Golden and Black Polish fowls, are "good and steady birds to sit." Mr. B. P. Brent informs me that he raised some good sitting hens by crossing Pencilled Hamburgh and Polish breeds. A cross-bred bird from a Spanish non-incubating cock and Cochin incubating hen is mentioned in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii. p. 13, as an "exemplary mother." On the other hand, an exceptional case is given in the 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 388, of a hen raised from a Spanish cock and black Polish hen which did not incubate.[105]'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165, 167.[106]'Natural History Review,' 1863, April, p. 277.[107]'Essays on Natural History,' p. 197.[108]As stated by Mr. Orton, in his 'Physiology of Breeding,' p. 12.[109]M. E. de Selys-Longchamps refers ('Bulletin Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles,' tom. xii. No. 10) to more than seven of these hybrids shot in Switzerland and France. M. Deby asserts ('Zoologist,' vol. v., 1845-46, p. 1254) that several have been shot in various parts of Belgium and Northern France. Audubon ('Ornitholog. Biography,' vol. iii. p. 168), speaking of these hybrids, says that, in North America, they "now and then wander off and become quite wild."[110]'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 71.[111]'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, pp. 25, 150.[112]Dr. P. Broca, on 'Hybridity in the Genus Homo,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 39.[113]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 151.[114]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 582, 438, &c.[115]'Die Bastardbefruchtung ... der Weiden,' 1865, s. 23. For Gärtner's remarks on this head,see'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 474, 582.[116]Yarrell, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1827, p. 268; Dr. Hamilton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 23.[117]'Archiv. Skand. Beiträge zur Naturgesch.,' viii. s. 397-413.[118]In his 'Essays on Nat. Hist.,' 1838. Mr. Hewitt gives analogous cases with hen-pheasants in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 12, 1864, p. 37. Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in his 'Essais de Zoolog. Gén.' (suites à Buffon, 1842, pp. 496-513), has collected such cases in ten different kinds of birds. It appears that Aristotle was well aware of the change in mental disposition in old hens. The case of the female deer acquiring horns is given at p. 513.[119]'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 379.[120]'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, tom. ii. p. 8.[121]Sir H. Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 31.[122]Prof. Thomson on Steenstrup's Views on the Obliquity of Flounders: 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' May, 1865, p. 361.[123]Dr. E. von Martens, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March, 1866, p. 209.[124]Darwin, 'Balanidæ,' Ray Soc., 1854, p. 499:seealso the appended remarks on the apparently capricious development of the thoracic limbs on the right and left sides in the higher crustaceans.[125]Mormodes ignea: Darwin, 'Fertilization of Orchids,' 1862, p. 251.[126]'Journal of Horticulture,' July, 1864, p. 38. I have had the opportunity of examining these remarkable feathers through the kindness of Mr. Tegetmeier.[127]'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 241.[128]Carl Vogt, 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 411.[129]On Cattle, p. 174.[130]Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 353. With respect to the mammæ in women,seetom. i. p. 710.[131]'Natural Hist. Review,' April, 1863, p. 258.Seealso his Lecture, Royal Institution, March 16, 1860. On same subject,seeMoquin-Tandon, 'Eléments de Tératologie,' 1841, pp. 184, 352.[132]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 89; Naudin, 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.[133]In his discussion on some curious peloric calceolarias, quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.[134]For other cases of six divisions in peloric flowers of the Labiatæ and Scrophulariaceæ,seeMoquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 192.[135]Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 186.[136]SeeYouatt on Cattle, pp. 92, 69, 78, 88, 163: also Youatt on Sheep, p. 325. Also Dr. Lucas, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 310.[137]'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 112-120.[138]Sir H. Holland, 'Chapters on Mental Physiology,' 1852, p. 234.[139]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270.[140]Mr. N. H. Smith, Observations on Breeding, quoted in 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 278.[141]Quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170.SeeSturm, 'Ueber Racen,' 1825, s. 104-107. For the niata cattle,seemy 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 146.[142]Lucas, 'l'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 112.[143]Mr. Orton, 'Physiology of Breeding,' 1855, p. 9.[144]Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 224.[145]'Les Pigeons, pp. 168, 198.[146]'Das Ganze,' &c., 1837, s. 39.[147]'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.[148]'Physiology of Breeding,' p.22; Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 224.[149]Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 226.[150]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 256, 290, &c. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 149) gives a striking instance of prepotency inDatura stramoniumwhen crossed with two other species.[151]Flourens, 'Longévité Humaine,' p. 144, on crossed jackals. With respect to the difference between the mule and the hinny, I am aware that this has generally been attributed to the sire and dam transmitting their characters differently; but Colin, who has given in his 'Traité Phys. Comp.,' tom. ii. pp. 537-539, the fullest description which I have met with of these reciprocal hybrids, is strongly of opinion that the ass preponderates in both crosses, but in an unequal degree. This is likewise the conclusion of Flourens, and of Bechstein in his 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 294. The tail of the hinny is much more like that of the horse than is the tail of the mule, and this is generally accounted for by the males of both species transmitting with greater power this part of their structure; but a compound hybrid which I saw in the Zoological Gardens, from a mare by a hybrid ass-zebra, closely resembled its mother in its tail.[152]Mr. Hewitt, who has had such great experience in raising these hybrids, says ('Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165-167) that in all, the head was destitute of wattles, comb, and ear-lappets; and all closely resembled the pheasant in the shape of the tail and general contour of the body. These hybrids were raised from hens of several breeds by a cock-pheasant; but another hybrid, described by Mr. Hewitt, was raised from a hen-pheasant by a silver-laced Bantam cock, and this possessed a rudimental comb and wattles.[153]'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. book ii. ch. i.[154]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 264-266. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 148) has arrived at a similar conclusion.[155]'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 101, 137.[156]Seesome remarks on this head with respect to sheep by Mr. Wilson, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 15.[157]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 66.[158]Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 191.[159]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.[160]'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 137-165.See, also, Mr. Sedgwick's four memoirs, immediately to be referred to.[161]On Sexual Limitation in Hereditary Diseases, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 477; July, p. 198; April, 1863, p. 44; and July, p. 159.[162]W. Scrope, 'Art of Deer Stalking,' p. 354.[163]Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 173; Dr. F. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 87.[164]Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 349.[165]'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320. The third generation is described by Capt. Yule in his 'Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava,' 1855, p. 94.[166]'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 21, tab. i., fig. 4; s. 24, tab. iv., fig. 2.[167]Kidd's 'Treatise on the Canary,' p. 18.[168]Charlesworth, 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 167.[169]Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 713.[170]'L'Héréd. dans les Maladies,' 1840, p. 135. For Hunter,seeHarlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530.[171]'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 850.[172]Sedgwick, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April 1861, p. 485. I have seen three accounts, all taken from the same original authority (which I have not been able to consult), and all differ in the details! but as they agree in the main facts, I have ventured to quote this case.[173]Prosper Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 400.[174]Sedgwick, idem, July, 1861, p. 202.[175]Piorry, p. 109; Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 759.[176]Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 748.[177]Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. pp. 678, 700, 702; Sedgwick, idem, April, 1863, p. 449, and July, 1863, p. 162; Dr. J. Steinan, 'Essay on Hereditary Disease,' 1843, pp. 27, 34.[178]These cases are given by Mr. Sedgwick, on the authority of Dr. H. Stewart, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, pp. 449, 477.[179]'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 852.[180]Communications to the Board of Agriculture, vol. i. p. 367.[181]'Review of Reports, North of England,' 1808, p. 200.[182]'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 212.[183]Rengger, 'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 154.[184]White, 'Regular Gradation in Man,' p. 146.[185]Dr. W. F. Edwards, in his 'Charactères Physiolog. des Races Humaines,' p. 23, first called attention to this subject, and ably discussed it.[186]Rev. D. Tyerman, and Bennett, 'Journal of Voyages,' 1821-1829, vol. i. p. 300.[187]Mr. S. J. Salter, 'Journal Linn. Soc.,' vol. vi., 1862, p. 71.[188]Sturm, 'Ueber Racen, &c.,' 1825, s. 107. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur.,' b. ii. s. 170, gives a table of the proportions of blood after successive crosses. Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 308.[189]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 463, 470.[190]'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1794, p. 393:seealso previous volume.[191]As quoted in the 'True Principles of Breeding,' by C. H. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 1865, p. 11.[192]With respect to plants, an admirable essay on this subject (Die Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen: 1867) has lately been published by Dr. Hildebrand, who arrives at the same general conclusions as I have done.[193]'Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetal,' 1816, p. 12.[194]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 72.[195]Duval-Jouve, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. de France,' tom. x., 1863, p. 194.[196]Extract of a letter from Sir R. Heron, 1838, given me by Mr. Yarrell. With respect to mice,see'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 180; and I have heard of other similar cases. For turtle-doves, Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 238. For the Game fowl, 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 128. For crosses of tailless fowls,seeBechstein, 'Naturges. Deutsch.' b. iii. s. 403. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170, gives analogous facts with horses. On the hairless condition of crossed South American dogs,seeRengger, 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 152: but I saw in the Zoological Gardens mongrels, from a similar cross, which were hairless, quite hairy, or hairy in patches, that is, piebald with hair. For crosses of Dorking and other fowls,see'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii. p. 355. About the crossed pigs, extract of letter from Sir R. Heron to Mr. Yarrell. For other cases,seeP. Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 212.[197]'Internat. Hort. and Bot. Congress of London,' 1866.[198]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 307. Kölreuter ('Dritte Fortsetszung,' s. 34, 39), however, obtained intermediate tints from similar crosses in the genus Verbascum. With respect to the turnips,seeHerbert's 'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 370.[199]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 100.[200]Richardson, 'Pigs,' 1847, pp. 37, 42; S. Sidney's edition of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 3.[201]SeeMr. W. C. Spooner's excellent paper on Cross-Breeding, 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.:seealso an equally good article by Mr. Ch. Howard, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 320.[202]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, pp. 649, 652.[203]'Bulletin de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1862, tom. ix. p. 463.Seealso, for other cases, MM. Moll and Gayot, 'Du Bœuf,' 1860, p. xxxii.[204]'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 36.[205]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 58.[206]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, p. 765.[207]Spooner, in 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.[208]SeeColin's 'Traité de Phys. Comp. des Animaux Domestiques,' tom. ii. p. 536, where this subject is well treated.[209]'Les Pigeons,' p. 37.[210]Vol. i., 1854, p. 101.[211]'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 110.[212]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 553.[213]Dr. Pigeaux, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. iii., July 1866, as quoted in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1867, vol. xx. p. 75.[214]'Journal de Physiolog.,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 385.[215]Dec. 1863, p. 484.[216]On the Varieties of Wheat, p. 66.[217]Rengger, 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 336.[218]Seea memoir by MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., July, 1861, p. 312.[219]For the Norfolk sheep,seeMarshall's 'Rural Economy of Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 133.SeeRev. L. Landt's 'Description of Faroe,' p. 66. For the ancon sheep,see'Phil. Transact.,' 1813, p. 90.[220]White's 'Nat. Hist. of Selbourne,' edited by Bennett, p. 39. With respect to the origin of the dark-coloured deer,see'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by E. P. Shirley, Esq.[221]'The Dovecote,' by the Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 155; Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 17.[222]'Cattle,' p. 202.[223]Mr. J. Wilkinson, in 'Remarks addressed to Sir J. Sebright,' 1820, p. 38.[224]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.[225]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 169.Seealso the Table at the end of volume.[226]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 577.[227]'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' s. 137; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 92, 181. On raising the two varieties from seedsees. 307.[228]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 216.[229]The following facts, given by Kölreuter in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 34, 39, appear at first sight strongly to confirm Mr. Scott's and Gärtner's statements; and to a certain limited extent they do so. Kölreuter asserts, from innumerable observations, that insects incessantly carry pollen from one species and variety of Verbascum to another; and I can confirm this assertion; yet he found that the white and yellow varieties ofVerbascum lychnitisoften grew wild mingled together: moreover, he cultivated these two varieties in considerable numbers during four years in his garden, and they kept true by seed; but when he crossed them, they produced flowers of an intermediate tint. Hence it might have thought that both varieties must have a stronger elective affinity for the pollen of their own variety than for that of the other; this elective affinity, I may add, of each species for its own pollen (Kölreuter, 'Dritte Forts.,' s. 39, and Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,'passim) being a perfectly well-ascertained power. But the force of the foregoing facts is much lessened by Gärtner's numerous experiments, for, differently from Kölreuter, he never once got ('Bastarderz.,' s. 307) an intermediate tint when he crossed the yellow and white flowered varieties of Verbascum. So that the fact of the white and yellow varieties keeping true to their colour by seed does not prove that they were not mutually fertilised by the pollen carried by insects from one to the other.[230]'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 366. Gärtner has made a similar observation.[231]Kölreuter first observed this fact. 'Mém. de l'Acad. St. Petersburg,' vol. iii. p. 197.Seealso C. K. Sprengel, 'Das Entdeckte Geheimniss,' s. 345.[232]Namely, Barbarines, Pastissons, Giraumous: 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxx., 1833, pp. 398 and 405.[233]'Mémoire sur les Cucurbitaceæ,' 1826, pp. 46, 55.[234]'Annales des Se. Nat.,' 4th series, tom. vi. M. Naudin considers these forms as undoubtedly varieties ofCucurbita pepo.[235]'Mém. Cucurb.,' p. 8.[236]'Zweite Forts.,' s. 53, namely, Nicotiana major vulgaris; (2) perennis; (3) Transylvanica; (4) a sub-var. of the last; (5) major latifol. fl. alb.[237]Kölreuter was so much struck with this fact that he suspected that a little pollen ofN. glutinosain one of his experiments might have accidentally got mingled with that ofvar. perennis, and thus aided its fertilising power. But we now know conclusively from Gärtner ('Bastarderz.,' s. 34, 431) that two kinds of pollen never actconjointlyon a third species; still less will the pollen of a distinct species, mingled with a plant's own pollen, if the latter be present in sufficient quantity, have any effect. The sole effect of mingling two kinds of pollen is to produce in the same capsule seeds which yield plants, some taking after the one and some after the other parent.[238]Mr. Scott has made some observations on the absolute sterility of a purple and white primrose (Primula vulgaris) when fertilised by pollen from the primrose ('Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 98); but these observations require confirmation. I raised a number of purple-flowered long-styled seedlings from seed kindly sent me by Mr. Scott, and, though they were all some degree sterile, they were much more fertile with pollen taken from the common primrose than with their own pollen. Mr. Scott has likewise described a red equal-styled cowslip (P. veris, idem, p. 106), which was found by him to be highly sterile when crossed with the common cowslip; but this was not the case with several equal-styled red seedlings raised by me from his plant. This variety of the cowslip presents the remarkable peculiarity of combining male organs in every respect like those of the short-styled form, with female organs resembling in function and partly in structure those of the long-styled form; so that we have the singular anomaly of the two forms combined in the same flower. Hence it is not surprising that these flowers should be spontaneously self-infertile in a high degree.[239]'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii., pp. 84, 100.[240]'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxi. (1st series), p. 61.[241]'Bull. Bot. Soc. de France,' Dec. 27th, 1861, tom. viii. p. 612.[242]Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Naturelle Générale,' tom. iii. p. 476. Since this MS. has been sent to press a full discussion on the present subject has appeared in Mr. Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1867, p. 457et seq.[243]For cats and dogs, &c.,seeBellingeri, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xii. p. 155. For ferrets, Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band i., 1801, s. 786, 795. For rabbits, ditto, s. 1123, 1131; and Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 99. For mountain sheep, ditto, s. 102. For the fertility of the wild sow,seeBechstein's 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' B. i., 1801, s. 534; for the domestic pig, Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 62. With respect to Lapland,seeAcerbi's 'Travels to the North Cape,' Eng. translat., vol. ii. p. 222. About the Highland cows,seeHogg on Sheep, p. 263.[244]For the eggs ofGallus bankiva,seeBlyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2nd series, vol. i., 1848, p. 456. For wild and tame ducks, Macgillivray, 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 37; and 'Die Enten,' s. 87. For wild geese, L. Lloyd, 'Scandinavian Adventures,' vol. ii. 1854, p. 413; and for tame geese, 'Ornamental Poultry,' by Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 139. On the breeding of pigeons, Pistor, 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1831, s. 46; and Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 158. With respect to peacocks, according to Temminck ('Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. ii. p. 41), the hen lays in India even as many as twenty eggs; but according to Jerdon and another writer (quoted in Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, pp. 280, 282), she there lays only from four to nine or ten eggs: in England she is said, in the 'Poultry Book,' to lay five or six, but another writer says from eight to twelve eggs.[245]'The Art of Improving the Breed, &c.,' 1809, p. 16.[246]For Andrew Knight,seeA. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 227. Sir J. Sebright's Treatise has just been quoted.[247]'Cattle,' p. 199.[248]Nathusius, 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 71:seealso 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270. Many analogous cases are given in a pamphlet recently published by Mr. C. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 'On the True Principles of Breeding;' Melbourne, Australia, 1865.[249]Mr. Willoughby Wood, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1855, p. 411; and 1860, p. 270.Seethe very clear tables and pedigrees given in Nathusius' 'Rindvieh,' s. 72-77.[250]Mr. Wright, 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1846, p. 204.[251]Youatt on Cattle, p. 202.[252]Report British Assoc., Zoolog. Sect., 1838.[253]Azara, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. pp. 354, 368.[254]For the case of the Messrs. Brown,see'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 26. For the Foscote flock, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 416. For the Naz flock, 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1860, p. 477.[255]Nathusius, 'Rindvieh,' s. 65; Youatt on Sheep, p. 495.[256]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 631.[257]Lord Somerville, 'Facts on Sheep and Husbandry,' p. 6. Mr. Spooner, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii.Seealso an excellent paper on the same subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 321, by Mr. Charles Howard.[258]'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by Evelyn P. Shirley, 1867.[259]'The Art of Improving the Breed,' &c., p. 13. With respect to Scotch deer-hounds,seeScrope's 'Art of Deer Stalking,' pp. 350-353.[260]'Cottage Gardener,' 1861, p. 327.[261]Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 30; p. 33, quotation from Mr. Druce; p. 29, on Lord Western's case.[262]'Journal, Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205.
[1]'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 267.
[2]Mr. Buckle, in his grand work on 'Civilisation,' expresses doubts on the subject owing to the want of statistics.Seealso Mr. Bowen, Professor of Moral Philosophy, in 'Proc. American Acad. of Sciences,' vol. v. p. 102
[3]For greyhounds,seeLow's 'Domest. Animals of the British Islands,' 1845, p. 721. For game-fowls,see'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 123. For pigs,seeMr. Sidney's edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, pp. 11, 22.
[4]'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 39.
[5]'Philosophical Transactions,' 1755, p. 23. I have seen only second-hand accounts of the two grandsons. Mr. Sedgwick, in a paper to which I shall hereafter often refer, states thatfourgenerations were affected, and in each the males alone.
[6]Barbara Van Beck, figured, as I am informed by the Rev. W. D. Fox, in Woodburn's 'Gallery of Rare Portraits,' 1816, vol. ii.
[7]'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 16
[8]Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 34. Report by Pariset in 'Comptes Rendus,' 1847, p. 592.
[9]Hunter, as quoted in Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530. Sir A. Carlisle, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94.
[10]Girou de Buzareignues, 'De la Génération,' p. 282.
[11]'Macmillan's Magazine,' July and August, 1865.
[12]The works which I have read and found most useful are Dr. Prosper Lucas's great work, 'Traité de l'Hérédité Naturelle,' 1847. Mr. W. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1861, and April and July, 1863: Dr. Garrod on Gout is quoted in these articles. Sir Henry Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855. Piorry, 'De l'Hérédité dans les Maladies,' 1840. Adams, 'A Philosophical Treatise on Hereditary Peculiarities,' 2nd edit., 1815. Essay on 'Hereditary Diseases,' by Dr. J. Steinan, 1843.SeePaget, in 'Medical Times,' 1857, p. 192, on the Inheritance of Cancer; Dr. Gould, in 'Proc. of American Acad. of Sciences,' Nov. 8, 1853, gives a curious case of hereditary bleeding in four generations. Harlan, 'Medical Researches,' p. 593.
[13]Marshall, quoted by Youatt in his work on Cattle, p. 284.
[14]'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94.
[15]'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., p. 33.
[16]This affection, as I hear from Mr. Bowman, has been ably described and spoken of as hereditary by Dr. Dondera, of Utrecht, whose work was published in English by the Sydenham Society in 1864.
[17]Quoted by Mr. Herbert Spencer, 'Principles of Biology,' vol. i. p. 244.
[18]'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review, 'April, 1861, p. 482-6; 'l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. pp. 391-408.
[19]Dr. Osborne, Pres. of Royal College of Phys. in Ireland, published this case in the 'Dublin Medical Journal' for 1835.
[20]These various statements are taken from the following works and papers:—Youatt on 'The Horse,' pp. 35, 220. Lawrence, 'The Horse,' p. 30. Karkeek, in an excellent paper in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1853, p. 92. Mr. Burke, in 'Journal of R. Agricul. Soc. of England,' vol. v. p. 511. 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 279. Girou de Buzareignues, 'Philosoph. Phys.,' p. 215.Seefollowing papers in 'The Veterinary:' Roberts, in vol. ii. p. 144; M. Marrimpoey, vol. ii. p. 387; Mr. Karkeek, vol. iv. p. 5; Youatt on Goître in Dogs, vol. v. p. 483; Youatt, in vol. vi. pp. 66, 348, 412; M. Bernard, vol. xi. p. 539; Dr. Samesreuther, on Cattle, in vol. xii. p. 181; Percivall, in vol. xiii. p. 47. With respect to blindness in horses,seealso a whole row of authorities in Dr. P. Lucas's great work, tom. i. p. 399. Mr. Baker, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 721, gives a strong case of hereditary imperfect vision and of jibbing.
[21]Knight on 'The Culture of the Apple and Pear,' p. 31. Lindley's 'Horticulture,' p. 180.
[22]These statements are taken from the following works in order:—Youatt on 'The Horse,' p. 48; Mr. Darvill, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. viii. p. 50. With respect to Robson,see'The Veterinary,' vol. iii. p. 580; Mr. Lawrence on 'The Horse,' 1829, p. 9; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, 1851; Baron Cameronn, quoted in 'The Veterinary,' vol x. p. 500.
[23]'Recreations in Agriculture and Nat. Hist.,' vol. i. p. 68.
[24]'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 107.
[25]Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' band ii. s. 132.
[26]Vrolik has discussed this point at full length in a work published in Dutch, from which Mr. Paget has kindly translated for me passages.See, also, Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's 'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. p. 684.
[27]'Edinburgh New Phil. Journal,' July, 1863.
[28]Some great anatomists, as Cuvier and Meckel, believe that the tubercle one side of the hinder foot of the tailless Batrachians represents a sixth digit. Certainly, when the hinder foot of a toad, as soon as it first sprouts from the tadpole, is dissected, the partially ossified cartilage of this tubercle resembles under the microscope, in a remarkable manner, a digit. But the highest authority on such subjects, Gegenbaur (Untersuchung. zur vergleich. anat. der Wirbelthiere: Carpus et Tarsus, 1864, s. 63), concludes that this resemblance is not real, only superficial.
[29]For these several statements,seeDr. Struthers, in work cited, especially on intermissions in the line of descent. Prof. Huxley, 'Lectures on our Knowledge of Organic Nature,' 1863, p. 97. With respect to inheritance,seeDr. Prosper Lucas, 'L'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. i. p. 325. Isid. Geoffroy, 'Anom.,' tom. i. p. 701. Sir A. Carlisle, in 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94. A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 140, gives a case of five generations; as does Mr. Sedgwick, in 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, p. 462. On the inheritance of other anomalies in the extremities,seeDr. H. Dobell, in vol. xlvi. of 'Medico-Chirurg. Transactions,' 1863; also Mr. Sedgwick, in op. cit., April, 1863, p. 460. With respect to additional digits in the negro,seePrichard, 'Physical History of Mankind.' Dr. Dieffenbach ('Journ. Royal Geograph. Soc.,' 1841, p. 208) says this anomaly is not uncommon with the Polynesians of the Chatham Islands.
[30]'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, p. 559.
[31]The statements in this paragraph are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. pp. 688-693.
[32]As quoted by Carpenter, 'Princ. of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 480.
[33]Müller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. i. 1838, p. 407. A thrush, however, was exhibited before the British Association at Hull, in 1853, which had lost its tarsus, and this member, it was asserted, had been thrice reproduced: I presume it was lost each time by disease.
[34]'Monthly Journal of Medical Science,' Edinburgh, 1848, new series, vol. ii. p. 890.
[35]'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' trans. by Dr. Maty, 1769, p. 79.
[36]Bonnet, 'Œuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 4to. edit., 1781, pp. 343, 350, 353.
[37]So with insects, the larvæ reproduce lost limbs, but, except in one order, the mature insect has no such power. But the Myriapoda, which apparently represent the larvæ of true insects, have, as Newport has shown, this power until their last moult.Seean excellent discussion on this whole subject by Dr. Carpenter in his 'Princ. Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 479.
[38]Dr. Günther, in Owen's 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. i., 1866, p. 567. Spallanzani has made similar observations.
[39]'On the Anatomy of Vertebrates,' 1866, p. 170: with respect to the pectoral fins of fishes, pp. 166-168.
[40]'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 1839, pp. 24, 34.See, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 33.
[41]'Du Danger des Mariages Consanguins,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 103.
[42]'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1863, pp. 183, 189.
[43]Verlot, 'La Production des Variétés,' 1865, p. 32.
[44]Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 368.
[45]Verlot, 'La Product. des Variétés,' 1865, p. 94.
[46]Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 121.
[47]Rev. W. A. Leighton, 'Flora of Shropshire,' p. 497; and Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i, 1837, p. 30.
[48]Verlot, op. cit., p. 93.
[49]For these several statements,seeLoudon's 'Gard. Magazine,' vol. x., 1834, pp. 408, 180; and vol. ix., 1833, p. 597.
[50]These statements are taken from Alph. De Candolle, 'Bot. Géograph.,' p. 1083.
[51]Verlot, op. cit., p. 38.
[52]Op. cit., p. 59.
[53]Alph. De Candolle, 'Géograph. Bot.,' p. 1082.
[54]See'Cottage Gardener,' April 10, 1860, p. 18, and Sept. 10, 1861, p. 456; 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 102.
[55]Darwin, in 'Journal of Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot.,' 1862, p. 94.
[56]Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 10.
[57]Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. iv. s. 462. Mr. Brent, a great breeder of canaries, informs me that he believes that these statements are correct.
[58]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.
[59]'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1861, pp. 200-204. Mr. Sedgwick has given such full details on this subject, with ample references, that I need refer to no other authorities.
[60]'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 299.
[61]'Philosoph. Magazine,' vol. iv., 1799, p. 5.
[62]This last case is quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 484. For Blumenbach,seeabove-cited paper.See, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'Traité de l'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 492. Also 'Transact. Lin. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 323. Some curious cases are given by Mr. Baker in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 723. Another curious case is given in the 'Annales des Scienc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xi. p. 324.
[63]'Proc. Royal Soc.,' vol. x. p. 297.
[64]Mr. Sproule, in 'British Medical Journal,' April 18, 1863.
[65]Downing, 'Fruits of America,' p. 5; Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' pp. 43, 72.
[66]Youatt on Sheep, pp. 20, 234. The same fact of loose horns occasionally appearing in hornless breeds has been observed in Germany: Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 362.
[67]Youatt on Cattle, pp. 155, 174.
[68]Youatt on Sheep, 1838, pp. 17, 145.
[69]I have been informed of this fact through the Rev. W. D. Fox, on the excellent authority of Mr. Wilmot:see, also, remarks on this subject in an original article in the 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 395.
[70]Youatt, pp. 19, 234.
[71]'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 231.
[72]Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. x., 1834, p. 396: a nurseryman, with much experience on this subject, has likewise assured me that this sometimes occurs.
[73]'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 777.
[74]Ibid., 1862, p. 721.
[75]Seesome excellent remarks on this subject by Mr. Wallace, 'Journal Proc. Linn. Soc.,' 1858, vol. iii. p. 60.
[76]Dureau de la Malle, in 'Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 807. From the statements above given, the author concludes that the wild pigs of Louisiana are not descended from the EuropeanSus scrofa.
[77]Capt. W. Allen, in his 'Expedition to the Niger,' states that fowls have run wild on the island of Annobon, and have become modified in form and voice. The account is so meagre and vague that it did not appear to me worth copying; but I now find that Dureau de la Malle ('Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 690) advances this as a good instance of reversion to the primitive stock, and as confirmatory of a still more vague statement in classical times by Varro.
[78]'Flora of Australia,' 1859, Introduct., p. ix.
[79]'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. pp. 54, 58, 60.
[80]Mr. Sedgwick gives many instances in the 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1863, pp. 448, 188.
[81]In his edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 27.
[82]Dr. P. Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 314, 892:seea good practical article on this subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 620. I could add a vast number of references, but they would be superfluous.
[83]Kölreuter gives cases in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' 1766, s. 53, 59; and in his well-known 'Memoirs on Lavatera and Jalapa.' Gärtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 437, 441, &c. Naudin, in his 'Recherches sur l'Hybridité, Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 25.
[84]Quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 485. Dr. H. Dobell, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Transactions,' vol. xlvi., gives an analogous case, in which, in a large family, fingers with thickened joints were transmitted to several members during five generations; but when the blemish once disappeared it never reappeared.
[85]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 63.
[86]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 25. Alex. Braun (in his 'Rejuvenescence,' Ray Soc., 1853, p. 315) apparently holds a similar opinion.
[87]Mr. Teebay, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 72.
[88]Quoted by Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 98.
[89]'Essais Hist. Nat. du Paraguay,' tom. ii. 1801, p. 372.
[90]These facts are given on the high authority of Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 248.
[91]'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 97.
[92]'Gardener's Chron. and Agricultural Gazette,' 1866, p. 528.
[93]Ibid., 1860, p. 343.
[94]Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163.
[95]'History of the Horse,' p. 212.
[96]'Mém. présentés par divers Savans à l'Acad. Royale,' tom. vi. 1835, p. 338.
[97]'Letters from Alabama,' 1859, p. 280.
[98]'Hist. Nat. des Mammifères,' 1820, tom. i.
[99]'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1821, p. 20.
[100]Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163: this species is the Ghor-Khur of N.W. India, and has often been called the Hemionus of Pallas.See, also, Mr. Blyth's excellent paper in 'Journ. of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii., 1860, p. 229.
[101]Another species of wild ass, the trueA. hemionusorKiang, which ordinarily has no shoulder-stripes, is said occasionally to have them; and these, as with the horse and ass, are sometimes double:seeMr. Blyth, in the paper just quoted, and in 'Indian Sporting Review,' 1856, p. 320; and Col. Hamilton Smith, in 'Nat. Library, Horses,' p. 318; and 'Dict. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. iii. p. 563.
[102]Figured in the 'Gleanings from the Knowsley Menageries,' by Dr. J. E. Gray.
[103]Cases of both Spanish and Polish hens sitting are given in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' 1855, vol. iii. p. 477.
[104]'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 119, 163. The author, who remarks on the two negatives ('Journ. of Hort.,' 1862, p. 325), states that two broods were raised from a Spanish cock and Silver-pencilled Hamburgh hen, neither of which are incubators, and no less than seven out of eight hens in these two broods "showed a perfect obstinacy in sitting." The Rev. E. S. Dixon ('Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 200) says that chickens reared from a cross between Golden and Black Polish fowls, are "good and steady birds to sit." Mr. B. P. Brent informs me that he raised some good sitting hens by crossing Pencilled Hamburgh and Polish breeds. A cross-bred bird from a Spanish non-incubating cock and Cochin incubating hen is mentioned in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii. p. 13, as an "exemplary mother." On the other hand, an exceptional case is given in the 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 388, of a hen raised from a Spanish cock and black Polish hen which did not incubate.
[105]'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165, 167.
[106]'Natural History Review,' 1863, April, p. 277.
[107]'Essays on Natural History,' p. 197.
[108]As stated by Mr. Orton, in his 'Physiology of Breeding,' p. 12.
[109]M. E. de Selys-Longchamps refers ('Bulletin Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles,' tom. xii. No. 10) to more than seven of these hybrids shot in Switzerland and France. M. Deby asserts ('Zoologist,' vol. v., 1845-46, p. 1254) that several have been shot in various parts of Belgium and Northern France. Audubon ('Ornitholog. Biography,' vol. iii. p. 168), speaking of these hybrids, says that, in North America, they "now and then wander off and become quite wild."
[110]'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 71.
[111]'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, pp. 25, 150.
[112]Dr. P. Broca, on 'Hybridity in the Genus Homo,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 39.
[113]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 151.
[114]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 582, 438, &c.
[115]'Die Bastardbefruchtung ... der Weiden,' 1865, s. 23. For Gärtner's remarks on this head,see'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 474, 582.
[116]Yarrell, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1827, p. 268; Dr. Hamilton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 23.
[117]'Archiv. Skand. Beiträge zur Naturgesch.,' viii. s. 397-413.
[118]In his 'Essays on Nat. Hist.,' 1838. Mr. Hewitt gives analogous cases with hen-pheasants in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 12, 1864, p. 37. Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in his 'Essais de Zoolog. Gén.' (suites à Buffon, 1842, pp. 496-513), has collected such cases in ten different kinds of birds. It appears that Aristotle was well aware of the change in mental disposition in old hens. The case of the female deer acquiring horns is given at p. 513.
[119]'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 379.
[120]'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, tom. ii. p. 8.
[121]Sir H. Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 31.
[122]Prof. Thomson on Steenstrup's Views on the Obliquity of Flounders: 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' May, 1865, p. 361.
[123]Dr. E. von Martens, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March, 1866, p. 209.
[124]Darwin, 'Balanidæ,' Ray Soc., 1854, p. 499:seealso the appended remarks on the apparently capricious development of the thoracic limbs on the right and left sides in the higher crustaceans.
[125]Mormodes ignea: Darwin, 'Fertilization of Orchids,' 1862, p. 251.
[126]'Journal of Horticulture,' July, 1864, p. 38. I have had the opportunity of examining these remarkable feathers through the kindness of Mr. Tegetmeier.
[127]'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 241.
[128]Carl Vogt, 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 411.
[129]On Cattle, p. 174.
[130]Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 353. With respect to the mammæ in women,seetom. i. p. 710.
[131]'Natural Hist. Review,' April, 1863, p. 258.Seealso his Lecture, Royal Institution, March 16, 1860. On same subject,seeMoquin-Tandon, 'Eléments de Tératologie,' 1841, pp. 184, 352.
[132]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 89; Naudin, 'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.
[133]In his discussion on some curious peloric calceolarias, quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.
[134]For other cases of six divisions in peloric flowers of the Labiatæ and Scrophulariaceæ,seeMoquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 192.
[135]Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 186.
[136]SeeYouatt on Cattle, pp. 92, 69, 78, 88, 163: also Youatt on Sheep, p. 325. Also Dr. Lucas, 'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 310.
[137]'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 112-120.
[138]Sir H. Holland, 'Chapters on Mental Physiology,' 1852, p. 234.
[139]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270.
[140]Mr. N. H. Smith, Observations on Breeding, quoted in 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 278.
[141]Quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170.SeeSturm, 'Ueber Racen,' 1825, s. 104-107. For the niata cattle,seemy 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 146.
[142]Lucas, 'l'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 112.
[143]Mr. Orton, 'Physiology of Breeding,' 1855, p. 9.
[144]Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 224.
[145]'Les Pigeons, pp. 168, 198.
[146]'Das Ganze,' &c., 1837, s. 39.
[147]'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.
[148]'Physiology of Breeding,' p.22; Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 224.
[149]Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 226.
[150]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 256, 290, &c. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 149) gives a striking instance of prepotency inDatura stramoniumwhen crossed with two other species.
[151]Flourens, 'Longévité Humaine,' p. 144, on crossed jackals. With respect to the difference between the mule and the hinny, I am aware that this has generally been attributed to the sire and dam transmitting their characters differently; but Colin, who has given in his 'Traité Phys. Comp.,' tom. ii. pp. 537-539, the fullest description which I have met with of these reciprocal hybrids, is strongly of opinion that the ass preponderates in both crosses, but in an unequal degree. This is likewise the conclusion of Flourens, and of Bechstein in his 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 294. The tail of the hinny is much more like that of the horse than is the tail of the mule, and this is generally accounted for by the males of both species transmitting with greater power this part of their structure; but a compound hybrid which I saw in the Zoological Gardens, from a mare by a hybrid ass-zebra, closely resembled its mother in its tail.
[152]Mr. Hewitt, who has had such great experience in raising these hybrids, says ('Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165-167) that in all, the head was destitute of wattles, comb, and ear-lappets; and all closely resembled the pheasant in the shape of the tail and general contour of the body. These hybrids were raised from hens of several breeds by a cock-pheasant; but another hybrid, described by Mr. Hewitt, was raised from a hen-pheasant by a silver-laced Bantam cock, and this possessed a rudimental comb and wattles.
[153]'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. book ii. ch. i.
[154]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 264-266. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 148) has arrived at a similar conclusion.
[155]'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 101, 137.
[156]Seesome remarks on this head with respect to sheep by Mr. Wilson, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 15.
[157]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 66.
[158]Moquin-Tandon, 'Tératologie,' p. 191.
[159]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 137.
[160]'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 137-165.See, also, Mr. Sedgwick's four memoirs, immediately to be referred to.
[161]On Sexual Limitation in Hereditary Diseases, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 477; July, p. 198; April, 1863, p. 44; and July, p. 159.
[162]W. Scrope, 'Art of Deer Stalking,' p. 354.
[163]Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 173; Dr. F. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 87.
[164]Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 349.
[165]'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320. The third generation is described by Capt. Yule in his 'Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava,' 1855, p. 94.
[166]'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 21, tab. i., fig. 4; s. 24, tab. iv., fig. 2.
[167]Kidd's 'Treatise on the Canary,' p. 18.
[168]Charlesworth, 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 167.
[169]Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 713.
[170]'L'Héréd. dans les Maladies,' 1840, p. 135. For Hunter,seeHarlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530.
[171]'L'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 850.
[172]Sedgwick, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April 1861, p. 485. I have seen three accounts, all taken from the same original authority (which I have not been able to consult), and all differ in the details! but as they agree in the main facts, I have ventured to quote this case.
[173]Prosper Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 400.
[174]Sedgwick, idem, July, 1861, p. 202.
[175]Piorry, p. 109; Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 759.
[176]Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 748.
[177]Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. pp. 678, 700, 702; Sedgwick, idem, April, 1863, p. 449, and July, 1863, p. 162; Dr. J. Steinan, 'Essay on Hereditary Disease,' 1843, pp. 27, 34.
[178]These cases are given by Mr. Sedgwick, on the authority of Dr. H. Stewart, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, pp. 449, 477.
[179]'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 852.
[180]Communications to the Board of Agriculture, vol. i. p. 367.
[181]'Review of Reports, North of England,' 1808, p. 200.
[182]'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 212.
[183]Rengger, 'Säugethiere,' &c., s. 154.
[184]White, 'Regular Gradation in Man,' p. 146.
[185]Dr. W. F. Edwards, in his 'Charactères Physiolog. des Races Humaines,' p. 23, first called attention to this subject, and ably discussed it.
[186]Rev. D. Tyerman, and Bennett, 'Journal of Voyages,' 1821-1829, vol. i. p. 300.
[187]Mr. S. J. Salter, 'Journal Linn. Soc.,' vol. vi., 1862, p. 71.
[188]Sturm, 'Ueber Racen, &c.,' 1825, s. 107. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur.,' b. ii. s. 170, gives a table of the proportions of blood after successive crosses. Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Hérédité Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 308.
[189]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 463, 470.
[190]'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1794, p. 393:seealso previous volume.
[191]As quoted in the 'True Principles of Breeding,' by C. H. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 1865, p. 11.
[192]With respect to plants, an admirable essay on this subject (Die Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen: 1867) has lately been published by Dr. Hildebrand, who arrives at the same general conclusions as I have done.
[193]'Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetal,' 1816, p. 12.
[194]Verlot, 'Des Variétés,' 1865, p. 72.
[195]Duval-Jouve, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. de France,' tom. x., 1863, p. 194.
[196]Extract of a letter from Sir R. Heron, 1838, given me by Mr. Yarrell. With respect to mice,see'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 180; and I have heard of other similar cases. For turtle-doves, Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 238. For the Game fowl, 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 128. For crosses of tailless fowls,seeBechstein, 'Naturges. Deutsch.' b. iii. s. 403. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170, gives analogous facts with horses. On the hairless condition of crossed South American dogs,seeRengger, 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 152: but I saw in the Zoological Gardens mongrels, from a similar cross, which were hairless, quite hairy, or hairy in patches, that is, piebald with hair. For crosses of Dorking and other fowls,see'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii. p. 355. About the crossed pigs, extract of letter from Sir R. Heron to Mr. Yarrell. For other cases,seeP. Lucas, 'Héréd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 212.
[197]'Internat. Hort. and Bot. Congress of London,' 1866.
[198]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 307. Kölreuter ('Dritte Fortsetszung,' s. 34, 39), however, obtained intermediate tints from similar crosses in the genus Verbascum. With respect to the turnips,seeHerbert's 'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 370.
[199]'Nouvelles Archives du Muséum,' tom. i. p. 100.
[200]Richardson, 'Pigs,' 1847, pp. 37, 42; S. Sidney's edition of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 3.
[201]SeeMr. W. C. Spooner's excellent paper on Cross-Breeding, 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.:seealso an equally good article by Mr. Ch. Howard, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 320.
[202]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, pp. 649, 652.
[203]'Bulletin de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1862, tom. ix. p. 463.Seealso, for other cases, MM. Moll and Gayot, 'Du Bœuf,' 1860, p. xxxii.
[204]'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 36.
[205]'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 58.
[206]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, p. 765.
[207]Spooner, in 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.
[208]SeeColin's 'Traité de Phys. Comp. des Animaux Domestiques,' tom. ii. p. 536, where this subject is well treated.
[209]'Les Pigeons,' p. 37.
[210]Vol. i., 1854, p. 101.
[211]'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 110.
[212]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 553.
[213]Dr. Pigeaux, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. iii., July 1866, as quoted in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1867, vol. xx. p. 75.
[214]'Journal de Physiolog.,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 385.
[215]Dec. 1863, p. 484.
[216]On the Varieties of Wheat, p. 66.
[217]Rengger, 'Säugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 336.
[218]Seea memoir by MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., July, 1861, p. 312.
[219]For the Norfolk sheep,seeMarshall's 'Rural Economy of Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 133.SeeRev. L. Landt's 'Description of Faroe,' p. 66. For the ancon sheep,see'Phil. Transact.,' 1813, p. 90.
[220]White's 'Nat. Hist. of Selbourne,' edited by Bennett, p. 39. With respect to the origin of the dark-coloured deer,see'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by E. P. Shirley, Esq.
[221]'The Dovecote,' by the Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 155; Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 17.
[222]'Cattle,' p. 202.
[223]Mr. J. Wilkinson, in 'Remarks addressed to Sir J. Sebright,' 1820, p. 38.
[224]'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.
[225]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 169.Seealso the Table at the end of volume.
[226]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 577.
[227]'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' s. 137; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 92, 181. On raising the two varieties from seedsees. 307.
[228]'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 216.
[229]The following facts, given by Kölreuter in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 34, 39, appear at first sight strongly to confirm Mr. Scott's and Gärtner's statements; and to a certain limited extent they do so. Kölreuter asserts, from innumerable observations, that insects incessantly carry pollen from one species and variety of Verbascum to another; and I can confirm this assertion; yet he found that the white and yellow varieties ofVerbascum lychnitisoften grew wild mingled together: moreover, he cultivated these two varieties in considerable numbers during four years in his garden, and they kept true by seed; but when he crossed them, they produced flowers of an intermediate tint. Hence it might have thought that both varieties must have a stronger elective affinity for the pollen of their own variety than for that of the other; this elective affinity, I may add, of each species for its own pollen (Kölreuter, 'Dritte Forts.,' s. 39, and Gärtner, 'Bastarderz.,'passim) being a perfectly well-ascertained power. But the force of the foregoing facts is much lessened by Gärtner's numerous experiments, for, differently from Kölreuter, he never once got ('Bastarderz.,' s. 307) an intermediate tint when he crossed the yellow and white flowered varieties of Verbascum. So that the fact of the white and yellow varieties keeping true to their colour by seed does not prove that they were not mutually fertilised by the pollen carried by insects from one to the other.
[230]'Amaryllidaceæ,' 1837, p. 366. Gärtner has made a similar observation.
[231]Kölreuter first observed this fact. 'Mém. de l'Acad. St. Petersburg,' vol. iii. p. 197.Seealso C. K. Sprengel, 'Das Entdeckte Geheimniss,' s. 345.
[232]Namely, Barbarines, Pastissons, Giraumous: 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxx., 1833, pp. 398 and 405.
[233]'Mémoire sur les Cucurbitaceæ,' 1826, pp. 46, 55.
[234]'Annales des Se. Nat.,' 4th series, tom. vi. M. Naudin considers these forms as undoubtedly varieties ofCucurbita pepo.
[235]'Mém. Cucurb.,' p. 8.
[236]'Zweite Forts.,' s. 53, namely, Nicotiana major vulgaris; (2) perennis; (3) Transylvanica; (4) a sub-var. of the last; (5) major latifol. fl. alb.
[237]Kölreuter was so much struck with this fact that he suspected that a little pollen ofN. glutinosain one of his experiments might have accidentally got mingled with that ofvar. perennis, and thus aided its fertilising power. But we now know conclusively from Gärtner ('Bastarderz.,' s. 34, 431) that two kinds of pollen never actconjointlyon a third species; still less will the pollen of a distinct species, mingled with a plant's own pollen, if the latter be present in sufficient quantity, have any effect. The sole effect of mingling two kinds of pollen is to produce in the same capsule seeds which yield plants, some taking after the one and some after the other parent.
[238]Mr. Scott has made some observations on the absolute sterility of a purple and white primrose (Primula vulgaris) when fertilised by pollen from the primrose ('Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 98); but these observations require confirmation. I raised a number of purple-flowered long-styled seedlings from seed kindly sent me by Mr. Scott, and, though they were all some degree sterile, they were much more fertile with pollen taken from the common primrose than with their own pollen. Mr. Scott has likewise described a red equal-styled cowslip (P. veris, idem, p. 106), which was found by him to be highly sterile when crossed with the common cowslip; but this was not the case with several equal-styled red seedlings raised by me from his plant. This variety of the cowslip presents the remarkable peculiarity of combining male organs in every respect like those of the short-styled form, with female organs resembling in function and partly in structure those of the long-styled form; so that we have the singular anomaly of the two forms combined in the same flower. Hence it is not surprising that these flowers should be spontaneously self-infertile in a high degree.
[239]'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii., pp. 84, 100.
[240]'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxi. (1st series), p. 61.
[241]'Bull. Bot. Soc. de France,' Dec. 27th, 1861, tom. viii. p. 612.
[242]Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Naturelle Générale,' tom. iii. p. 476. Since this MS. has been sent to press a full discussion on the present subject has appeared in Mr. Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1867, p. 457et seq.
[243]For cats and dogs, &c.,seeBellingeri, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xii. p. 155. For ferrets, Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band i., 1801, s. 786, 795. For rabbits, ditto, s. 1123, 1131; and Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 99. For mountain sheep, ditto, s. 102. For the fertility of the wild sow,seeBechstein's 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' B. i., 1801, s. 534; for the domestic pig, Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 62. With respect to Lapland,seeAcerbi's 'Travels to the North Cape,' Eng. translat., vol. ii. p. 222. About the Highland cows,seeHogg on Sheep, p. 263.
[244]For the eggs ofGallus bankiva,seeBlyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2nd series, vol. i., 1848, p. 456. For wild and tame ducks, Macgillivray, 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 37; and 'Die Enten,' s. 87. For wild geese, L. Lloyd, 'Scandinavian Adventures,' vol. ii. 1854, p. 413; and for tame geese, 'Ornamental Poultry,' by Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 139. On the breeding of pigeons, Pistor, 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1831, s. 46; and Boitard and Corbié, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 158. With respect to peacocks, according to Temminck ('Hist. Nat. Gén. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. ii. p. 41), the hen lays in India even as many as twenty eggs; but according to Jerdon and another writer (quoted in Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, pp. 280, 282), she there lays only from four to nine or ten eggs: in England she is said, in the 'Poultry Book,' to lay five or six, but another writer says from eight to twelve eggs.
[245]'The Art of Improving the Breed, &c.,' 1809, p. 16.
[246]For Andrew Knight,seeA. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 227. Sir J. Sebright's Treatise has just been quoted.
[247]'Cattle,' p. 199.
[248]Nathusius, 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 71:seealso 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270. Many analogous cases are given in a pamphlet recently published by Mr. C. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 'On the True Principles of Breeding;' Melbourne, Australia, 1865.
[249]Mr. Willoughby Wood, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1855, p. 411; and 1860, p. 270.Seethe very clear tables and pedigrees given in Nathusius' 'Rindvieh,' s. 72-77.
[250]Mr. Wright, 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1846, p. 204.
[251]Youatt on Cattle, p. 202.
[252]Report British Assoc., Zoolog. Sect., 1838.
[253]Azara, 'Quadrupèdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. pp. 354, 368.
[254]For the case of the Messrs. Brown,see'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 26. For the Foscote flock, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 416. For the Naz flock, 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1860, p. 477.
[255]Nathusius, 'Rindvieh,' s. 65; Youatt on Sheep, p. 495.
[256]'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 631.
[257]Lord Somerville, 'Facts on Sheep and Husbandry,' p. 6. Mr. Spooner, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii.Seealso an excellent paper on the same subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 321, by Mr. Charles Howard.
[258]'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by Evelyn P. Shirley, 1867.
[259]'The Art of Improving the Breed,' &c., p. 13. With respect to Scotch deer-hounds,seeScrope's 'Art of Deer Stalking,' pp. 350-353.
[260]'Cottage Gardener,' 1861, p. 327.
[261]Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 30; p. 33, quotation from Mr. Druce; p. 29, on Lord Western's case.
[262]'Journal, Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205.